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Cairns Regional Council Water and Waste MULGRAVE RIVER AQUIFER FEASIBILITY STUDY Hydrogeological Report

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Cairns Regional Council Water and Waste MULGRAVE RIVER AQUIFER FEASIBILITY STUDY Hydrogeological Report Cairns Regional Council Water and Waste MULGRAVE RIVER AQUIFER FEASIBILITY STUDY Hydrogeological Report May 2007 Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Objectives of the Feasibility Study 2 3. Scope of Hydrogeological Report 3 4. Previous Investigations and Information Sources 4 5. General Environment 5 5.1 Location of Study Area 5 5.2 Climate 5 5.3 Topography 10 5.4 Vegetation and Land Use 12 6. Surface Water 16 6.1 Natural Drainage 16 6.2 Water Infrastructure 19 6.3 Surface Water Quality 20 7. Soils 27 8. Geology 31 8.1 General Geology 31 8.2 Geological Formation 31 8.3 Upper Surfaces 36 9. Hydrogeology 44 9.1 Bedrock Aquifers 44 9.2 Basalt Aquifer 44 9.3 Tertiary Alluvial Aquifers 44 9.4 Quaternary Alluvial Aquifers 45 9.5 Groundwater Recharge 47 9.6 Alluvial Aquifer Groundwater Levels 53 9.7 Groundwater Quality 58 9.8 Previous Aquifer Testing 62 9.9 Water Use 62 10. Risk Assessment 63 10.1 Groundwater Quality 63 10.2 Groundwater Recharge 64 10.3 Management of Risk 64 11. Hydrogeologic Desktop Review Conclusions 66 12. Site Investigations and Aquifer Testing 70 12.1 Site Investigations 70 12.2 Inferred Hydrostratigraphy 72 13. Aquifer Testing 76 13.1 Test Sites 76 13.2 Methodology 76 13.3 Testing Program 77 13.4 Groundwater Quality Field Monitoring 89 13.5 Slug Testing 91 13.6 Pumping Test Analysis 91 13.7 Hydraulic Properties 93 13.8 Aquifer Test Conclusions 93 13.9 Conceptual Borefield Design 93 14. Groundwater Chemistry 95 15. Conclusions 100 Table Index Table 1 Stream Gauging Data 16 Table 2: In situ Water Quality Data 20 Table 3 Water quality sampling sites – vegetation descriptions 21 Table 4 CSIRO Description of Soils in the Study Area 27 Table 5 Soil Type and Vertical Conductivity (from DNR, 1999) 28 Table 6 Stratigraphic Units (after Muller 1975) 33 Table 7 Quaternary Sediment Uniformity Coefficient (From Muller 1975) 40 Table 8 Major Hydrogeological Units 44 Table 9 DERM Bore Test Yields 45 Table 10 Gross Annual Groundwater Recharge – Hydrograph Fluctuation Method 51 Table 11 Net Annual Groundwater Recharge – Hydrograph Fluctuation Method 51 Table 12 Investigation Sites 70 Table 13 Area 2 and 3 Grading Analysis 71 Table 14 PumpTest Sites and Numbers of Bores 76 Table 15 Pumping Test Summary Area 3 (A3P1) 77 Table 16 Drawdown in Area 3 Observations Bores 78 Table 17 Pumping Test Summary Area 2 (A2P1) 78 Table 18 Drawdown in Area 2 Observations Bores 78 Table 19 Field Chemistry Monitoring Area 3 P1 89 Table 20 Field Chemistry Monitoring Area 3 P1 90 Table 21 Step Drawdown Test Results Areas 2 and 3 92 Table 22 Constant Rate Test Results for Areas 2 and 3 92 Table 23 Aquifer Test Results 93 Table 24 Groundwater Analysis Parameters 95 Table 25 Area 2 and 3 Groundwater Analyses 97 Figure Index Figure 1 Locality Map 6 Figure 2 Gordonvale Annual Rainfall 7 Figure 3 Mt Sophia Annual Rainfall 8 Figure 4 Isohyet map (from DNR 1999 Figure 2) 9 Figure 5 Topographical Features 11 Figure 6 Areas of Sugar Cane Cultivation (DNR 1999) 12 Figure 7 Imagery Over North of Study Area 13 Figure 8 Imagery Over Central Study Area 14 Figure 9 Imagery Over Southern Study Area 15 Figure 10 Drainage Through Study Area 17 Figure 11 River Gauging Stations in the Study Area 18 Figure 12 Stream Flow Measurement Sites from 1999 DNR Model 19 Figure 13 Soil Mapping in North of Study Area 29 Figure 14 Soil Mapping in South of Study Area 30 Figure 15 Registered Bores in the Study Area 32 Figure 16 QLD Geology Mapping for the Study Area 34 Figure 17 Registered Bore Basement Contours 35 Figure 18 Recorded Registered Bore Tertiary Sand Thicknesses 37 Figure 19 Recorded Registered Bore Atherton Basalt Thicknesses 38 Figure 20 Lower Surface of Atherton Basalt (outcrops in yellow shading) 39 Figure 21 Alluvial Fan Deposition (from Willmott & Stephenson, 1989) 41 Figure 22 Registered Bore Percentage Sand over Alluvial Fans 43 Figure 23 Rainfall Event Impacts as Recharge 48 Figure 24 Water Level Hydrograph of Bore 11100018 Compared with Monthly Rainfall 50 Figure 25 Groundwater Observation Bores (DNR Owned) 54 Figure 26 Reduced Groundwater Levels October 2005 56 Figure 27 Depth to Groundwater 57 Figure 28 Groundwater Electrical Conductivity (uS/cm) 59 Figure 29 Groundwater pH 60 Figure 30 Groundwater Nitrate Concentrations 61 Figure 31 Test Investigation Areas 68 Figure 32 Production Bore Construction 72 Figure 33 Gamma Logs of Project Investigation Bores Showing Stratigraphic Subdivisions 74 Figure 34 Gamma Logs of Bores North of the Mulgrave River Showing Stratigraphic Subdivisions 75 Figure 35 Aquifer Response to Pumping – A3P1 Step Drawdown Test 80 Figure 36 Aquifer Response to Pumping – Area 3 Constant Rate Test and Recovery 81 Figure 37 Drawdown in A3OB1 during Constant Rate Test 82 Figure 38 Drawdown in A3OB2 during Constant Rate Test 83 Figure 39 Drawdown in A3OB3 during Constant Rate Test 84 Figure 40 Aquifer Response to Pumping – A2P1 Step Drawdown Test 85 Figure 41 Aquifer Response to Pumping – A2P1 Constant Rate Test 86 Figure 42 Drawdown in A2OB1 during Constant Rate Test 87 Figure 43 Drawdown in A2OB2 during Constant Rate Test 88 Appendices A Geologic Sections A – D B Investigation Borehole Lithologic Logs C Groundwater Analyses 1. Introduction Cairns Regional Council Water and Waste, as part of a Water Supply Strategy, is currently undertaking a review of future water supply options. This study involves the assessment of the feasibility of obtaining a sustainable water supply from the Mulgrave River Aquifer system (Mulgrave River Aquifer Scheme). If developed, the groundwater supply would be used to supplement existing sources of water from Cairns. The intention of the feasibility study is to provide sufficient information to make a definitive decision as to whether to proceed with detailed development of the groundwater supply scheme. The two key issues to be addressed for the scheme’s overall feasibility are: Environmental assessment; and Sustainable extraction volume. This report details two subtasks of the overall feasibility study: 1. a review and summary report of hydrogeological information for the Mulgrave River Aquifer with an assessment of locations for further aquifer investigation and testing. 2. Description of field investigation activities and results of aquifer testing. 42/14087/01/7410Hydrogeological Report MULGRAVE RIVER AQUIFER FEASIBILITY STUDY 1 Hydrogeological Report 2. Objectives of the Feasibility Study The objective of the feasibility study is to address the main data gaps and economic/environmental risks that may prevent the project from being implemented. Specifically these are: Sustainable Aquifer Yield: Numerical modelling, calibrated on pumping test results, is necessary to further review the sustainable yield of the aquifer system. Ultimately this will impact on the economics of the groundwater system against other supply systems. Groundwater Quality: Groundwater salinity, nitrates, elevated iron and manganese, and other potential contaminants may impact the long-term quality of the groundwater under pumping conditions. Saltwater Intrusion: Over extraction may cause intrusion of saltwater from Trinity Inlet or Mutchero Inlet, with subsequent environmental and economic impacts. Reduction in River Baseflows: Groundwater extraction has the potential to reduce baseflows to the Mulgrave River with potential impacts on habitats and communities reliant on current environmental flows. Detailed analysis of surface water records and numerical modelling is required to further address this potential impact. Acid Sulfate Soils: Groundwater drawdown may result in the exposure of acid sulfate soils. Generation of acidic water may have significant environmental impacts. Numerical modelling is required to assess drawdowns in sensitive areas. Climate Change and Variability: Long term changes and variability in rainfall recharge may impact on the aquifer sustainability and needs to be reviewed. Subsidence: Aquifer depressurisation-induced land subsidence may have adverse affects on domestic dwelling structures, commercial buildings and associated infrastructure at the bore field and in surrounding areas. Given the generally shallow unconfined nature of the Mulgrave River Aquifer and the predominately agricultural use of the land, groundwater quality is a major consideration for the study. The results of the feasibility study will be used to assess potential borefield location and configuration and the sustainable extraction volume from the aquifer system as the basis for a detailed economic evaluation of the groundwater supply scheme in comparison to other options. 3. Scope of Hydrogeological Report The Mulgrave River Aquifer Scheme Feasibility Study has two specific Phases. These Phases are: Phase 1: – Aquifer abstraction feasibility, including a definitive assessment of the sustainable yield and water treatment requirements within the context of development of a well field extracting up to 15,000 ML/yr; and – Environmental assessment of the impact of the abstraction on cultural and environmental values. Phase 2: – Detailed economic, social, landuse, infrastructure and planning assessment study. This report details the outcomes of a number of hydrogeological assessment tasks in Phase 1: x a Desktop Hydrogeological Review to provide an understanding of the extent and thickness of the aquifer system, and the likely conditions (i.e. unconfined/semi-confined) and aquifer characteristics across the study area. The outcome of this task will identify areas for further aquifer testing and confirm the scope of work to be undertaken. x outcomes of aquifer testing and other investigation work. Data presented in this report forms the basis for the geological model and hydrogeological data sets to be used in subsequent numerical groundwater modelling to assess supply development sustainability. 4. Previous Investigations and Information Sources Geological data is available from the Innisfail geological map (de Keyser et al., 1964). Initial hydrogeological work in the area commenced in 1973 with investigation drilling and testing of the floodplain area to determine groundwater supply potential (Muller, 1975).
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