Tenebrionidae Beetles of the Nevada Test Site Vasco M

Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series

Volume 6 | Number 1 Article 1

2-1965 Tenebrionidae beetles of the Nevada Test Site Vasco M. Tanner Department of Zoology and Entomology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah

Willis A. Packham Biological Sciences, Washington High School, Portland, Oregon

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Recommended Citation Tanner, Vasco M. and Packham, Willis A. (1965) "Tenebrionidae beetles of the Nevada Test Site," Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series: Vol. 6 : No. 1 , Article 1. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byuscib/vol6/iss1/1

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MAY 2 1965

UNIVERSITY BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY \i^ SCIENCE BULLETIN

TENEBRIONIDAE BEETLES OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE

Vasco M. Tanner and

Willis A. Packham

Biological Series — Vol. VI, No. 1

FEBRUARY, 1965

BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN

TENEBRIONIDAE BEETLES OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE

Vasco M. Tanner and

Willis A. Packham

Biological Series — Vol. VI, No. 1

FEBRUARY 1965 FOREWORD

Tliis is anotluT of a series of major publications on desert ecology resulting from studies at the Nevada Test Site by the Brigham Young Universit)' Depart- ment of Zoology and Entomology in cooperation with the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Although some of the studies are the result of indepen- dent investigations by specialists who are not on our departmental staff, they are j)art of the major project initiated cooperatively by B.Y.U. and the AEC to dclermine the effect of nuclear detonations on the native animals of the Nevada Test Site.

Dorald M. Allred and D Elden Beck Project Supervisors

MUS. COMP - ^'-

HAH- TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page INTRODUCTION 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 2 ACCOUNTS OF THE SPECIES 2 CLASSIFICATION OF THE TENEBRIONIDAE COLLECTED AT THE NEVADA TEST SITE 3 KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES 4

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRIBES, GENERA, AND SPECIES 7 SYSTEMATIC AND ECOLOGICAL DISCUSSION OF THE SPECIES OF TENE- BRIONIDAE COLLECTED AT THE NEVADA TEST SITE 16 Metoponium convexicolle 16 Hylocrinus laborans 17 Steriphanus lubricans 17 Auchmobius subboreus 17 Chihmetopon abnorme 18 Metopoloba bifossiceps 18 Triorophus laevis politus 19 Edrotes orbus 19 Araeoschizus sulcicoUis 20 Anepsius brunneus 21 Cryptoglossa verrucosa 23 Centrioptera muricata 23 Pelecyphorus pantex 24

P. semilaevis 25 Euschides luctatus 26 Trichiasida acerba 26 Craniotus bUiisdelU 27 Trogloderus costatus nevadus 29 Embaphion elongatum 29 Eleodes carbonaria immunis 29 E. obscura sulcipennis 30 E. grandicoltis valida 31 E. hispilabris sculptilis 32 E. longipilosa 32 £. armata 33 E. armata pumila 33 E. nigrina 34 E. dissimilis nevadensis 34 E. longicoUis 34 E. tenebrosa 34 £. brunnipes brevisetosa 33 E. extricata jrigida 35 Spheriontis dilatata 35 Eusattus dubius 36 E. agnatus 36 Coniontis nevadensis carsonica 36 Conkmtellus argutus 37 Blapstinus vandyhei 37 B. pubescens 37 Notibius substriatus 37 Conibiosoma elongatum 38

Anemia californica 38 Coclociwmis punctatu 39 Alucphus nevadensis 39 Eupsophulus costaneus 40 Ih'lops attenuatus 40

DISCUSSION 41 AbumlancL' of Species 41 Populations 41 Plant Communit)' Relationships 42 Seasonal Activit)' 42 Life HLstory and Food Habits 42

SUMMARY 43

LITERATURE CITED 43

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

I. Eleodes grandicollis validti Boheman, dorsal view 5

II. Eleodes grandicollis valida Boheman, ventral view 6

III. Auchmohiiis siihboreus Bhiisdell 18 IV, Numher of specimens by species (A-D) found in nine plant communities 19 V. Number of specimens by species (A-F) found in nine plant communities 20

V'l Numi)er of specimens by species (A-B) foimd in nine plant communities 21 \ll. Numl)cr of specimens by species (A-E) found in nine plant communities 22 \'II1 .Number of specimens by species (A-G) found in nine plant communities 22

I.\. Number of specimens by species (A-J) found in nine plant communities 23

X. Number of specimens seasonally in Mixed, Salsola, and Coleogyne communities .. 24 XI. Number of specimens seasonally in Larrea-Franseria, Lycium, and Atriplex- Kochia communities 24 XII. Number of specimens seasonally in Grayia-Lycium and disturbed Grayia- Lycium communities 24 .\III. Petecyplwrus pantex Casey 25

XIV. Petecyplwrus semilaevis ( Honi ) 25

.\\'. Number of specimens seasonally collected in all the biotic communities 26

.WI. Number of specimens seasonally collected in all the biotic communities 27 XV'II. Craniotus hlaisdelli Tanner 28

XVIII. Number of specimens seasonally collected in all the biotic communities 30

XIX. Number of specimens seasoniUly cxjUected in all the biotic communities 31

XX. Niunher of specimens seasonally collected in iUl the biotic communities 32 .\XI. Alaephus nevadensis Tarmer 39 .

TENEBRIONIDAE BEETLES OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE'

Vasco M. Tanner^ and

Willis A. Packham^

INTRODUCTION

In August 1959 Brigham Young University These areas are referred to herein as disturbed initiated an ecological study of the animals at Grayia-Lycium in contrast to the Grayia-Lycium the Nevada Test Site. As part of that study, ( undisturbed ) emphasis was given to the ground-dwelling Beetles were collected at regular intervals in lu-thropods. One of the largest resulting collec- sunken can traps described and illustrated by tions was beetles in the family Tenebrionidae. Allred, et al. (1963a). Others were collected Tliese are herein described, and notes on dieir intennittently by hand from plants, small mam- relative abundance, seasonal occurrence, and mal burrows, under rocks, debris, bark, etc., and plant community relationships at the test site by use of an ultraviolet light. are included. Tlie results reported here deal with Can traps usually were placed in two par- those collected between August 19.59 and July allel lines 825 feet apart, each line with six cans 1963. spaced at 1.50-foot intei-vals. In the Mixed com-

The Nevada Test Site is situated in southern munitv an additional line of ams spaced at ir- Nye Countv adjacent to northwestern Clark- regular intervals was used, and in the Pinyon- County and southwestern Lincoln County, about Juniper the lines of cans were 75 feet apart. In 70 miles northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada (refer the disturbed Grayia-Lycium, however, four to Allred, Beck, and Jorgensen, 1963a). It is lines of traps radiated from ground zero (the appro.ximatelv 40 miles long and 35 miles wide. point where a nuclear detonation took place). Beetles were taken from three major areas of Each of these lines extended through an area the test site—Frenchman Flat, Yucca Flat, and completely denuded of native plants (but now Rainier Mesa. The geography and ecology of invaded by Salsola kali), through adjacent zones the area were discussed in detail by Allred, Beck, of physically damaged plants, and terminated in and Jorgensen (1963a) in Biotic Communities ;ireas of undisturbed vegetation. Each line con- of the Nevada Test Site. Their plant community sisted of thirty cans placed 265 feet apart. designations of Larrea-Franseria, Grayia-Ly- Regular collections were made in each com- cium, Salsola, Coleogyne, Atriplcx-Kochia, Pin- munity for at least a year's period, except in the yon-Juniper and Mi.xed have been followed in Pinyon-Juniper between November and March this paper with slight modification. In French- when snow cover prevented access to the study man Flat Li/ciiim pallidum occurs as a narrow, area. More incidental collections were made in relatively pure stand which extends from the some communities than in others. Therefore, for playa through the Larrea-Franseria. Inasmuch purposes of relative population comparisons, the as the beetle fauna differed so much between total number of specimens collected in each this Lijcium area and other areas in the Larrea- community was adjusted according to the Franseria community where Lycium was much number of collection attempts. less abundant, it is herein considered as a sep- The tenebrionids were preserved in 70% arate community. ethyl alcohol until pinned. Identified specimens In Yucca Flat the vegetation in large areas have been deposited in the collections of Brig- in the Grayia-Lycium community has been dis- ham Young University and other institutions turbed and partially destroyed by nuclear wea- and museums as indicated by Allred, et al. pons testing. Here also the beetle fauna differed. (1963b).

'Report No. COO-1355-6. Fklci work completed under A EC Contract AT ( 11-1 ) 786. -Professor of Zoology and Entomology, Brigham Yoimg University, Provo, Utah. ^Instructor in Biological Sciences, Washington High School, Portland, Oregon. ) ) ) )

Bkiciiam Young University Science Bulletin ACKNOWLKDfAIKNT

Acknowli-ilgment is made of United States Kntomology, U. S. National Museum, and Mr. Atomic KiuTj^- Commission contracts AT(ll-l)- Hugh B. Leech, curator of entomology, Calif- of Sciences, for c-ourtesies 786 and Af( 11-1 ) 13.55 witli Brigliam Young ornia .Academy many Ijniversifv wliidi pro\'idod financial support for and loans of specimens to the senior author while at these respective institutions. We wish part of tliis study. We are grateful to Drs. Dor- to thank .Mr. Douglas Hill of the Brigham Young aid M. Allred and D Elden Beck, principiil and University English Department, our artist, for ass(K-iate investigators of tlie Nevada Test Site the care he has taken in making the drawings ecology' projects, for permission to utilize their contained in tiiis paper; and the personnel as- data and for their suggestions. Appreciation is sociated with the Brigham Young Uni\ersity director of expressed to Dr. Harold J. Grant, ecology project at the Nevada Test Site and entomology. Academy of Natural Sciences of Pro\o campus laboratory for the c-ollection and Philadelphia; Dr. T. Spilman, Department of preparation of specimens. J.

ACCOUNTS OF THE SPECIES

The family Tenebrionidae in the United (1-1), tribe 1(1-1), genus 1(1-1)A and species

States is large and varied, with over 1,440 species 1(1-1).\-1. If the description of each category and subspecies. The keys and literature to the along with this code is followed, there should family are scattered through many books and be very little difficulty in making a determina- journals, and the ta.xonomic references to this tion of a species. family are voluminous. One of the e;irly workers wiis L. LeConte, who described many John Subfamily TENTYRIINAE ( 1-1 species (1851, 1858). The great inorphologist, Lacordair, published a section on Tenebrionidae Tribe Eurymetopim 1(1-1) in his Histoire Naturelle dcs Insccta (1859). 9 Metoponium convexicolle LeConte 1(1-1)A-1 George H. Horn (1870) monographed the fam- 24 Hijlocrinus lahorans Casey l(l-l)B-2 ily and published additional treatises in 1874, 33 Stcripluinus lubricaiis Casey l(l-l)C-3 1878, and 1891. Thomas L. Casey was one of the Tribe Auchmobiim 2(1-1) prolific workers on this family. He revised the subfamilies Tentvriinae, Coniontinae, and the 21 Auchmobius siihborcus Blaisdell 2(l-l)A-4 tribe Asidini (Casey 1907, 1908, 1912) and Tribe Trimytini 3( 1-1 named man\' new genera and species. In 1909 27 Chilometopan abnomie (Horn) 3(l-l)A-5 Frank K. Blaisdell began a long series of publications on the tribe Eleodiini. From his works Tribe Epitr.agim 4(1-1) used in came many of the subspecific names 29 Mctopololxi bifossiceps Casey 4(l-l)A-6 this study. As far as can be detennined, very little has been publisheti on the ecology of the Trilx' TnioROPiiiN-i 5( 1-1 beetles of the family Tenebrionidae, although 6 TrioropJuis lacius poUtus Casey 5(l-l)A-7 the ta.xonomic papers of Horn (1870) and La- Tribe Edrotim 6(1-1) Rivers (1942, 1947, 1948) include notes on hab- 3 Edrotes orbtts Casey 1-1 )A-8 itat and seasonal occurrence. 6( In the four years this study was in progress Tribe .Ahaeoschizim 7(1-1) at the Nevada Test Site, 14,6.50 specimens rep- 2 Aracoscliizus sitlcicolU.s Horn 7(l-l)A-9 resenting .31 genera and 46 sfX'cies and subspecies Were cxillected. These are presented in Tribe .\nepsiini 8(1-1) l)v subfamih', the following check-list arranged 22 .An<7).s7i/.v l>ntnnciis Casey 8(1-1)A-10 tribe and genus. Tlie number precetling the Tribe Cryptoclossi.m 9( 1-1 name indicates its rank in frecjuency of abundance at the test site. The numbers and letters 16 Cn/ptotilosso vcrnicoso LeConte 9(1-1)A-11 following each name refer to the subfainil\ 5 Ccntrioplciv imiricalu LeConte 9(1-1)B-12 Biological Series, Vol. 6, No. 1, Febru.\ry, 1965

Subfamily ASIDINAE (1-2) Subfamily CONIONTINAE (1-4)

Tribe Asidini 1(1-2) Tribe Comoxtini 1(1-4) 11 Pelecyphorus pantex Casey 1(1-2)A-13 34 Sphaeriontis dilatata (LeConte) l(l-4)A-33

24 P. semilaevis (Horn) 1(1-2)A-14 20 Eusattus diibitis LeConte l(l-4)B-34 19 Eitschides luctatm (Horn) 1(1-2)B-15 13 £. agnatus Casey l(l-4)B-35 17 Trichiasida acerha (Horn) 1(1-2)C-16 24 Coniontis nevadeiisis carsonica Casey l(l-4)C-36 Tribe Craniotixi 2(1-2) 36 ConionteUus aigutus Casey l(l-4)D-37 35 Craniotus bhiisdeUi Tanner 2(1-2)A-17

Subfamily PEDININAE (1-5)

Subfamily ELEODINAE (1-3) Tribe Blapsti.ni 1(1-5) 23 Bhpstiinis vandijkei Blaisdell l(l-5)A-38 Tribe Eleodlxi 1(1-3) :M B. pubescens LeConte l(l-5)A-39 14 Trogloderus costattis nevadits LaRivers 7 Notibius std)stikittis Casey l(l-5)B-40 1(1-3)A-18 18 Conibiosoma elongatum (Horn) 1(1-5)C-41 26 Embaphion dongatum Horn 1(1-3)B-19 10 Eleodes carbonaria immunis LeConte Subfamily OPATRINAE (1-6) l(l-3)C-20 12 E. obscura sulcipcnnis Mannerheim Tribe Leichenini 1(1-6) 1(1-3)C-21 33 Anemia californica Horn l(l-6)A-42 8 E. grancicoUis valida Boheman 1(1-2) C-22 4 E. hispihbrLs sculptilus Blaisdell l(l-3)C-23 Subfamily TENEBRIONINAE (1-7) 31 E. longipilosa Horn 1(1-3) C-24 Tribe Tenebrionini 1(1-7) 1 E. annata LeConte l(l-3)C-2.5 36 CoelocnemLs punctata LeConte l(l-7)A-43

25 E. annata pumilu Blaisdell l(l-3)C-26 33 Alacphus nevadensis Tanner, n. sp. 34 E. nigrina LeConte l(l-3)C-27 l(l-7)B-44 32 E. dlisimilis nevadensis Blaisdell l(l-3)C-28 24 Etipsophulus castaneus Horn l(l-7)C-45 31 E. longicoUis LeConte 1(1-3 )C-29 Subfamily HELOPINAE (1-8) 28 E. tenebrosa Horn 1(1-3) C-30 30 £. brutmipes brevisetosa Blaisdell 1(1-3)C-31 Tribe Helopini 1(1-8) 25 E. extricata frigida LaRivers l(l-3)C-32 15 Helops attennatus LeConte l(l-8)A-46

CLASSIFICATION OF THE TENEBRIONIDAE COLLECTED AT THE NEVADA TEST SITE

In this study the salient characteristics of monly known as "Darkling Beetles" and are the subfamilies, tribes, genera and species of prevalent in the western United States, where the Tenebrionidae collected at the Nevada Test they have become well adjusted to the diy des- Site are presented in as simple a terminology ert conditions. as possible. It is hoped that these keys wiU be We are indebted to LeConte, Horn, Casey, an aid to the student and layman in under- Blaisdell, Bradley, Arnett and others for the use standing and learning about this large, inter- of their studies in the preparation of the follow- esting family of beetles. Some technical terms ing keys. VVe have selected, rearranged and will of necessity be used, but with the aid of added to the keys of these noted coleopterists. the accompanving drawings (Figs. I-II), we be- Rather than develop a short couplet key which lieve that the descriptions and terminology may is not easily used or understood by those not be understood. familiar with tenebrionid morphology, we have

The family Tenebrionidae is the largest fam- included rather lengthy chaiacterizations of the ily of beetles in the superfamily or assemblage several categories used in this classification. of widely diverse families known as the Cucu- The following suggestions are given to those joidea. The members of this family are com- who may use these keys. In order to determine BlIICIIAM \()INC L'MVKHbll V SciKNCt BULLETIN

flit" spt'cics to uliicli a i;i\('n tciifhrioiiici hcctk' D. .\Ian\' of the genera are monotypic. One may bcloiig, need onlv turn to the page of the te.xt and find the description of the species in A. First ilc'ti-iiniiic to \\ liitli oiu' of tlu- I'iglit (juestion, e.g. 1(1-1).\-1. If there are

siibfaiiiilies tlif spt-tiiiuii litloiigs. ( 1-1 ) more tiian one species reported for a to (1-8). genus, a key to tiie different species will

B. Then, decide to wliicli tribe of that sub- be found imder tiie genus heading. fainilv tlie speeinien belongs. 1(1-1), etc. The drawings of a representative spec-ies ta-

C. Once it is placed in the proper tribe, one ken at tile test site have tiie main structures will not iiave too much difficulty in as- labeled. Reference to tiiese labeled drawings

signing it to the correct genus, e.g. should help in uiKlerstaiKiiiig tiie terms used in 1(1-1)A. the key;..

The F.vMiLY Tf.nebriomdae

Tiie family Tenebrionidae may be recognized wiiicli ma\- in some genera fill the entire buc- and separated from other Heteroinera Coieop- cal opening; prothorax mucii wider than the tera as follows: head, and narrower than the elytra; legs relatively small, given to show movements. Genera Front and middle tarsi five-jointed (Fig. and species subject to considerable variations. I); tiie hind tarsi four-jointed (Fig. I); Female genitalia strongly scieritized, coxites and anterior coxal cavities closed behind valvifers elongate, styli small; the terminal ab- (Fig. II); ventral abdominal segments dominal segments of the female are capable of four and five, in part connate (Fig. II); being protruded to a remarkable length. Male

tarsal daws simple, the {>enultimate joint aedeagus slender and elongate; apicaie is as (Fig. I) of the tarsi not spongy beneatii. long as the basaie and four times as wide (See

figures I and II). Species of eight sui:)families are represented in the collections made at tiie test site. (1-3) Subfamily Eleodln'.\e

The principal characters of tiic abo\e sub- Ki:V TO THE SUBFAMILIES family are tiiese; mesocoxae iiave visible trochantins (Fig. II); the ventral abdominal seg- (1-1) Subfamily Te.nytrunae ments are entireiv corneous; eves not prominent, Ventral segments of the abdomen entirely more or ie^s transverse, always emiu-ginate in of a liornv substance; middle, or mesothoracic front; next to the last joint of tarsi entire, not co.xae without trochantins; labrum or upper lip bilobed; hind joint of antennae usually longer scarcely visible. Female genitalia quadrato- tiian the following; hind coxae transverse, never trianguiar in shape, vaivifer elongate, twice as obli(jue; tarsi spinose or setose beneatii; elytra long as wide; anal plate well developed, stylus widely embracing the body. The genitalia of the rudimentary or entirely absent in some species. male is elongate flaxseed-shaped, apiaiie trian- Male apicaie longer tiian the basaie; genital gular with sides evenly arcuate, especially in the fossa large, widely open, apicaie sides of basaie middle one-tiiird; dorsal surface with an oval, infie.xed \entraliv in apical iiaif, connecting siigiitl\' impressed semi-memiiranous area. Val- surface broadiv membranous, sides scieritized. vifers narrowlv iiiflexetl \entrally. Tlie female genital segments similar in structure tiiroughout

(1-2) SubfaiiiiK .\smiNAE llie subfamily (See tiguies I and II).

Epistoma, or lower (;ice between tiie mouth (1-4) Sul>faniiiy Comontl\.\e and eves ( F"ig. I ) truncated. \\ itli tlie margin cut into sinuses; ialirum well de\eloped, mau- Micklle coxiie with visible tiochantins. La- diiiles thick, punctate, wide ajiicaliv, witii tip brum prominent, in great part visiliie. Tiie ab- bifid; antennae with segments nine and ten wid- dominal intercoxae process acute and triangular. er tlian the eleventh wliicii is imijcdded in tiie Tile mentum moderately emarginate, tiie iiguia concave apex of tiie eie\entli; meiitum large to prominent and emarginate. Tiie apicaie of the iiKHlcr.ite in size, attaciied to a gnlar extension male genitalia is elongate, several times as long BiOL

' ANTENNA

MANDIBLE

TARSAL CLAW TARSUS

PRONOTUM- PROTHORAX PROTHORACIC-

FEMORAL TOOTH

SCUTELLUM

FEMORA--

PENULTIMATE' ,

Figure I. Eleodes grandicollis valida Boheman, dorsal view. BiticaiAM VouNG University Science Buixetin

ANTENNA

MANDIBLE BASAL -LABIAL PALPUS ANTENNAL SEGMENT - MAXILLA GULAR SUTURE GULA

FEMURAL TOOTH -PROTHORAOtC PROCESS -MESOSTERNUM

METASTERNUM

ABDOMINAL INTERCOXAL PROCESS

SECOND ABDOMINAL SESMENT

SLIGHTLY MEMBRANEOUS

Figure II. Eleodes grandicollis valida Bohcman, ventral view. as wide, parallt'l in basal one-half, thence of the abdomen; middle coxae witli distinc-t broadly arcuate and gradnallv con\ergent to trochantin; intercoxal process of abdomen trun- aj>ex, the latter emarginate at middle; valvifer cate; anterior and sometimes the middle tarsi of .short, tv\ic-e as long as wide, distinctly shorter the male dilated, and spongy beneath; hind tarsi than the apic-ale. Female genitalia elongate with sometimes pubescent and spinous. bacula as supports in the valvifers; c-o.xites divided, stylus obsolete. (1-6) Subfamily Op.\trinae

Body o%'al, heud recei\'ed by the thorax as (1-5) Subfamily Pedininae far as the eves, which are transverse, strongly Body oval, not very convex; epistoma emar- emarginate and coarseh' granulated, epistoma ginate covering the base of the mandibles; la- emarginate, extending down o\er the m;mdib!es, bnun or upper lip prominent; mentnm generally labrum prominent, menhun small, ligula promi- trilobed in front, small; ligula or central part of nent, or slightlv emarginate, maxillae exposed; the lower lip prominent; e\es transverse, some- eivtra with narrow epipleurae (Fig. II), anter- times di\ided; eivtra embracing feebly the sides ior coxae transverse or rounded. Biological Series, Vol. 6, No. 1, February, 1965

(1-7) Subfamily Texebrioninae (1-8) Subfamily Helopinae

Beetles of this subfamily have bodies that Front of head with a leatheiy or horny mar- are elongated, head prolonged, not received in gin or a leathery band between the front and the thora.x as far as the eyes, which are trans- labrum; sides of the front obliquely elevated; verse and emarginate, epistoma truncate, not eyes transverse, emarginate and coarsely granu- separated from the labrum by a clypeiis. Anten- lated; antennae thickened externally; nae with eleven joints, external ones broadened; mentum small; ligula prominent; mentum small, elytra feebly covering the sides sides of the prothorax of the abdomen, epipleurae nanow; middle separated by a margin from the disk, elytra coxae with noticeable trochantin; legs long, tarsi with narrow epipleurae; middle coxae with dis- clothed beneath with silky golden or coarse pub- tinc-t trochantin; tarsi slender, head not de- escence. flexed.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRIBES, GENERA, AND SPECIES

(1-1) Subfamily TENTYRIINAE longer and pointed; scutellum distinct; elytra never strongly Species from nine tribes of Tentyriinae are rugose and usually with distinct serial included in this report. Each tribe and the punctures; tarsi beneath with long, genera are characterized below. The species of stiff setae; protliorax generally fully as wide as the elytra. each genus are described in the text of diis study. In 1907 Col. Casey described many species of Metaponium from Arizona and California. 1(1-1) Tribe Eurymetopini The senior author spent considerable time in Middle coxae without trochantin; mentum June, 1964 studying the Casey collection and very large, concealing both ligula ma.xillae; and species of this genus. It is our opinion that the anterior tibiae with two terminal spurs, not Casey complex of species in this genus must be toothed externally near the middle; mandibles revised before dependable reference to species never grooved externally; posterior co.xae more of this genus ciin be made. We are therefore con- or less separated, the abdominal process acute sidering sj>ecimens of this genus as canvexicolle to broadly rounded; elytra not embracing the LeConte 1(1-1)A-1. For a description of this sides of the body, the inflexed parts occupied species see page 16. wholly by the epipleiira; mentiun hexagonal, apex emarginate or sinuate; front without a pro- 1(1-I)B. Genus Hylocrimts has the following characteristics: longed epistoma clasped b\- tlie mandibles, the right mandible at least generallv with a tooth Anterior tibia not externally prolonged which clasps the labrum only. Antennae slender, at tip, antennae long and slender, eyes large, outer four segments broader; scutellum well de- not deeply emarginate; body elongate, par- veloped; body generally winged, though often allel; surface glabrous; tarsi with sparse, stiff apterous. setae beneath.

The following three genera, Metoponium, A single species, laharans Casey, l(l-l)B-2, be- H ylocrimts and Steriphamis, each represented longing to this genus was collected at Mercury. by a single species, were collected at the test Tlie species description is given on page 17. site. 1(1-1)C. Genus Steriphamis has the follow- 1(1-1) A. Genus Metaponiinn may be charac- ing characteristics: terized as follows: Body oval, convex, glabrous, devoid of Anterior tibia produced externally at tip; hind wings; tarsi spinulose or sparsely and eyes large, head with a distinct supra-orbi- very coarsely setose beneath; normal, sub- tal ridge or keel; epistoma never emarginate; cylindrical; the anterior nearly straight as mandibles ridged externally above; antennae usual; frontal margin generally feebly sinu- slender, extending about to the base of tlie ato-truncate, not evidently biemarginate. A prothorax, last four joints broader com- single sj>eeies, lubricans Casey l(l-l)C-3 is pressed, the eleventh as long as the tenth or described on page 17. Bkk.iiam Vol'nc University Science Bulletin

2(1-1) Tribe Aucmmobiim gramic, the apex very broadly arcuate from side to side and not sinuate at the middle, generally Middle foxae witlioiit trotliantin; mentum much more transverse. ver\' large, concealing both ligiila and maxillae; anterior tibiae with two terminal spurs, not 4(1-1)A. Genus Melopoloba lias the follow- toothed externally near the middle; mandibles ing characteristics: never gr(K)ved externally; posterior coxae more Prosternum horizontally produc-etl poster- or less niirrowlv separated, the abdominal pro- iorly, the tip received within a large deep cess acute to broadly rounded; elytra not em- mesosternal excavation; eyes large but not bracing the sides of the body, the inflexetl parts prominent, generally finely faceted and but oc-cupied wholly by the epipleura; mentiim hex- feebly emarginate anteriorly; t;u-si with agonal, Nsnth the apex more or less distinctly sparse, short, stiff spiniform setae beneath emarginate; front with the epistoma (absolut- the jX)sterior, at least, devoid of denser and ely) prolonged; epistomal lobe not clasped by finer pubesc-ence; supra-orbital ridges strcmg, the mandibles, which are folded beneath it out eyes coarsely faceted; body elongate, pointed of sight from above. Antennae gradually en- behind, basal joint of the hind tarsi at least larged and c-ompressetl outvvardly. equal in length to the fourth and usually

The onlv genus in this tribe is Auchmobius, longer; sculpture rather coarse and sparse, 2(1-1) A, which was rc\'ised by Blaisdell in 1934. surface polished. At this time he described seven new spec-ies. The The species bifoss-iccps Casey 4(l-l)A-6, Mercurv- species is considered b\' us to be suh- is described on page 18. boreus Blai.sdcll 1(1-1 )A-4. See the text, page 17, for description of this species. 5( 1-1 ) Tribe Triorophini Middle coxae without trochantin; mentum 3( 1-1 ) Tribe Tiu.mytlni large, concealing both ligula and maxillae; an- Similar to Auchmobiini except that the epis- terior tibiae with two terminal spurs, not toothed tomal lobe is clasped by the superior external externally near the middle; mandibles never ridge of the mandibles; antennae filifonn, gen- groo\ed externally; posterior coxae narrowly erally with the last four joints larger; seutellum separated, the abilominal process acute to broad- well developed as in Eurymetopini; body winged ly rounded; elytra embracing the sides of tlie or apterous, the metastemum with or without body, the inflexed parts not wholly occupied ante-coxal grooves. by the epipleura.

3(1-1) A. Genus Chilometopon has the follow- 5(1-1) A. Genus Trioiophus has the following ing characteristics: chiu-acteristics: Outer ridge of the mandibles very nar- Epistomal lobe parallel, \er\' prominent, row with a small dentiform protuberance at angulate at apex, clasped toward base by the the base; body elongate, c-onvex glabrous, swollen basal p;u-ts of the mandibles; the lat- fully winged; eyes large, prominent and only ter stout, each with a strong dorsal tooth slightly emarginate anteriorly; tarsi long, the clasping the labrum; e\es trans\erse. emar- basal joint of the posterior variable; pro- ginate anteriorK-; prothorax margined at the thorax alwa\s narrowed toward the base, and sides; elytra inflated, with abbre\iatrtl series widest before the middle; last antennal joint of coarse punctiues, epipleura nanow; legs elongate, sometimes extremely so. long, tarsi with sparse spinules beneath; lateral lobes of front tuberculate; sides of pro- One species, abnorme (Horn) 3(l-l)A-5, notum with a distinct margiuid bend, its base is described on page 18. not bisinuate.

4(1-1) Tribe Epnn.uaNi The species laeois LeConte, subspecies politus Casey 5(l-l)A-7 is described on page 19. Middle coxae without trochantin; mentum very large, concealing both ligula and maxillae; 6(1-1 Tribe Eduotini anterior tibiae with two terminal spurs; not ) toothed extemalK' near the middle; mandibles Middle coxae without trochantin. Mentum never grooved externally; posterior coxae nar- very large, concealing both ligula and maxillae; rowly separated; al)doniin;il process acute to anterior tibiae uith terminal spurs, not toothed broadly rounditl; ehtra not embracing the sides I'xternallv near the middle; mandibles ne\er of the body, mentiini trans\ersely parallelo- grooved extern, illy: posterior coxae widely sep- : : :

Biological Series, Vol. 6, No. 1, February, 1965 axated, the abdominal process broadly truncate; SulcicoUis Horn 7(1-1) A-9, which is a very mesostemum without ante-coxal grooves; the common species in this area, is described on body wingless; elytra frequently costulate; page 20. mesostemum elevated, flat, abutting closely and on the same plane against the ape.x of the flat- 8(1-1) Tribe Anepsiini tened prosternal process; hind co.xae tiansversely Middle coxae with trochantin; labrum scarce- oval. ly visible; tarsi spinose beneath; antennae not 6(1-1) A. Genus Edrotes has the following filiform; anterior tibiae broadly dilated. characteristics 8(1-1) A. Genus Anepsius has the following convex, with conspicuous Body rounded, characteristics erect hairs; head large, epistomal lobe quad- Body rather stout, convex, glabrous; head rate, with its sides parallel and sinuate, and trapezoidal, clypeus broadly and feebly sinu- apex broadly angulate nearly as in Trioro- ate towards the middle; eyes basal, more phus; mentum transversely he.xagonal, the rounded and less coarsely faceted, usually apex trisinuate; eyes small, convex, promin- divided by the thick anterior can thus; an- ent, and imeniiu-ginate; antennae long and tennae slender, almost as long as the head slender, outer joints larger, the eleventh p\ri- and prothorax, third joint longer than the form and long; prothorax with prominent second; prothorax four-fifths wider than long; and acute apical angles, stronglv transverse; elytra equal in width to the prothorax, two scutellum obsolete; elytra inflated and wide- and one-half times as long, oval, die sides ly embracing the body beneatli; epipleurae evenly arcuate; legs short, slender, tlie an- short; legs long, slender, the hind tarsi short, terior tibiae broadly dilated at apex, with the sparsely spinose and not at all grooved be- spurs distinct; tarsi short, sparsely spinose neath, with long flying hairs above as on the beneath. femora and tibiae externally; hind coxae transverse, separated bv less than their own Brunneus Casey 8(1-1)A-10 was the only width. species of tliis genus collected at Mercury. It

is described on page 21. Description of the species orbus Casey

6(l-l)A-8, is on page 19 of the text. 9(1-1) Tribe Cryptoglossini

7(1-1) Tribe AjtAEOscHiziNi Middle coxae with trochantin; labrum scarcely visible; tarsi spinose beneath; antennae not Middle coxae without trochantin; mentum filiform; anterior tibiae slender. Eyes present; generally small in size, never concealing both emarginate, reniform. Posterior margin of the the ligula and ma,xillae; elytra without true epi- last two abdominal segments semi-circularly pleura; anterior coxae separated; antennae mod- emarginate. erately long, thick, filiform and perfoliate, usu- Two genera are represented in the speci- ally scaley, free; legs short and stout. mens taken at Mercury. They may be separated 7(1-1) A. Genus Araeoschiztis has the follow- by the following key: ing characteristics 1. Last antennal segment truncate, small- Body elongate, convex, hind bodv ped- er than the tenth .. 9(1-1)A Cnjptoglossa unculate without humeral angles, the hind

wings wanting; head elongate-oval, clypeus 2. Last antennal segment oval, pointed, large; mentum rather large, flat, broadly nearly as large as the tenth truncate at apex; mandibles bifid at tip; 9(1-1)B Centrioptera eyes completely divided, coarsely faceted. The upper part elongate, sunken deeply be- A description of the species Centrioptera tween the prominent lateral margin and a imiricata LeConte, 9(1-1)B-12, is on page 23. strong supra-orbital ridge; antennae about as Cnjploglossa verrucosa l>eConte, 9(1-1)A-11 long as the head and half the prothorax, is described on page 23. prothorax cordate, small; scutellum triangular sciu-celv passing the basal declivity of the (1-2) Subfamily ASIDINAE elytra; coxae globular, moderately separated; legs short, stout, tarsi short, claws small, slen- Two tribes of this subfamily are represented der and arcuate. in collections from the Nevada Test Site. L'niveksity Scienxe Bulletin 10 Biiic.iiAM ^<)i N(;

1(1-2) Tribe Asidim Mentum not entirely filling the buccal opening and always placed upon a pedicle narrowed beliind Btxlv o\ate, apterous; head formed by a gular prolongation; ligula hu-ge, the eves, wliidi are transverse and kiilney-shap- tumid, angularly incised; mentum always sep- an- ed; epistoma very short; mentuin large; arated from the closed mandibles, thus leav- embracing tennae eleven segmented; elytra ing the maxilliu-y cardo exposed in part; widelv the flanks of the abdomen; epiplenrae prosternum deflcxed posteriorly between the distinct trociiantin; indistinct, middle coxae with coxae; last joint of the maxillary palpi large tlic epistcrna wide; iiind metasternnm short, with and scalene in male, smaller in the female; process coxae moderately separated; intcrcoxal base of the prothorax broadly lobed, bcc-om- of abdomen obtuse; legs with tibial spurs dis- ing anteriorly obhcjue toward the sides, basal tinct; tarsi setose, but not sulcate beneath. angle obtuse, sometimes evident but never Three genera are represented in this tribe. prominent.

1(1-2)A. Genus Pelccijphonis has the follow- One species luctatus (Horn) 1(1-2)B-15 re- ing characteristics: ported; see description on page 26 of text. Mentum not entirely filling the buccal 1(1-2)C. Genus Trichiasicla has the following opening and always placed upon a rather evi- characteristics: dent pedicle formed by a gular prolongation; Mentum not filling the buccal opening ligula small, generally flat, angularly emar- and placed on a pedestal formed b\' a gular ginate to subtnmcate and strongly retractile, prolongation; Ugula large, tumid, angularly usuallv hidden under the mentum, the latter incised; mentum separated from the closed alwa)s clearly separated from the closed mandibles, leaving the ma.xillary cardo ex- mandibles; last joint of the ma.xillary palpi posed in part, prosternum deflexed poster- variable in size in the se.xes; prostemum de- iorly between the coxae. Last joint of the fle.xed; body diversely sculptured, very much maxillary palpi differing but little sexually, larger in size; tarsi with short and incon- never more than recti-triangular in the male; spicuous spiniform hairs beneath; base of the antennae more rapidly enliuged distall)-, the prothorax truncate or arcuate-truncate; head tenth joint with the usual two widely sep- and prothorax generally smaller, giving the arated tomentose spots at the tip; elytra with- body a markedly different habitus; elytra out triie costae, the elevated lines when pres- each with distinct ridges as shown in Figure ent having more or less the nature of narrow XIII. and accentuated obtuse ridges; body pub- Two species collected may be separated as escent; mentum small, gular pedicle long follows: and well developed; antennae slender; basal angles of prothorax never prominent; anter- 1. of pronotum unevenly scalloped, Edge ior tibiae serrulate externally, the outer angle tuberculate, narrow; elytra very ven- at tip strongly everted and acutely spiniform. tricose and tuberculate; outer coxa rather fine but strong, the inner very fine One species acerbo (Horn) 1(1-2)C-16; see and sulx)bsolete page 26 for description. Fig. XIII, 1(1-2)A-13 pantcx Casey See page 24 for description. 2(1-2) Tribe Cr.\nioti.\i

2. Edge of pronotiun not scalloped, Middle coxae without trochantin; mentum coarsely, sparsely ;iik1 uiu'vcnly punc- large, concealing both ligula and niiLxillae; an- tured, the sides narrowly reflexed; terior tibiae with two terminal spurs, not toothed elvtra elongate-oval, with distinct mar- externalh' near the middle; posterior coxae wide- ginal costa, each with three nearly lv separated; the abdominal process broadly straight parallel, moderately elevated truncate; body wingless; elytra frequently cos- costa, the surface between the suKire tulate; metasternnm not elevated, discontinuous and first costa shining, the remainder with the prosternum; hind coxae small, oval, opaque much abbreviated trans verselv; eyes finely fac- Fig. XIV, 1(1-2)A-14 semilaevis (Horn) eted; legs long and slender; female genitalia of

See page 25 for description. the compact type, which is Asidini in nature.

1(1-2)B. Genus Euschides has the following 2(1-2) A. Genus Craniotus has the following characteristics: characteristics; :

Biological Series, Vol. 6, No. 1, February, 1965

Body narrow anteriorly, inflated elytra; segments not prolonged behind at margin. Legs sparse to dense pubescence on the body; long; anterior femora frequently toothed; tibial head small, projection at the sides anterior spurs disHnet; tarsi channelled and setose be- to the eyes extend beyond one-third the neath. width of the head; transverse groove behind Key to the genera: the epistome; mandibles bifid at tip, folding beneath the labrum; mentiim large, sinuate 1. Sides of the epistoma not dilated, mar- at apex and emarginate at base; antennae gin straight or sinuate, converging long and slender, the third segment much anteriorly 2 elongated, the eleventh not free but small Sides moderately dilated, margin ar- and received within the apex of the tenth; cuate 1(1-3)A Trogloderus prothorax transversely suboval; scutellum elongate; el)'tra embracing the sides of the 2. Epipleura attaining the humeral an- body, epipleurae narrow, disappearing be- gles, broader at base, more or less fore the middle of the abdomen; anterior gradually narrowing to apex, occupy- co.xae separated; metasternum short, convex ing only a part of the inflexed portion at the sides; femora and tibiae long, slender of the elytra; buccal processes of the

and subcylindric, hind tarsi rather short, genae not produced ... 1(1-3)C Eleodes slender, and with long hairs above and Epipleura very narrow, not attaining short stiff spines beneath. Female genitalia the humeral angles .. 1(1-3)B Emhaplnon of the elongate type (Fig. XVII, 2-3). 1(1-3) A. Genus Trogloderus has the follow- For description of the species, hlaisdelli Tan- ing characteristics: ner 2(1-2)A-17, collected on the test site, see Body elongate, rough, opaque; eyes trans- page 27. verse and renifonn; head pierced with closely set, small holes; front prolonged, covering the (1-3) Subfamily ELEODINAE labrum, sides dilated and reflexed; surface Ventral segments three and four with cx)r- briefly convex at middle, transversely im- aceous hind margin; front entirely corneous; first pressed with a small deep fovea on the ver- joint of tarsi moderate or elongate, never very tex; antennae with third segment as long as short tarsi, not compressed; eyes not prominent, the two following; prothorax emarginate in more or less transverse, always emarginate in front, rounded on the sides, basal angles pro- front; anterior tibiae alone or none dilated; pen- minent; disc coarsely oribate; elytra widi the ultimate joint of tarsi entire; anterior coxae suture and foin- costae each side acutely ele- rounded; middle coxae with trochanter; an- vated; intercoxal process of first abdominal tennae perfoliate, third joint longer than the segment broader dian long; under surface following; hind coxae transverse, never oblique; strongly granulate; anterior femorae armed fourth segment of maxillary palpus triangular or with a small to broad tooth; front tibiae securiform; epipleura attaining the sutural angle; curved and serrate on the outer edge; tarsi tarsi spinose or setose beneath; elytra widely setose. embracing the body. Tills species, costatiis nevadus LaRivers 1(1-3)A-18 is described on page 29. 1(1-3) Tribe Eleodini

Body oblong, apterous, head prominent; 1(1-3)B. Genus Embaphion has the following epistoma covering the base of the mandibles at characteristics the sides; labrum prominent; mentum small, Thorax and elytra always acutely and trilobed, inserted upon a gular pedicle; max- sometimes broadly margined, margin more illae e.xposed, maxillary palpi with the last joint or less reflexed; epipleurae always narrow, securiform, not very large; eyes transverse, reni- rarely defined front (Figs. I and II) inflexed form; antennae eleven jointed with the outer sides of the elytra, except at apex, where segments rounded, equal; elytra embracing wid- they are always well defined, not suddenly ely the flanks of the abdomen, epipleurae nar- widened at base and never attaining the row; middle coxae with large trochantin, side humeral angles of the elytra. Blaisdell made pieces attaining the coxal cavities; metasternum the following obsei-vation on the charac- short, epistema narrow, epimera distinct; hind teristics of this genus: "The above characters coxae widely separated; intercoxal process of are distinctive of the genus and are not abdomen rectangular; third and fourth ventral observed elsewhere in Eleodini." Biii(;iiAM VoLNc University Science Bulletin

One species of this genus was collected at eh'tra obsoletely sulcate and irregu- the test site. See page 29 of this report for a larly muricately punctured. Size, description of elongatum Horn, 1(1-3)8-19. males, 25 to 31 mm in length; width 9 to 14 mm genus Eleodes 1-3)C has the following Tlie 1( obscura stdcipeuuis Mann. 1(1-3)C-21 characteristics: Description on page 30 of report. Mentiim trilobed, middle lobe large and 2. large, oblong oval, black convex; apical joint of labial and maxillar)' Body and shining; twice palpi triangular; suture between epistoma head as wide as long, punctation irregular, denser at the per- and front distinct; eyes reniforni; antennae iphery. Antennae short stout, with ele%en segments, the last three usually and reaching to the posterior fourth of the compressed. Prothorax variable in shape and prothorax; third joint equal in length sculpture in some species prolonged into a to the next two taken together; pronot- cuada behind; epipleurae distinct. Legs fair- um widest at about the middle, disc ly long, femora not strongly clavate, in some smooth and shining, surface finely and species ;irmed in one or both sexes with teeth. sparseh' punctate, punctures arranged Tarsi usually channeled and setose beneath, in distinct unimpressed series; epi- spurs of the middle and hind tibiae well de- narrowing veloped. pleurae narrow, gradually from the base to the apex; abdomen Eleodes, because of the large niun- The genus sparsely punctate, with some reticulare bers of species referred to it, has been separated rugosity; legs not long but stout; an- into thirteen subgenera. For the list and char- terior femora in both series armed of these subgenera see Tanner's paper acteristics with an acute tooth; female genitalia Checklist and New Species of Eleodes, (1961), of the compact type (Fig. 11-4); size: 60-61. pp. males 26 to 29 mm in length, 10 to 12 The species of Eleodes collected at the test mm in width; females, 27 to 30 mm in site belong to six of the thirteen subgenera which length, 10 to 12 mm in width. Figs. may be separatt^d by means of the following 1 and 2 key: grandicollis valida Boh. l(l-3)C-22 Subgenus Mckinelcodes Description on page 31 of report.

Anterior femora ai'med only in the male or 3. Body elongate, ovate, integument dull mutic; anterior tibial spines dissimilar in the and thick, black in color, frequently sexes; femora mutic. reddish along the suture; head and l(l-3)C-20 carbonaria iutinunis LeConte thorax more or less shining. Elytra slightly convex, sulci opaque and deep, Tills is the only species of Mehneleodes we intervals strongly convex and shining; have collected on the test site. A description and antennae long, reaching the base of discussion of the species will be found on page the prothorax; pronotimi widest at the 29 of this rejiort. middle; disc smooth, fineh' sparsely punctate; epipleurae gradually narrow- Subgenus Eleodes ing from base to apex; abdomen Anterior femora at least, anned in both sexes smooth, finely punctulate and rugu- (except in caudifera and lon^ipilosa where teeth lose; fifth segment more strongly are abortive). punctate; legs slender; anterior femora Tlie species and subspecies of this subgenus armed with an acute tooth in both may be separated as follows: sexes. Size: males IS to 22 mm in length, 7 to 9 mm in width; females 19 1. Body elongate; elytra strongly sulcate; to 24 mm in length, 8 to 10 mm in intervals fjuite strongly convex, width ' smooth, with a single series of irregu- hispihihris sctdpldis Blais. l(l-3)C-23 larly, distantly spaced, feebly muri- Description on page 32 of text. cate punctures, which become de- 4. Body elongate, siniace sparsely clotli- cidedly muricate on the apical dtH.-liv- ed with long, black hairs; caudate; itv'. Sulci about e{|ual in width to the iongipdosa Horn l(l-3)C-24 inter\als, with closely placed muricate Description on page 32 of report. puncturi's which become more densely plac-ed toward apex; iuflex sides of the 5. Bod\' large, elongate suI)o\al to sub- Biological Series, Vol. 6, No. 1, February, 1965 13

fusiform-ovate; dull black in color, transverse tuft of yellowish or brownish modi- all the femora armed with long acute fied spinules which interrupt the groove in the spines; elytra moderately striate male; simple in the females.

armata LeConte l(l-3)C-25 The following is a brief characterization of Description on page 33 of te.xt. the only species of Steneleodes taken at the test site: 6. Body smaller, punctation fine and Body elongate to elongate fusiform, sparse, except on head; pronotiim black head twice as long as wide, finely slightly wider than long, sides almost punctate; antennae stout, pronotum wid- straight. Femoral teeth smaller and est at the middle; disc evenly convex, acute .... armata piimila Blais. l(l-3)C-26 sparsely punctulate; sides finely margin- Description on page 33 of text. ed; elytra elongate; base truncate; humeri obtuse; surface irregularly and evenly Subgenus Metablapylis punctate; epipleurae rather wide at the Anterior tibial spurs similar in the sexes. humeri, gradually narrowing to apex; fe- Tarsi similar in the se.xes, or nearly so. Middle mora not denselv punctate, the anterior lobe of the mentum small; anterior tarsi compar- mutic in both sexes atively simple beneath, groove entire. Lateral longiroUis LeConte l(l-3)C-29 lobes of the mentimi fully exposed; sculpturing For further discussion of this species see comparatively simple; femora mudc. page 34 of this report. The two following species of Mctablapijlis may be characterized as follows: Subgenus Bhiptjlis

1. Body elongate, usually about three Form short ovate, moderate in size to small, times as long as wide. Head less than robust (elongate and depressed in tibkdis); an- twice as long as wide, antennae mod- terior tarsi of male with first two or three joints erate in length; eleventh segment ov- feebly thickened at tip beneath and clothed ate, truncate at tip; pronotimi widest with dense silken or brownish tufts, obliterating at or just in front of the middle, sur- the groove; joints simple \\ith grooves entire in face finely, densely and irregularly female, femora mutic. punctate, elytra widest at the middle, The two species of this subgenus may be surface with fine punctures, usually separated as follows: arranged without order, and more or 1. Body oblong-oval, two-and-a-thtrd less striate; epipleurae widened be- times longer than wide; head twice as neath the humeri, then gradually nar- wide as long; antennae with four outer rowing to apex; legs moderate in joints feebly compressed, third joint length, mutic and stout equal to the next tv\'o taken together; nigrina LeConte l(l-3)C-27 pronotum finely and densely punc- This species is described on page 34 tate, widest at the middle and evenly of this study. arcuate from apex to base; elyti-a 2. Bodv clyindrico-fusiform, black, some- sculpturing consisting of small shiny what depressed, smooth, elytra striae tubercles arising from an opaque base rather distant; pronotum finely, but tenehrosa Horn l(l-3)C-30 distinctly and sparsely punctulate; Description on page 34 of report. tibiae and tarsi with reddish-brown 2. Bodv robust, convex, coarsely and setae; spinules and tarsal claws strong- densely sculptured; color dull black, ly developed legs dark brown; head large, two-thirds dissimilis nevadensis Blais. 1(1-3) C-28 as wide as the prothorax, densely pimc- Description of this species on page 34 tate; antennae longer than the head of this report. and prodiorax, thiid joint four times as long as wide; prothorax evenly convex, Subgenus Steiteleodes coarsely, deeply and confluently punc- Anterior tarsi dissimilar in the sexes. Species tate; elytra coarsely, densely, asperat- not usually pubescent, rarely so. Form elongate ely punctate usually large; first joining of the anterior tarsi hrunnipes brevisetosa Blais. 1(1-3)C-31 slightly thickened at tip beneath, bearing a small See page 35. 14 Briciiam Young University Science Bulletin

Subgenus Lilheleodes Similar in characteristics to Sphaeru>Htis except the interc-oxal process of the abdomen Form ovati', iiKKlerate in size, less robust; is acute, the coxae throughout narrowly sep- first joint of the anterior tarsi more or less arated; body oblong-o\al to parallel, mod- thickened and slightly more prominent ventrally erately convex; propleura with or without than the others, pubescent tuft variable, most bristling hairs. evident in extricato: male first joint with a minute tiift of silken pubescence at tip beneath. Two species of this genus, dubius and agna- tiis, collected at Mercury may be separated as l(l-3)C-32 extricata frigida LaRivers follows: This is the only species of Lithcleodes thus far taken at the test site. For additional com- 1. A small species; length 7.8 to 8.5 mm; 4.2 4.6 ments on it see page 35 of this report. width to mm. Body elongate, convex, polished; prothorax i\vo and one-half times as wide as its median (1-4) Subfiimily CONIONTINAE length; elytra narrow and elongate, al- 1(1-4) Tribe Comontim most a third longer than wide, punc- Body oval or globose, apterous; epistoma tures fine, but distinct; anterior tibiae covering the base of the mandibles; labrum only feebly serrulate externally prominent; mentum moderate, emarginate; gu- dubius LeConte l(l-4)B-34 lar penduncle short or almost obsolete; ligula For further information on this species prominent, emarginate; maxillae e.vposed; eyes see page 36 of this report. transverse, small elytra usually with narrow epi- 2. A larger species; length 8.9 to 9.8 mm; pleurae; anterior co.xae subtransverse; middle width 5.1 to 5.7 mm. Body broadly ob- c-o.\ae with distinct trochantin, side pieces of long-o\'al, moderately convex, subglab- mesothorax attaining the coxal cavities; meta- rous; prothorax not two and one-half stemum short; hind coxae approximate; inter- times as wide as its median length; coxal proc-ess of abdomen acute; tibial spurs elytra elongate, as wide as the pro- long, tarsi spinous beneath; tlie first joint of thorax, parallel, surface feebly rugose, hind tarsi long. wiih sparse small muricate punctures; 1(1-4)A. Genus Sphaeiiontis has the follow- anterior tibiae strongly sinuate exter- ing characteristics: nally beyond the middle .' ' agnaius Casey l(l-4)B-35 Elytra widely embracing the sides of This species is discussed page 36 of the body, the epipleura variable; anterior on the report. tibiae with e\'erted external angle at apex; basal joint of anterior tarsi long; prothorax alwavs prolongwl at the sides and envelop- 1(1-4)C. Genus Coniontis has the following ing the humeri: scutellum nearly obsolete; characteristics: less than epipleura narrow, occupying much Elytra narrowly embracing the sides of the entire inflexed sides of the elytra; epi- the body, the epipleura constantly narrow pleura gradually becoming wider basally, and oc-cupving the entire inflexed piu^t; the extending to the sides of the sometimes basal joint of the anterior tarsi short, obli(]ue- elytra at base; sides of the elytra always ly truncate at tip; prothorax \ariable at base, ne\er acutely obtusely rounded in sections, but generally more truncate; scutellum well dilated apically; margined; antennae slender, developed, trianguUu-; posterior angles of the coxae intercoxal process obtuse, the more prothorax strongh* posteriorly produced; separated throughout; body more widely palpi more elongate than usual, last tliree ver\ convex, the sculpture broadly rounded, joints of the antennae moderately dilated; muricate; propleura with more con- more basal joint of the anterior tarsi longer than spicuous hiiirs. the next t\vo combined; obli(|ucly prominent DiUitata LeConte l(l-4)A-33 is the only internally at tip, tvvo to four transverse, rap- species of this genus c-oUected at the test site. idly diminishing in size. Description of this species is on page 35 Nevadensis carsonica Casey I ( l-4)C-36 is of report. the only sj>eeies of this genus c-ollected at the 1(1-4)B. Cenus Eusattiis has the following test site. See page 36 of the text for descrip- characteristics: tion of the species of this genus. Biological Series, Vol. 6, No. 1, Febbuarv, 1965 15

1(1-4)D. Genus Coniontellus has the follow- thorax and elytra; upper portion of ing characteristics: eyes large, round and flat; punctation on head and prothorax dense and This genus is similar to Coniontides, ex- deep; distal three segments large and cept that the posterior angles of the pro- oval; legs moderate in length, first thora,\' are feebly produced posteriorly, the and fourth tarsal segments about thoracic base frequenth' subtiuncate; eyes equal in length completely divided; body smaller, the legs pubesccns LeConte 1(1-5) A-39 and antennae shorter. This species is discussed on page 37 single species of Coniontellus argtitus A of this report. Casey, l(l-4)D-37 was collected. See page 37 of text for species description. 1(1-5B. Genus Notihtis has the following characteristics:

(1-5) Subfamily PEDININAE Eyes entirely divided; scutellum very short and broad, not entering the disc of Tribe Blapstini 1(1-5) the elytra; apterous; male tarsi not dilated; prothorax Body oval; eyes completely divided; epistoma laterally densely fimbriate; anterior tibiae broadly triangular and com- emarginate, the inflexed part of the elytra is pressed; body stout, oblong-oval. composed entirely oi the epiplemae; mentum not trilobed in front; dilation of the anterior One species, Notihhis stibstrintus Casey tarsi of the male feeble; presence or absence of l(l-5)B-40, described on page 37 of this a fringe of setae along the lateral edges of the study. body. 1(1-5)C. Genus Conihiosoma has the follow- 1(1-5) A. Genus Bkipstinus has the following ing characteristics: characteristics: Eyes entirely divided; scutellum very Scutellum triangular, separating the ely- short and broad, not entering the disc of the tra at base, the hind wings frequently well elytra; apterous; male tarsi not dilated; pro- developed and the anterior tarsi of the male thorax laterally densely fimbriate; anterior dilated as a rule; base of the prothorax bi- tibiae n;irrow, non-fossorial; body narrow and sinuate; anterior tibiae straight; pubescence parallel. Conihiosoma elongatum (Horn), simple; body usually oblong or oblong-oval, 1(1-5)C-41. the sides not fimbriate; anterior tibiae simple. A description of this monotypic species Two species of this genus may be separated will be found on page 38 of this text. with the aid of the following:

1. Small species. Length 5.0 to 5.1 mm, (1-6) Subfamily OPATRINAE width 2.5 to 2.6 mm. Color nigra piceous, frontal margin, labrum and legs 1(1-6) Tribe Leichenini more or less rufous; pubescence fairly Specimens of this tribe have the fourth seg- dense, decumbent and confined to the ment of the maxillaiy palpus elongate-oval; more intervals; head small widest just before or less finely acuminate. the eyes; epistome emarginate over the labrum; pronotiim about two-fifths wi- 1(1-6) A. Genus Anemia has the following der than long; disc densely and evenly characteristics: punctate; elytra twice as long as wide; Anterior tibiae not bent; vestiture not striae distinct, punctures small; legs composed of short coarse recumbent hairs moderate in length and stoutness and long, erect, very robust bristles; anterior vandykci Blais. l(l-5)A-38 tibiae strongly dentate or produced exter- See page 37 of report for discussion nally at or near the apex; eyes completely of this species. divided, or extremely neai-ly so; epipleura entire; anterior tibiae short, triangular. 2. Large species. Length 6.4 to 6.5 mm. Width 3.0 to 3.1 mm. Color deep red- This genus is also a monotypic one. See dish browai; pubescence yellowish, page 38 for description of Anemia californica dense and decumbent on head, pro- Horn, 1(1-6) A-42. :

BlIIGIIAM YoL'NC UiNlVEHSITV SCIENCE BULLETIN

(1-7) Subfamily TENEBRIONINAE genus taken at Mercury is closely related to paUidus Horn. 1(1-7) Tribe Tenebbionini See page 39 of this text for descTiption of Body elongate, apterous, or winged, head Alaephus nevadensis Tanner n. sp. l(l-7)B-44. prolonged; front dilated on the sides, covering 1(1-7)C. Genus Eupsophulus: the base of the mandibles; antenn;ie gradually thickened externally; elytra embracing feebh the This genus is similar to Alaephus differ- sides of the abdomen; anterior coxae globose; ing in that the menturn is truncate in front. species, legs long, tibial spurs small; hind margin of One castaneus Horn l(l-7)C-45. See third and fourth ventral segments subcoriac-eous. page 40 for description.

1(1-7) A. Genus Coeloctteviis has the following characteristic-s (1-8) Subfamily HELOPIN'AE Tarsi with fine, usually silken pubescence beneath; outer segments of antennae with 1(1-8) Tribe Helopini stock disc-like expansions connected by a 1(1-8) A. Genus Helops: passing nearlv through their centers; anten- Body glabrous. Outer segments of antennae shorter than head and thorax; epipleura nae compressed; labriim prominent, clypeal not attaining the tips of elytra; intercoxal membrane always visible; head usually pro- process of abdomen broad, tnmcate. longed behind the eyes; elytra feebly em- The description of C. punctata LeConte, bracing the body. Epipleurae entire, anterior l(l-7)A-43 will be found on page 39 of this coxae globuhir; tarsi densely pubescent be- study. neath; mesostemum short; intercoxae process broad or oval, never acute at tip. 1(1-7)B. Genus Alaephus: Tarsi spinose or setose beneath; antennae One apterous species attenuatus LeConte, elongate, slender, palpi long, tarsi slender; l(l-8)A-46 is described on page 40 of tliis mentum emarginate. A single species of this study.

SYSTEMATIC AND ECOLOGICAL DISCUSSION OF THE SPECIES OF TENEBRIONIDAE COLLECTED AT THE NEVADA TEST SITE

1(1-1)A-1 Metoponium convexicolle LeConte abundant in the distiu-bed Crayia-Lycium with about one-ninth this number in Larrea-Fran- References. LeConte, Ann. Lye. N. H. N. Y., seria and one-fourth in Salsola. A few were V, 1851, pp. 125-216. Casey, Proc. Wash. Acad. collected in the Crayia-Lycium and Mixed com- Sei., IX, 1907, p. 309. munities, but none was found in Atriplex- Morphological Characteristics. Length 6 to Kochia, Coleog\'ne, or Pinvon-Juniper. 7..5 mm; form stout; oblong; rather convex; chestnut brown to deep reddish black. Head Seasonal Activity. This species was collected somewhat coarsely and closelv punctate; supra- from February to December, but was most orbital carina prominent. .Xntcnnae fairly long abundant from April through June. There was and and slender, the last four segments lightly com- a decline in numbers collected during July .August followed another population peak in pressed and dilated. Pronotuin about as wide a.s by the elytra; rather evenly iircuate, converging September and Octolwr. In the disturbed Gravia- slightly more anteriorly than posteriorly; punc- Lvcium the jx^riod of acti\ity was from Febru- tures strong laterally and becoming finer med- ary through December, whereas in LaiTea- Salsola it did begin ially; scutellum transverse and oval. Elyti"a ob- Franseria, Lvcium, and not until .\pril lasted only until tusely rounded at tip; coarse punctures in series March and and which bec-ome confused toward the base. Legs October. In the Larrea-Franseria, activity of this short and stout. species stopped in August.

Plant Community Relationships. A total of Comments. At the time Casey (1907) estab- 277 specimens was collected. These were most lisluxl this genus he was the author of all its Biological Series, Vol. 6, No. 1, Febhu.^ry, 1965

members except two species, M. abnorme and areas. A comparison of specimens in question M. convexicolle, which had previously been was made by the senior author with the Casey named by LeConte. Since then, Blaisdell des- species. It is most difficult to differentiate be- cribed four more species. Because Casey between the species of the kiborans group from lieved that there was little or no variation in a the Utah-Nevada areas. Without an anatomical species, he named many new ones that today study we conclude that the Mercury specimens are considered synonyms. Representati\es from should be considered as lahorans. our series were studied bv Dr. Spilman at the National Museum and the senior author who l(l-l)C-3 Steiipliauui liibricans Casey compared with them the specimens in the Casey Figure IX-H collection. Until tliis genus is revised and the Reference. validity of the Casey species determined, we Casey, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. IX, 1907, 345. propose to report this species as convexicolle. p. This was the ninth most common species at the Morphological Characteristics. Body nar- site. rowly oval, convex, dark piceous, legs pale ru- l(l-l)B-2 Hylocrimis lahorans Casey fous; head deeply and closely punctate; sides converging and arcuate, prothorax two-thirds Reference. Casey, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., IX, wider than long, basal angles obtuse and shghtly 1907, 337. p. blunt; punctures stiong and fine, becoming dense and longitudinally confluent Morphological Characteristics. Length 6 to toward the sides; scutellum broadly rounded; 8 mm; oblong-oval, rather convex; varies from elytra nearly one-half longer than wide, the sides dull to shining; reddish brown. Head finely and parallel, punctures small but deep; densely punctate; slight supra-orbital carina; abdomen sparsely punctulate medially. Length 5.1 eyes large, protruding, and entire; antennae to 6.2 mm; width 2.3 to 2.7 mm. reaching the base of the pronotum. Pronotum finely densely and punctate throughout; anter- Plant Community Relationships. Four speci- ior apical angle short broadly and acute. Elvtra mens were collected in a Grayia-Lycium com- wider than pronotum; twice as long as wide, munity between March 29, 1960 and April 17, punctures feeble, close-set, and arranged in lines 1961, and one in the Atriplex community on between the intervals. Legs slender, relatively August 22, 1960. short compared to the body. 2(l-l)A-4 Plant Community Relationships. A total of Auchmobius subborcus Blaisdell 31 specimens was collected The greatest num- Figure.s III; IV-D; XV-E ber occurred in the Grayia-Lycium community, Reference. Blaisdell, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, with about two-thirds of this number in the LX, 1934, p. 254, pis. IXII, IVII, and IVIII. Lycium and Mixed communities. Disturbed Grayia-Lycium areas supported slightly fewer Morphological Characteristics. Length 9.1 to than half, whereas Larrea-Franseria had only 10 mm; width 4.3 to 4.8 mm. Form oval, tvv'ice as one-third as many as Grayia-Lycium. Salsola long as wide; color black, labrum and palpi ru- had one-ninth as many as disturbed Grayia- fous, also legs and apical antennal segments; Lycium. Tliey were not found in Atriplex- sides of epistoma straight and convergent; sur- Kochia, Coleogyne or Pinyon-Juniper. face of head evenly punctate; mentum about one-half wider than long; maxillary palpi slen- Seasonal Activity. This species first appeared der; antennae attaining the pronotal base. Pro- in June. Beetles were most abundant during notum twice as wide as long, widest at the mid- June and and persisted in smaller July, numbers dle; disk convex from side to side, rather evenly until December. In August there a was decline punctate, punctures as on the frons. Elytra a in activity which increased again in September. third longer than wide, about three Hmes as Observed activity ceased in September in all long as the pronotum. Disk punctation rather communities except the Mixed. There was no dense, fine and not distinct, more evident lat- apparent activity in October or November but erally and apically; legs moderate in length and in December activity was noted again in the slender; metatarsi more than two-thirds as long Mixed community. as the tibia.

Comments. This genus was established by Plant Community Relationships. Twelve

Casey ( 1907 ) to contain sixteen species he specimens were collected in Grayia-Lycium described from the Great Basin and contiguous communities between March 31, 1960, and Aug- 18 BiiiciiAM YoLNc Univebsity Science Bullct-in

toward the margins. Elytra wider than the pronotum; elongate-oval; sulci with finely muricate punctures. Legs m(xlerately long and slender,

the tiu-sal claws long and arcuate.

Plant Community Relationships. \ total of 17 specimens was ct)llectc>d. They were found most abundanth- in the Larrea-Franseria and .\rtemisia communities with one-fifteenth that amount in Grayia-Lycium and only a few found in the Lycium, Salsola and Mixed c-ommunities. Tlie\- apparently were not present in die .\triplex-Kochia or Coleogyne.

Seasonal Activity. These beetles occurred from .-Vpril to .August with greatest abundance in Julv and .\ugust. They were first collected in April in the Mi.xed community, .\ctivity in Gravia-Lvcium began in June, whereas in other c-ommunities no activity occurred until July.

4( l-nA-6 Metapuloba bijossiceps Casey Figures IX-E; XIX-L

Reference. Casey. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., IX, 1907, p. 413.

Moqjhological Characteristics. Length 6 to 7 mm; elongate; fusifoiTii; polished; subglabrous; deep brown to nearly black. Head coarsely, Figure III. Auchmobius mbboreux BUiisdell. irregularly, and spiu-sely punctate; supraorbital carina prominent, last four antennal segments ust 18, 1961. Eleven of the twelve vi'ere collect- dilated and compressed. Pronotnm trapezoidal; ed in 1960 in March, June, July and August. The truncate apicallv and bisinuate basally; coarsely othcT one was collected in .August, 1961. punctate. Elvtra bisinuate b;isally; coarsely Twenty specimens were collected in Larrea- punctate; broadly arcuate at the sides; blunt Franseria communities between July 9, 1960, humeri; slightly widest behind middle; sparse and September 5, 1961, all but four in June, irregular pimctures throughout; scutellum wider July, August and September, 1961. The otlier than long. Legs rather slender, not long com- four were taken in July, 1960. pared to the length of the specimen. One was ct>!lected in a Pinyon-JuniptT com- Plant Community Relationships. A total of munity on August 11, 1961. 15 specimens was collectixl. The greatest num- Eight were collec-ted in a Mixed community ber (Kcurred in the Grayia-Lycium, with about in the months of Julv, August and September, three-fifths in the Coleogyne. A small number 1961. was found in the Mixed community. No speci- 3(l-l)A-.5 Chiloinctopon ahnoniw (Horn) mens were collected in Larrea-Franseria, Ly- Figures V-B; XV-G cium, .\triplex-Kochia, Salsola or Pinyon-Juniper.

References. Horn, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Seasonal Activity. This species was active Mixed com- v. 1S74, p. 31. Casey, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., only in JuK- in the Coleogyne and Grayia-Lycium and 1\, 1907, p. 372. munities, whereas in the disturbed Gra\ia-Lycium communities acti%at}' Characterish'cs. Length 5.5 to Morphological continued through August. The numl>er of spec- 7 form oblong; body slight; chestnut brown. mm, imens collected in each of these two months was Ne;u- coarsely and denscl\- punctate; eyes liu-ge, almost identical. prominent, and snbcntirc. Last segment of an- tennai" as long as tiie next two together. Pro- Comments. Only a few M. hifossiceps were thorax broader than long; narrower at apex than collected in the can traps. Most of them were base; coarsely and densely punctured especially taki'M while fivding on Atiiplcx coiifciiifolia Biological Series, Vol. 6, No. 1, February, 1965 19

AR AT-KO CO GR-LY LA-FR LY MIXED PI-JU SA

(A) ALAEPHUS NEVADENSIS &

(8 ) ANEPSIUS BRUNNEUS

( c ) ARAEOSCHIZUS SULCICOLLIS

(D ) AUCHMOBIUS SUBBOREUS

Figure IV. Number of specimens by species (A-D) found in nine plant communities. (In this ixnd succeeding figure references to plant communities, tfie sy-mbols stand for the following: AR = Artemisia, AT-KO = Atriple.\-Kochia, CO = Coleogyne, GR-LY = Grayia-Lycium, LA-FR = Larrea-Franseria, LY = Lycium pallidum, MIXED = Miscellaneous, PI-JU =Pinyon-Juiuper, SA = SaLsola.) during the middle of the day. A di.stinctive the Coleogvne community they were one-tentli species. as abundant, whereas in Salsola they were about one-thirtieth as abundant. Tlie species was not found in Pinyon-Juniper or Artemisia. 5(l-l)A-7 Triorophus lacvis politus Casey Figures IX-I; XX-F Seasonal Activity. This species occurred in large numbers from April to October with single References. LeConte, Ann. Lye. N. York. V, specimens collected in December, January and 1851, p. 141. Lacordaire. Gen. Col., V, 1859, p. March. They were most abundant in May and 48. Horn, Trans. Amer. Pliil. See, XIV, New declined steadily from then until October. In Series, 1870, p. 259. Casev, Proc. Wasli. Acad. all communities beetles became active in April Sci., IX, 1907, p. 435. e.xcept in Salsola, where they were inactive un-

Morphological Characteristics. Length 7 to 8 til June. In Atriplex-Kochia they were active mm; elongate in form; color varies from chest- imtil June. Activity stopped in the Mixed com- nut brown to nearly black, most commonly very munitv in August, whereas in Lycium and Col- deep reddish-black. Head almost as wide as eogyne, activity continued through September. pronotum; sp;u-sely punctate; two supraorbital In the other communities they were active folds at each side; antennae stout, with the tenth through October. segment as long as wide. Pronotnm punctate with stiff yellow pubescence. Elytra elongate- 6(l-l)A-8 Edrotcs orhiis Casey oval; strongly inflated; punctures arranged in Figures VI-A; XVI-D nine series. Legs long and slender; tarsi spinous beneath. References. LeConte, Ann. Lye. N. York, V, 1951, p. 140. Lacordaire, Gen. Col., V, 1859, Plant Community Relationships. A total of p. 31. Casey, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. IX, 1907, 867 specimens was collected. The greatest num- p. 451. LaRivers, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., XL, No. ber was found in the Grayia-L\'ciimi, with about 2, June, 1947, pp. 318-327. four-fifths of this nimiber in Larrea-Franseria. They were about two-fifths as abimdant in Ly- Morphological Characteristics. Length 7 to cium, whereas the Atriplex-Kochia and Mi.xed 9 mm; form very round; convex; smooth; cov- communities supported about one-fifth as many ered with short, erect, ashy-white hairs; varies specimens as the disturbed Gra\ia-L\cium. In from dull, grayish-black to highly polish, deep 20 BrICHAM VoUNC UNIVEaSlTY SCIENXE BULLETIN

AR AT-KO GR-LY I LA-FR I CO | LY |miXEO PI-JU I I I I 143?

(A) CENTRIOPTERA MURICATA

( B ) CHILOMETOPON ABNORME

(C ) CONIONTELLUS ARGUTUS

( D ) CONIBIOSOMA ELONGATUM

( E ) CRANIOTUS BLAISDELU

( F ) CRYPTOGLOSSA VERRUCOSA

Figure V. Number of specimens by species (A-F) found in nine plant communities.

black. Head much narrower than the pronotum; period of greatest ac-ti\'it)' was in March. In the front very narrow. Pronotum four times wid- these latter three communities there was little er than long; apical angle verv- acute and ex- or no activity during November and December. tended; well-separated hiberciilate punctures. Elytra at least one and one-half times v\ider 7(l-l).\-9 Araeoschiziis sulcicollis Horn than pronotum; the punctures are minute and Figures IV-C; XV-D sparse; each puncture is behind a small abrupt tubercle. Legs fairly long; the hind femora reach References. Horn, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., the end of the abdomen. XIV, New Series, 1870, p. 274; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, SVII, 1890, p. 341. Casev, Proc. Wash. Plant Community Relationships. A total of Acad. Sci., IX, 1907. p. 488. 2,(K)5 specimens was collected. The greatest niunber occurred in Gravia-lA'cium, whereas Morphological Characteristics. Length uni- over half the number occuiTed in Salsola and formly 4 mm; body fonn slender; elytra flat- one-third in Colcogync. In Larrea-Franseria they tencxl; dark rcnldish-brown with light vellowish were one-third as abundant, whereas Lycium scales. Head huge; much elongated; converging supported only one-fifteenth as many. A few from antennal prominences to basal angle; eves specimens were collecttxl in the .\triplex-Kochia divided, elongate and narrow above, small and Mixed communities, but none was present round beneath; anteimae long; ver\' stout and in Pinyou-Juniper and Artemisia. compressed; the eleventh segment ver)' small and almost hidden in the apex of the tenth; cov- Seasonal Activity. This species was active ered with \ellowish scales. Pronotum \er\' small; the year roimd in disturbed Crayia-Lycium, widest anteriorK"; sulcate along the middle from with the months of greatest acti\itv being Feb- ajx'x to base; sides fringed with dose-set. \ellow ruary, March, April and May. Months of least scales; the .sulci deeplv punctate. Legs fairlv activity were June, July, November and Dec- short and stout with no spines. ember. Activity increased during the months of Januarv, .'Vugust, SeptemlK'r and October. In Plant Community Relationships. A total of the ri-st of the plant communities this species 2,fi64 specimens was collected. Tlu'V were found was acti\e verv little or not at all tluring Nhn-. in greatest iiumlxT in the Coleogsne and were June and Julv. The greatest {X'riod of activity onl\' slightK' less abundant in the Larrea-Fnm- in Larrea-Franseria and Lycium was during seria and Grayia-Lvcium coinnnmities. They January and Febniarv, where;is in the .^triplex- were about three-fifths as abmidant in Lycium Kochia, Salsola and (loleogN ne communities the as in Coleog\'ne. A few specimens were cx)llected Biological Series, Vol. 6. No. 1. Febru.\ry, 1965 21

AR AT-KO CO GR-LY LA-FR I LY | MIXED I I | PI-JU SA I I I I I

(A) EDROTES ORBUS lillK.MA.M VoL'Nf: l.'M\fc;H.sll V SCIENCE BULLETIN

LA-FR | MIXED PI- J U SA | LY | AR f AT-KO CO GR-LY |

I I I I

(A ) ELEOOES BRUNNIPES BREVISETOSA

, .69fe ,

(B) ELEOOeS CARBONARIA IMMUNIS —2J-

(C ) ELEODES EXTRICATA FRIGIDA

(D) ELEODES DISSIMILIS NEVADENSIS

•"""^'^ 7 '. - 27 II ^ . GRANDICOLLIS VALIDA , ! (E) ELEODES '—"^-"" } ^ . ...J

Figuri- VII. NumlxT of specimens by species (A-E) found in nine plant communities.

AR AT-KO CO GR-LY I LA-FR I LY I MIXED | PI-JU | SA

I I I I

ELEODES HISPILABRIS SCULPTIUS .^.^ .. H (A) ^. . . c

( B ) ELEODES LONGICOLLIS

( C ) ELEODES NIGRINA

27 7 10 1 10 7 20 .. ^ p" ^.^ . ( D ) ELEODES OBSCURA SULCIPENNIS f .V ;^T7^%?l

( E ) ELEODES LONGIPILOSA

t F ) ELEODES TENEBRCSA

(G ) EMBAPHION ELONGATUM

Figure \Ili Xuiulxr of specimens by species (A-C) found in nine pl.mt communilic JioLociCAL Series, Vol. 6, No. 1, Fedhu.^ry, 1965 23

Comments. Although this genus was estab- abruptly rounded. Legs long and stout; the tarsi lished by LeConte (1851), Casey (1892, 1907) co\ered with reddish-orange spines. named most of the species presently therein. Plant Community Relationships. A total of Comparison of our series was made with speci- 116 specimens was collected. The greatest num- mens of A. brunneus Casey. This genus is in ber occurred in the Lycium community, with need of revision. about one-fourth the number in Mixed, over one-tenth in Artemisia, and slightly fewer than 9(1-1)A-11 Crt/pfoglossa vcnttcosa LeConte one-tenth in Larrea-Franseria. They were not Figures V-F; XVI-C obser\'ed in Atriplex-Kochia, Gravia-Lvcium, Salsola, Coleogvne, or Pinyon-Juniper. References. LeConte, Ann. Iac. N. York, V,

1851, p. 129. Lacordier, Gen. Col., 1859, p. 42. Seasonal Activity. This species occurred from Horn, Trans. Amer. Phil. Sot., XIV, New Series, April to September, but was most abundant in

1870, p. 280. Triplehorn, Coleopterist's Bull., Vol. August. One specimen was collected in Novem- 18, No. 2, pp. 43-52, 1964. ber. Abundance was increased from May to June, declined slightly in July and then reached Morphological Characteristics. Length 17 to a peak in August. There was a large decline in 21 mm; form elongate-oval; veiy heavv appear- September. In the Lycium and Mixed commun- ance, light bluish-gray to deep black. Head, an- ities beetles were active from May to September, terior front coarselv punctate; coalescent; the whereas in Larrea-Franseria activity was evi- verte.v granulate; eyes emarginate; antennae dent onh' during August and September. short and flattened with the eleventh segment truncate and much smaller than the tenth. Pro- 9(1-1)3-12 Centrioptera muricata LeConte notum vei"v rough and tuberculate; a medial su- Figures V-A; .W-F ture extends from the ape.x to the base; apical angle acute and extended. Elytra evenly arcu- References. LeConte, Ann. Lye. N. York, ate from base to apex: nine rows of large, evenly- V, 1951, p. 142. Horn, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, spaced tubercles traverse the full length; apex XIV, New Series, 1870, p. 279.

GR-LY LA-FR MIXED PI-JU

(A) EUPSOPHULUS CASTANEUS

( B ) EUSATTUS DUBIUS

( C ) EUSCHIDES LUCTATUS

( D ) HELOPS ATTENUATUS

( E 1 METOPOLOBA BIFOSSICEPS z u

F ) -M^ ( N0TI8IUS SUBSTRIATUS

31 f^

( G ) PELECYPHORUS PANTEX

I H )- STERIPHANUS LUBRICANS

24 9 I 34

( I ), TRIOROPHUS LAEVIS POLITUS

135

( J ) TROGLODERUS COSTATUS NEVADUS ^..i

Figure 1\. Number of specimens by species (A-J) found in nine plant communities. Uiik;iiam Vounc L'NivtubiTY Science Bl-lletin

DCC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL

I'imirc \. N'limlKT of specimens sc;i.son;illy in Mixed, Salsola, and Coleog)ne communitiis.

Morphological Characteristics. Lt'iigtli 11 to 23 mill; form t'loni^atc; l)ic)a(ll\' rounded jxjster- iorlv; \ar\ing from dull gra\' to shining black. Head dccph and sparsely punctate; antennae moderate and stout, last segment oval and only siiglith- smaller than the tenth segment. Pro- DEC JAN FEB MAR APR AUG SEP OCT notum glabrous and shining; completely margined; deeply punctate laterally; punctures be- Figure .XII. Number of .specimens sea.sonalIy in disturbed coming verv fine medially. Elvtra elongate be- Grayia-Lycium and Grayia-Lycium communities. coming broadly arcuate jiosteriorly; spiculae lo- cated along the lateral edges; becoming longer Seasonal Activity. This species was active toward the apex. Legs moderately long and froin .April through September, and was most stout. abundant in June. From .April to June, abundance of beetles increased, and from June to Plant Community Relationships. ,\ total of September, decreased. Beetles began actixits' in l,().5tt spccinu'ns was collected. The greatest .April in the Larrea-Franseria, Lycium, disturbed number occurred in the I.arrea-Franseria com- Grayia-Lycium, Salsola and Mi.vcd communi- munity, with about two-fifths the number in ties. In all these e.xcept the Salsola community, L\cium and one-fourth in C;ra\ia-Lyciuin. The activity continued until September. In Salsola Coleogyne and Mixed communities supported the only other month in \\hich tiiey were active about one-fourteenth as many In-etles as Larrea- was June. In the Coleog)ne community they Franseria, whereas a few specimens were col- were active from .May to .August, and in Atrip- lected in .\triplex-Kochia anil Salsola. The\- were lex-K(K'hia onh' in June. not found in the I'in\ ou-|uui|ier or .\rtemisia communities. 1(1-2)A-I.3 Pelccijphonis paiilcx Casey Figures IX-G; XIII; .\.\-B

References. Casey, Memoirs on the Coleop- tera, III, 1912, p. 116. Tanner and Packham, Great Basin Nat., XXII, No. 4, 1962, p. 110.

Morphological Characteristics. Length 16 to 22 mm; form very ventricose; the anterior smaller than the posterior; deep black. Head not denseh- separatelv' punctate; front somewhat di- hited; last segment of antennae ver\' small and partially surrounded by the tenth segment. Pro- notum moderatcK' convex; strongly granulate DEC JAN FEB medialK'; edges slighth* explanatc with the sides uiuni'iih' scalloped. Kl\tr;i greatly inflated; sur- Figure .\1. Ninnbir of speiimens season,ilI\ in I.,iir(M- liice gr;mulate; the outer costa strong, the in- KraiiNeria, l.vciuin, and .Mripiex-koilna com- mnnities. iK"r \er\ line to subobsolete. Legs fairh long Biological Series, Vol. 6, No. 1, Febru.vry, 1965

1(1-2)B-14 Pelecyphorus semilaevis (Horn) Figures XIV; XX-C

References. Horn, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, XIV, New Series, 1870, p. 284. Casev, Memoirs in the Coleo., Ill, 1912, p. 182. fanner and Packham, Great Basin Nat., XXII, No. 4, 1962, p. 110.

Morphological Characteristics. Length 21 to 24 mm; fonn elongate-oval; nairowing from posterior to anterior, black. Head coarsely and sparsely punctate; front not dilated or only slightly so; eyes large and emaiginate; third segment of antennae long; ele\enth only slightly smaller than tenth. Pronotum coarselv, sparselv, and unevenly punctate; the sides are narrowly reflexed, moderately rounded and not scalloped. Elytra elongate-oval with distinct marginal costa; tliree striiight, nearly parallel costa; the surface sliining bet\veen the suture and first costa; the remainder opaque. Legs moderately long and stout; anterior tibia expanded apically into a spine.

Plant Community Relationships. A total of Figure XIII. Pelecyphortis pantex Casey. 31 specimens was collected. The greatest number occurred in the Atriplex-Kochia and the and stout; the anterior tibia slightly dilated at Grayia-Lycium communities and only two-fiftlis the apex. in disturbed Grayia-Lycium. Lanea-Franseria

Plant Community Relationships. A total of 228 specimens was collected. The greatest number occurred in the Atriple.x-Kochia community, with slightly over one-fifth the number in Artem- isia, Grayia-Lycium and under one-fifth in Ly- cium. In Larrea-Franseria they were about one- ninth as abundant as in Atriplex-Kochia, whereas their abundance in the Salsola, Colegyne and Mixed communities was approximately one- twentieth. They were not found in Pinyon-Jun- iper.

Seasonal Activity. On March 31 in the disturbed Grayia-Lycium seven P. pantex were collected. No further activity was recorded until July. Except for this collection they occurred seasonally from July to October, being most abundant in August. Very few were collected in July, December and November, whereas they were slightly over one-third as abundant in Sep- tember as in August. In the disturbed Grayia- Lycium they were active in March, July, August and September. Activity in Salsola occurred during July and August, whereas in Coleogyne they were active only in August. In the Atriplex- Kochia community they were active in August, September and November. In otlier communities where this species occurred they were active only in August and September. Figure XIV. Pelecyphorus semilaevis (Horn). )

BniciiA.M VouNc University Science Bulletin and Lvciiim siipportt'd about one-fourtli the Plant Community Relationships. A total of population of tho Atriplex-Kochia, wliertnts the 51 specimens was c-ollected. The greatest num- CJoli-oj^siu' and Mixed communities sup[X)rted ber occurred in Larrea-Franseria, with about onlv about one-eighth. They were not found in one-seventh the number in the Coleogyne and Salsola, I'iinon-Juniper or Artemisia. Mixed communities. A few specimens were found in Cravia-Lvcium, .^tripIex-Kochia and Lycium, Seasonal Activity. P- semilacvis were col- whereas none was found in Salsola, Pinyon- lected only from Julv tiirough September. Thcv Juniper or .Artemisia. were most abimdant in August. In all communities in which the\' were foimd they were active Seasonal Activity. This species was active during this month. In Lvcium and disturbed from September to April. Beetles were most Cravia-Lvcium thev were acti\e in July. Activity abundant during October, N'o\ember, Decem- in all communities ceased in September. ber and February. Activity was noted in disturb- e

Morphological C^haracteristics. Length 12.5 1 ( 1 -2 ) D- 1 6 Trich iasula acerba ( Horn to 17.5 mm; elongate oval; black. Head ver\' Figure XX-E sparsely punctate; eyes large and slightly pro- References. Horn, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., truding; second .segment of antennae ver)' short. Vll, 1878, pp. 51-60. Casey, Memoirs on tlie Pronotum widelv and acutely margined; spars- Coleoptera, HI, 1912, p. 176. ely punctate medially, more coarseh' and densely punctate at margins. Elvtra elongate-oval; Morphological Characteristics. Length 11 to without marginal costa or ridge; surface wetikly 14 mm; form elongate-oval; brownish elsewhere. granulate. Legs moderate and slender. Head sparsely punctate; antennae short, reach-

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

( A ) ALAEPHUS NEVAOENSIS

(B) ANEPSIUS BRUNNEUS

(C ) ANEMIA CALIFORNICA

( D ) ARAEOSCHIZUS SULCICOLLIS

( E ) AUCHMOBIUS SUBBOREUS

(F) CENTRIOPTERA MURICATA

( ) CHILOMETOPON ABNORME

(H) CONIONTELLUS ARGUTUS

I'"igiirt' .W. NiimlxT of spocimciiN scasoii.illy collected in .ill (he liiotic communities. Biological Series, Vol. 6, No. 1, February, 1965 27

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

(A ) CONIBIOSOMfl ELONGATUM 4 18 7 15 7 7 2

(B ) CRANIOTUS BLAISDELLI

( C ) CRYPTOGLOSSfl VERRUCOSA _^ll_^...^..^,-. 2 4 ^..41..

( D ) EDROTES ORBUS

Figure XVI. Number of specimens seasonally collected in all the biotic communities. ing slightly over half-way back on the pronotum. Head small, projections at tlie sides of die Pronotum densely punctate, margin feebly re- head anterior to the eyes extend beyond one- flexed. Elytra oblong-oval, very finely punctate. third the width of the head; frons depressed Legs slender, anterior tibia set with small teeth between the projections and clypeal area; cly- or notches on the outer margin. peus slightly emarginate; epistoma punctures discrete, small, irregular, each beiiring a short Plant Community Associations. A total of 71 black seta. Eyes transverse, not emarginate, lar- specimens was eollected. They were found in ger dorsally. Antennae slender, third joint as greatest numbers in the Larrea-Franseria com- long as the fourth and fifth combined, in length munity, with one-third the number in Salsola, not extending to the pronotal base; the eleventh and one-fourth in Lyciuni, Grayia-Lycium and segment small, attached to apex of tentli. Mixed.This species was not found in Atriplex- Kochia, Grayia-Lycium, Coleogyne, Pinyon-Jun- Pronotum about one-sixth wider than long, iper or Artemisia. sides without margins, disk convex, anterior angles acute, surface with irregularly placed Seasonal Activity. This species was active papilliform structure, each bearing a decumbent from October to April. Activity was high during brownish-colored seta. Base broadly truncate, all these months except April. Greatest activity scutellum elongate. was during February and March. This species Elytra one-third longer than wide, base equal was active in the disturbed Grayia-Lycium, Sal- to that of the pronotum; humeri obsolete, sides sola, and Mixed communities from October to broadly arcuate, disk moderately convex; arcu- March. Activity of this species stiirted in both ately precipitous at apex; surface devoid of Larrea-Franseria and Lycium in November, striae; small puncturej; from which arise short but ceased in Lycium during February and con- stiff black setae; lustre dull to more or less tinued in Larrea-Franseria until April. shining, connate, the suture, however, is distinct. Epipleurae without a trace of a suture. 2(1-2)A-17 Craniotus blaisdelli Tanner Legs long, esjjecially the tibia of the meta- Figures V-E; XVI-B; XVII thoracic legs; coxae closed and widely separated. Reference. Great Basin Nat., Vol. 23, Nos. First and second abdominal steniites about 3-4, 1963, pp. 167-170. e

Figure XVII. Craniotus hlaisdeUi Tanner. (1) Dorsal view of female; (2) ventral view of genitalia: (3) lateral stemite. view of genitalia: v-vulva; sly = stylus; c = coxite; au = anus; p = procUger; vf = valvifer; 9ths = 9th Biological Series, Vol. 6, No. 1, February, 1965 29 segment membranous, acting as a sheath for the Comments. This beetle was first described retracted genital organ. The female genitaha of by LaRivers (1942) as a new species, T. nev-

Pelecijphortis semihevis is an elongate type sim- adiis. Tanner ( 1961 ) reduced it to a subspecies ilar in struc-ture to C. hlaisdelli. of LeConte's T. costatus (1879). Along with Dr. LaRiver's description were the observations that Plant Community Relationship. A single they were abundant in sand dunes. Many of our specimen was collected in a Coleogyne com- specimens, collected in Mixed community, were munity on November 28, 1960, one in a Larrea- collected from sand dimes. In other communi- Franseria community on November 9, 1961, and ties they were most abundant where the soil one in a Mixed community on December 8, 1961. was sandy.

1(1-3)A-18 Troglodcrus costatus nevadus 1(1-3)A-19 Emhaphion elongatum Horn LaRivers Figures VIII-G; XIX-H Figures IX-J; XX-G References. Horn, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, References. LaRivers, Ann. of Ent. Soc. of XII, New Series, 1870, pp. 321, 323. Blaisdell, Amer., XXXV, 1942, pp. 435-440. Tanner, Great Bull. 63, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1909, Mon., p. 454. Basin Nat., XXI, No. 3, 1961, p. 76. Tanner, Great Basin Nat., XXI, No. 3, 1961, p. 76. Morphological Characteristics. Length 8 to 15 mm; elongate; opaque; reddish-brown to pur- Morphological Characteristics. Length 12 to ple black; elytral costae acutely elevated. Head 16 mm; elongate; nearly three times longer than rough and tuberculate; antennae short and wide; surface dull; acute clvtral margin reaching stout. Pronotum widest at the middle; evenly to apex. Head small, mentum trilobed, middle arcuate from ape.x to base with lateral margin lobe broad, rounded in front, lateral lobes small; serrate anteriorly and roughened posteriorly; eyes distinctly emarginate; antennae long, reach- median foveae faint to quite pronounced; dens- ing beyond base of pronotum. Pronotum with ely punctate and coalescing. Tlie elytral base acute reflexed margin; apical angles narrowly narrower than opposed pronotum; sutural costa rounded, attaining the eyes. Elytra elongate; weaker than discal and humeral costa; sulci margin acute, evenly reflexed and reaches the weakly and irregularly punctate. Legs rather apex; surface sculptured with fine, irregularly stout; femora punctate; tibiae muricate; first and sparsely placed punctures; each puncture joint of anterior tarsi with distinct process be- bears a minute decurved seta. Legs long and neath. slender.

Plant Community Relationships. A total of Plant Community Relationship. A total of 188 specimens was collected. The greatest num- 20 specimens was collected. They were found bers occurred in Grayia-Lycium, with one-fourth only in Pinyon-Juniper. of this number in Salsola and one-third in Mixed. Seasonal Activity. They were active only in In Lycium they were one-fifth as abundant, and August and July with the greatest abundance in Coleogyne they were one-ninth as abundant. being in August. They were not found in Liurea-Franseria, Atrip- lex-Kochia and Pinyon-Juniper communities. l(l-3)C-20 Eleodes carbuiiaiia immunis Seasonal Activity. This species was active LeConte from March through October, with the greatest Figures VII-B; XVIII-C numbers collected in August. From March through June there was a steady increase in col- Reference. LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. lections. In July a slight decrease occurred. Philadelphia, 1858, p. 186. In August the number collected more than trip- Morphological Characteristics. Length 12 to led. September collections returned to about 18 mm; oblong-ovate to ovate; more or less shin- the same rate as was observed in July. In Oct- ing and smooth. Head finely punctate. Pronotum ober one specimen was found. In Salsola and widest at, or just in front of, the middle; finely Mi.xed their activity began in June and ended and sp;irsely punctate; apical and basal angles in September for Mi.xed, but continued into obtuse. Elytra finely and diffusely punctate; a October in Salsola. In Lycium they were active serial arrangement usually evident. during July, August and September; in Grayia- Lycium they were active in July and September. Plant Community Associations. A total of In Coleogyne they were active only in August. 264 specimens was collected. The highest occur- liiiioiiAM VoLNc; L'.MVEHsrrY Science Bulletin

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

II7B

( A ) ELEODES ARMATA

(B ) ELEODES BRUNNIPES BREVISETOSA

( C ) ELEODES CARBONARIA IMMUNIS

( ) ELEODES DISSIMIUS NEVADENSIS

( E ) ELEODES EXTRICATA FRIGIDA

Figure XVIII. Number of specimens .season;illy colJectod in all the biotic communities. rence was in Pinyon-Juniper, with about one-fifth Morphological Characteristics. Length 24 to tliat number in Salsola and Grayia-Lycium. 33 mm; oblong; strongly sulcate and shining. There were few specimens found in Artemisia, Head half as long as pronotum; antennae long, Kochia, Coleog\'ne and Lvciuni. E. carbonaria fairlv broad, not reaching base of pronotum. was active from Mareli to November at lower Pronotum broadest forward of the middle; light- elevations; on Rainier Mesa acti\'itv lasted only ly punctate, completeh' margined. Costa of the during Julv and .\ugusf. lieetles were most elytra distantly spaced, muricate punctures, the abundant at the lower ele\ations in Jime where- sulci with closely spaced muricate punctures. as the higher altitude jX)pulation peak was Aug- Legs long and heavy. ust. Only a few sjx^cimens were collected in Plant Community Relationships. total of March, April, January and May. Activity de- A 210 specimens was collected. The\ were found clined in July and August and then increiised in greatest ninnbers in distiubed Gravia-Lvcium, again during September and October. In the with about two-fifths the number in tlie Salsola disturbed Crayia-Lvcium and Salsola it was and three-tenths as in active from March through October. manv the Pinxon-Juniper communities. The populations in the Grayia- Lycium and Mixed communities were about 1(1-3)C-21 Elcodcs ohficurci sulcipennis one-tenth iis large as in disturbed GraNia-Ly- Mannerhi'im cium. Only a few specimens were foimd in Figures VIII-D; .\IX-E Larrea-Franseria, L\cium, .\triplex-Kochia, and Coleogyne. References. Mannerheim, Bidl. Moscow, X\'I, 18-4,3, II, p. 266; Mag. Zoo., XIII, 1843, p. 128. Seasonal .\ctivitv. This species was active LcConte, Proc. Acad. Phil, 1858, p. 182; Ento- from March through October, and was most mological Rejx)rt, 1857, p. 50. Honi, Trans. abundant during April and August. In May, Amer. Phil. Sex., XIV, New Series, 1870. p. 306. June and March the populations were about

Blaisdell, Bull. 63, U. S.Nat. .Mns., Mono., 1909, half iis large as in April and .August. Very few pp. 190. 194; Pan-Pac. Hint., XI. 192.5, pp. 77-80. were collected in October, September and July. Tanner, Great Basin N;il., XXI, 1961, pp. 55-78. In the disturbed Gravia-Lvcium, Salsola, Grayia- )

Biological Series, Vol. 6, No. 1, February, 1965 31

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN J\L AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

(Al ELEODES GRANDICOLLIS VALIDA 2

( B ) ELEODES HISPILABRIS SCULPTILIS

( C ) .ELEODES LONGlCOLLIS

(D) ELEODES NIGRINA

( E ) ELEODES OBSCURA SULCIPENNIS

F ( ) ELEODES LDNGIPILOSA

( G ELEODES TENEBROSA

( H ) EMBAPHION ELONGATUM

( I ) EUPSOPHULUS CASTANEUS

J ( ) EUSCHIDES LUCTATUS

( K ) HELOPS ATTENUATUS

( L ) METOPOLOBA BIFOSSICEPS

Figure XIX. Number of specimens seasonally collected in all the biotic communities.

Lycium and Mi.xed communities this species be- punctate. Elytra smooth and shining; oval and came active in March. Activity in disturbed robust; punctures fine and arranged in series. Grayia-Lycium and Salsola continued until Oct- Legs moderate in length and very stout. ober. In Grayia-Lycium and Mi,\ed the activity Plant Community Relationships. A total stopped in May, then resumed again in August, of 308 specimens was collected. They were most September and October. Activity in Larrea- abundant in the Lycium community. They were Franseria, Lycium, and Atriple.x-Kochia was about two-fifths as abundant in the Grayia- from July tlirough September. In the Coleogyue Lycium and slightly less than one-third as abun- community beetles were active only in August. dant in the Larrea-Franseria. In the Salsola, Ar- Comments. Members of this species were temisia and Mixed communities they were one- frequently attracted to rolled oats used as bait tenth as abundant. A few specimens were found for trapping rodents. in Atriplex-Kochia and Coleogyne. None was present in the Pinyon-Juniper. l(l-3)C-22 Eleodes grandicollis valida Boheman Seasonal Activity. This species occurred from

Figures I; II; VII-E; XIX-A March through No\'ember with the exception of two specimens collected in January. The greatest References. Boheman, Kongliga Svenska Fre- occurrence was in August and November. Speci- gatten Dugenies Resa, etc., Coleoptera, Stock- mens were collected from Grayia-Lycium in Jan- hohn, 1858-1859, p. 90. Blaisdell, Bull. 63, U. S. uary, and then from March to November. Sj>eci- Nat. Mus., Mono., 1909, p. 208. Tanner, Great mens were collected from the Lycium commun- Basin Nat, XXI, No. 3, 1961, p. 72. ity in January and then from April to November. Morphological Characteristics. Length 25 to This species became active in June in Mixed, 30 mm; large and robust; oblong oval; black and Salsola and Lturea-Franseria, and November in shining. Head wider than long; antennae rather Mixed. Grayia-Lycium had activity from July short and stout, reaching three-fourths of the through September, the Atriplex-Kochia in Aug- way to the base of the prouotum. Pronotum ust and September, whereas in Coleogyne com- widest at the middle; finely, evenly and sparsely munities there was activity only in November. 32 BldfiHAM YoLNC U.S'lVEKSI'n' SCIEN'CE BULLETIN

l(l-3)C-2.3 Eleoilvs hispilahris scidptilis Seasonal Activity. This species was active BlaisdHi from .March to December, with the peak of abundance in March, April and .May. Tlie num- Figures VIII-A; MX-B bers collected dropped off rapidly in June and References. Bliiisdell, Bull. 6.3, U.S. Nat. Mtis., reniained low from July to October. In Novem- Mono., 19(W. p. 220. TaniuT, (iri-at Basin Nat., ber only four specimens were c-ollcc-ted and in XXI, No. 3, 1961, p. 72. December only one. In disturbed Crayia-L\'cium, C;rayia-L\ciinTi, Salsola, Coleog\ne and Larrea- Morphological Characteristics. lA-ngth 18 to Franseria communities activity began in March. 37 mm; elongate o\ate; somewhat sliiiiing; some- In Salsola activity was recorded until Dec-em- what c-onN'e.\ and snleate; color black. Head ber whereas the disturbed Gravia-Lycium had wider than long; antennae long, reaching to base activity until November and Gravia-L\cium of pronotum; outer four segments compressed only until Ma\'. .Activity in Goleog\'ne stop[X'd and dilated. Pronotum finely, sparsely, and even- in April for four months then commenced again ly punctate; apical angles acute and e\erted; in September and October. In Larrea-Franseria basal angles obtuse. Elvtra sulcata; less than there was no activitv from the end of March twice as long as wide; sulci have a series of imtil August, when slight activity was recorded. evenly, closely placed, small separate punctures; In -Atriplex-Kochia community this species was costa convex, sm(K)th, and sliining, each witii a found active during .^pril and .\ugust, whereas single irregular series of distantly placed punc- Mi.xed communities had actixitv only in .August tures, l^egs slender, posterior femora reaching and September. fifth segment of abdomen.

Plant Community Relationships. A total of l(l-3)C-24 Eleodes longipilosa Horn 1,385 specimens was collected. The greatest Figures VIIl-E; XIX-F numbers occurred in the Gravia-Lycium com- References. Horn, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., munity, with three-eights of this nimiber in XVllI, 1891, p. 42. Blaisdell, Bull. 63, U. S. Nat. Salsola. In Coleogyne and .\rtemisia they were Mus., Mono., 1909, pp. 212, 2.30. Tanner, Great onh' one-fiftieth as abundant as in disturbed Basin Nat., .XXl, No. 3, 1961, p. 72. Cravia-Lycium. A few specimens were taken from Larrea-Franseria, Atriple.x-Kochia and Morphological C^haracteristics. Length 25 to Mi.xed communities. None was found in the Pin- 28 mm; elongate-oval; moderately shining; with von-Juniper or Lycium. a tail-like extension; surface sparsely covered

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

(A) NOTIBIUS SUBSTRIATUS

153

( e ) ( B 1 PELECYPHORUS PANTEX o

t C I PELECYPHORUS SEMILAEVIS

( 1 STERIPHANUS LUBRICANS

12 9 ( E I TRICHIASIDA ACERBA _3

TRIOROPHUS LAEVIS POLITUS

(G) TROGLDDERUS COSTATUS NEVAOUS

Figure X.\. Numlu'r of specimens sea.son;illy collected iu ;ill the l)i()tie eoinmunifies Biological Series, Vol. 6, No. 1, February, 1965 33 with long black hairs. Head irregularly punc- In Coleogv'ne they were about one-half as abun- tate; hairs are long and flying; antennae mod- dant, and one-third as abundant in Atriple.x- erately long and thick; slightly dilated on the Kochia and Mixed communities. They were only last four segments; coyered yvith rather long, one-tenth as abundant in Salsola, and were not stiff hairs. Pronotum widest slightly in advance found in Pi nvon-Juniper or Artemisia. of the middle; irregularly and sparsely punc- Seasonal Activity. These beetles were acti\'e tate; long flowing hairs on tlie lateral edges. all \ciu- long. They were far more abundant in Elytra attenuated posteriorly in a tail-like ex- September than at any other time. During Nov- tension; vaguely sulcate; punctures slightly niur- ember, December, January and February' small icate near suture, becoming strongh' muricate numbers were collected. In March an increase laterally; both long flying luurs and short stout occurred and a low peak was reached in .\pril hairs are present. Legs moderately long and and May. In June and July the numbers collect- thick with long fl}'ing hairs. ed decreased again. The amount increased ab- Plant Community Relationships. A total of ruptly in August and continued to increase to eight specimens was collected in the Grayia- the high peak in September; in October collec- Lycium, Coleogyne, Salsola, and Mixed com- tions decreased more abruptly. In the disturbed munities. Grayia-Lycium this species was acti\e in Janu- ary. In Febnuu-y they were not collected, but Seasonal Activity. The three collections of were from March to November. In S;dsola their this species were made in September, October activity' started in February and continued and November. Tlie September collection was through October. In Larrea-Franseria, L)cium in Mixed, Salsola and Coleog\'ne, October in and Mixed communities this species' activity Coleogyne, and November in Grayia-Lycium. started in M;irch and ended in November, except in Lycium activity' Comments. One of the eight specimens was where continued into December. In Atripiex-Kochia, collected in a can trap. Two others were taken Grayia-Lycium and Coleogyne communities they yvere active by hand. Both were collected at dusk, one feed- in April and continued through October, ing on Atiiplcx confertifolia and the other emerg- except for Coleogyne in yvhich ing from a rodent bunow. they yvere active in November.

l(l-3)C-25 Eleodes armata LeConte l{l-3)C-26 Eleodes iirmutii piimihi Blaisdell Figures VI-B; XVIII-A Reference. Blaisdell, Trans. Am. Ento. Soc, References. LeConte, Ann. Lye. N. York, V, LIX, 1933, pp. 191-210. 185L p. 134; Arcan. Nat., 1859, p. 125; Proc. Acad. Phil., 18.58, p. 181. Horn, Trans. Amer. Morphological Characteristics. Length 18.0 20.0 nmi; Phil. Soc, XIV, New Series, 1870, pp. 303, 310. to yvidth 6.0 to 8.1 mm. Color black, Blaisdell, Bui. 63, U. S. Nat. Mus., Mono., 1909, punctation fine and very sparse, e.xccpt on head, yvhere p. 2,59. Tanner, Great Basin Nat., XXI, No 3, the punctures are large, rather closely 1961, p. 72, set, and feebly muricate. Head as long as wide. Epistoma truncate, Morphological Characteristics. Length vari- frons anterially punctate. Labrum slightly con- able 24 to 33 mm; elongate; shining. mod- Head vex, yvith an emargination at the apex. Antennae erately convex; more or less impressed laterally; slender, in length attaining the pronotal base, frefjuently frons broadly and transversely im- third segment four times as long as the second. pressed with the vertex sh'ongly convex; an- Pronotum wider than long, apex truncate and tennae does not reach the base of the pronotiim. eniiuginate betsveen the prominent apical angles; Pronotum widest in advance of middle; sparsely base slightly arcuate, angles obtuse; disk convex. and evenly punctulate; apical angles finely Elytra subcvlindrical convex; base about punctate; punctures in unimpressed series. Legs ecjual to that of the pronotum; humeral angles moderately long; hind femur reaching the fifth obtuse; disk rounded from side to side; puncta- abdominal segment; femora with strong teeth. tion fine, close in strial series, interval space yvith irregular sparse punctines. Legs slender, moder- Plant Community Relationships. A total of ate in length. Femoral teeth small and acute. 2,878 specimens was collected. The greatest numbers occurred in the Larrea-Franseria com- Plant Community Relationships. A total of munity, with about seven-tenths of this number thirty specimens was collected in the Grayia- in Grayia-Lycium and four-sevenths in Lycium. Lycium and Lycium communities. Bi(i(;iiAM VoLNt; UNivEHsi-n- Science Bulletin

Seasonal Activity. Tliese beetles were active striao-punctate; serial punctures small. Legs froi7i Jiilv until October. They were far more slender and somewhat long. ahimtlant in Aiii^iist and September. A few spec- Plant Community Relationships. .\ total of 7 imens were taken in November. They were as- specimens was collected. They were about txjual- sociated with arnwta. ly abundant in the Pinyon-Juniper and Larrea- Comments. Ptiinihi may be rather readily Franseria conuriunities and about one-fifteenth separated troiii (irmiita by their smaller size, ;ls abundant in disturbed Crayia-Lvciuni. They ahoMt one-liaH the si/e of nrmala, the shape of were not found in any of the other communi- the pr<)not\im; the \er\' small pimetnres on the ties of the test site. prothorax and elytra; and the smaller legs and Seasonal Activity. These beetles were active femoral teeth, which are acute. in June, July and September. They were most abundant in September. They were active in l(l-3)C-27 Eleodcs mecimens was collected. The largest niunbers occurred in the ColeogV'ne c-omunmity, with l(l-3)C-28 Eleodcs dissimilis nevadensis three-fifths of the number in the Mixed and Blaisdell two-fifths in Salsola. They were not found in

Figures VII-D; ,\VII1-D Larrea-Franseria, Lycium, Atriple.x-Kochia, Pin- yon-Juniper or .\rtemisia. References. Blaisdell, Bull. 63, U. S. Xat. Mus., Mono., 1909, pp. 393-402. Tanner, Great Seasonal Activity. They were active during Basin Nat., XXI, No. 3. 1961, p. 75. September, October and November, with greatest abundance being in September. They were Morphological C:haracteristics. Length 10 to active only in September in the Salsola and 13 cylindrical tajxTing at the jxisterior end; mm; Mix(>d and were active in September ;md Octo- tibia, and tarsi with rust\' reddish- antennae, ber in Coleogvne. In disturbed Grayia-Lycium setae spinules; ventral surface pub- brown and they were active only in November. escent. Head finely punctate, punctures denser each with a short reclining at the periphery, l(l-3)C-30 Eleodes tcnebwsa Horn seta; antennae long and slender. Pronotum wid- Figure \III-F est slightly in advance of the middle; evenly and not densely punctate. Elytra elongate, oval References. Horn, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, and smooth; slightly wider than pronotum; XIV, New Series, 1870, pp. 304, 316. Blaisdell, )

BiOLCXiiCAL Series, Vol. 6, No. 1, Februahy, 1965

Bull. U. S. 63, Nat. Mus., Mono., 1909, pp. 311, Eleodes pimelioides Mannerheim. Tanner ( 1961 326. Tanner, Great Basin Nat., XXI, No. 3, p. 73. raised E. bninnipes to a specific level and placed brevisetosa Blaisdell as a subspecies of that Morphological Characteristics. Length 13 to species. 16.5 mm; oblong-oval; el)ixal sculpturing consisting of very small shining tubercles arising l(l-3)C-32 Eleodes extricnta frigida LaRivers from a very opaque base. Head densely punc- Figures Vll-C; XVIII-E tate laterally and on epistoma; base tiibercu- late; antennae moderate in length and sUghtly Reference. LaRivers, Journ. Ent. and Zoo., robust. Pronotum densely punctate in the center Vol. 35, No. 4, 1943, pp. 54-58. and granulate at the sides. Elytra slightly wider Morphological Characteristics. than pronotum, sides evenly and not strongly Length 13 to 21 mm; elongate; oblong-o\ate to ovate; arcuate; densely and irregularly covered with sparsely sculptured. Head deeply punctate small, rounded shining tubercles. Legs moderate, anteriorly, becoming granulate posteriorly; antennae mod- anterior tarsi dissimilar in the se.ves, middle tarsi erately long are similar. and stout, reaching to the base of the pronotum. Pronotum finely and unevenly Plant Community Relationship. A total of pimctate. Elytra moderately conve.x, with the 16 specimens was collected. The only commun- sides broadly rounded; densely sculptured \\-itli ity in which they were found was the Pinyon- small muricate granules, shiny at their summit. Juniper. Legs moderately long and slender, anterior fe- Seasonal Activity. Members of this species mora witli acute .spines. were active during the month of April, and then Plant Community Relationship. A total of no further activity was recorded until JuK- and 30 specimens was collected. This species was August. They were equally abundant during found only in the Pinyon-Juniper community. the last t\vo months. No further activitv was found after August. Seasonal Activity. A single specimen was taken in April. No others were found until Jidy 1(1-3)C-31 Eleodes hrunnipes hieuisetosa and August when the population appeared to Blaisdell be ec(ual during these two months. Tliere was Figure VII-A no activity observed after August.

References. Blaisdell, Ent. News, XXIX, 1918, p. 162. Tanner, Great Basin Nat., Vol. XXI, No. l(l-4).\-33 Sphaeriontls dilatata (LeConte) 3, p. 75. Reference. Casey, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., Morphological Characteristics. Length 12 to X, 1908, pp. 56, 59. 13 mm; oblong-ovate; very denseh' and finely Morphological Characteristics. Length 10 to sculptured. Head tsvo-thirds as wide as the 11 mm; elongate-oval gradually pointed behind; pronotum, coarsely and densely pimctate; an- deep black in color. Head small; front greatly tenna longer than the head and pronotum. Pro- dilated and deeply emarginate at the apex; (an- notum one-fourth wider than long; very deeply, tennae missing on all the specimens collected). coarsely, and confluently punctate; feebly ar- Pronotum very sparsely and finely punctate; cuate to ape.x and broadly sinuate to base. base bisinuate; basal angles acute and reticu- Elytra nearly a third wider than tbe base of late. Elytra slightly longer than wide; very feebly the pronotum; abruptly and obtusely rounded subcostulate with weak muricate punctiu-es in behind when viewed vertically; surface densely sulca. Legs short and stout. asperate, with the summits of the granules shining, each bearing a short seta. Legs moderate Plans Community Relationship. A total of in length. four specimens was collected. Tliey were found only in Lvcium. Plant Community Relationship. A total of 10 specimens was collected. They were found Seasonal Activity. VIembers of this species only in the Pinyon-Juniper community. were found during Febmary, April and June. Seasonal Activity. This species was active They were most abundant in June. only in July and August, and was equally abun- Comments. This genus was established by dant during these months. LeConte (1866). Casey (1908) named most of Comments. When Blaisdell (1918) first des- the present species. After comparing our speci- cribed E. biunnipes, he called it a variety of mens with a previously identified D. knausi 36 BntcHAM YouNC Univehsitv Science Bulletin

Casey the present designation was given. Tliis sliiiiing; deep black. Head finely wrinkled both genus is in need of revision. ;dK)vc and below the transverse sutiu-e; finely granulate iX)steriorly; last segment of antennae 1(1-4)8-34 Eusattus dubius LeConte obtriangular. Pronotum slightly explanate, punc- Figure IX-B tines become less distinct dorsally; scutellum completely obsolete. Elytra as wide as the pro- References. LeConte, Ann. Lvc. N. H. N. Y., thorax, piirallel, sides straight, surface feebly ru- V, 1851, 12.5, 216. Horn, Trans. Amer. Phil. pp. gose with sparser muricate punctures; prostem- Soc., XIV, New Series, 1870, p. 294; Trans. Amer. um sparsely punctate, under-surface quite hairy. Ent. Soc-., X, 1882, p. .305; Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. Legs stout but moderately long; the anterior (2), IV, 1894, p. 42.3. Casev, Proc. W;Lsh. Acad. tibia extended into a long, blunt apical process. Sci., X, 1908, pp. .56, 66. Blaisdell, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., XXIV, 1943, p. 192. Plant Community Relationships. A total of 206 specimens was collec-ted. Tliey were most Morphological Characteristics. Length 6 to abundant in Grayia-Lycium. Tliey were sUghtly 10 mm; glabrous with a few small hairs laterally. over two-fifths as abundant in Salsola, whereas Head sparsely piinc-tate, densely so near the a few specimens were tiiken from Mixed and trans\'erse suture; impunctate centr;iUy; front Coleog\-ne communities. None was found in widely dilated; antennae slender; last four seg- Artemisia. ments dilated; the joints loose; apical segment is subcylindrical. Pronotiim very minutely punc- Seasonal Activity. This s[)ecies was active tate; the sides narrowly explanate; angles both from MiU-ch through October, with greatest apicully and basally slightly acute; scutellum abundance in August. Only a few specimens were wholly obsolete. Elytra as wide as pronotum taken in March, .^pril. May, June and October. or only slightly wider; surface faintly wrinkled; Activity increased abruptly during July and di- punctiires fine but distinct; ape.x obtuse. Pro- minished just as abruptly during September. stemiun has only a few short hairs; process ob- .\c-tivity of this species in disturbed Grayia- Ly- tusely rounded. Legs short and stout; anterior cium began in NIarch and continued through tibia tapering into a moderate-sized apical pro- October. In Salsola it did not become active until cess. July and continued through October. It was Plant Community Relationships. A total of active only in July and September in Mixed. 43 specimens was collected. The greatest number occurred in the disturbed Grayia-Lycium l(l-4)C-36 Coniontis ncvadensis carsonica and Larrea-Franseria and a little over one- Casey tenth in Vli.xed. These were the only communi- Reference. Casey, Proc. Wash. .\cad. Sci., ties in wliich they were found. X, 19aS, p. 85. Seasonal Activity. The species was active from Dec-ember througli June and small num- Moqihological Characteristics. Length 11 to \eT\- dark reddish- bers were collected in October. The greatest 13 mm; elongate; con\ex; strongly punc- numbers were c()lkx.ted in March. Only a few brown to black. Head finely but were collected from December through Febru- tate; front very slightly dilatt>d; eyes emargin- as long; ary. After the peak in March, the numbers ate. Pronotum almost one-half as wide finel)' punctate, witli ex- collec-ted dropped off during .\pril and May sides broadl\- iu-cuate; and then increased again in June. From Larrea- tremeh' fine, short, light hair in each; slightly Franseria spe<;imens were collected during Oct- alutacix>us along suture. Legs moderately short with spines; ober, Janiuu^', FebniiUA', .\pri! and June. Activ- and stoc-ky; tibiae and tarsi hea\y ity in disturbc-d Crayia-Lycium was more in- femora punctate. shorter {x-riod. Ih-re there was tense and for a Plant Communitv Relationships. A total of activity- from March through From the June. 31 specimens was collected. The greatest num- Mixed community single specimens were taken bers (K-curred in the disturbed Grayia-Lycium, in Miu-ch, October and December. with two-thirds of this nimiber in Grayia-Lyciimi and Mixed comiuimities. These were the only agiuitus 1( 1-4)8-35 Euxaitus Casey communities in which they were found.

Reference. Casey, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., Seasonal .\ctivity. Members of this s}>ecies X, 1908, p. 76. occurred from March through September. They Morphological Characteristics. Length 9 to were most abundant during July, August luid 12 mm; broadK rounded; \ery convex; rather September. Tliey were shghtly more abundant Biological Series, Vol. 6, No. 1, Febru.\ry, 1965 37

during March and April than they were in May Seasonal Activity. This species was active and June. In disturbeil Grayia-Lycium they were from March to October. There were two peaks active from March through August. In Grayia- of activity—one in M;irch, the other in July. In Lycium their activity ^^as noted onh' in April, the other months only a few specimens were July and August, whereas in Mixed they were collected. In disturbed Grayia-Lycium their active from May through August. activity started in March and continued until June; then in July activity started again and lasted into September. In Grayia-Lycium their I(l-4)D-37 ConionteUus argutus Casey activity started in May and lasted into October. Figures V-C; XV-H In the Mixed community they were active dur-

Reference. Casey, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., ing June and July.

X, 1908, p. 145. l{l-5)A-39 Blapstinus pubescens LeConte Morphological Characteristics. The single specimen studied was 7.5 in length. Oblong; mm Reference. LeConte, Ann. Lye. N. H. N. Y., rather elongate; glabrous, or appearing to be so; V, 1851, p. 147. reddish brown to black; head very small; equal in length and width; front broadly dilated; eyes Morphological Characteristics. Lengdi of di\"ided; antennae short and rather stout. Pro- four specimens studied, 7 to 7.3 mm; elongate; notum broadly arcuate in front; the ape.x nar- deep reddish brown; short \ellowish pubescence. rower than the base; surface finely punctate. Head deeply and coarsely punctate with slight Elytra finely punctate, but very distinct; appear- coalescing; yellowing hairs present around eyes ing to be slightly alutaceous. Legs short; yer\' and over vertex; upper portion of eves large and stout with heavy spines. round; antennae fairly short and gradually diick- ened toward tip. Pronotiun broadly emarginate Plant Community Relationship. A total of anteriorly and deeply bisinuate posteriorly; dens- specimens collected. 2 was They were colle-cted eh' and coarsely punctate; yellowish hairs later- in the Mixed community in August. ally and basally; margins slightly flattened. Ely- tra elongate; Seasonal Activity. The only collection made broad costa covered with yellowish scale-like hairs; sulci finely of this spec-ies was in August. punctate in series. Legs fairly short and stout.

Plant Community Relationship. Only four l(l-5)A-38 Blapstinus vanchjkci Blaisdell specimens were collected. They were found Reference. Blaisdell, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., near Cane Springs in a Mixed community. LXVIII, 1942, p. 136. Seasonal Activity. The specimens were col- Morphological Characteristics. Length 5 to lected in June. 6 mm; oblong; moderately convex; black; pub- Comments. Specimens of this species were escent. Head widest at the middle; densely compared with specimens of the Horn collection and coarsely punctate; stiff black hairs; eyes in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- divided, the upper jx>rtion large and round; delphia and the U. S. National Museimi by the antennae robust and short; clothed with stiff senior author. black hairs. Pronotum twice as wide as long; deeply and coarsely punctate; black hairs aris- 1(1-5)3-40 Notibius substriatus Casey ing in each puncture; bisinuate basally. Elytra Figures IX-F; XX-A elongate; sides parallel; broadly rounded posteriorly; broad striae at narrow intervals; stiff, References. Casey, Ann. N. Y. Acad., V, black, decurved pubescence arising from the 1890, p. 479; Ann. N. Y. Acad., VIII, 1895, p. 622. striae. Legs fairly stout with short spines on Morphological Characteristics. Length 4.5 to tibia; fourth segment of anterior tarsi very short 5 mm; oblong; somewhat robust; fairly shiny; and smaller than third; the fifth segment is black with reddish legs and antennae. Head wid- long. est at the middle; bilobed at apex; somewhat Plant Community Relationships. A total of coarsely and densely punctate, apjjearing gran- 35 specimens was collected. They were most ular; eyes divided, upper lobe minute; antennae abundant in Grayia-Lycium. A few specimens robust, much shorter than head and pronotum. were found in Vlixed. They were not found in Pronotum one and one-half times wider than any of the other communities. long; evenly arcuate at the sides and fringed with 38 Bhigham Vounc Unmvehsit\- Science Bulletin stout hairs; surfat-e coiirscly, deeply and strongly bers ocfurred in Lycium, with one-half this punctate; laterally asperate. Elytra ;is wide ;is number in Larrea-Franseria and about one- the pronotuin; broadly roundetl behind; both third in Grayia-Lycium. In Coleogyne tliis spe- feebly impressed striae and inter\als finely cies was one-fifth as abimdiuit as in Lycium. punctate. Legs very stout; anterior tibia dilated; They were one-fifth as abundant in Atriplex- middle and hind tibia with strong short spines. Kochia and one-sixth as abundant in .Mixed, where;is there were only a few specimens col- Plant Clommurutv Relationships. A total of lected in Salsola. They were not found in Pin- 316 specimens wiis collected. The greatest num- yon-Juniper or Artemisia. bers occurred in the Grayia-Lycium c-ommunit\', with about two-thirds of this number in Salsola. Seasonal Activity. Beetles of this species A few spec-imens were found in Atriple.x-Kochia, were acti\e from April through October. They Mixed, Lycium and Larrea Franseria communi- were most abundant in Ma\' and July. In June, ties. They were not found in Coleogyne or Pin- August and September slightly more than one- yon-Juniper. half as man\' specimens were collected as in May and July. Only a few specimens were taken Seasonal Activity. Members of this species in October. They became active in April in Ly- occurred from Nhirch through November. They cium, disturbed Gravia-Lycium, Coleogyne and were most abundant in May. There was a slight Mixed communities. They remained active until increase in the numbers collected during April, September in Lycium; August in distm-bed which resulted in tlie population boom in May. Grayia-Lycium; July and .\ugust in Coleogyne; In June the numbers declined. The\' steadily and May, July and September in Mixed. They decTCiisecl in July and August and then increased were active in Larrea-Franseria during May, sUghtly in September. Only a few specimens July and September, whereas in Grayia-Lycium were collected in October and November. Acti- they were active from May through July and in vity of this species started in March in disturbed Atriplex-Kochia c-ommunity in June and July. Grayia-Lycium, Grayia-Lycium, and Mixed com- Tlie collection in Salsola was made in Oc-tober. munities. It continued into November in disturbed Grayia-Lycium, died out in October in 1 1-6 )A-42 Anemia calijornica Horn Grayia-Lycium, whereas in Mixed they had ( Figure XV-C further activity only in May, June, July and September. In Salsola they were active in July Reference. Horn, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., and August, whereas in Larrea-Franseria and XIV, New Series, 1870, p. 378. Atriplex-Kochia they were active only in July. Morphological Characteristics. Length 3.5 to 4 mm; short; oval; robust; deep reddish- I(1-5)C-41 Conibiosauw elungatum (Horn) brown; winged. Heiid broad; densely and rather Figures V-D; XVI-A coiir.sely punctate; apex deeply emarginate; sides References. Horn, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, broadly dilated; eyes deeply em;irginate; sujier- XIV, New Series, 1870, p. 351. Casey, Ann. N .Y. ior portion small; antennae short; robust; thicker Acad., V, 1890, p. 476. at tip; last segniCTit longer than tenth and Moq>hoIogical Characteristics. Length con- roundetl at tip. Pronotum ne;u-ly three times as long; convex; densely coarsely stant ai'ound 4 mm; elongate parallel; convex; broad as and punctate; fringed with long yellowish luiirs. Ely- shining; head and pronotuin retldish-brown, elytra broadh' o\al, sc;u-c-el\- longer than wide; sides tra black. Head wider than long; finely, rather h;iirs; surface sparsely punctate; eyes divided; superior por- fringixl with long yellowish deeply cixirsely punctate. Legs short; robust; tibiae tion small and linear; antennae very robust; com- and all dilated, covered with long yellowish hairs. pact; shorter than head and pronotum; last three

segments moderately dilated. Pronotum wider Plant Community Relationship. A total of than heiid; finely, sparsely punctate tow;u-ds the 5 specimens was collected. They were found in middle, denser and more ct>arse laterally. Elytra the Lycium communit)'. equal in width to the pronotum; sides nearly straight; even rows of fine punctures; the striae Seasonal Activity. This sjjecies was collected very feebly impresscxl; the inter\'als evenly punc- in May and June. with esich bearing a stiff seta. Legs moder- tate Comments. Beetles of this species are noc- ate, tibiae not dilatetl. turnal fliers. Thev were collected by their at- Plant Community Relationships. \ total of traction to ultra-violet light. Not enough collec- W) sptxiinens was c-ollected. Tlie greatest num- tions were made with the ultra-violet light to Biological Series, Vol. 6. No. 1, February, 1965 39 determine this s{>ecies' seasonal range of activit)' not sinuate before the hind angles, which are or community restrictions. Their body form re- obtuse; disk evenly convex. sembles the Scarabaeidae. Elytra four times as long and twice as wide as the prothorax; humeral angle obtuse, sides l(l-7)A-43 Coelocnemis punctata LeConte parallel and arcuate beyond the middle; punctures under high magnification muricate with References. LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., pale short hairs, noticeable near the decUvity VII, 1854, p. 22.5. Horn, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, and margin. Scutellum prominent, wedge- XIV, Series, New 1870, p. 337. Casey, Memoirs shaped. Prothorax beneath rugulose punctate. on the Coleoptera, XI, 1924, p. 319. Metasternum and abdomen finely, sparsely punctate; each puncture bearing Morphological Characteristics. Length of a pale decimibent seta. Basal joint of the tarsus specimen 20 mm; elongate; conve.\; dull black; hind only a frac- tion longer moderately shining; resembles Eleodes. Head than the distal fourth joint. longer than wide; deeply, finely, and rather Length 6.6 mm; width 3 mm. thickly pubescent; eyes large and reniform; an- Type locality: Mercury, Nye County, Nev- tennae short and stout; first segment long and ada. Collected b)' members of Brigham Young broad; the second segment very short; last five University, AEC Project, 1961-62. Type and four segments slightly compressed. Pronotum wider paratopes in entomological collection at Brigham at ape.x than base; almost as broad as long; sur- Young Universit)'. face finely punctate. Elytra finelv punctate and finely wrinkled; posterior rather suddenly slop- Remarks: Nevadensis belongs in Fall's coup- ing. Legs fairly long; tibiae and tarsi with fine let—eyes small, etc.—and is related to Horn's silken pubescence underneath. pallidus. It is a smaller species, darker, without the shining elytrae. Eyes are separated both Plant Community Relationship. The single specimen collected was in Pim'on-Juniper. It was collected by hand from under rocks.

Seasonal Activity. This specimen was collected on [uly 26.

Comments. This genus needs to be completely revised.

l(l-7)B-44 Alaephiis nevailcnsis Tanner, New Species Figures IV-A; XV-A; XXI

Form elongate, rufotestaceous, median and lateral portions of the prothorax and elytra slightly paler; head and prothorax densely subrugose- ly punctate, dull in contrast to the rest of the body; elytra with prominent closely set punctures with inconspicuous short pale setae.

Head small, widest at the eyes, which is one- half as wide as the prothorax; maxillary palpi prominent, third segment hatchet-shaped. Eyes small, not noticeably projecting beyond the sides of the front; width between the e)es above, five times the length of the second joint of the antennae, beneath separated by four and three- tenths the length of the second antennal segment; antennae slender, less than half the length of the body; third joint only a little longer than the fourth segment; tenth segment slightly longer than the eleventh. Figure XXI. Alaephus nevadensis Tanner. ( 1 ) Dorsal Prothorax tAvo-thirds wider tlian long; apex view of female; ( 2 ) dorsal view of head showing four-fifths as wide as base, sides evenlv rounded. shape and distance of separation of the eyes. Bni(;iiAM VoLNc Umvehsity Science Bulletin above and bcnt'iitli more tlian those in pallulus; 1(1-8) A-46 H flops attemuitiis LeConte antennae are shorter, the fonrtli joint is almost Figiirts IX-D; XIX-K as long as tlie third one. Biusal joint of hind References. LeConte, Ann. Lye. N. Y., V, tarsae shorter than in pallulus. 1851, p. 1.37. LeConte and Horn. Class. Col. N. Plant Oommunitv Rehitionship. F"oiir speci- Amer., 1883, p. 240. Horn, Trans. Amer. Pliil. mens of tliis s[X,'cies were collected on July 25, Soc, XIV, New Series, 1870, p. .397; Trans. .\mer. 1961, on Elifintis ciiwrcux, a large-type hunch Ent. Soc., VIII, 1880, p. 1.52. Seidlitz, Natiirg. Ins. grass, in a Mixed community and one on July Deutschl., V, 1896, p. 696. 1, 1961. in a Mixed community. Morphological Characteristics. Length 5 to Comments. The specimen collected on July 10 mm; elongate; con\ex; \;iries from reddish- 1 in a Mi.xed coinmunitv near Cane Springs was brown to black with some ha\ing a lighter head tlie can trap as Bhipsliniis puhescem. in same and pronotum than elytra. Head fairly long; front dilated; coarse, dense punctures; eyes l(l-7)C-45 Eupsophidus cii.staucti.s Horn transN'erse and large; antennae long with outer Figures IX-A; XIX-I joints siightlv compressed and pubescent. Pro- notum longer than broad; finely, piuic- Reference. Horn, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, densely tate. Elytra elongate-o\al; almost subcylindrical; XIV, New Series, 1870, p. 347. humeri rounded; striae of coarse punctures. Legs Morphological Characteristics. Length 9 to long and fairly stout; heavy pubescent pad on 14 mm; elongate; chestnut brown; moderately all but the last segment of the tarsi. shining. Head elongate; front narrowing anteriorly and broadly emarginate; ver)' sparsely Plant Community Relationships. A total of punctate; eyes broad; antennae longer than the 140 specimens was collected. Iliey were most head and pronotimi; last segment long and abundant in Crayia-Lycium and about four- slender. Pronotum sub(|uadrate; slightly broader sevenths as abimdant in the Larrea-Franseria, than long; surface sparsely punctured. Elytra Coleogyne, Salsola and .\triplex-Kochia. In Mix- elongate-oval; broader at base than pronotum; ed the\' were two-sevenths as abundant as in humeri distinct; sparsely punctured. Legs slen- disturbed Crayia-Lycium. They were not present der; tarsi long with short spinuous hairs. in Lycium, Pinyon-Juniper, or Artemisia.

Plant Community Relationships. A total of Seasonal Vctivity. This species was active 35 specimens was collected. The greatest num- during even.' month except September, with the bers occurred in a Mixed cx)mmunitv', with un- greatest numbers being collected during Febru- der one-half this number in Lycium and one- ary. Only a few specimens were collected in tliird in Crayia-Lycium. In Larrea-Franseria they May, June, JuK-, .\ugust and October. There were one-sixth as abundant as in Lvcium. They was an abrupt increase in the numbers «)llected were not present in .^tiiplex-Kochia, Salsola, C-ol- during November, and then the\' remained at eogyne ;md Pinvon-|uniper communities. This about the same le^•el througli December, Janu-

species is a nocturnal living fonn. Most of the ary, Miuch and April. In disturbed Cravia-Lv- collections in Lvcium and Mixed were made by cium and Mi.xed, activits' began in October. the beetle's being attracted to ultra-violet light. They remained active in disturbed Gravia-Ly- cium until June, whereas in Mixed they were Seasonal Activity. This species was active active only until .March. In Crayia-Lycium, Sal- during May, and Julv. June sola and Larrea-Franseria they were acti\'e Comments. Due to the few specimen col- through March, and in Salsola into Febniarv. In lection attempts made with ultra-violet light it Coleog\ne the\' were active in Febniarv, March

is not possible to make an accurate determina- and .Vprii; whereas in .\triplex-Kochia thev were tion of .seasonal activity or relati\e abundance active in Februan-, .\pril. May, August and Oct- in the separate communities. ober. Biological Series, Vol. 6, No. 1, Febhi'.\ry, 1965 41

DISCUSSION

In the desert areas of southwestern United limiting factors c-ompared to many species found States the darkhng beetles constitute a conspic- in the other communities. This would lead one uous part of the ground-dwelling insects. They to assume tliat similar communities of the Mo- are primarily nocturnal and spend the day under have Desert may support a greater number of rocks, debris, loose bark or in rodent burrows. species than the Great Basin communities. Occasionally on cloudy days they may be seen In areas where nuclear detonations have lumbering along the desert floor. To the casual disturbed the normal biotic conditions, a differ- observer of such desert regions, it may seem sur- ent species association occurs. The disturbed prising that 46 species of tenebrionids occur in Grayia-Lycium had a greater number of species the relatively small iu"ca comprising the Nevada than Grayia-Lycium whereas Salsola had less. Test Site. However, upon closer examination of In these areas the Salsola is just beginning the the vegetation, it is apparent that a variety of process of revegetation, and the number of in- habitats exists for which many species of beetles vader plants are few. Disturbed Grayia-Lycium, may be indigenous. Inasmuch as this is appar- however, is an ectonal area between the more ently one of the first studies of its kind dealing stable, undisturbed plants and tliose areas where with tenebrionids of a specific area, investiga- the native plants were completely eliminated. tions in other desert areas may demonstrate This communit)', then, may share species that these beetles to be even more common than this are indigenous to the other two. study has indicated. Populations Abundance of Species With reference to total populations of all At the Nevada Test Site the number of tenebrionids, the disturbed Gra\ia-Lycium con- species of beetles found varied between plant tained approximately one-third more individuals communities. The Mixed and disturbed Grayia- than Larrea-Franseria. Lycium and Coleogyne Lycium communities supported the largest num- supported only one-fourtli as many specimens ber of species, whereas the fe\\'est were found as did disturbed Grayia-Lycium. The Mixed in Atriple.x-Kochia and Pinvon-Juniper. These community, in which the largest number of relationships may be explained on the basis of species was found, supported only one-seventh the greater variety of plant species which occur die population of disturbed Grayia-Lycium. The there. Such a mixture likely makes available a number of specimens in Atriplex-Kochia was large variety of food for the plant-feeding dark- considerably less than in any other community. ling beetles. There are also a variety of micro- W'ith reference to all tenebrionids there were habitats available to the many species. Compar- two seasonal papulation peaks. In May and Sep- ing this environment with that of the Atriplex- tember over 2,000 specimens were collected. Ap- Kochia where relatively fev\- species were pres- proximately 1,.500 were taken in June, 1,000 in ent, it is evident that in the latter community July, and 1,500 in August. From the peak in there are few plant species other than the two September there was a sharp decline in num- predominant ones. The vegetation is very short bers collected until December, when fewer than and sparse, and the number of micro-habitats is 100 individuals were found. greatly reduced. These factors likely influence In Coleogyne, Grayia-Lycium and Mixed the number of species that may inhabit this communities the largest number of beetles col- community. The Larrea-Franseria and Lycium lected was in September, with a lower peak in communities, which ;u"e typical of the Mohave April and May (Figs. X and XII). The Desert, supported almost as many numbers of number collected in Larrea-Franseria, Lycium species as the Grayia-Lycium, which is more and Atriplex-Kochia increased gradually from a typical of the Great Basin Desert. Other com- December low to a high in August and Septem- munities such as Atriplex-Kochia and Coleogyne ber ( Fig. XI ) . Following this the number col- supported fewer species than Larrea-Franseria lected declined rapidly. High populations oc- and Lycium, even though they occupied the curred in disturbed Grayia-Lycium and Salsola same geographic localities. Pinvon-Juniper, typ- during March, April and May, when the num- ically Great Basin, supported the least number bers of specimens taken were over a thousand of species of all communities. Very likely the each month. Collections declined in the follow- higher altitude, lower temperatures, increased ing months, with a small increase in August and moisture and longer periods of snow cover were September (Figs. X and XII). 42 BitiGiiAM YoLNC UsivEHsm- Science Bulletin

Plant Community Relationships active in winter, the majority were inactive during the colder months. Certain species demonstrated apparent plant Three species, Edrotes cyrbtis, Aracoschizus assoc-iatioii more tlian others. These communitv mdcicollui- and Eleodes armata, were active ev- associations were shouni bv Allred, ct al. ( 196.3a, er)' nw)nth of the year. E. orbus was most active pp. 42-43). during the winter and spring, whereas the other One species, Eleodes obscura sulcipennis, was tvs'o demonstrated greatest activity in summer present in every community at the test site, and autumn. whereas others were variously distributed in Three species, Eiuchides luctattts, Trichiasida their occ-urrence. acerba and Helops attentutttts, were active from

Si.\ species, E. extricata jri'^ida, E. tenebrosa, the beginning of autumn through the spring. One E. bmnnipes brevisctosa, E. ni

time of the year. Thirty-three species were found Tanner ( 1961 ) reported that some members Sep- ". Beginning in . the during July and 31 in August. of the genus Eleodes hil>eniated . in tember there was a steady decline in the number adult or partly grown larval stage." O'Kane nine of species active until February, when only ( 1924 ) states that some tenebrionids have one were found. In March species activity increased, generation annual!)'. As shoun by this study and 20 were found. In April the number increas- there iire t\vo population pe;ilcs—May and Sep- ed to 27, dropped to 22 in May, then incrciised tember. These two peaks suggest that some to 27 again in June. species metamorphose from pupa to adult in the The lengtli of time that the different species autumn and over-winter as adults. Others o%'er- of tenebrionids were active viuned c-onsiderably. winter as larxae and emerge as adults in the Manv were acti\'e for a specific sciuson; others spring. This may account for the two seasonal persisted for two or three seasons, whereas some peaks in May and September and low numbers were active all vear. Although some were more during July and the winter months. iiOLOciCAL Sehies, Vol. 6, No. i, February, 1965 SUMMARY

The intent of this study conducted over a that ( 1 ) more species were present in some period of three years to des- was ( 1 ) provide plant communities than in others; (2) in nuc- criptions of the species of tenebrionids found at lear disturbed areas a larger number of species the Nevada Test Site, (2) determine their rela- was present than in undisturbed areas; (3) some tive abundance, (3) determine their seasonal species were more closely associated with some activity, and (4) ascertain their plant commun- plant associations than with others; (4) those ity relationships. species that were not widely distributed ecol- A total of 14,650 beedes representing 46 ogically were fewer in number of indi\dduals, kinds of tenebrionids was collected with sun- whereas those that were widespread occurred in ken can traps, by hand, ultra-violet hght. larger relatively and numbers, speaking; ( 5 ) the spe- Collections were made at regular intervals in cies demonstrated variation in seasonal activity the following plant communities: Larrea-Fran- in that some were active for short periods where- seria, Lycium, Atriplex-Kocliia, Grayia-Lycium as others were active during the whole vear; and (disturbed and undisturbed areas), Salsola, (6) the two seasonal peaks in population are Coleogyne, Pinyon-Juniper, and Mixed. indicative that some species over-winter as The data obtained from this studv indicate adults whereas others over-winter as larvae.

LITERATURE CITED

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Bull., Biol. Ser., Vol. 2, No. 4. . 1895. Coleopterological Notices VI. An- Amett, Ross H. 1960-1962. The Beetles of the Unit- nals N. Y. Acad. Sci., 8:435-838.

ed States, pp. 1-1111, Tcnebrionidae. pp. 645-696. . 1907. A Revision of the American Com- Catholic University of America Press. ponents of the Tenebrionid Subfamily Tentyriinae. Blackwclder, R. E. 1939. Fourth Supplement, 1933 Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 9:275-522.

to 1938 ( inclusive , to Leng's Catalogue of Cole- . 1908. A Revision of the Tenebrionid Sub- ) optera of America, North of Mexico. Mount Ver- family Coniontinae. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 10:51- non, N. Y.: John D. Sherman, pp. 1-146, 166. Blackwelder, R. E., and Ruth M. 1948. Fifth Sup- 1912 A Revision of the American Genera of plement, 1939-1947 (inclusive), to Leng's Cata- the Tenebrionid Tribe Asidini. Memoirs of the logue of Coleoptera of America, North of Mexico. Coleoptera, 3:70-214. Mount Vernon, N. Y.: John D. Sherm

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. 1918. Studies in Eleodini III. Ent. News, Horn, G. H. 1870. Revision of the Tenebrionidae of 29:162-169. America, North of Mexico. Trans. Amer. Phil. So., 14 (New Series): 243-454. . 1925a. Expedition to Guadalupe Island, Me.\ico in 1922. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 14(4):321- . 1874. Description of New Species of U. S. 343. Coleoptera. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 5:20-43.

. 1878. Continuation to the Coleopterology of . 1925b. Revised Check-list of the Species of Eleodes Inhabiting America, North of Mexico, In- the United States II. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, cluding Lower California and Adjacent Islands. Pan- 7:51-60. Pac. Ent., 2:77-80. . 1880. Continuation to the Coleopterology of the United States III. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 8:139- . 1934. Studies in the Genus Auchmobius 154. (Coleoptera: Tcnebrionidae). Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, . 1882. Notes on Little 60:223-264 Some Known Coleop- tera. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 10:113-126. 1942. Miscellaneous Studies in the Coleop- . 1890. Some Notes on Araeoschizus . Trans. tera, No. 6 (Melvridie and Tenebrionidae ) , Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 17:339-343. Am. Ento. Soc, 68:129-149. . 1891. New Species and Miscellaneous Notes. Boheman, C. H. 1958-1959. Kongliga Svenska Fregat- Trans. Amer, Ent. Soc, 18:32-38.

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Lacordaire, J. T. 1859. Genera des Coleoptercs. His- Leng, C. W. 1920. Catalogue of the Coleoptera of toire Natiirelle des Insecles, 5:1-488. Paris. America, North of Mexico. Mount Vernon, N.Y.: LaRivers, I. 1942. A new Troglodents from Nevada. John D. Sherman, pp. 1-470. Ann. Enl. Sou. Amcr., 34:435-440. Leng, C. W. and A. J. Mutchler. 1927. Catalogue of . 1943. A Liit of the Eleodes of Nevada, with the Coleoptera of .\merica, North of .Mexico. Sup- Description of a New Subspecies (Coleoptera: plement, 1919 to 1924 (inclusive), pp. 1-78. Second Tenebrionidae ) . Jour. Ent. & Zool., Pomona Col- and Tlurd supplements, 1925 to 1932 (inclusive). lege, V. 35(4). Mount Vernon, N. Y.: John D, Sherman, pp. 1-112. . 1946. On the Genus Trogloderus. Ent. News, Mannerheim, C. C. G. 1843a. Description of Tene- 57(2):35-44. brionidae. Guerin Mag. Zool., 13:126-129. 1947. A Synopsis of the Genus Edrotes. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 40( 2) :3i8-328. . 1843b. Beitr. z. Kaferf. der Aleuti.schen Ins. 1851. Description etc.. Bull. Moscou, XVI: 175-314. LeConte, J. L. of New Species of Coleoptera fnim California. Ann. Lye. N. M. N. Y., O'Kane, W. C. 1924. Injurious Insects, How to Re- 5:125-316. cognize ;»nd Control Them. New York: Macmillan

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LeConte, J. L., and G. H. Horn. 1883. Classification Triplehom, C. A. 1964. A Synopsis of the Genus of the Coleoptera of North America. Smithsonian Cryptoglossa Soldier (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). List. Misc. CoU., 26(507); 1-567. Coleopterist's Bulletm. 18(2):43-53.