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Life Cycle and Identification of Sugarcane Insect/Pests

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Life Cycle and Identification of Sugarcane Insect/Pests Article ID: AEN-2021-02-02-012 Life Cycle and Identification of Sugarcane Insect/Pests Dwarka Prasad Athya PhD Research Scholar, Deptt of Entomology, Jawahar Lal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur- MP 482004 E-mail: [email protected] Sugarcane is one of the several species of the genus Saccharum, tribe Andropogoneae, native to the warm temperate to tropical regions of South Asia and Melanesia and used for sugar production. Grown throughout sub-tropical and tropical parts of South and South-East Asia. India is the second largest producer of cane sugar next to Brazil. Sugarcane infested by 287 species of insect pests and non-insect pests. Out of them 14 are major pests of sugarcane in India. Sucrose, extracted and purified in specialized mill factories, is used as raw material in human food industries or is fermented to produce ethanol. Ethanol is produced on a large scale by the Brazilian and Indian sugarcane industry. Sugarcane is the world's largest crop by production quantity. Sugarcane supports one of the largest agro-processing industries of India and more than 6 million farmers are engaged in its cultivation. Besides, about half a million skilled and semi-skilled workers, mostly from rural areas are also engaged in the sugar industry. By 2030 AD, India will require nearly 33 MT of white sugar for domestic consumption alone. Production in India (2014-15): 278.29 lakh tons: Deferent states Deferent country Utter Pradesh 36% Brazil 28% Mharashtra 24% India 18% Karnataka 11% China 10% TN 11% Thailand 8% Uttranchal 2% Pakistan 3% HR 2% Maxico 5% Bihar 3% Other 28% Punjab 2% Source: USDA Andhra Pradesh 5% Gujrat 4% Source: Ministry of Agriculture, GoI Volume 2 – Issue 2 [February 2021] P a g e | 43 Sugarcane pest status: Region Common Name Scientific Name Eastern India Root borer Emmalocera depresella Top shootborer Scirpophaga nivella Throughout India Shoot borer Chilo infuscatellus North Western parts Gurdaspur borer Bissetia steniella Woolly Aphid Ceratovacuna lanigera Sugarcane leaf Pyrilla perpusilla hopper Root grub Holotrichia serrata and H. consanguinea Scale insect Melanopsis glomerata Termite Odontotermes obesus Western UP, Haryana, Stalk borer Chilo auricilius Northern Rajasthan tropical India Mealy bug Saccharicoccus sacchari Pyrilla and whitefly extremely destructive pests in certain years Root grub and Termite Endemic pests 1. Early shoot borer, Chilo infuscatellus (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) Eggs: Flat–scale like eggs are laid in 3-5 rows on the lower surface of leaves in masses of 4-100. IP: 4-6Days Larvae: Dirty white with five dark violet longitudinal stripes LP: 16-30 Days. Pupa: Pupation takes within the tunnel. PP: 7-9 Days. Adult: Straw coloured fore wings with black dot sand white hind wings 2-4days. TLC: 5-6weeks. Egg Mass Larvae Pupae Adult Symptoms of damage Attack 1-3 months old crop, and cause Dead heart, which can be easily pulled out. Rotten portion of the straw coloured dead heart emits an offensive odour. Number of Bored holes at the base just above the ground level. Volume 2 – Issue 2 [February 2021] P a g e | 44 Damaged crop by Early shoot borer 2. Internode borer: Chilo sacchariphagus indicus (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) Egg: Oval to flat and shiny waxy white in colour which later turn grey. Larvae: white body with dark spots. Adult: Straw colour with dark spot on fore wings, dirty white to light brown hind wings (male) and Silky white (female). TLC: 50-70 days. Eggs 5-6 days 37-53 days 7-8 days 3-4 days Symptoms of damage Constricted and shortened internodes. Bored holes on internodes. Frass in the Nodal region. Reddening of affected tissues. Fresh borer attack is mostly found in the top five immature internodes and its activity continues till harvest. Damaged crops by Internode borer Volume 2 – Issue 2 [February 2021] P a g e | 45 3. Top shoot borer, Scripophaga excerptalis (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) Egg: in clusters covered with buff coloured hairs particularly near midribs on lower surface of top leaves. Larva: creamy white with a red coloured mid –dorsal line. Pupa: Within the larval tunnel in a chamber with an exit hole constructed by the caterpillar. Adult: White Coloured moth. Egg-5-7 days Larva-4-5 weeks Pupa –7-9 days Adult-4-5 days Symptoms of damage Parallel rows of shot holes. Bore holes at the top of the shoot and shows bunchy top appearance. Dead heart reddish brown in colour. Bunchy top due to growth of side shoots. Caterpillars are mainly found in the apical portion of canes, boring through the growing point and down the upper joints until it reaches the sappy portion of the stem. Dead heart in grown up canes, which cannot be easily pulled. Larva bore into unfolded leaves and shows parallel row of shot holes in the emerging leaves. Parllel shot holes Bore hole Bunchy top appearance 4. Woolly Aphid: Ceratovacuna lanigera (Aphididae: Hemiptera) Egg: spherical yellow in colour and microscopic. Nymph: Nymph takes 6 to 22 days to complete four instars. Adult: Adult emerged after fourth moult and viviparous reproduction. Apterous (Wingless) female reproduce parthenogenetically. Adult Nymph Volume 2 – Issue 2 [February 2021] P a g e | 46 Symptoms of damage Nymph and adults suck the sap from leaves. Yellowing of leaves. Honey dew excrete–development of sooty mould fungus. White chalk powder coating on the ground and leaves. Damaged crop woolly appearance 5. Sugarcane leaf hopper, Pyrilla perpusilla (Lophopodae: Hemiptera) Eggs: Pale greenish yellow eggs in clusters on the underside of leaves, covered with a white filamentous waxy material , 8-10 days. Nymph: Newly hatched nymphs are milky white in colour. Feather like processes covered by wax. 8 weeks. Adult: Adults are straw coloured with wings folded like a roof on the back 27-52 days. Eggs Nymph Adult Symptoms of damage Leaves become yellow. Covered with black sooty mould. Top leaves get dried up and lateral buds germinate. Affect the quality of juice. Affected crop Dried crop Volume 2 – Issue 2 [February 2021] P a g e | 47 6. Root grub, Holotrichia serrataand H. Consanguinea (Melolonthidae: Coleoptera) Egg: Pear like white enclosed in earthen cells. A female lays on an average of 27 eggs in the soil. Grub: Fleshy ‘C’ shaped, whitish yellow in colour. Pupa: Pupae are tan to brown, and occur deeper in the soil in earthen chambers. Adult: Rusty-red colour just after emerging from the pupal stage, but turn nearly black. Eggs Larvae Adult Symptoms of damage Yellowing and wilting of leaves. Drying of crown. Affected canes come off easily. Attack on roots symptoms standing crops holes on root zone 7. Scale, Melanopsis glomerata (Diaspididae: Hemiptera) Adult: Grayish black, irregularly oval, slightly convex and protected by the waxy covering. Nymphs: Light yellow in colour. Damage symptoms Volume 2 – Issue 2 [February 2021] P a g e | 48 Symptoms of damage Shriveling and stunting of canes. Reduces germination. Inhibition of cane growth. Reduction in quality of juice and yield. Loss in jiggery production. Nature of damage: Nymphs and females attach to the cane, look like an encrustation, suck the sap and devitalize the cane. Damaged cane by Scale insects 8. Termite, Odontotermes obesus (Termitidae: Isoptera) Egg: Dull, kidney shaped and hatches in 30-90 days. Nymph: Moult 8-9 times and are full grown in 6-12 months. Adult: Creamy coloured tiny insects resembling ants with dark coloured head. Eggs Worker Soldier Symptoms of damage Poor germination offsets (after Planting). Gappy appearance in the seedling stage. Characteristic semi-circular feeding marks on the leaves in the standing crop. Entire shoot dries up and can be pulled out easily. Setts hollow inside and may be filled with soil. Cane collapses if disturbed. Rind filled with mud. Volume 2 – Issue 2 [February 2021] P a g e | 49 Damage symptoms by Termite Conclusion: The main aim of the article was to collect the relevant contribution in the field of pests in sugarcane cultivation. All important information like sugarcane production, state wise production, major pests are clearly described in the article with the appropriate reference. Thus this article is very useful for farmers and research students to get detail about significant this topic. References: Kumar A. Pal S. and Hari Chand. 2019. Insect Pests of Sugarcane and Their Management: An Overview. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331285324. Kumar N.N. and Gaikwad A.T. 2017. A STUDY OF VARIOUS PESTS IN SUGARCANE CROP OF INDIA. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321418838. Volume 2 – Issue 2 [February 2021] P a g e | 50 .
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