KONSEP KEPEMILIKAN TANAH DALAM EKONOMI ISLAM, USAHA MENGURANGI ANGKA KEMISKINAN DI INDONESIA Fadli Hudaya1 Alamat Korespondensi : Jl

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KONSEP KEPEMILIKAN TANAH DALAM EKONOMI ISLAM, USAHA MENGURANGI ANGKA KEMISKINAN DI INDONESIA Fadli Hudaya1 Alamat Korespondensi : Jl KONSEP KEPEMILIKAN TANAH DALAM EKONOMI ISLAM, USAHA MENGURANGI ANGKA KEMISKINAN DI INDONESIA 1 Fadli Hudaya Alamat Korespondensi : Jl. KHM Mansyur No.2, Kota Pekalongan, Telp/Fax: 434444 E-mail: [email protected] Abstraksi Karakteristik tanah berbeda dengan benda pada umumnya, kuantitas tanah bersifat tetap sebanyak daratan dunia. Sebaliknya, benda secara umum justru dapat diproduksi mengikuti keinginan manusia. Walaupun tanah tidak dapat ditambah kuantitas, namun tanah adalah media tanam yang paling banyak dimanfaatkan untuk menopang produksi kebutuhan manusia yang belum tergantikan oleh media lainnya. Sehingga penguasaan lahan tanah oleh seorang memungkinkan bagi dirinya memproduktifkannya menghasilkan keuntungan ekonomi atau menaikkan nilainya dengan cara menahannya. Di Indonesia, 93% penguasaan dan kepemilikan tanah oleh segelintir pengusaha, 7% luas tanah dikuasai dan dimiliki oleh mayoritas penduduk Indonesia sebagai akibat pendistribusian tanah hanya bertumpu pada mekanisme harga, yaitu berpindahnya status kepemilikan karena jual beli. Konsekuensi logisnya adalah penguasaan dan kepemilikan kemungkinan besar berada di tangan penduduk bermodal besar dan tidak untuk sebaliknya. Keadaan ini menyalahi apa yang diamanatkan oleh Pancasila sila kelima yaitu keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia. Muslim adalah 85% penduduk negeri ini adalah pihak yang kemungkinan terdampak dari kebijakan ini sekaligus pihak yang berhak untuk memberikan konsep alternatif. Islam sebagai agama dan jalan hidup bagi seorang muslim memiliki konsep tentang pertanahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui a). konsep pertanahan di Indonesia dan hasil penerapannya, b). konsep pertanahan dalam Islam sekaligus hasil penerapannya, c). menarik konsep yang dapat dijadikan solusi. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan melakukan studi pustaka berkaitan dengan konsep pertanahan di Indonesia meliputi perundang-undangan pertanahan, konsep tentang hukum pertanahan dalam khazanah Fiqh Islam, serta sejarah penerapannya. Hasil yang diharapkan adalah perbandingan antara dua konsep pertanahan dan menarik konsep yang dapat diusulkan untuk mengurangi problem pertanahan. Kata Kunci: Kepemilikan Tanah, Ekonomi Islam, Kemiskinan. 1 STIE Muhammadiyah Pekalongan, Pekalongan Jawa Tengah 43 Pendahuluan menetap dan populasi masyarakat Tanah merupakan faktor produksi semakin bertambah, masyarakat mulai paling penting yang menjadi bahan mencintai tanah dan berusaha kajian paling serius para ahli ekonomi, menguasai tanah secara permanen. Pada karena sifatnya yang khusus yang tidak periode ini, tanah meski masih dianggap dimiliki oleh faktor produksi lainnya. milik masyarakat, dibagi sama rata pada Sifat itu antara lain bahwa tanah dapat kepala keluarga dan berlaku untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pokok dan jangka waktu tertentu. Maka datanglah permanen manusia, tanah kuantitasnya suatu masa ketika pembagian secara terbatas dan bersifat tetap. Sifat lainnya periodik tidak dipakai lagi. Mereka adalah bahwa tanah bukanlah produk yang telah mengolah tanahnya tidak yang dihasilkan oleh tenaga manusia. mau tunduk lagi pada tujuan komunitas. Sebaliknya, segala sesuatu selain tanah Mereka mempertahankan tanah seperti mesin, kendaraan pengangkut, garapannya dan memunculkan lembaga dan bangunan adalah produk yang kepemilikan keluarga. Sistem ini terus dihasilkan oleh tenaga manusia. Selain berkembang menjadi kepemilikan itu permasalahan tanah juga telah bebas. Tidak hanya bebas untuk menjadi penyebab pertentangan, dimiliki, namun juga bebas untuk pertikaian, dan pertumpahan darah antar memindahtangankan kepemilikan anggota masyarakat. Tanah ternyata kepada pihak lain.2 juga memberi andil besar dalam Pemilikan tanah dianggap suatu tipe perubahan struktur dan sistem kepemilikan yang par excellence masyarakat. Kemunculan diskursus (paling istimewa) di negara-negara dalam sistem ekonomi kapitalisme dan kapitalis.3 Tanah boleh dimiliki oleh sosialisme juga sedikit banyak dipicu individu seluas-luasnya, bahkan karena kecemburuan sosial terhadap menyewakannya kepada masyarakat golongan tertentu dari masyarakat yang dengan harga sewa dan harga jual yang memiliki tanah karena hak-hak dilakukan sewenang-wenang. istimewa dan menjadikannya sebagai Akibatnya adalah cukup serius, biaya alat eksploitasi masyarakat. sewa yang tinggi dimungkin mendorong Berdasarkan sudut pandang sejarah, harga bahan kebutuhan pokok yang di status kepemilikan tanah terus dalamnya terdapat biaya tersebut berkembang mengikuti kompleksitas menjadi ikut naik dan berujung pada masyarakat. Pada masa kehidupan inflasi. Bagi negara sendiri, tanah berburu dan meramu, kepemilikan atas menjadi lahan subur bagi perolehan tanah bukanlah termasuk raison d’etre pajak. Gerakan Henry George tentang oleh masyarakat saat itu. Ketika pajak tunggal (1886) yang memiliki masyarakat mulai memasuki tahap awal jutaan pengikut di Amerika Serikat dunia pertanian, kepemilikan atas tanah mulai melembaga. Namun, tipe 2 Irfan Mahmud Ra’ana, Sistem Ekonomi perladangan berpindah yang diterapkan Pemerintahan Umar Ibn Al-Khatab, (Jakarta : oleh masyarakat primitif waktu itu Pustaka Firdaus, 1997), hlm. 20-22. menimbulkan masalah dalam 3 Negara Kapitalis adalah sebutan bagi Negara kepemilikan tanah. Kepemilikan tanah yang menerapkan system ekonomi kapitalisme, yang didefinisikan sebagai system ekonomi saat itu dianggap sebagai kepemilikan yang bersandar pada kepemilikan pribadi atas ال َّرأْ ُس َما ِل ٌَّةُ ِه ًَ ال ّنِ َظا ُم ) sementara karena mereka sumber-sumber kekayaan .(ا ْ ِْل ْقتِ َصا ِد ُّي ا َّل ِذي ٌَقُ ْو ُم َع َلى ا ْل ِم ْل ِكٌَّ ِة ا ْل َخا َّص ِة ِل َم َوا ِر ِد الثَّ ْر َو ِة meninggalkannya setelah selesai dipergunakan. Baru tahap pertanian Lihat: Ibrahim Anis dkk, Al-Mu’jam Al-Wasith, hal.319. 44 memiliki pendapat berdasarkan fakta di modal (pengusaha). Selanjutnya secara atas bahwa pada prinsipnya penyewaan gradual terjadi penyusutan jumlah tanah tanah akan memberikan nilai tambah pertanian produktif yang tersedia dan karena itu dapat dikenakan pajak sehingga konflik kepentingan antar tinggi tanpa perlu mengubah sektor ekonomi penggunaan tanah perangsang produksi. sejalan dengan berkembangnya Negara yang menerapkan sistem pembangunan industri.4 Adanya ekonomi kapitalis memiliki pandangan perubahan-perubahan tata guna bahwa negara memiliki posisi sebagai tanah/alih fungsi dari pertanian ke non- regulator dan menjaga ruang kebebasan pertanian (industri) mengindikasikan bagi setiap individu. Pandangan dasar terjadinya peralihan hak atas tanah dari tersebut dalam kacamata ekonomi petani kepada pengusaha industri. Di memberikan peluang bagi terciptanya samping itu, juga terindikasi bahwa di produktivitas individu bagi sebagai satu pihak telah menciptakan feodalis pemilik modal (baik berupa uang, (tuan tanah) baru, di lain pihak juga tenaga atau skill) dikarenakan kreatifitas menciptakan kelangkaan (sempitnya) dan inovasi dalam berusaha terbuka tanah petani. lebar. Setiap individu warga negara Terjadinya perubahan sosial hak milik berkesempatan membangun sebuah atas tanah terjadi karena semakin perusahaan, mengelolanya, dan meningkatnya nilai ekonomi tanah memperluas usaha, bahkan bersamaan dengan meningkatnya memperbanyak lahan tanah yang kebutuhan untuk pembangunan dimiliki untuk menunjang aktivitas berbagai industri. Secara ekonomis produksinya selama memiliki modal tanah menjadi obyek spekulasi yang besar. Begitu juga sebaliknya, setiap dianggap lebih menguntungkan, individu yang memiliki modal kecil akhirnya memunculkan kecenderungan juga bebas membangun usahanya dari baru yakni kepemilikan tanah sebagai modal sesuai kemampuannya. Harapan barang yang dapat diperdagangkan, akhirnya adalah pertumbuhan ekonomi bahkan sebagai obyek spekulasi yang yang ditandai dengan ramainya aktivitas bermakna ekonomis semata sehingga produksi dalam berbagai jenis produk membuat pemilik tanah bebas terjadi di setiap hirarki sosial. Pabrik memperlakukan tanah baik tempat menghasilkan produk lahir dan diproduktifkan atau didiamkan demi tumbuh, selanjutnya kegiatan ekonomi mengejar keuntungan ke depan. Banyak lain penopang aktivitas pabrik pun tanah yang oleh pemiliknya sengaja tumbuh, termasuk mendorong harga dibiarkan atau tidak dikerjakan dengan tanah mengalami kenaikan di sekitar cara menelantarkan tanahnya. Terdapat pabrik dan inilah yang disebut berbagai faktor yang menyebabkan pembangungan. pemilik tanah sengaja menelantarkan Sebagai konsekuensi dari pembangunan tanahnya. Misalnya: investasi dalam yang ditandai dengan meningkatnya bentuk tanah dipandang lebih produktivitas (pelaku ekonomi menguntungkan daripada investasi melakukan aktivitas produksi) adalah dengan cara menabung uang di bank,5 meningkatnya kebutuhan tersedianya lahan untuk industri. Akibatnya banyak 4 Yusriyad,. Industri & Perubahan Fungsi terjadi alih fungsi tanah dari fungsi Sosial: Hak Milik Atas Tanah. (Yogyakarta: pertanian ke fungsi industri, beralih Genta Publishing, 2010), hal.196. juga kepemilikan dari petani ke pemilik 5 Hasil kajian Prof. Yusriadi terkait tanah terlantar di Kelurahan Wujil, Kebupaten 45 tanah sengaja diterlantarkan karena kondisi tanah dan rencana belum tersedianya modal atau biaya pembangunan, 6. Menertibkan untuk mengerjakan tanahnya, dan peraturan-peraturan sebagai karena tanah yang bersangkutan masih pelaksanaan UUPA. dalam sengketa di antara para ahli Realitas kepemilikan dan penguasaan waris.6 tanah di Indonesia dalam kurun waktu 3 Adanya peran pemerintah yang (tiga) dekade terakhir, diwarnai oleh dominan, pada gilirannya telah sejumlah sengketa. Dari
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