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O'zbekiston Tarixi

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O'zbekiston Tarixi A. MUHAMMADJONOV O‘ZBEKISTON TARIXI (IV ASRDAN XVI ASRGACHA) 7-SINF O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Xalq ta'limi vazirligi tasdiqlagan Qayta ishlangan uchinchi nashr “SHARQ” NASHRIYOT-MATBAA AKSIYADORLIK KOMPANIYASI BOSH TAHRIRIYATI TOSHKeNT - 2017 UO‘K: 94(575.1)(075) Darslik 2017-yilda F. Sultonov tomonidan KBK 63.(5O‘) barcha mavzular qayta ishlangan bo‘lib, M-3 21,22,23,34,35,40-mavzular yangidan yozildi. Mas'ul muharrir A.T. Zamonov Darslikning metodik qurilmasi F. Sultonov tomonidan ishlangan Taqrizchilar: A.M. Otaxojtyev - O‘zR FA Tarix instituti bo‘lim boshlig‘i, tarix fanlari doktori; A.J. Yaxshiyev - Soliq akademiyasi Tarix kafedrasi mudiri, tarix fanlari nomzodi; N. Narziyev - TSHXTXQTUMOI katta o‘qituvchisi; Sh. Safarova - Respublika Ta'lim markazi Ijtimoiy fanlar bo‘limi bosh metodisti; Z. Jumanova - Toshkent shahar, Chilonzor tuman 162-maktab tarix fani o‘qituvchisi. Darslikni o‘qish jarayonida Sizga yordam beruvchi belgilar: J--------------------------------------------------------------------- k. Muhim tarixiy voqealarni yodda tutishni talab qiladi. > ___ r Matnda uchraydigan atama va asosiy tushunchalar- ning mazmunini bilib oling. jt Mavzu.----- —bo‘yicha:— —berilgan--------- savollarga::----- :—javob. bering,. topshiriqlarni bajaring. Muhammadjonov, Abdulahad. M-3 O‘zbekiston tarixi: 7-sinf uchun darslik. Qayta ishlan- gan uchinchi nashr / Muall. A. Muhammadjonov. - T.: “Sharq”, 2017. - 160 b. UO‘K: 94(575.1)(075) KBK 63.(5O‘) ISBN 978-9943-26-656-8 Respublika maqsadli kitob jamg‘armasi mablag‘lari hisobidan chop etildi. © A. Muhammadjonov, 2009, 2013, 2017 © “Sharq” NMAK Bosh tahririyati, 2009, 2013, 2017 KIRISH Aziz o‘quvchi! Vatanimiz boy qadimiy tarixga ega. Turon, Turkiston Movarounnahr nomlari bilan shuhrat topgan bu mamla- katning va o‘z mehnati bilan uni obod etgan o‘zbek xalqining o‘tmishi g‘oyat qiziqarli va ibratlidir. Siz ushbu darslikda IV-XV asrlar davomida o‘lkamiz tarixida kechgan voqealar haqida bilib olasiz. Bu tari- xiy bosqichda, “o‘zbiy” va “o‘zbek” atamalari bilan ulug‘langan o‘zbek xalqi shakllandi. * “O‘zbek” - qabila begi, hukmdor IV-XV asrlarda dastlab Xorazm, Xioniylar, Kidariylar, eftallar, Turk xoqonligi, keyinchalik Somoniylar, Qoraxoniylar, Xorazmshohlar, Amir Temur hukmronlik qilgan yirik davlatlar faoliyat ko‘rsatgan. Ushbu davlatlar mazkur hudud aholisining ijtimoiy-siyosiy, iqtisodiy va ma'naviy hayoti rivojiga ta'sir ko‘rsatgan. Ilk o‘rta asrlarda “qishloq hokimi” deb atalgan katta yer egasi - “dehqon”lar va ularning ekinzorlarida ishlovchi yer- siz “kadivar”lar shakllandi. Yerda ishlash tartiblarining tubdan o‘zgarishi aholi o‘rtasida tabaqalanishni yanada keskinlash- tirgan. VIII asrning boshlariga kelib mamlakatimizda Arab xali- faligi o‘rnatildi. O‘lkamizga arab madaniyatining ta'siri ku- chaydi. Xalifalik hukmronligidan keyingi asrlarda ilm-ma'ri- fatning rivoji uchun sharoit yuzaga keldi. Yurtimizdan jahon ilm-fan rivojiga hissa qo‘shgan Muhammad ibn Muso al- Xorazmiy, Ahmad al-Farg‘oniy, Abu Ray hon Beruniy, Ibn Sino, Ulug‘bek va Alisher Navoiy kabi buyuk mutafakkirlar yetishib chiqdi. O‘rta asrlarda yashab ijod qilgan Imom Buxoriy, Imom at-Termiziy, Mahmud az-Zamaxshariy, Ahmad Yassaviy, Najmiddin Kubro, Bahouddin Naqshband va Xoja Ahror Valiy singari mashhur ulamolarning Islom dini va ta'limotiga oid asarlari bugungi kunda ham o‘z ahamiyatini yo‘qotmagan. Buyuk alloma va mutafakkirlarning ilmiy merosi va uning zamonaviy sivilizatsiya tarixida tutgan o‘rni va roliga bag‘ishlanib 2014-yilning 15-16-may kunlari Samarqandda xalqaro konferensiya o‘tkazildi. Konferensiyada ellikka yaqin mamlakatlardan sharqshunos olimlar, nufuzli xalqaro tashkilot vakillari, ilmiy markazlar mutaxassislari ishtirok etdilar. Aziz o‘quvchi! Biz shu zamindan yetishib chiqqan, dunyo tan olgan buyuk mutafakkirlar va mashhur ulamolarning avlodlarimiz. “Dunyo tan olgan buyuk mutafakkirlarimiz va mashhur ulamolarimizga munosib bo‘lish” deganda nimani tushunasiz? Fikringizni izohlang. Buning uchun Sizdan nima talab qilinadi? * “Tadqiqotchi-olimlarning fikricha, Sharq, xususan, Markaziy Osiyo mintaqasi IX—XII va XIV—XV asrlarda bami- soli po‘rtanadek otilib chiqqan ikki qudratli ilmiy-ma da niy yuksalishning manbayi hisoblanib, jahonning boshqa min- taqalaridagi Renessans jarayonlariga ijobiy ta'sir ko‘rsatgan Sharq uyg‘onish davri — Sharq Renessansi sifatida dunyo ilmiy jamoatchiligi tomonidan haqli ravishda tan olingan”. Islom KARIMOV Darslikni o‘qish jarayonida ona Vatan mudofaasi yo‘lida mardlik ko‘rsatgan Jaloliddin Manguberdi, Temur Malik, Shayx Najmiddin Kubro, Mahmud Tarobiy, Amir Temur kabi vatanparvarlarning jasorati bilan tanishasiz. Qadimgi Turon hududlarida azaldan o‘troq o‘zbeklar, tojik, qirg‘iz, qozoq, qoraqalpoq va turkmanlar yashab kelgan. Shu boisdan, o‘zbek xalqining o‘tmishi etnik jihatdan yaqin bo‘l- gan qardosh xalqlarning tarixi bilan chambarchas bog‘lanib uyg‘unlashgan. Ular ko‘p hollarda yagona davlatning umumiy fuqarosi bo‘lib yashaganlar, el-yurtni obod etishda faol ishtirok etganlar. Darslikda berilgan voqealar bilan tanishib borar ekansiz, xalqimiz doimo bunyodkorlikka, ilm va ma'rifatga intilib yashaganini bilib olasiz. Ilm va ma'rifatga intilish orqa- ligina komillikka erishish mumkinligini tushunasiz. Komillik esa tinimsiz mehnat talab qiladi. Siz o‘z ustingizda tinimsiz ishlashingiz, bilimlaringizni yanada mustahkamlab, orttirib borishingiz orqali vatanparvarligingizni namoyon qilasiz. Bu esa Sizning ma'naviy jasoratingiz bo‘lib qoladi. 1. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Birinchi Prezidenti Islom Karimovning quyidagi fikrlarini o‘qing va undagi “...o‘zimiz ham, xuddi ular kabi, mana shu bebaho merosga o‘z hissamizni qo‘shaylik!” degan fikrlariga munosabatingizni bildiring. Siz qanday hissa qo‘sha olasiz? “Men yoshlarimizga murojaat qilar ekanman, ularga doi mo: “Biz buyuk ajdodlarimiz bilan faxrlanishimiz, g‘ururl anishimiz kerak”, deb aytaman. Ayni vaqtda “Faqat g‘ururlanishning o‘zi yetarli emas, kelinglar, o‘zimiz ham, xuddi ular kabi, mana shu bebaho merosga o‘z hissamizni qo‘shaylik!” deb takrorlayman”. 2. eslab ko‘ring-chi, qadimgi davrda O‘zbekiston hududida qanday davlatlar bo‘lgan? 3. Matnda keltirilgan “...mazkur hudud aholisining ijtimoiy- siyosiy, iqtisodiy va ma'naviy hayoti rivojiga ta'sir ko‘r- satgan” jumlasida qanday ta'sirlar haqida gap ketmoqda? Ijtimoiy-siyosiy, iqtisodiy va ma'naviy ta'sir deganda nimani tushunasiz? 4. Ayting-chi, o‘rta asrlarda Vatanimiz tarixining o‘ziga xos xususiyati nimadan iborat ekan? 5. O‘rta asrlarda yurtimizdan yetishib chiqqan buyuk muta- fakkirlar va mashhur ulamolarning qaysi asarlarini bilasiz? 6. Siz yurtimiz tarixiga bag‘ishlangan xalqaro konferensiyada ishtirok etsangiz, nimalar haqida gapirgan bo‘lardingiz? I B O B. O‘RTA ASRLARDA YERGA EGALIK QILISH MUNOSABATLARINING SHAKLLANISHI VA RIVOJLANISHI §.1- IJTIMOIY-IQTISODIY O‘ZGARISHLAR Tayanch tushunchalar: dehqon, kashovarz, kadivar, chokar. Ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy o‘zgarishlar. O‘z zamonasining buyuk davlatlari bo‘lgan Qang‘ davlati va Kushon podsholigi davrida Qadimgi Turon diyori yuksala boshlagan edi. Bu davrda mamlakat aholisining ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy, madaniy va siyosiy hayotida muhim o‘zgarishlar ro‘y berdi. Shaharlarning soni ko‘paydi va hududi kengaydi. Shahar ilk o‘rta asrlardan bosh- lab hunarmandchilik, savdo-sotiq va madaniy hayotning mar- kaziga aylangan. Vohalarda yirik sug‘orish tarmoqlari qazilib, sug‘orma dehqonchilik maydonlari kengaygan. Suv tegirmoni, chig‘ir va charxpalak kabi suv inshootlari kashf etilgan. Oqar suv sathidan birmuncha balandlikda joylashgan maydonlarga suv chiqarib obod etilgan. ekin maydonlarini sug‘orish va ishlov berishning takomilla- shuvi tufayli aholi dehqonchilikdan mo‘l hosil olgan. Shaharlarda aholining ko‘payib borishi, hunarmandchilik, ichki va tashqi savdoning rivoj topishi bilan qishloq xo‘jalik mahsulotlariga bo‘lgan ehtiyoj ortib borgan. Natijada mamlakatning iqtisodiy hayotida xomashyo yetkazuvchi qishloqlarning nufuzi ko‘tarildi. Bir tomondan, yerga, ziroatkor maydonlarga bo‘lgan munosabat, ularga egalik qilish shakli asta-sekin o‘zgara boshlagan. Ikkinchi tomondan esa o‘troq ziroatkor aholi bilan chorvador qabilalar o‘rtasidagi aloqalar rivojlandi. Mamlakatning dasht va tog‘oldi mintaqalarida yashovchi ko‘chmanchi va yarim ko‘chmanchi aholining o‘troq hayot tar- ziga o‘tishi kuchaygan. Oqibatda dehqonchilik uchun yaroqli sug‘oriladigan yerlarga bo‘lgan ehtiyoj tobora oshib borgan. Buning natijasida qo‘riq va bo‘z yerlarga suv chiqarilib, katta- katta ekin maydonlari barpo etilgan. Bunday obodonchilik ishlarini amalga oshirishda mamlakat ijtimoiy hayotida katta- gina nufuzga ega bo‘lgan mulkdor tabaqa vakillari, qishloq oqsoqollari hamda qabila boshliqlari ishboshi sifatida faol qatnashadilar. Yangi o‘zlashtirilgan yer maydonlarining ma'lum bir ulushi ularning qo‘liga o‘tib, meros mulkiga aylangan. Shu tariqa, kattagina yer egaligiga asoslangan mulkdorlar tabaqasi shakllangan. Dehqonlar va ular xo‘jaligidagi hayot. Qabila boshliqlari, ishboshilar o‘zlariga tegishli yer maydonlarini sug‘orish tarmoqlarining yuqori qismidan, ayniqsa, to‘g‘on boshi atrofidan ajratib olganlar. Bu yo‘l bilan ular suvdan dehqonchilikda bemalol foydalanish, suv taqsimotini nazoratga olib, qishloq aholisi ustidan o‘z ta'sirini o‘tkazish imkoniyatiga ega bo‘l- ganlar. Shu tariqa, ular ziroatkor aholi ustidan hukmronlik qila boshlaganlar. O‘sha davrda ular dehqonlar deb atalgan. Dehqonlar shaharlarda hashamatli qasr va saroylarga, savdo va hunarmandchilik do‘kon-u rastalaridan iborat kat- tagina xo‘jalikka ham ega bo‘lganlar. Qishloqlarda
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