A QUAPAW VOCABULARY
Robert L. Rankin The University of Kansas
Introduction. This short vocabulary of Quapaw was collected in the area around Miami, Oklahoma in 1973 and 1974. At that time I was able to lo cate and interview only one person who was considered fluent in the lan guage in the sense of being able to make up new sentences, Hrs. Mary Redeagle. Mrs. Redeagle suffered a serious illness in the Spring of 1974 and I was unable to work with her after that. The Quapaws fall within the Dhegiha subgroup of Siouan tribes. Linguistically they form a separate branch of that subgroup, the other two being Kansa and Osage, on the one hand, and Omaha and Ponca on the other. They call themselves Ok4xPa, and, although they may be the Pacaha mentioned in the Desoto chronicle, the earliest certain recorded refer ence to them is from the Marquette expedition. In July of 1673 Marquette encountered the Quapaws living in four villages at or near the mouth of the Arkansas River. That all four villages were Quapaw is demonstrated in Dorsey's (1886) analysis of the village names. The tribal name is not used in the earliest accounts, although it occurs in one of the town names, Kappa. The French called the tribe by its Algonquian name, Akansa or Akansea, a term apparently applied to all Dhegiha speaking tribes by the member peoples of the Illinois Confederacy. The history of the Quapaws from the time of their first contact with the French, through their deportation in stages to northeastern Oklahoma, to the present is covered well in Baird (1980). There is a great deal of Quapaw lexical material in the National Anthropological Archives of the Smithsonian Institution. Most of it was collected c. 1883 by the Rev. James Owen Dorsey and is found in the col lection bearing his name. I hope one day to expand this dictionary and include the Dorsey material, but I intend to wait until I am more famili ar with the closely related Kansa and Omaha languages before attempting to edit the Dorsey MSS. Dorsey's perception of Quapaw was strongly in fluenced by his knowledge of Omaha and his transcription is very diffi cult to interpret without a thorough knowledge of both Quapaw morphology and the phonologies of the other Dhegiha languages.
My notation in the vocabulary is essentially phonemic in the tradi tional sense. The phonemes of Quapaw are displayed in the following chart:
Consonants: labial dental alveopalatal velar glottal
Glottalized: ?
Aspirated: ph th kh
Kansas Working Papers &n Linguistics. Vol. 7~ 1982. pp. 125-152. 126
Tense: pp tt kk
Lax: p t k
Voiced: b d Glottalized: s? .., Tense: s s x h .., Lax: z z Nasal: m n Glide: w
Vowels: oral nasal
i 0
e a
The five manner stop series may strike some as strange. All five manners of articulation appear to have been kept separate by the older speakers (with some slight overlap) and all five have fairly well defin ed sources in proto-Siouan.
The glottalized stops may or may not have been clusters (as oppos ed to units) historically. They are ejectives in all of the modern Mississippi Valley Siouan languages including Quapaw. ? is a reflex of both proto-Siouan ~~? and -l'122. The aspirates may be from PS clusters Ch or Cx. Some Dhegiha aspi rates were clearly PS clusters and indeed must be treated as such s~ chronically, e.g., ~~w- '1st sg. actor' prefixed to the verb he 'say' gives p'he 'I say'. Other aspirates are not so easily explained. -
The voiceless tense stops are phonetically geminate between vowels, tense unaspirated word initially. In many cases they are clearly reflex es of PS heterorganic stop clusters, a fact which accounts for their gemi nation. Compare for example Dakota sakpe 'six' with the Quapaw cognate s~ppe. Other of these stops correspond to Dakota aspirates and their exact interrelationships and origins are still unclear. The voiceless lax stops are reflexes of PS voiceless unaspirated stops. In the closely related Omaha, Ponca and Kansa languages this series has voiced to b, d, (J), and.K in all environments. Some Quapaws have also voiced this series entirely or in part. 127
The voiced stops are for the most part reflexes of PS -lew and -l~r. Strictly speaking, Quapaw b and d are in complimentary distribution with m and n, the latter appearing only before nasal vowels. This is not true for Omaha, Ponca or Ransa, however, and I have kept the two series nota tionally apart in this vocabulary. As mentioned above, in the Quapaw of the last generation there is considerable variation between the voiceless lax and voiced stops in all contexts. Most Quapaws, for example, pro nounce the tribal name Ogaxpa.
All Dhegiha languages exhibit partial merger of the two nasal back vowels. ~ and .2. are both rendered ~ in many environments. They are pre served distinct in some contexts however; and there are minimal pairs in Ransa. I have transcribed them as I heard them, and this practice has resulted in a number of double entries. Similar confusion is evident in the Dorsey materials, and, in fact, all Dhegiha languages show this part ial merger. The back nasal vowels present problems in other Siouan sub groups and in Catawba also.
The four oral vowels reflect the proto-Siouan system except that PS *u became -l~t1, then i in Quapaw (and in Omaha and Ponca). The t1 stage is preserved in Kansa and Osage.
A few symbols are used in the dictionary that do not appear in the Quapaw phoneme inventory. These include alveopalatal affricates c and I. The alveopalatal affricates are products of the palatalization of dentals tt, t, d, etc., not of velars as in Dakota. Such palatalization is productive ill Kansa and Osage, where the affricates have become sepa rate phonemes. In Quapaw and in Omaha and Ponca the dental stops are generally intact. Entries for which the speaker was uncertain of the pronunciation or for which I was uncertain what I was hearing are fol lowed by a ? Beside each entry the initials of the individual who provided the word are often given. If no initials appear it is usually the case that there were a great many different sources. (OM) Mrs. Odes tine McWatters; (AG) Mrs. Alice Gilmore; (KS) Mr. Kugee Supernaw; (CS) Mr. Charles Supernaw; (BS) Mr. Bill Supernaw, (MS) Mrs. Maude Supernaw; and Om) Mrs. Mary Redeagle were all extremely helpful to me. I was able to speak with all of these individuals except for Mrs. Maude Supernaw, whose voice was preserved on tape by her grandsons. I wish to express my deep appreciation to all for the use of their word lists, recordings, memories and good will. I would like also to thank Mr. Bob Whitebird for his help early on in steering me toward people with an active in terest in their language. 128
Aa oo.aska flat. v. pdaska
a arm (CS). bde.kka flat, thin. v. ¢ekka
aan..t (7) swim (CS). cf. ida biakdezi (7) rice (BS) .
abedehnQhnQ cabbage (BS). bize dry (HR). also pize also abeJihnQhnQ (OM) bn~ smell. also bnQ, pn~ acceza ('?) "goodness!" (DM, AG) • D d adis~ stop, cease (CS). di3.bni three (OM) . .3kakk~ powder (118). sizlka i3.k~ baby powder dabni i3.kni thirteen (BS).
akni sit on, chair (OM). cf. dathe eat (MS). bdathe I kni sit eat . bdathemikhe I am eating ant mountain OfS, CS) . also ann*", . (~)). jaw. jawbone (CS).
coat (OM). daphe to hold in the mouth.
asitti outdoors (OM). also dat~ drink. ~itti daux?e (7) gourd (CS). also bed, lie upon (OM). dauxe (7)
to bite. Bb de go (cs )• bdetta zn:ikhe (7) fiddle, violin I am going (OM) . probably bakitte to play an accordian, dedo here (OM,AG). also droo (wakitte) ( JOD ) deha (7) horn (CS). baxitte sweat . v. paxitte. deze baxe (7) woodpecker (CS). paxitte (JOD) also dese baxe (7) stooped over (CS). die you (OM). also Jie, diye 129 diSlzine blackhaws (?) (MS). h~t?eka fly (insect) (CS). blackhaws should be pO also h~t?ega (also?) he horn of an animal. d.i.tta. your (alienable) (AG). also Jltta. heka ttQka buzzard (MS). dize get, take (MR). hezikka bee, wasp (CS) . hi come. haniSl how are E e you? (BS) e yes (OM). hi hundred (OM) . hi tooth. ~ (Not a Quapaw sound) hi tree. glY~ (7) owl (CS). diy~ (7) -hi very. was?c3kehi very possibly ki~ to fly big hlgasOgobotte (7) toothpick Hh (OM) • ha skin. hirlike leggings (CS). haha (7) light, not heavy. hittQka thousand (BS). haki. where, why (AG). also he fish (BS). hagl h6mittatta monkey (CS) • hanQ how much, many, (OM) • also hQnllQ, hangrnliste (CS), 116 ppasi stette gar (CS). Iit • han~ (JOD) long-nosed fish hattik~ (7) lantern, light h6t~ good (OM). also hot~ (BS) • hbNa who (OM). hau yes. hoxpe cough (MS). hawe hello (BS). hQ night. also ~ Mzi grape(s) (MS,OM). hQbnike bean (s ) ( OM) • also hazisego (7) pepper (OM). hQbnige hazeseQka (7) (BS) hQbnike SQsQ pea(s) (BS). Mzitten.i grape dumpling (OM). also mzittenm hQnitta why (MS). 130 hQI1Il.ikhe how are you? (OM). inn~ second girl, daughter also hanQ- (OM) . winn~ my second daughter. cUnn~ your hQpa noon (BS). second daughter hQpade today, day (OM) . also ipaht en pillow (MS, CS ). hQbade know, understand (AG). dream (MS). also hQbde ippidat~ belt (CS). lit. moccasins, shoes (MS). arotmd your waist (CS) also hQbe is~e male cousin, brother hQpetta shoestring (CS). also (OM). yotmger child (CS). hQOOtta wis~e my cousin. dis~e your cousin hQzeda tired (CS ,MS) . istage (?) Frenchman (OM). hQzi no (OM). also isrege. Probably <*istaxe which is used to mean any white man in other I i Dhegiha Siouan languages (Kansa, Omaha-Ponca). It ire swim (AG, OM). hida (OM), is translated as 'white cf. aani (?) eye (s ) I (RLR). idine (?) atmt (CS). also istagesa (?) Negro (OM). WJ.Jme• v ' my aunt probably <*istaxe sa dark whiteman ie speaking,, talk (OM), also lye istOhi elbow(s) (CS). iha mouth (CS). it~e cousin, oldest sister (OM). older child (CS). ikap~ lid, covered (MS). wit~e my cousin. also ikabn~, ikobn~ dit~e your cousin. also ittQke, itt~e (AG,MR). ikazozo paper (OM). itteke (his) uncle (OM,CS). ikazozo ikaxe pencil (CS). witteke my uncle. lit. make mark with it ditteke your uncle. button (CS). it~ dawe (?) President (MS). 1.kkokkokke (?) robin ( CS ). ittik~ grandfather (OM,AG,HS). s,ikkokkOke (JOD) witt~ my grandfather. ditt~ your grandfather. :inttaki bucket (MS), also also iccigo, iccig~ (CS) innidagi 131 i tt:imi aunt (HR). also istaxe eyelash (MR.). also ittirrmi, iccirrmi ist.3.he ittinne (?) aunt (?) (AG). itatte (his) father (CS,OH). daughter-in-law in Omaha also id.3..hte, id.3.tte (OM) (RLR) v. ittimi itta earring (CS). ittQke v. itt4ke. also itt\1ke it~deze bobcat (BS,AG,MS). also kdeze ixa laugh (AG). ittan{l.t~a panther (MS). izani all (AG). also it~ttQka izi brown (CS). ittatte father (MR.). iZQke daughter (MR.). also ittikn{l. diaper (CS), breech iZ1Jge cloth (JOn). Kk :t- rock(s) (MS). also i kah1.ke chief (OM,AG,HR). also gahige. waJini gahige ida mother (OM). president, Indian agent idanyQ!lQ (?) older aunt (OM). cf. mother idazika youngest aunt (OM). thunder (OM). means 'little mother' kanitt4ka loud rolling thunder ~de ache, hurt (AG). (OM) • ikde dung, manure. kanQzike distant thunder (OM). also ganozige, prob. ikhe suspenders (CS). ~ grandmather (OM). kas~i tomorrow (AG). also kasant ipha (?) elk (BS). see OphQ kasQtte in the morning (AG). cf. kas~i ista eye (CS). kaxe do, make (MS). istattahe (?) eyebrows (CS). also istettahe (CS) kde come (MS). istawask6~ (?) eyeglasses kdeIJn~ ten (OM). also gdet>~ (CS). lit. 'eyes, put it on' (CS) 132 twenty (BS). kk{ittfuli apple juice (CS). kdeze spotted. kY4tte slka cherry (BS). kdeze striped. kke turtle (MR, CS) . kdiza wash, wash one's own kke kdeze land turtle (CS) . things or oneself (lm). kkettQka water turtle (CS) . kni sit down (CS). kkitte shoot at. kidaJm.t happy (l{R). also gidagni, kidakdi kkOda friend (AG ,11S). also kkota kitta arise, get up (AG). also gitta kotti far away (BS). kottlde go away off! dig (CS). KH kh kh.ake oldest son (OM,MR). also kh.3.ge Mm khazin (?) first son (CS). probably kha ztka (RLR) arrow (CS). khe the, used with horizontal crow (BS). objects (MR,MS). ~de (?) teats (CS). cf. khi to arrive home. ~ze ~ knife (OM). also KK kk rream (?) (BS) kkattapp:i football (AG). ~i tea (OM). lit. grass water kkatte hot (OM,CS,MS). kkatte hi very hot ~s~ flower (CS). ~ grass, ~ (JOD) kkaxe crov!, raven. ~ grass. v. ITQhi kk~tte fruit, apple (CS). variously translated apple, blanket (CS, AG ). pll.ll:l, etc. a.lso kkQtte medicine. also ITQkkQ apple tree (CS). 133 ~Qkaxa doctor (CS). lit. a, an, one. makes medicine female (AG). wa]in.i rot ~Q5a coffee (OM,AG,CS). white woman lit. black medicine Il'li sun ~Q 5Q 5Q pill. IDQkkQzitte 5Q 5Q red pills mikka raccoon (BS). (stress?) (AG) lit. round medicine ~sa negro (neologism). ~6x?a basket (CS). means lit. black coon. v. also 'put things in' (CS), also istaxe sa ~z6wa star (MR, CS) • ~i heaven (CS,MS). also m;?5i Il'litcihi (?) sun up, dawn (CS,KS,MS) . ~5i feather. ~5~ (JOD) mixa duck (BS ). ~siska White Feather (CS). proper name rnixattQka goose (BS). lit. big duck grizzly bear. IDQCh6 (?) rn4xti one (OM,BS,CS). also boat, canoe (CS). miaxti (BS), rntxci ~tte bow (CS). cf. ~ eleven (BS). arrow IDQhi grass (BS). also ~i, breast. ~ iron, gun (CS). m;?ka skunk (BS). also ~a (CS ) ~zen.t milk (OH) • lit. breast liquid walk (AG). also IrQI1Ili ~zen.t 5V,tte (?) buttermilk (BS). rrQska crawfish. butter (BS). rrQSokki church (AG). ~zeska money (AG). lit. west (MS). white metal IDQstike rabbit (BS,MR). ITI{lzettatte (?) store (CS). also rrastige ~zettike spoon (OM,MS). cf. IDQstikettQka goat (BS). lit. mize big rabbit ~zettitta clock (MS). rrQtta watte slip (undergarment) (OM) . 134 rroxcllxke (?) blackberry (CS). nislke whiskey (OM). lit . waxeka (JOD) bad l·rater cloud (CS). nitte buttocks (OM,CS). country, land (MS). nitte gaZi (?) toilet paper (OM) . V. nitte N n nitte cx:ll.si trousers. v. nitte. also nittyujisi ear(s) (CS). (OM) n~tta stette mule (BS). lit. nixitte hearing (MS). long ears rain (OM,AG). ntzitte ~tte heart (CS). it's going to rain (OM) water, liquid (OM,CS). hair (CS). possibly nnt. cf. ~z~, ~inni nQPa two. also nQb6 (OM,CS) n~a (?) fight (MS). nQPa c1krri. twelve (BS). dat~ cup (MS). ni , nQpe hand (MR). man, male (OM). , nQW oza finger(s). saddle (CS). , nQppe fear. nikkaS1.ka people, clan , (AG ,MS) . nQppe hungry (OH) . n.:pxic3.ska Nebraska (OM) . lit. flat water (Platte River) 00 also ntpdaska ochi hit, strike (CS). oth.i niptxSttoxe soda pop (OM). (JOD) pOSSe nt water, ptxSttoxi burst (JOD) ohowe to bark (MS). !1iskide salt (011). ohQ to cook. nisnt spring (OM). lit. cold okiittQta wheel (MS). water okAxpa Quapaw (OH,MR). also nisnt ttQ Baxter Springs, ogafpa (AG), ogaapa (BS ) Kansas (011). V. nisnt, ttQ also nisnt ttQtta okaxpate south (MS). okcixpade (?), cf. okc3.xpa 135 okk~ika to dislike~ hate (MS). !:.-.E.. okkikdaxda shirt. padet~ winter (HS). pade (JOD) okkio~ (?) cook (AG). v. ohQ to cook pasi hail (CS). okkisike (?) dirty (OM). pasteka strawberry (MS). also onisige also :rrasteka, wasteJca (BS) okn~ to cover. v. ppah6kn~ paxitte sweat (MS) • hat p::Iaska flat. also bdaska okni hurry (AG). pdekka flat. ophQ elk (JOD,LaFlesche). pe summer (MS). also pe-t~ oppi hihikka (?) paper box (CS) • petsini sike (?) storm (CS). May be Osage word (RLR) ostitte slow (AG). also ascitte springtime (MS). othi strike, hit (JOD). pn~ smell. also bn~, bnQ also oChi (CS) po black haws (MR). ottitti hurry (OM). also occicci poide snow (MR). pluda (AG), also p6ide oxn~, o~ mean, ill-tempered (MS) • Ph ph oz~ (?) skillet (CS). also ozegn~ phe grind. ozizi belly (MS). pubic region of abdomen (JOD) PP pp oza, " dance (OM, BS )• ppa nose (CS). ozi dish, plate (OM). ppahi bitter (MR). oz~e road (CS). also oz~gi ppahi head (OM~MR). also wahi (once~ MR) oziha pocket, bag (MS). ppahiska Pawhuska (OM). ppaOOkn~ hat (OM) . from Qk6tta our (two of us). ppahi o~ head covering Qkottawe our (all of us) 136 ppanpnaha Pawnee (CS). sikde track, footstep (CS). ppaxni snot. also ppani (CS) sikka chicken (OH). ppaze darkness, evening. sikkamze hawk (BS). lit. seize a chicken ppazittede east (MS). sikka nikka rooster (OM). eight (OM,CS,MR). sikka ttQka turkey (AG). eighteen (BS). sikkwitta (?) (chicken) egg ppenQPa seven (CS). also (AG) • pinQba (011) sipp6za toes (CS). seventeen (BS). sittaxe ankle (MS). ppette fire (AG). ppettert'Qni daybreak, lit. fire-walk sika squirrel (BS). also siga ppi seed (MR). sitte tail (CS,BS). also PPOhi- sharp (MR). ppoi (JOD) sitte screech owl. s~ttesta hog (BS,CS). lit. smooth tail s s sittesta xotte opossum (BS, CS) . lit. grey hog -sa black. wasa something black, black bear ska white (OM). sape black. Early Qu~paw skati mixti peta.Y9 fifteen word lists report sewe cents (AG). cf. Choctaw skali 'money'. petayo is sat~ five (OM). probably pekaYQ wet (}18). sinQtte knee (s ) (cs ). stake wet (MR) . also stage. sista quail (BS). cf. st3h?e siwe guts. stette long. sizika children (AG). satte fast (CS) . also satta (7) s}ka onion (OM,MS). also s-l-ka s6tte (7) loud (OM). 1e. satte loud talk satte smoke (MS). siatti yesterday (CS) . dog (MS,MR,OM,CS). also sQge. cf. horse S s sQkeagn-i- ho rse (OM, AG ). lit. dog, sit upon. v. ~a dark, brown. waM. some- SQke, agni. also thing brown, a mole sogawgni, Sogaegni, etc. ~ad.3kke Cherokee (OM) . sQkettQka wolf (BS). also slJktljka (MS), sQttQka sake claw( s) . sQsQ round• sape dark, brown. cf. sape. sta smooth. M.ppe six (OM) . also sc3hpe (OM) stanQke persimmon (MR, MS) . also starQge sappe akni sixteen (BS). susta quail (CS). cf. sista. saw~ Shawnee (OM). Form with u may be aI} Osage loan. Osage susta )(.~'lr'lr", ~'C">.n.U. nine. (RLR) nineteen (BS). segatts~ (7) pot (CS). old man. v •• sermu girl (OM). semi (JOD) devil (MS). setta boy (OM). sihi fat (OM). cf. wa1>i. S-l Tt fat (JOD) flea (CS,MS). sike bad (OM). n-i-ziha sike curly hair (CS). nisike tan.i tobacco (OM). tanni whiskey. also sige (AG) 138 taniba pipe, smoke (AG). to zQke pawpaw, banana (MS, also daniba BS) . V. to tattQ what (OM). tatto $e see, look at (AG,MR). skQtta what do you want'? ta?e (7) stomach (CS). Thth probe tai or ttai (JOD) thi arrive, come (MR). te lake (BS). ~ the, definite article used tectO (7) here, this place (OM). with standing objects. teze urinate (OM). also the definite article used with ooze standing inanimate objects. urine (OM). 'IT tt tikkadize lightning (MS). also cekaZize (OM) tta deer (CS). tiwa rib (MS). also owe -tta future tense marker (MS,MR). also tte (?) to potato (MR). ttadaZ1.ppa tick (insect) (MS). tOka (7) buffalo (CS). probably means 'male', ttadokka fresh meat (CS). cf. tte ttak.e black walnut (US). tostette sweet potato (OM) . ttake (JOD) lit. long potato ttanUhQde (beef) soup (MR). toSn~ otter (CS). ttanyUhQ (JOD) tosQsQ Irish potatoes (OM) . ttasi muskrat (CS). tOtte throat (HS). ttasitte ~ deer hair roach (CS). ta.va four (OM) . ttattenQsi (?) cheek (CS). tOwa Skni fourteen (BS). t~ big (CS). also tt~ towitta (7) neck (CS). (MS), ttQga (OM) witta my (?) tte buffalo cow (OM). toxatta ice (CS,MS). also toxatta, tOxe (JOD) ttesk.3. cow, beef (OM). v. tte, ska t6xe buffalo (CS). reddish- yellow buffalo (JOD) 139 tti house (MR). waJini Whiteman (OH). wappeta shawl (MS). also wappeda die, dead. wappQka owl, bogeyman (AG). wasa black bear (BS). Ww wasitta hot~ locust (BS). wakiski (?) wash (CS). waske bread (OM). wadiSkitta armband (MS). waskede (?) soap (BS). wahi bone (CS). also wahi n~i waskeskide cake (OM). rope (BS). wasa black mole (on the skin), something black (MS). crazy, wild (MS,AG). hominy (CS). 140 wasi fat, fatty meat. meat old lady (CS). (AG), pork (OM). wazazev , v Osage (OM). bacon, fatskin (BS). waz}ka bird. was?ake big (AG ,MB.) . waS?ake hi really big waziJ<.a xfMe eagle (CS). cf. xlic13. watastotta hi pecan tree ( CS) • also wadestotta hi waz-izitte red bird (CS). wa~ oha (?) pumpkin (BS). wazQke skide sugar (OM). also waz~e skide wath~ s.3kka watermelon, also wath~ wazQke skide kdO kdo syrup (OM) . wa~ sitta (?) mushmelon (BS) . -we marks plural of verbs and many nouns. wath~zi corn (MS, OM) . squaw corn ( CS) wOOa cllski scissors (CS) . wathiska river (MS). also wedocllsi (?) pie (OM). refers wa&iSka. to wrapping or covering wathQ sakka watermelon (MS). wekdi grease (OM,BS). also also wathq sakka, wa~ wekci, w&]i sakka (?) wekkitte bullet (as). watta pray (MS). snake (MB.,OM). watte dress (OM,AG). wathe (?), semmi watte girl's dress weta bazo finger you point with (MS). also wedabazo watroze catfish (BS). wida (?) time (AG). blackberry (JOn). waxeka , cf. ITOxcllxke (CS) Wl.e I, me (OM,AG). also wiye waxn~Ska frog (BS). also witta my (alienable). wan~ka waxpani to be poor, pitiable Xx (OM) • x~tte cedar (CS,MS). grave (CS). mixe ~ttehi cedar tree (MS). wax?0 woman (MR,AG,OM). rrax?o xc13. skinny (AG). and wax?o (MR) 141 eagle. zozitte Indian. xotte grey (CS). ZQ bdaska board (BS). also zQ pdaska, z~- eagle (AG). zQape leaves (CS). xlidatt9 Big Eagle (AG). proper name zQke sweet (?). to zQke pawpaw, banana ~ ZQ xotte post oak (BS). lit. (Not a Quapaw sound) grey tree yaxre (7) bite (CS). see shake (CS, MS) • nQbe daxta 6dizozo shake hands z z zani all. ENGLISH - QUAPAW zi yellow, gold (CS). zi~ back of a person (CS). A a a, an mi z ~ ache ~de z~ lie (recline) . also z9 , all lZani, zaD..t-. ~~ tree, wood (CS). also ~9 ankle sittaxe ~icIe to go to sleep (CS) . apple juice kk~tten.t z~ppezi (7) trunk (CS). apple tree ~ttehi. v. kk~tte zeka leg arise kitta zelcitta leg of chair (CS). arm a ~eJckide feces (OM,MS) • armband wadiskitta zlka v. zika· also zw arrive thi Zi.tte red (AG). arrive home khi zikA 'little' (OM). arrow na, wap6ka (7) zo flesh, skin (OM). zo zitte Indian, lit. red skin aunt i ttirni (neologism) 142 , aunt, older idanyQhQ (?) black sape, -sa aunt, youngest idazika blackberry rroxiixke (?). waxeka (JOD) B b blackhavls po, dislzine (q. v • ) back zi~a blanket ~itt~, Il'Qitta bacon wasih~ blood wapW-t bad slke blue troho, tto banana to zQke (q. v. ) board zQbdaska bark oh6we (verb) boat ~tte basket ~s6x?a. also mazo..,a bobcat it~deze Baxter Springs, KS n.!sIl.i ttQ bogeyman wappQka (q. v • ) bone wahl beans hQbnike bow m%tte bear, black wasa. little bear box (paper) oPPl hihikka (CS). wasa sika (?); big bear wasattQka boy sette bear, grizzly ~th6 bread waske , bed aZQ breast ~ze bee hezikka, hezika (?) breechcloth ittikn~ beef tteska (q.v.) brother is~ beer tteska tezeIl.i brown, dark sape, -sa , . belly OZlZl brown iZl (CS). cf. sape belt ippidat~ bucket initaki big t~, ttQka buffalo (bull) tOka, tOxe (q.v.) big was?ake buffalo cow tte bite daxt:.a, yaxte (?) bug wakdiska bitter ppahi bullet wBkJdtte 143 butter ~zeni wekdi cold sni buttermilk ~zen.t s\ltte (?) come hi buttocks nitte come kde button ikka sekn~ cook okkiohQ (? ) buzzard hekattQka cook (verb) ohQ