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Stephen Alien Norton This Report Is Preliminary and Has Not Been UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEOLOGY OF THE WINDSOR QUADRANGELE, MASSACHUSETTS Stephen Alien Norton This report is preliminary and has not been edited or reviewed for conformity vith Geological Survey standards or nomenclature. OPEN-FILE CONTENTS Page List of Figures v List of Tables vi i List of Plates vi i i Abstract ix Chapter I Introduction 1 Location 1 Topography 1 Method of Study 2 Acknowledgments . 3 Previous Work . 4 Chapter 11 Stratigraphy and Petrology 10 General Statement 10 Precambrian Rocks 10 General Statement 10 Stamford Granite Gneiss 13 Hinsdale Gneiss 20 General Statement 20 Petrology 21 Correlation 24 Paleozoic Metasedimentary Rocks - Eastern Sequence 25 General Statement 25 Hoosac Formation 28 General Statement 28 Albite Schist 29 Gneiss and Granulite Member 33 Garnet Schist Member 35 Quartz-muscovite-calcite Schist Member 36 Greenschist 37 Thickness 37 Age 37 Rowe Schist 38 General Statement 38 Muscovite-chlorite Schist 40 Carbonaceous Phyllite and Black Quartzite Member ' 44 Greenschist 46 Gray Phyllite and Quartzose Granulite Member 48 Thickness 48 Age 49 Stratigraphic Problems 50 I I Paleozoic Metasedimentary Rocks - Western Sequence 5^ General Statement 5^ Hoosac Formation 55 General Statement 55 Garnet Schist Member . 56 Albite Schist 56 Thickness 59 Dalton Formation 59 General Statement 59 Conglomerate Member 61 Feldspathic Granulite, Gneiss, and Quartzite 62 Massive Quartzite Member 63 Muscovite-quartz Schist 6? Thickness 68 Age 68 Cheshire Quartzite 69 General Statement 69 Petrology 70 Thickness 71 Age 72 Kitchen Brook Dolomite 72 General Statement 72 Petrology 73 Thickness 73 Age 75 Clarendon Springs Dolomite 75 General Statement 75 Petrology 75 Thickness .76 Age 76 Shelburne Marble 77 General Statement 77 Petrology 77 Thickness 77 Age 78 Bascom Formation 78 General Statement 78 Petrology 78 Thickness 78 Age 79 Berkshire Schist 79 General Statement 79 Schist and Phy11ite 81 Black Quartzite 82 Calcareous Rocks 85 Thickness 85 Age 86 Stratigraphic Problems 87 Sedimentological Significance of the Western Sequence 89 III East-West "Correlation of Paleozoic Rocks 90 Regional Correlation of Paleozoic Rocks 92 Miogeosynclina1 Rocks 9k Eugeosynclinal Rocks 9^ Intrusive Mafic Rocks 96 Chapter Ml Structural Geology 97 General Statement 97 Precambrian Structure 98 Paleozoic Structure - Folding 100 Hoosac Nappe 100 General Statement 100 Geometry 103 Other Major Folds 108 Minor Folds^ - Eastern Sequence 110 General Statement 110 First Generation Folds 110 Second Generation Folds 112 Third Generation Folds . 113 Summary 1 \k Minor Folds - Northwestern Part of the Quadrangle 115 Minor Folds - Southwestern Part of the Quadrangle 116 Linear Features " 117 Rolled Porphyroblasts 118 Generation of S-Surfaces and Their Preservation 119 Joints and Cleavage 121 Paleozoic Structure - Faults 121 Hoosic Thrust , 121 Mi'nor Faults 12*f Alternative Interpretation of the Structure 125 Age of the Deformat.ion . 129 Chapter IV Mineralogy 131 General Statement 131 Garnet 132 Biotite ' l*tl Chlorite I*t8 Muscovite and Paragonite 1^8 Albite 171 Chapter V Metamorphism . 172 Paleozoic Metamorphism 172 General Statement 172 Metamorphism of the Pelitic Rocks 172 A-F-M Projection 172 Al 20^-KA102 -NaA102 Projection 175 IV Metamorphism of Mafic and Ultramafic Rocks 177 .Retrograde Metamorphism . 177 Precambrian Metamorphism 180 Conditions of Metamorphism 185 Temperature 185 Pressure 191 Chapter VI Economic Geology 193 Talc 193 Ornamental Stone 19^ Lime 195 Glass Sand 195 Crushed Quartzite 195 Graphite 196 Sand and Gravel 197 Chapter VII Geologic History 198 References 201 LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1 Index to recent geologic mapping in northwestern Massachusetts, southern Vermont, and southwestern New Hampshire. 6 2 Regional geologic map of southern Vermont northwestern Massachusetts. 11 3 Location of specimens for which modes are given in tables. 18 k Strat igraphic column for the Windsor quadrangle, Massachusetts. 26 5- Interbedded flaggy granulite and massive quartzite in the Dalton Formation. 66 6 Correlation of metamorphosed sedimentary rocks. 93 7 Orthographic block diagram of the structure of Hoosac Mountain. 105 8 Development of minor folds in the Windsor quadrangle. 1 1 1 9 Development of sigmoid distribution of inclusions in porphy roblasts . 120 10 Poles of joints and cleavage. 122 11 Contours for Hneations. 122 « 12 Geologic map of the northwestern part of the quadrangle based on alternative struc­ tural interpretations. 127 13 Location of specimens for garnet, biotite, chlorite, muscovite, and paragonite deter­ minations. 133 1^. Relation between composition, index of re­ fraction, and unit cell dimensions of garnet. 135 15 Relation between index of refraction and composition of biotite. VI 16 Relation between index of refraction and Fe+2/(Fe+2 + Mg+2 ) ratios of chlorite. - 17 Approximate Fe+2/(Fe+2 + Mg+2 ) ratios for coexisting phases. 153 18 Fe+2/(Fe+2 + Mg+2 ) ratios for all measured garnets, chlorite, and biotite. '9 d (°02 > muscovite and d (°02 >paragonite for investigated pairs. 165 20 Contours for d(002) and o indices in the ternary margarite (CaAl ^Si _OjQ(OH)-)-muscovi te (KAl 3 Si 3 0 ]0 (OH) 2 )-paragonite (NaAl 3 $i 3 - 0 10 (OH) 2 ). 167 21 Relation between d(002) . and mole fraction of paragonite. mi ca 170 22 Assemblages in Thompson's A-F-M projection found in the Windsor quadrangle, Massachu- . setts. 17^ 23 Assemblages found in the Windsor quadrangle, Massachusetts in the system A1 9 0.,-KA107 - NaA102 -Si02 -H20). ' L * L 176 2k Isothermal section through the ternary margar i te-muscovi te-paragbni te. 187 25 Relation between temperature and d(002) for muscovite coexisting with paragonite. 189 26 Relation between d(002) muscov! te and d(002) paragonite with limits of metamor- phic zones. 190 VI I LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Estimated modes for the Stamford Granite Gneiss and Hinsdale Gneiss. 15 2 Estimated modes for the Hoosac Formation - eastern sequence. 30 3 Estimated modes for-the Rowe Schist. *fl *f Estimated modes for the Hoosac Formation - western sequence. 57 5 Estimated modes for the Da 1 ton Formation and Cheshire Quartzite. 6k 6 Estimated modes for the carbonate rocks. 7^ 7 Estimated modes for the Berkshire Schist. 83 8 Abbreviations. 137 9 Tabulation of garnet data. 138 10 Tabulation of biotite data. 1^5 11 Tabulation of chlorite data. 150 12 d-spacing (002) for muscovite-paragonite pairs. 157 13 Muscovite-paragonite data. 158 ]k Muscovite and paragonite data. 161 15 Index of refraction for paragonite. 169 16 Assemblages from mafic and ultramafic rocks in the Hinsdale Gneiss and Rowe Schist, Windsor quadrangle, Massachusetts. 178 17 Assemblages from mafic rocks from the Hinsdale Gneiss, Windsor quadrangle, Massa­ chusetts. 183 18 Assemblages from calcium-rich rocks from the Hinsdale Gneiss, Windsor quadrangle, Massachusetts. VIII LIST OF PLATES Plate 1 Geologic map of the Windsor quadrangle, Massachusetts. in pocket 2 Cross-sections of the Windsor quadrangle, Massachusetts. Cross-sect on A-A 1 east-west Cross-sect on B-B 1 east-west Cross-sect on C-C 1 east-west Cross-sect on D-D 1 east-west Cross^-sect on E-E 1 north-south. in pocket 3 Axial surfaces in the Windsor quadrangle, Massachusetts. in pocket k Lineations in the Windsor quadrangle, Massachusetts. in pocket 5 Tectonic features in the Windsor quadrang le, Massachusetts . in pocket ABSTRACT The Windsor quadrangle lies on the boundary between the eugeosynclina1 and miogeosynclina1 rocks of the Appa­ lachian geosyncline on the western flank of the metamorphic high in western New England. Precambrian rocks crop out in a north-trending belt in the central part of the quadrangle. They have been classified into 2 formations. The Stamford Granite Gneiss i crops out in the eastern half of the Precambrian terrane. It is a microcline-quartz-biotite augen gneiss. Stratified Precambrian rocks (the Hinsdale Gneiss) crop out entirely to the west of the Stamford Granite Gneiss. Thet are predominant­ ly highly metamorphosed felsic gneisses and quartzites with minor calc-silicate rock, amphibolite, and graphitic gneiss. Eugeosynclina1 rocks (the Hoosac Formation and the Rowe Schist), ranging in age from Lower Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, crop out in a north-trending belt east of the Precambrian terrane. They are composed predominantly of albite schist and muscovite-chlorite schist with minor garnet schist, quartz-muscovite-caleite schist, felsic granulite and gneiss, quartzite, greenschist, and carbonaceous phyllite and schist. West of the Precambrian rocks, the Hoosac Formation, is overlain by a miogeosynclina1 sequence (the Dalton Formation, Cheshire Quartzite, Kitchen Brook Dolomite, Clarendon Springs Dolomite, Shelburne Marble, and the Bascom Formation) ranging in age from Lower Cambrian to Lower Ordovician. These rocks are unconformably overlain by the Berkshire Schist of Middle Ordovician age that is composed of carbonaceous schist, phyllite, and quartzite. The relationships in the zone of transition between the miogeosynclina1 and eugeosynclina1 rocks are unknown because the rocks of this zone are no longer present. The contact between the eugeosynclina1 Hoosac Formation and the Da 1 ton Formation is conformable and apparently represents continuous depos i t ion. The dominant structure is a large recumbent, north- plunging, west-facing anticline (the Hoosac nappe) with a Precambrian core. The miogeosynclina1 rocks are inverted in the northwestern part of the quadrangle and upright in the southwestern part of
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