Krzysztof Mroczkowski* Tel Awiw-Jaffa – Miasto Zmian Historycznych, Urbanistycznych I Kulturowych Tel Aviv-Yafo – a City O

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Krzysztof Mroczkowski* Tel Awiw-Jaffa – Miasto Zmian Historycznych, Urbanistycznych I Kulturowych Tel Aviv-Yafo – a City O 2020 3(63) DOI: 10.37190/arc200306 Krzysztof Mroczkowski* Tel Awiw-Jaffa – miasto zmian historycznych, urbanistycznych i kulturowych Tel Aviv-Yafo – a city of historical, urban and cultural changes Wprowadzenie Introduction Problematyka, wokół której koncentruje się niniejszy The issues that this article focuses upon do not directly artykuł, nie dotyczy bezpośrednio trwającego od dziesię- concern the so-called “The Holy Land Conflict”, or rath- cioleci na obszarze tzw. Ziemi Świętej konfliktu, czy raczej er a series of Israeli-Arab conflicts, but their role in shap- serii konfliktów izraelsko-arabskich, ale ich roli w kształ- ing the space and urban layout of the contemporary urban towaniu przestrzeni i układu urbanistycznego współcze- complex, which is Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality [1]. Al- snego kompleksu miejskiego, jakim jest Tel Awiw-Jaffa though today the name is basically used in parallel with the [1]. Mimo że dziś nazwa ta w zasadzie występuje równo- term Tel Aviv itself, and Jaffa is equated with its district, legle z samym określeniem Tel Awiw, zaś Jaffa jest utoż- for several decades this state was far from unambiguous. samiana z jego dzielnicą, to jednak przez kilka dekad stan Since the establishment of a modest settlement of Jew- ten był daleki od jednoznaczności. ish settlers in 1909, not only has the architecture of Tel Od momentu założenia w 1909 r. skromnego osiedla Aviv changed rapidly, but so too have the ethnic, cultural żydowskich osadników zmieniała się gwałtownie nie tyl- and religious differences, settlements and cities’ inhabit- ko architektura Tel Awiwu. Rysujące się różnice etniczne, ants. Jaffa or Tel Aviv established to the north, have influ- kulturowe i religijne mieszkańców osad i miast, takich jak enced the forms of landscape and the style of architecture Jaffa czy powstały na północ od niej Tel Awiw, wpłynęły dominating these centres, while generating significant nie tylko na formy krajobrazu i styl architektury dominu- cultural and economic changes that are felt even today. jącej w owych ośrodkach, ale także stały się elementem Tel Aviv itself is known in the world of architecture generującym istotne zmiany kulturowe i ekonomiczne mainly for its modernist urban layout and about 4,000 odczuwalne do dziś. buildings in the Bauhaus and international styles, which Sam Tel Awiw jest znany w świecie architektury głów- together form the so-called White City (recognised by nie ze swego modernistycznego układu urbanistycznego UNESCO as a unique example of cultural heritage). The i około 4000 budynków w stylach: Bauhaus i międzynaro- city was extensively expanded from the 1930s to the 1950s dowym, które wspólnie tworzą tzw. Białe Miasto (uznane and now contains wonderful examples of other complex designs by prominent European architects and town plan- ners. Neighbouring Jaffa is an ancient city centre (Joppa) established at the port, to which, for example, the biblical * ORCID: 0000-0002-7382-9982. Kolegium Nauk Humanistycz- nych, Instytut Historii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego / College of Hu- King Solomon imported cedars from Lebanon for the con- manities, Institute of History, University of Rzeszow, e-mail: krzysztof. struction of the temple in Jerusalem (Fig. 1). There has [email protected] been a settlement continuously on this site dating from the 84 Krzysztof Mroczkowski Il. 1. Zdjęcie stereoskopowe Jaffy wykonane w 1897 r. (zbiory autora) Fig. 1. A stereoscopic photo of Jaffa taken in 1897 (author’s collection) przez UNESCO za unikatowy przykład dziedzictwa kultu- Bronze Age that has strongly influenced the present layout rowego). Miasto to było ofensywnie rozbudowywane od of the city, especially the later periods – Mamluk and Ot- lat 30. do 50. XX w. i zawiera obecnie w swej substancji toman – which formed a characteristic style of buildings wspaniałe przykłady i innych zespołów zaprojektowanych created by the Arab population. In the early 1870’s it was przez wybitnych europejskich architektów i urbanistów. still a small walled city of about 5,000 inhabitants that Sąsiednia Jaffa to funkcjonujący już w starożytności (jako served as the main port of the Sandjak Jerusalem estab- Joppa) ośrodek miejski powstały przy porcie, do które- lished in 1872 under the Ottoman Empire. A single gate in go np. biblijny król Salomon sprowadzał z Libanu cedry the walls connected the city’s largest bazaar and mosque potrzebne do budowy świątyni jerozolimskiej (il. 1). Cią- to the main routes leading to other centres of the region głość osadnicza datowana od epoki brązu mocno wpłynęła – Jerusalem, Nablus and Gaza. na obecny układ tego miasta. Zwłaszcza okresy późniejsze Nevertheless, there were subsequent events that had the – mamelucki i osmański – uformowały charakterystycz- most significant impact on the fate of this city. The year ny styl zabudowy kreowanej przez ludność arabską. Na 1879 was a turning point, as it was then that the demoli- początku lat 70. XIX w. było to wciąż niewielkie, liczące tion of the crumbling city walls, which had been neglected około 5000 mieszkańców, otoczone murami miasto, któ- for decades, began. The immediate result of this process re służyło jako główny port utworzonego w 1872 r., pod was the creation and rapid spread of new settlement zones panowaniem Imperium Osmańskiego, sandżaku Jerozoli- – the districts of Aiami and Jebalya to the south, Man- my. Pojedyncza brama w murach łączyła największy bazar shiyya to the northeast, and al-Nuzha to the east. i meczet miasta z głównymi drogami prowadzącymi do This article focuses on the Manshiyya estate, as the innych ośrodków regionu – Jerozolimy, Nablusu i Gazy. most important aspect. It was founded on the seashore Niemniej jednak to późniejsze wydarzenia miały naj- and has become one of the largest Arab neighbourhoods bardziej znaczący wpływ na losy tego miasta. Rok 1879 in the “new” Jaffa. About a decade later (in the 1890s), the był punktem zwrotnym, wówczas bowiem rozpoczęła się rapid urban expansion north of the old town, in the area of rozbiórka rozpadających się murów miasta, zaniedbywa- coastal dunes, created the conditions for the construction nych przez dziesięciolecia. Natychmiastowym rezultatem of a trade and housing centre (Fig. 2). The development tego procesu było utworzenie i szybkie rozprzestrzenienie of this estate was clearly spontaneous, driven by private się nowych stref osadniczych – dzielnic Ajami i Jebalya initiatives. Although this type of expansion of Jaffa was na południu, Manshiyya na północnym wschodzie oraz not limited to the northern part, it was Manshiyya that was al-Nuzha na wschodzie. more urbanized (by its modernity and openness in nature) Z punktu widzenia niniejszego artykułu to właśnie than the distinctly “rural” southern part of Jaffa that was osiedle Manshiyya stanowi najistotniejszy element. Zo- fundamentally still based on the medieval medina. These stało ono założone nad brzegiem morza i stało się jedną differences in character between the northern and south- z największych arabskich dzielnic w „nowej” Jaffie. Oko- ern extensions of Jaffa were accentuated after the opening, ło dekady później (w latach 90. XIX w.) szybka ekspan- in 1892, of the first railway station, located in the northern sja urbanistyczna na północ od starego miasta, w obsza- part of the city. rze wydm nadmorskich, stworzyła warunki do powstania In connection with the aforementioned development of tam centrum targowego i mieszkaniowego (il. 2). Rozwój Jaffa as an urban centre and the influx of Jews into the tego osiedla miał też wówczas charakter ewidentnie spon- Sandjak of Jerusalem, the ethnic makeup of the inhabit- taniczny, napędzany prywatnymi inicjatywami. Mimo ants began to change in the city. Haim Shemerling was the że tego rodzaju ekspansja Jaffy nie była ograniczona do first Jew to buy land from Arab owners and build a house północnej części, to właśnie Manshiyya była bardziej zur- in Manshiyya, close to the sea (even before the formal banizowana (z natury swej nowoczesności i otwartości) foundation of solely Jewish neighbourhoods in Jaffa). niż wyraźnie „wiejska” południowa część Jaffy, opierająca Another was his friend, who built his house in the same Tel Awiw-Jaffa – miasto zmian / Tel Aviv-Yafo – a city of changes 85 Il. 2. Zdjęcie stereoskopowe targu w dzielnicy Manshiyya wykonane w 1898 r. (zbiory autora) Fig. 2. A stereoscopic photo of the market in Manshiyya District taken in 1898 (author’s collection) się w zasadzie jeszcze na średniowiecznej medynie. Te neighbourhood. In time, they also built a small synagogue różnice w charakterze między północnymi i południowy- and a ritual bathhouse (mikvah) to meet the religious mi przedłużeniami Jaffy zostały jeszcze wzmocnione po needs of both families. This led to a situation in which otwarciu w 1892 r. pierwszego dworca kolejowego, zlo- other Jews willingly chose this area as a place to settle. kalizowanego właśnie w północnej części miasta. Thus, more buildings were built, and less well-off Jewish W związku ze wspomnianym rozwojem Jaffy jako families who could not afford to buy land for construc- ośrodka miejskiego i napływem Żydów do sandżaku Je- tion rented the existing houses from Arab owners. Thus, rozolimy w mieście w widoczny sposób zaczęła zmieniać in about 50 years, in Manshiyya, a spatial arrangement się struktura etniczna mieszkańców. Pierwszym Żydem, was created, albeit not fully shaped in terms of ethnicity, który kupił od arabskich właścicieli ziemię i zbudował consisting of a combination of one- and two-storey build- dom w Manshiyya,
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