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Judenräte: Opfer Oder Täter?

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Judenräte: Opfer Oder Täter? Judenräte: Opfer oder Täter? Neuere Debatten über ihre Rolle im Zweiten Weltkrieg Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Magistra der Philosophie an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz vorgelegt von Sabine Adametz am Institut für: Geschichte Begutachter: Univ.- Dozent Dr. Martin Moll Graz, Februar 2019 1Vorwort ................................................... ................................................... ............................... 3 2Einleitung ................................................... ................................................... ............................ 3 3Historischer Überblick und Hintergrund ................................................... ................................ 6 3.1Begriffsdefinition Judenrat ................................................... ............................................. 6 3.2Begriffsdefinition Ghetto ................................................... ................................................ 7 3.3Die Entstehung der Judenräte ................................................... .......................................... 9 3.4Die Aufgaben der Judenräte ................................................... .......................................... 15 3.5Die Entstehung der Ghettos ................................................... .......................................... 22 3.5.1Ghetto in Lodz ................................................... ................................................... .... 22 3.5.2Ghetto in Warschau ................................................... ................................................ 29 3.5.3Ghetto in Theresienstadt ................................................... ........................................ 37 4 Biografische Auseinandersetzung mit wichtigen Personen ................................................... 46 4.1 Mordechaj Chaim Rumkowski ................................................... .................................... 46 4.1.1Werdegang – Sein Leben, bis er Judenältester wurde ............................................... 46 4.1.2Judenrat – Sein Verhalten als Judenältester ................................................... ........... 50 4.2 Adam Czerniakow ................................................... ................................................... ..... 60 4.2.1Werdegang – Sein Leben, bis er Judenältester wurde ............................................... 60 4.2.2Judenrat – Sein Verhalten als Judenältester ................................................... ........... 63 4.3Benjamin Murmelstein ................................................... .................................................. 71 4.3.1Werdegang – Sein Leben, bis er Judenältester wurde ............................................... 71 4.3.2Judenrat – Sein Verhalten als Judenältester ................................................... ........... 79 4.3.3Neustart – Sein Leben nach dem Krieg ................................................... .................. 82 5Ein Versuch der Beantwortung der Frage: Judenräte – Täter oder Opfer? ............................. 84 5.11945-1955 – Die Überlebenden urteilen selbst über jüdische Kollaborateure ................ 84 5.21960er Jahre: Hannah Arendt und Raul Hilberg prägen das Bild der Judenräte ............. 86 5.3Ab 1970: Zahlreiche Historiker setzen sich genauer mit dem Thema auseinander ......... 89 5.4Spezifische Auseinandersetzung mit einzelnen Judenältesten ......................................... 94 6Schlussteil ................................................... ................................................... ......................... 97 7Bibliografie ................................................... ................................................... ..................... 102 1 Vorwort Der Auslöser für meine Diplomarbeit war das Seminar „Fotografie aus den Lagern des NS- Regimes: Praxis, Funktion und Erinnerung“, das ich bei Frau Dr. Hildegard Frübis besuchte. Eine Präsentation zu den Ghettos in Polen und der unterschiedliche Umgang mit der Verantwortung der Judenräte haben mein Interesse für dieses Thema geweckt. 2 Einleitung Lange Zeit hindurch wurden die NS-Ghettos in Polen nur als eine Art Zwischenstation oder Vorhölle gesehen. Insbesondere die von den Deutschen aufgezwungene jüdische „Selbstverwaltung“ durch die Institution Judenrat wurde nach dem Krieg weitgehend tabuisiert und verschwiegen. Ab Herbst 1939 übertrugen die deutschen Behörden schrittweise den jüdischen Institutionen die scheinbare Verwaltung der Ghettos. Mit der Einrichtung eines Judenrates in jedem Ghetto distanzierte sich die SS scheinbar von der Vollstreckung ihrer Politik und verurteilte somit die Judenräte mittels der ihnen aufgezwungenen Zusammenarbeit zu einer unmoralischen Form der Kollaboration. 1 Dan Diner definiert die schwierige Situation der Judenräte sehr treffend dahingehend, dass die jüdische Selbstverwaltung und ihre Instrumentalisierung im Vernichtungsprozess dazu beitrugen, die sonst sehr klare Linie zwischen Tätern und Opfern scheinbar zu verwischen und die Opfer in den Tatzusammenhang zu verstricken. 2 Das große moralische Dilemma lässt sich folgendermaßen zusammenfassen: Die Juden des Judenrats wurden zum Mitmachen gezwungen, sie klammerten sich an die Hoffnung, ihren Mitmenschen zu helfen, um sich dann in den Augen der anderen mitschuldig zu machen. Dieser perfide Plan der Nationalsozialisten ging auf, denn nach dem Krieg gerieten die Judenräte massiv in Kritik; sie wurden der bereitwilligen Mittäterschaft bezichtigt und mussten sich in Ehrengerichtsverfahren rechtfertigen. Eines der Hauptwerke, das sich mit der Institution Judenrat beschäftigt, ist Isaiah Trunks Judenrat, The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe under Nazi Occupation . Seine Ausführungen zu den verschiedenen Judenräten in Osteuropa geben einen detailreichen 1Vgl. Kiesel et al., Leben, S. 7. 2Vgl. ebda., S. 11. 3 Überblick. Zum Thema Judenräte gibt es mittlerweile einige Publikationen, die ich zur Recherche für diese Arbeit herangezogen habe. Die zentrale Frage dieser Diplomarbeit lautet, ob sich die Judenräte mitschuldig machten oder ob sie selbst nur Opfer des Nationalsozialismus waren. Viele Überlebende verurteilen das Handeln der Judenräte und sehen in ihnen Kollaborateure, die ihre Macht ausnutzten und das Leben der Juden aufs Spiel setzen. Besonders die Judenältesten erfuhren heftige Kritik. Am Beispiel verschiedener Historiker, die sich dieser Thematik annahmen, wird versucht, die Schuldfrage zu klären. Damit diese Frage wissenschaftlich beantwortet werden kann, müssen zuerst einige Begriffe geklärt werden. In dieser Arbeit wird oft der Begriff Judenrat fallen, darum ist es als Einstieg wichtig, ihn genauer zu beleuchten. Ist er ein von den Nazis eingeführter Begriff oder gaben sich Judenvereinigungen selbst den Titel eines Judenrats? Des Weiteren wird der Begriff Ghetto definiert. Woher stammt er und bezeichnete er bereits vor dem Nationalsozialismus ein abgetrenntes Wohngebiet für Juden? Erstaunlicherweise überdauerte der Begriff Ghetto den Zweiten Weltkrieg und wird heute noch verwendet. Es gab in nahezu allen von den Deutschen besetzten Gebieten Ghettos und Judenräte. Diese Arbeit konzentriert sich auf drei auswählte Ghettos und die dazugehörigen Judenältesten. Es handelt sich um Warschau, das größte Ghetto in Polen; Lodz, das Ghetto, das am längsten von den Deutschen betrieben wurde, und Theresienstadt, da Benjamin Murmelstein, der letzte Judenälteste, einer der wenigen in dieser Position war, der den Krieg überlebte. Somit wurde diese Auswahl an Forschungsobjekten getroffen, da sie am aussagekräftigsten und interessantesten erschienen. Chronologisch wird die Entstehung dieser drei Ghettos beleuchtet. Welche Personen waren involviert und verlief alles nach Plan? Dieses Kapitel beleuchtet auch die Spannungen auf deutscher Seite; es kam in der Führungsriege oftmals zu Uneindeutigkeiten und Planänderungen. Der zweite Teil beschäftigt sich mit den wichtigen Führungspersonen der jeweiligen Ghettos. Dabei handelt es sich um Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski, Adam Czerniakow und Benjamin Murmelstein. Sie waren es schließlich, die sich mit der Anschuldigung der Mittäterschaft auseinandersetzen mussten. Wie kamen diese drei Männer zu ihrer Position? Aus welchem politischen und religiösen Umfeld kamen sie? Eine wichtige Frage lautet: Wie haben sie sich 4 in ihrer Position als Judenältester verhalten? Nutzten sie das Amt und die Macht aus oder agierten sie stets zum Wohl der jüdischen Bevölkerung? Im dritten und letzten Teil beschäftigt sich die Arbeit mit der historischen Aufarbeitung der Judenräte und damit, wie die Situation von Historikern nach dem Krieg betrachtet und beurteilt wurde. Gibt es Unterschiede im Umgang mit den Judenräten im Lauf der Zeit? Der Schlussteil versucht, die Ausgangsfrage anhand der Ausführungen der Diplomarbeit zu beantworten. 5 Erster Teil 3 Historischer Überblick und Hintergrund 3.1 Begriffsdefinition Judenrat Der Begriff Judenrat beschreibt eine Zwangsinstitution für Juden während der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus in den vom Dritten Reich kontrollierten Gebieten. In manchen Quellen wird auch der Begriff jüdischer Ältestenrat verwendet. Er beschreibt dieselbe Zwangskörperschaft wie der oben genannte Judenrat. An der Spitze des Judenrates stand ein Judenältester, auch bezeichnet als Obmann oder Oberjude. 3 Der Begriff Judenrat wurde das erste Mal kurz nach Hitlers Machtübernahme am 30. Januar 1933 in einem Generalplan für eine antijüdische Gesetzgebung
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