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Expression and Antibody Inhibition of P-Type Calcium Channels in Human Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma Cells

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Expression and Antibody Inhibition of P-Type Calcium Channels in Human Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma Cells The Journal of Neuroscience, January 1995, 15(l): 274-293 Expression and Antibody Inhibition of P-Type Calcium Channels in Human Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma Cells Elizabeth L. FL Barry,’ Michael P. Viglione,* Yong I. Kim,3 and Stanley C. Froehner4 ‘Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, *Program in Neuroscience and 3Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, and 4Department of Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 P-type channels, a recently described form of voltage-gated gated calcium channel in SCLC cells that resembles that found calcium channels, are found in many central and peripheral at the presynaptic nerve terminal (Roberts et al., 1985). neurons. In the present study, a partial cDNA clone sharing Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) regulate calcium extensive nucleotide identity with a putative P-type voltage- influx into neuronal cells and control the calcium-dependent gated calcium channel (Y, subunit was isolated from a small- releaseof neurotransmitters and peptide hormones (Miller, 1987). cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) cell line. Anti-peptide antibodies It is likely that VGCCs play a similar role in SCLC cells, which generated to a unique acidic stretch in the IV!5546 linker are known to secrete a large number of ectopic hormones (Rus- region of the putative SCLC P-type channel reacted specif- sell et al., 1990). VGCCs are generally classified as L-, N-, P-, ically with a SCLC fusion protein produced in bacteria and and T-type based on their electrophysiological behavior and with a cell surface molecule in SCLC cells. Calcium currents distinct pharmacological sensitivities. Although P-type channels in SCLC cells, measured by whole-cell patch clamp, were were originally described in Purkinje cells (Llinas et al., 1992) inhibited by these antibodies and by the P-type channel- hence the name, there is now evidence for a wider distribution specific toxin w-agatoxin WA. The inhibitory effects of the in the nervous system (Llinas et al., 1989; Hillman et al., 199 1; antibody and the toxin were not additive, consistent with Regan et al., 199 1; Usowicz et al., 1992). P-type channels are their proposed action on the same type of channel. These resistant to both dihydropyridine (DHP) antagonists and w-con- results provide evidence for the expression of P-type cal- otoxin GVIA (w-CgTx-GVIA), but are blocked by toxins iso- cium channels by SCLC cells. The expression of neuron- lated from venom of the funnel web spider. These toxins include related molecules by these cells is of particular interest be- a small polyamine toxin, funnel toxin @TX) (Llinls et al., 1989, cause small-cell lung carcinoma is frequently associated 1992) and a peptide toxin, w-agatoxin IVA (w-Aga-IVA) (Mintz with paraneoplastic disorders affecting the nervous system. et al., 1992a,b). The release of the neurotransmitter glutamate [Key words: calcium channel cDNA, P-type calcium chan- at mammalian presynaptic nerve terminals is blocked by w-Aga- nel, human small-cell lung carcinoma, polyclonal antibody, IVA, implicating P-type channels (Turner et al., 1992). Fur- w-agatoxin IVA, patch clamp] thermore, the mammalian neuromuscular junction contains P-type channels as indicated by the inhibition of presynaptic Small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is a common form of lung calcium flux by FTX (Uchitel et al., 1992). The evoked release cancer in which the tumor cells express neuroendocrine-like of acetylcholine at the mammalian neuromuscular junction is properties. SCLC is frequently associated with paraneoplastic likewise blocked by FTX (Uchitel et al., 1992) and w-Aga-IVA disorders affecting the nervous system. Of particular interest is (Kim et al., 1993). Finally, P-type channels are sensitive to a the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LES), an autoim- novel conotoxin, w-CgTx-MVIIC, that acts on mammalian pre- mune disease of neuromuscular transmission that is often as- synaptic nerve terminals (Hillyard et al., 1992). sociated with SCLC (Lang et al., 1983; Kim, 1986; Vincent et The 01,subunit of VGCCs forms the pore of the channel and al., 1989). The target of the autoimmune reaction is thought to is evolutionarily related to voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels. be a voltage-gated calcium channel in the presynaptic membrane Six classes of calcium channel cyI subunits have now been iden- that couples neurotransmitter release to membrane depolariza- tified by molecular cloning (Snutch and Reiner, 1992). Three tion (Kim and Neher, 1988; Peers et al., 1990). Autoantibody of these classes are believed to be L-type channels, including production may be triggered by the expression of a voltage- those isolated from skeletal and cardiac muscle and brain (Tan- abe et al., 1987; Mikami et al., 1989; Hui et al., 1991). A fourth class includes a presumptive P-type o(, subunit, called B 1, which Received Oct. I, 1993; revised May 20, 1994; accepted June 16, 1994. was isolated from rabbit brain and expressed in Xenopus oocytes We thank Dr. Michael E. Adams for his generous gift of w-agatoxin IVA and (Mori et al., 199 1). It resembles P-type channels in its apparent Tom O’Shaughnessy for his help with initial experiments on the effect of the anti- tissue distribution; however, its single-channel properties and peptide antibodies on I,,. This work was supported by a Muscular Dystrophy pharmacology are not entirely consistent with that of P-type Association Fellowshio to E.L.R.B. for work oerformed in the lab of S.C.F. while in the Department of Biochemistry at Dartmouth Medical School. Additional channels described in Purkinje cells (Sather et al., 1993). A fifth support was from NIH Grant NS27504 to S.C.F. and NS18607 to Y.I.K, and a class of a, subunits is sensitive to w-CgTx-GVIA and therefore research grant from the Muscular Dystrophy Association to Y.I.K. Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Stanley C. Froehner, Department corresponds to N-type channels (Dubel et al., 1992; Williams of Physiology, CB 7545, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599. et al., 1992). Finally, the most recently described class has char- Copyright 0 1995 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/95/150274-10$05.00/O acteristics of a low-voltage-activated (T-type) calcium channel The Journal of Neuroscience, January 1995, 15(l) 275 (Soong et al., 1993). The functional properties of another re- Cloning. The products of the PCR reaction were directionally cloned cently cloned calcium channel have not yet been described (Nii- into the Bluescript KS vector (Stratagene). Initially, one-fifth of each PCR reaction was analyzed by electrophoresis on 3% Nuseive/ 1% Seak- dome et al., 1992), but the channel appears to be most closely em agarose (FMC) gels. For subcloning, the remaining reaction product related to a calcium channel isolated from a marine ray that was purified by phenol extraction and ethanol precipitation, digested expresses novel kinetic and pharmacological characteristics (El- with EcoRl and BamH 1, and isolated as a band from a low-melt Nu- liner et al., 1993). seive/agarose gel. The vector was also digested with EcoR 1 and BamH 1 and isolated on a low-melt agarose gel. The PCR product and vector There is considerable evidence that SCLC cells express volt- were ligated and used to transform XL- 1 Blue bacteria. Plasmid DNA age-gated calcium channels. Depolarization-induced Ca2+ flux was prepared from individual colonies and sequenced by the dideox- in SCLC cells is inhibited by DHP antagonists and w-CgTx- ynucleotide chain termination procedure from double-stranded DNA GVIA, thereby suggesting the presence of L- and N-type chan- templates. Sequence comparison was performed using the Intelligenetics nels (De Aizpurua et al., 1988; Sher et al., 1990). In addition, and the Genetics Computer Group on-line software. the whole-cell patch-clamp technique has been used to dem- Northern blot analysis onstrate the presence of DHP-sensitive L-type channels (Pan- Total RNA was isolated from cultured cells by the guanidinium iso- crazio et al., 1989; Pancrazio et al., 1992). In the present study thiocyanate/phenol procedure (Chomczynski and Sacchi, 1987). Total we identify a presumptive P-type VGCC transcript in SCLC RNA, 50 pg, was run in each lane of an 0.8% agarose-formaldehyde cells. A polyclonal antiserum was produced to a peptide encoded denaturing gel and electrophoretically transferred to Genescreen nylon by a partial cDNA clone. The purified antibodies inhibited cal- membrane (DuPont). The membranes were UV cross-linked and then cium currents expressed in SCLC cells, as did the P-type chan- prehybridized in 0.75 M NaCl, 0.05 M NaH,PO,, 5 mM EDTA, 0.1% Ficoll, 0.1% polyvinylpyrrolidone, 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) nel-specific toxin w-Aga-IVA. These results provide evidence (Pentax Fraction V), 50% formamide, 1% SDS, 10% dextran sulfate, for the expression of a P-type calcium channel in SCLC cells. and 100 pg/ml salmon sperm DNA at 45°C for 20 hr. Hybridization with ‘*P-labeled riboprobes was carried out under the same conditions Materials and Methods as the prehybridization. The membranes were then washed in 15 mM Cell culture NaCl. 1 mM NaH,PO,. 0.1 mM EDTA. and 0.1% SDS at 65°C and treated with 1 &ml RNase A for 15 min in 0.3 M NaCl and 30 mM H 146, H209, and H345 human small-cell lung carcinoma cells (Gazdar Na,citrate to decrease background interference. Autoradiography was et al., 1980) were obtained from American Type Culture Collection and carried out at - 70°C with an intensifying screen. Hybridization with a cultured in RPM1 1640 medium (GIBCO/Bethesda Research Labs) sup- control riboprobe for human p-actin was used to demonstrate that sim- plemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (GIBCO/Bethesda Research ilar amounts of undegraded RNA were probed in each lane (not shown).
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