Integrated Post Flood Assessment May 2010
INTEGRATED POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT MAY 2010
Disaster Management Centre Ministry of Disaster Management Sri Lanka
INTEGRATED POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT MAY 2010
DISASTER MANAGEMENT CENTRE MINISTRY OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT SRI LANKA 2012 e International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ e World Bank 1818 H Street, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-Mail: [email protected]
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Printed by Ari Investments (Pvt) Limited, 19, St. Joseph Road, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka. Tel: 2852410, E-mail: [email protected] ii FOREWORD
In May 2010, pre-monsoon rains that were intensified by Cyclone Laila saw thunder storms and high winds, accompanied by floods and landslides, sweep through 14 of Sri Lanka’s 25 districts. The extreme weather caused severe distress to over half a million people and billions of rupees in damages to public and private assets. This report is a record of this unanticipated natural disaster and is also a guide to future post disaster assessments and highlights the importance of investment in disaster risk reduction.
With the receding of flood waters the Government of Sri Lanka initiated a process of evaluating the impact of the disaster to strengthen the recovery process and disaster preparedness systems. As part of this process, the Disaster Management Centre of Sri Lanka (DMC) requested the World Bank’s assistance to conduct a Damage and Loss Assessment (DaLA) for the first time in Sri Lanka. In response, the World Bank, in collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), mobilized a team of experts from the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR), to support Government agencies conduct the post flood assessment. This report is the culmination of these efforts.
While the focus of this report is limited to the five worst affected districts of Colombo, Gampaha, Kalutara, Matara and Galle, the disaster impact evaluation encapsulated within this report will have the much broader national relevance of assisting Sri Lanka conduct similar post disaster assessments in the future.
The report captures the broad impact of the disaster on the country’s economy and also examines the impact on different sectors of the economy, such as the country’s infrastructure, productive sectors and livelihoods. The assessment, for the first time, gives policy makers a detailed and quantified picture of damages, and direct and indirect losses, suffered by populations affected by a natural disaster. Although direct physical damages are easily noted and replaced, indirect losses are in many cases less noticeable. However, indirect losses may account for an equal, or larger share, of the overall impact. This report illustrates how such visible and invisible losses can be quantified for a better understanding of effects of natural disasters.
The report also identifies recovery and risk mitigation needs. The assessment of the May 2010 floods highlighted the urgent need to develop sustainable mechanisms for the maintenance of drainage, irrigation and flood control systems in the country. The unexpected speed and virulence of the May 2010 floods also highlighted the need for strengthening disaster preparedness,
iii particularly as the country faces a greater likelihood of extreme weather conditions in future, due to climate change.
I hope this report, the first of its kind, will become a guide to future post disaster assessments and to develop sustainable disaster recovery strategies for Sri Lanka.
I would like to thank the UNDP, the World Bank and the GFDRR for providing technical and financial assistance to undertake this first post flood assessment in Sri Lanka. I would also like to thank the sector agencies and resource persons involved in the assessment, including the DMC, for their contribution in completing this assessment successfully.
S. M. Mohamed Secretary Ministry of Disaster Management
iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report was compiled by the Ministry of Disaster Management of Sri Lanka with assistance from the World Bank, the GFDRR and the UNDP. The World Bank and the GFDRR provided technical expertise in adopting the methodology of assessing damages and losses, and in training Sri Lankan teams on data capturing and analysis for Sri Lanka’s first post disaster damage and loss assessment. The UNDP collaborated by providing coordination support, technical expertise in data compilation and analysis, and by funding the logistical arrangements.
Sri Lanka’s first Damage and Loss Assessment (DaLA) was successfully completed by the Disaster Management Centre of Sri Lanka (DMC), under the aegis of the Ministry of Disaster Management. In concluding the DaLA of the May 2010 floods, the assessment team would like to acknowledge the support of the former Minister of Disaster Management, Hon. A. H. M. Fowzie, the current Minister of Disaster Management, Hon. Mahinda Amaraweera, and the Secretary to the Ministry of Disaster Management, Mrs. S. M. Mohamed.
The assessment team acknowledges the leadership of Major General Gamini Hettiarachchi (Retd.), Director General of the DMC, Mr. G. K. D. Amarawardene, former Additional Secretary to the Ministry of Disaster Management, Mr. U. W. L. Chandradasa, Director of the DMC, Mr. Prashant, Senior Disaster Risk Management Specialist of the World Bank, Ms. Rosanna Nitti, Senior Urban Specialist of the World Bank and Dr. Ananda Mallawatantri, Assistant Resident Representative of UNDP Sri Lanka.
Technical input in carring out the DaLA were provided by Mr. Roberto Jovel, Mr. Doekle Wielinga, Mr. Rami Quttaineh, from the GFDRR and Mr. Kirthisri Rajatha Wijeweera and Mr. T. G. Srinivasan from the World Bank.
The DaLA on the May 2010 floods would not have been possible without the contributions and assistance from many different national agencies including the Sri Lanka Navy, Sri Lanka Army, Sri Lanka Air Force, the National Disaster Relief Services Center (NDRSC), the Ministry of Education (MOE), the Ministry of Health (MoH), the National Housing Development Authority (NHDA), the National Building Research Organization(NBRO), the National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWS&DB), the Colombo Municipal Council , the Urban Development Authority (UDA), the Irrigation Department (ID), the Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation (SLLRDC), the Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB), the Road Development Authority (RDA), Sri Lanka Railways (SLR), the Civil Aviation Authority, the
v Ministry of Agriculture, the Department of Agriculture (DoA), the Department of Agrarian Development, the Animal Products and Livestock Department, the Ministry of Fisheries, the Department of Fisheries, the Industrial Development Board, the Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority, the Central Environmental Authority (CEA), the Waste Management Authority of the Western Province, the Department of Labor, the Ministry of Social Services and Childcare, the Ministry of Women’s Affairs and Children, the Ministry of Public Administration, the Central Bank of Sri Lanka, Department of Census and Statistics and many other national agencies.
Many private sector institutions also contributed to the assessment, including the telecommunications services providers Mobitel, Dialog, Etisalat, Airtel, Hutch and Sri Lanka Telecom (SLT), the National Chamber of Commerce of Sri Lanka (NCCSL) and the Ceylon Chamber of Commerce (CCC).
Districts Secretaries of the five worst flood affected districts, the District Disaster Management Coordinators, Divisional Secretaries and officials of the Central Government and provincial line agencies, are acknowledged with gratitude for facilitating and contributing to the assessment.
In addition, coordination, facilitation and technical inputs were provided by Mr. Ramitha Wijetunga, Mr. Suranga Kahandawa, Mr. Chaminda Weerasinghe, Ms. Kushani De Silva and Mr. Priyanga Premaratne from the UNDP. Mr. Pradeep Kodippili and Mr. Palitha Bandara from the DMC, and Mr. Upali Delpachitra, Consultant to the World Bank.
The assessment team would also like to acknowledge the contributions to the report by different sector specialists. Ms. Renuka Munasinghe from the NHDA, Mr. Nihal Ferdinando and Ms. Sumitha Sumanaweera from the NWS&DB, Mr. P. P. Gnanapala from the SLLRDC, Mr. Gamini Senanayake, UNDP Consultant, Dr. H. D. B. Herath and Dr. Sugandhika Perera from the MoH, Mr. D. M. K. Bandara from the RDA, Mr. Terrans Prasad Fernando from SLT, Mrs. B. Jayaweera, and Mr. Nihal Wickramasinghe, from the CEB, Ms. Pushpa Wijesooriya from the MoE, Dr. G. G. A. Godaliyadda and Mr. Sarath Wijesekera from the ID and Mr Upali Delpachitra, Consultant, World Bank, on irrigation sector impacts, Dr. Kamal Karunagoda from the DoA, Mr. T. G. Srinivasan and Kirthisri Rajatha Wijeweera from the World Bank, and Ms. Kushani De Silva from the UNDP.
The Sri Lanka Red Cross Society (SLRCS) and the Industrial Services Bureau (ISB) too, contributed towards the assessment by conducting surveys on household goods and industries, respectively.
The assessment team also acknowledges the many different contributions by the staff of the Ministry of Disaster Management, other agencies under the Ministry, the World Bank and UNDP. vi CONTENTS
Foreword ...... iii Acknowledgements ...... v List of figures, tables and boxes ...... x Abbreviations ...... xv Executive summary ...... xvi
SECTION I: THE DISASTER...... 1 1.1 The floods of May 2010...... 3 1.2 Cause of floods...... 4 1.2.1 Impact of rains on river systems...... 7 1.3 The human toll ...... 11 1.3.1 Economic and social impact...... 14 1.4 Immediate response...... 16 1.4.1 Emergency relief...... 17 1.4.2 Flood assistance...... 18 1.5 Sri Lanka’s vulnerability to natural hazards ...... 18 Natural disasters...... 18 Drought ...... 18 Floods ...... 19 Landslides...... 21 Coastal erosion...... 21 Cyclones...... 21 Lightning ...... 21 Human elephant conflict...... 21 Snake bites ...... 21 Tsunami ...... 22 Climate change ...... 22
vii SECTION II: SUMMARY OF DAMAGE AND LOSSES ...... 23 2.1 Methodology...... 25 2.1.2 DaLA coordination ...... 25 2.2 Constraints and limitations ...... 26 2.3 Summary of damages and losses...... 26 2.3.1 Ownership of disaster effect ...... 28 2.3.2 Geographic distribution of the disaster ...... 29
SECTION III: ESTIMATION OF DAMAGES AND LOSSES BY SECTOR...... 31 3.1 Sector impacts: Infrastructure...... 33 3.1.1 Water supply and sanitation...... 33 3.1.2 Transport: Road, rail and air ...... 34 3.1.3 Telecommunications...... 35 3.1.4 Irrigation and flood control...... 36 3.1.5 Electricity sector...... 37 3.2 Sector Impacts: Productive sectors...... 37 3.2.1 Agriculture, fisheries and livestock ...... 37 3.2.2 Industry and commerce...... 39 3.3 Sector Impacts: Social sectors...... 40 3.3.1 Health sector...... 40 3.3.2 Education sector...... 41 3.3.3 Housing ...... 42 3.3.4 Culture and religion...... 43 3.4 Cross cutting issues ...... 44 3.4.1 Public administration...... 44 3.4.2 Vulnerable groups: women, elderly, children and differently abled...... 45 3.4.3. Environment ...... 47
SECTION IV: MACROECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE FLOOD...... 49 4.1 Macro economic impacts ...... 51 4.2 Impact on GDP ...... 51 4.2.1 Reasons for limited macro impacts...... 52 viii 4.3 District level impacts...... 52 4.4 Impact on growth ...... 53 4.5 Impact on inflation ...... 54 4.6 Fiscal impacts...... 55
SECTION V: RESPONSE, RECOVERY NEEDS AND RISK REDUCTION...... 57 5.1 Emergency response and recovery ...... 59 5.1.1 Health services ...... 59 5.1.2 Housing ...... 60 5.1.3 Irrigation and flood control systems ...... 60 5.2 Recovery needs assessments...... 60 5.2.1 Data needs...... 60 5.2.2 Institutional fragmentation...... 60 5.2.3 Institutional capacity building...... 62 5.2.4 Psycho-social support ...... 63 5.2.5 Vulnerability of schools...... 63 5.2.6 Insurance coverage...... 64 5.2.7 Gender based recovery needs...... 64
ANNEXES ...... 65 Annex 1: Water supply, sanitation and drainage...... 67 Annex 2: Transport; road, rail, air ...... 76 Annex 3 : Telecommunications sector...... 85 Annex 4 : Irrigation and flood control ...... 89 Annex 5: Electricity sector...... 93 Annex 6: Agriculture, livestock and fisheries ...... 96 Annex 7: Industry, commerce & tourism sectors ...... 105 Annex 8: Health sector...... 114 Annex 9: Education sector ...... 119 Annex 10: Housing sector...... 124 Annex 11: Survey questionnaire of industries and commercial establishments...... 131 Annex 12: Questionnaire of the survey to deternine the damage to houses and household goods ...... 135
ix LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES AND BOXES
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: 3D image of cyclone Laila ...... 3 Figure 2: Rainfall by district and by date from May 12 – 21, 2010 ...... 4 Figure 3: Blocked drain (Gampaha)...... 5 Figure 4: Unauthorized constructions (Colombo)...... 6 Figure 5: Canals blocked by garbage in Colombo and Gampaha...... 6 Figure 6: Hydrograph for the Kalu Ganga at Ratnapura...... 8 Figure 7: Hydrograph for the Kalu Ganga at Ellagawa ...... 8 Figure 8: Hydrograph for the Gin Ganga at Tawalama and Baddegama...... 9 Figure 9: Hydrograph for Nilwala Ganga at Bopagoda...... 10 Figure 10: Hydrograph for Attanagalu Oya at Dunamale...... 10 Figure 11: Flood affected families by Divisional Secretary area and district ...... 13 Figure 12: Landslides (Gampaha) ...... 14 Figure 13: Landslides (Gampaha)...... 14 Figure 14: Flooded road (Colombo) ...... 15 Figure 15: Map of flood damaged road network in Gampaha ...... 16 Figure 16: Boats were the only mode of transport to Molkawa, Bulathsinhala in Kalutara...... 17 Figure 17: Historical patterns of natural disasters ...... 19 Figure 18: Landslide prone areas of Sri Lanka with locations of landslides from 1947-2002...... 20 Figure 19: Damages and losses by sector...... 28 Figure 20: Ownership of disaster effects, in millions LKR...... 28 Figure 21: Damages and losses by district...... 30 Figure 22: GDP Growth rates by major sectors ...... 51 Figure 23: Food and core inflation in the aftermath of the floods...... 55
LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Rainfall to the Kalu Ganga catchments...... 7 Table 2: Distribution of rainfall to the Gin Ganga...... 9 Table 3: Distribution of rainfall to the Nilwala Ganga ...... 9 Table 4: Rainfall to the Attanagalu Oya ...... 10 Table 5: Occupied housing-units and mid-year population by district ...... 11 Table 6: Number of flood affected, deaths and shelters ...... 12 x Table 7: Government expenditure on flood relief ...... 18 Table 8: Summary of damage and losses...... 27 Table 9: Spatial distribution of disaster effects and magnitude ...... 29 Table 10: Disaster impact by district ...... 29 Table 11: Summary of damages and losses in the water supply and sanitation sector...... 33 Table 12: Summary of damages and losses in the transport sector...... 35 Table 13: Summary of damages and losses in the telecommunications sector ...... 35 Table 14: Summary of damages to irrigation and flood control systems...... 36 Table 15: Summary of damages and losses to the electricity sector...... 37 Table 16: Summary of damages and losses to agriculture, fisheries and livestock sectors.....39 Table 17: Summary of damages and losses to manufacturing and commercial establishments....40 Table 18: Summary of damages and losses to the health sector ...... 41 Table 19: Summary of damages and losses to the education sector ...... 41 Table 20: Summary of damages and losses to the housing sector ...... 42 Table 21: Damages to religious and cultural sites ...... 43 Table 22: Summary of damages to the cultural and religious sector ...... 43 Table 23: Cross sectoral impacts of the May 2010 floods...... 44 Table 24: Population breakdown by sex...... 45 Table 25: Impact on per-capita income in May 2010...... 52 Table 26: Poverty impact of floods in May 2010...... 53 Table 27: Disaster management expenditures in LKR millions...... 56
LIST OF BOXES Box 1: Drainage system of Colombo...... 7 Box 2: Impact of agricultural damages and losses on women...... 46 Box 3: Institutional fragmentation in Colombo...... 61 Box 4: Flood mitigation in the Metro Colombo area...... 63
LIST OF ANNEXED TABLES Table A1: Piped water coverage (2009) ...... 67 Table A2: Sources of drinking water ...... 68 Table A3: Sanitation facilities in the five flood affected districts ...... 68 Table A4: Summary of damages to the water supply and sanitation sector by district, with public and private share of damages ...... 71
xi Table A5: Summary of losses to the water supply and sanitation sector by district, with public and private share of damages ...... 71 Table A6: Affected sanitation facilities by type and by district ...... 73 Table A7: Sources of drinking water affected by floods by district and by type of water source...... 74 Table A8: Road network by province ...... 76 Table A9: National road network by surface type ...... 77 Table A10: Road network by no of Lanes...... 78 Table A11: Distribution of roads in flood affected districts...... 78 Table A12: Transport sector damages and losses with by public-private distribution ...... 79 Table A13: Summary of damages to national, provincial and rural roads by district...... 80 Table A14: Value of damages to national roads...... 80 Table A15: Value of damages to provincial roads ...... 81 Table A16: Losses attributed to the road system in the five districts by private and public effect ...... 82 Table A17: Damages to the rail system in the five districts ...... 83 Table A18: Losses to the rail system in the five districts...... 83 Table A19: Losses experienced by the air transport sector...... 84 Table A20: Fixed line subscriber base as at December 2009 ...... 85 Table A21: Damage and losses to the telecommunications sector by district and by public and private ownership ...... 87 Table A22: Total value of damage and losses to the telecommunications sector...... 88 Table A23: Damages and losses to the irrigation sector by district and share of public and private ownership...... 91 Table A24: Electricity production and consumption data for Sri Lanka in 2009...... 93 Table A25: Damages and losses to the electricity sector by district and by private and public ownership ...... 95 Table A26: Total Damages and losses to the electricity sector by public and private ownership ...... 95 Table A27: Pre flood agricultural area, yield and production, by type of crop and by district...... 97 Table A28: Livestock estimates in the five worst flood affected districts in 2009 ...... 98 Table A29: Fisher households, number of active fishers and the fish catch in the five worst flood affected districts (marine sector)...... 98 Table A30: Damages and losses to the agriculture sector by district and by private and public share of ownership ...... 99 xii Table A31: Total damages and losses to the agriculture sector by public and private ownership...... 99 Table A32: Agriculture production pre and post floods ...... 100 Table A33: Estimation of production losses in the agriculture sector...... 101 Table A34: Additional paddy crop losses in 2010 due to irrigation damages not fixed in 2009 ...... 102 Table A35: Damages and losses to the livestock sector by district and by private and public share...... 102 Table A36: Estimated damages to livestock in Gampaha and Matara ...... 103 Table A37: Production losses in livestock, Gampaha and Matara ...... 104 Table A38: Damage and losses for fishery sub-sector ...... 104 Table A39: Pre-disaster situation of existing establishments and employees ...... 105 Table A40: Pre-disaster output per month (mean) in ‘000 rupees...... 106 Table A41: Sample distribution...... 107 Table A42: Damages to manufacturing and commercial establishments (LKR)...... 109 Table A43: Revenue losses of manufacturing and commercial establishments (LKR) ...... 111 Table A44: Summary of damages and losses in the manufacturing and commercial sector (LKR) ...... 113 Table A45: Health institutions and their bed strengths in the five flood affected districts ...114 Table A46: Health sector impacts on the five districts ...... 115 Table A47: Notifiable disease reported within week 3 and week 23 of the floods...... 117 Table A48: Damages and losses incurred by the health sector in the five districts ...... 118 Table A49: Net enrolment rates in primary education in Sri Lanka...... 119 Table A50: Education sector damages by district and by public and private ownership...... 120 Table A51: Education sector losses by district and by public and private ownership ...... 121 Table A52: Education sector damages and losses by education zone...... 122 Table A53: 2010 mid-year projections on housing in the five districts ...... 124 Table A54: Basis of classification of housing units ...... 125 Table A55: Estimated number of affected housing units...... 126 Table A56: Damaged houses reported to the District Secretariats ...... 127 Table A57: Damages to housing sector by district and by public and private ownership.....127 Table A58: Insurance claims on housing damages...... 128 Table A59: Losses to housing sector by district and by public and private ownership ...... 129
xiii LIST OF ANNEXED FIGURES Figure A1: Map of Greater Colombo canal system...... 70 Figure A2: Damages and losses incurred by each district as a percentage of total damages and losses in the water and sanitation sector...... 72 Figure A3: Damages to water supply infrastructure by district, in thousands of rupees, and as a percentage of total damages to water supply systems...... 73 Figure A4: Cost of restoring wells by district and by percentage ...... 74 Figure A5: Provincial distribution of fixed phone lines as at December 2009 ...... 86 Figure A6: Provincial distribution of pay phones as at December 2009 ...... 86 Figure A7: Consumer accounts by province ...... 94 Figure A8: Damages to manufacturing and commercial establishments (LKR)...... 110 Figure A9: Revenue losses of manufacturing and commercial establishments (LKR) ...... 112
xiv ABBREVIATIONS
CCC Ceylon Chamber of Commerce CEA Central Environmental Authority CEB Ceylon Electricity Board DaLA Damage and Loss Assessment DCS Department of Census and Statistics DMC Disaster Management Centre DoA Department of Agriculture GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery HDI Human Development Index ID Irrigation Department IPS Institute of Policy Studies LECO Lanka Electricity Company MoE Ministry of Education MOH Medical Officers of Health MoH Ministry of Health NBRO National Building Research Organization NCCSL National Chamber of Commerce of Sri Lanka NDRSC National Disaster Relief Services Center NHDA National Housing Development Authority NWS&DB National Water Supply and Drainage Board OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs of United Nations RDA Road Development Authority (RDA) SLLRDC Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation SLR Sri Lanka Railways SLRCS Sri Lanka Red Cross Society SLT Sri Lanka Telecom UDA Urban Development Authority UNDP United Nations Development Programme WFP World Food Programme WHO World Health Organization
xv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Available historical records indicate that the floods of May 2010 were the third most damaging natural disaster experienced by Sri Lanka.1 It affected over half a million people in the five worst affected districts alone, and in addition to displacement, loss and damages to property, 18 people lost their lives.
However, at broader macroeconomic level, flood impacts were less significant, with the value of damages and losses estimated at LKR 5,059 million, or US$ 46 million, accounting for only 0.1 percent of the national GDP of 2009. While poverty levels may have temporarily spiked as a result of the economic and production losses stemming from the flood, the country showed great resilience in recovery and did not experience significant social or economic after effects. This can be mostly attributed to Sri Lanka’s disaster preparedness mechanisms that were triggered into action immediately following the floods. While the country did request for external assistance this was mainly due to the speed and magnitude of the disaster that overwhelmed Sri Lanka’s standby facilities. It is also evident that Sri Lanka’s national support systems, that provided housing, agricultural and other forms of compensation, were largely responsible for preventing a situation of food insecurity and livelihood insecurity following the floods.
However, the floods of May 2010 also highlighted weaknesses in Sri Lanka’s national systems. Poor condition of drainage systems, unauthorized constructions and shrinking water retention areas aggravated the floods and increased damages and losses faced by the State and individuals. Therefore, the Government of Sri Lanka initiated a series of steps to address these risk factors and particularly to address flood risk to the commercial capital, Colombo. However, Sri Lanka may still need to strengthen overall, national disaster preparedness, to face extreme weather conditions in the future that may arise due to climate change.
It has been noted that while Sri Lanka has strong social support systems that have contributed towards faster recovery from natural disasters, the country’s capacity for psycho-social support, to cater to large populations at times of large scale natural disasters, are inadequate. Another area of concern is the vulnerability of schools, that house large numbers of children, to natural disasters such as floods and landslides. Sri Lanka’s narrow insurance coverage also increases the burden on the State at times of large natural disasters. Therefore, expanding insurance coverage, particularly targeting vulnerable communities such as farming and fishing communities, that are most at risk of losing incomes due to rain and floods, would contribute towards improving the country’s resilience to natural disasters. Sri Lanka also needs to develop sustainable mechanisms for proper maintenance of roads, drains, canals and irrigation systems as part of the country’s flood mitigation activities.
1 Both in terms of the number of people affected and economic value of impact, the May 2010 disaster appears to be the third worst. Sources: DisInvenar – Sri Lanka Disaster Inventory System and "EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Databasewww.em-dat.net - Université Catholique de Louvain - Brussels - Belgium" xvi SECTION I The Disaster POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 2 May 2010 1.1 The floods of May 2010
In May 2010 Sri Lanka experienced the worst The intensity of rainfall may be partly floods in decades, caused by exceptionally attributed to Cyclone Laila, that developed in high pre-monsoon rainfall over a short the Bay of Bengal, from about May 17 - 20, period of time, from approximately May 2011. While the cyclone’s path did not cross 14 – 22, 2011. Sri Lanka, its influence added intensity to already heavy pre-monsoon rains.
Figure 1: 3D image of cyclone Laila
Source: the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (Image shows that powerful thunderstorms to the Northwest of the cyclone shot up to heights of above 17.5 kms.)
THE DISASTER 3 1.2 Cause of floods 1,000 mm to 1,800 mm. Therefore, some flooding is normally experienced during the Fourteen out of Sri Lanka’s 25 districts faced Southwest monsoon. However, rainfall was heavy rains in May 2010. The districts of heavier than anticipated in May 2010. Colombo, Gampaha and Kalutara, in the Western Province and the districts of Galle and Figure 2 shows average rainfall to three Matara in the Southern Province suffered the catchment areas of each of the five districts, worst. captured by the Department of Meteorology, over the 10 days of May 12 to 21, 2010. This These five districts are, for the most part, period saw incessant, high rainfall, located within the wet zone of Sri Lanka and accompanied by thunderstorms, high winds, receive higher annual rainfalls than the rest of landslides and floods. Kalutara recorded the the country. Rainfall to the districts of highest average rainfall of 690.7 mm, followed Colombo, Kalutara, Gampaha, Galle and by Colombo that saw a rainfall average of 599 Matara, is over 2,000 mm annually, except for mm. Galle recorded 424.6mms of rain, some areas of Matara that are in the Gampaha experienced 368.2 mm of rain and intermediate zone and receive yearly rainfalls of Matara saw 256.1 mms of rain.
Figure 2: Rainfall by district and by date from May 12 – 21, 2010
Source: Department of Meteorology of Sri Lanka
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 4 May 2010 The heavy rains caused water levels to rise in constructions that obstruct water flows and the Kelani Ganga, Kalu Ganga, Gin Ganga, encroachment of designated water retention Nilwala Ganga and the Attanagalu Oya that basins, added to the problem. flow through the Western and Sothern provinces. Due to water levels reaching minor The Attanagalu Oya in the Gampaha District flood level, the Irrigation Department of Sri for instance, did not reach minor flood level. Lanka issued evacuation warnings for four areas However, Gampaha town and Ja Ela town were on the banks of the Kelani River (Hanwella, badly flooded, due to congested drains. The Colombo, Kolonnawa and Kaduwela). The Colombo-Katunayaka road was also inundated water lavels of the Kalu Ganga, Gin Ganga and because of poor drainage and was closed off to Nilwala Ganga too, surged above minor flood traffic. The districts of Colombo and level in some areas. Gampaha suffered the most from the floods. The Colombo District saw the most number of Sri Lanka’s drainage and canal systems that people displaced, while Gampaha incurred the have suffered from poor maintenance for years, highest flood damages in terms of physical could not cope with the heavy volume of damages to assets and economic losses. In both water. Blocked and broken drains and canals cases, flood impacts could have been lower if caused large areas to become inundated faster drainage networks were in better functioning and also prolonged the floods. Unauthorized order.
Figure 3: Blocked drain (Gampaha)
Source: Assessment teams
THE DISASTER 5 Figure 4: Unauthorized constructions (Colombo)
Figure 5: Canals blocked by garbage in Colombo and Gampaha
Source: Assessment teams
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 6 May 2010 Box 1: Drainage system of Colombo
The drainage system of Colombo
The drainage system of Colombo consists of a network of canals with marshes as retention basins. Colombo’s canal network has six outlets; three discharge into the sea at Wellawatta, Dehiwala and at the Mutwal tunnel, one is closed at present (Beira Lake) and two others connect to the Kelani River.
When the water level of the Kelani River rises, the gate at the North Lock outlet to the river closes, to prevent flow reversal. The area of the Greater Colombo catchment is 85 sq kms. Retention areas within the basin absorb a greater volume of rainfall, significantly reducing the peak flow and inundation during heavy rains. The three main retention areas for Colombo are Heen Ela, Kotte Marsh and Kolonnawa Marsh. The Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation (SLLRDC) has acquired 84.67 ha, 90.56 ha and 207.04 ha in Heen Ela, Kotte Marsh and Kolonnawa retention areas, respectively. However, the extent of retention areas has diminished to 268 ha due to unauthorized reclamation. 1.2.1 Impact of rains on river systems Matara. The Attanagalu Oya river, located between the Kelani Ganga and the Maha Oya The five worst flood affected districts of river basins, flows through the Gampaha Colombo, Kalutara, Gampaha, Galle and District. Matara are home to 13 out of the 103 river basins in Sri Lanka. The Kelani Ganga and Kalu Ganga the Kalu Ganga, run through the districts of During the period May 16 - 23, 2010, the Colombo and Kalutara, respectively. The Kalu Ganga catchment areas of Ratnapura, Bentara Ganga river basin borders Kalutara Ellagawa, Millakanda and Putupaula received and Galle districts. The two rivers, Gin Ganga heavy rainfall. Rainfall to Ratnapura and and Nilwala Ganga, run through Galle and Ellagawa are shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Rainfall to the Kalu Ganga catchments Date Ratnapura Ellagawa (May 2010) (Rainfall mm) (Rainfall mm) 16 128.8 200.2 17 42.2 49.2 18 110.1 86.0 19 77.7 46.0 20 32.8 46.7 21 28.6 34.8 22 21.8 2.5 23 3.9 2.4 Source: Irrigation Department of Sri Lanka
THE DISASTER 7 Flood hydrographs for the Kalu Ganga, subsided. Kalu Ganga waters went above compiled by the Irrigation Department, minor flood level at Ellagawa on May 20th demonstrates that the water level at Ratnapura and remained above minor flood level until reached flood alert level on May 17th and May 22nd.
Figure 6: Hydrograph for the Kalu Ganga at Ratnapura
Figure 7: Hydrograph for the Kalu Ganga at Ellagawa
Source: Irrigation Department of Sri Lanka
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 8 May 2010 Gin Ganga Table 2: Distribution of rainfall to the Gin Ganga Tawalama and Baddegama Date Tawalama Baddegama catchments of the Gin Ganga (May 2010) (Rainfall mm) (Rainfall mm) received high rainfall from May 16 – 16 153.7 10.7 22, 2010 (Table 2). 17 145.2 248.0 18 48.7 24.3 Gin Ganaga water levels went above minor flood level at Tawalama on 19 118.6 23.1 May 18th and again on May 20th . 20 39.2 24.4 At Baddegama, the river reached 21 45.3 28.8 minor flood level on May 19th. 22 22.5 6.4 (Figures 9 and 10) 23 11.7 5.7 Source: Irrigation Department of Sri Lanka
Figure 8: Hydrograph for the Gin Ganga at Tawalama and Baddegama
Nilwala Ganga Table 3: Distribution of rainfall to the Nilwala Ganga The distribution of rainfall to the Date Urawa Deniyaya Nilwala Ganga at Urawa and (May 2010) (Rainfall mm) (Rainfall mm) Deniyaya from May 16 – 23, 2010, 16 19.2 1.0 is shown below (Table 3). The 17 67.8 85.0 Nilwala Ganga reached minor flood 18 33.0 47.0 level on May 17th. 19 22.7 106.0 20 32.2 63.5 21 8.8 12.0 22 22.4 19.0 23 14.2 16.0 Source: Irrigation Department of Sri Lanka
THE DISASTER 9 Figure 9: Hydrograph for Nilwala Ganga at Bopagoda
Attanagalu Oya Table 4: Rainfall to the Attanagalu Oya The distribution of rainfall to the Date Gampaha Dunamale Attanagalu Oya at the Dunamale (May 2010) (Rainfall mm) (Rainfall mm) catchment and at Gampaha, from 16 283.0 363.4 May 16 -22, 2010, is shown below 17 27.7 91.9 (Table 4). The Hydrograph for the 18 95.4 86.7 Attanagalu Oya shows that flood 19 26.1 38.6 alert level was reached on May 17th 20 15.2 27.6 but the river did not reach minor flood level. 21 29.7 27.4 22 1.5 0.8 23 11.8 8.3 Source: Irrigation Department of Sri Lanka
Figure 10: Hydrograph for Attanagalu Oya at Dunamale
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 10 May 2010 1.3 The human toll Agriculture is a significant source of livelihood in all five districts. The contribution of The five districts of Colombo, Gampaha, agricultural activities to overall household Kalutara, Galle and Matara held a total income was lowest in Colombo and population of over 7.6 million in 2010, with Gampaha in 2010, but agriculture accounted Colombo, the most densely populated district, for over 10.0 percent of average monthly sustaining over 2.5 million people. The household income in the districts of Kalutara, populations in the districts of Gampaha, Galle and Matara. Kalutara, Galle and Matara were 2.0 million, 1.1 million, 1.0 million and 839,975, Approximately 693,035 people, or 161,181 respectively. The five districts contained about families, in the five districts, were affected in 1.7 million housing units (Table 5). varying degrees by the May 2010 floods (Table 1.6, Figure 1.13). The highest number of The districts of Colombo, Gampaha and flood victims were reported from the Gampaha Kalutara, in the Western Province, enjoy a District (221,808 ) with 10,865 people forced higher standard of living with better access to to leave their homes and seek shelter in
Table 5: Occupied housing-units and mid-year population by district District Estimated Number of Occupied Estimated Mid Year Housing-Units (Mid 2010) Population 2010 All 5 Districts 1,708,147 7,645,149 Colombo 536,766 2,554,529 Gampaha 464,538 2,026,168 Kalutara 262,248 1,137,651 Galle 251,845 1,086,825 Matara 192,749 839,975
Source: Based on mid-year population projections by the Department of Census and Statistics of Sri Lanka telecommunications services and other displaced persons camps. The next most badly amenities such as piped water and seal type affected was Colombo, with 200,633 flood sewerage facilities. Piped Sewerage facilities are victims. Colombo also reported the largest limited to the Colombo Municipality, parts of number of displaced persons (11,038). the Dehiwala Mt Lavinia Municipal Council Kalutara reported 130,979 flood victims, and the Kolonnawa Urban Council area, in the although people were not evacuated into Colombo District. temporary shelters. Galle reported 112,208 flood victims, while 362 persons were
THE DISASTER 11 displaced. Matara recorded 27,407 flood The five districts reported 18 deaths attributed to victims while 26 persons had to seek shelter in the floods with the highest death toll of 11 from displaced persons camps. In total, 101 the Gampaha District. Four persons were killed in temporary shelters were set up to house 22,291 Galle and three deaths were reported in Kalutara. displaced people, in all five districts. Colombo and Matara, the two other severely affected districts, did not report any loss of life.
Table 6: Number of flood affected, deaths and shelters District Affected Deaths IDP Camps Families People No of No of No of camps families people All 5 Districts 161,181 693,035 18 101 6,597 22,291 Colombo 45,365 200,633 0 33 2,524 11,038 Gampaha 52,436 221,808 11 65 3,982 10,865 Kalutara 31,942 130,979 3 0 0 0 Galle 25,049 112,208 4 2 84 362 Matara 6,389 27,407 0 1 7 26
Source: DMC situation reports
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 12 May 2010 Figure 11: Flood affected families by Divisional Secretary area and district
Source: DMC
THE DISASTER 13 1.3.1 Economic and social impact
The heavy rains and floods were accompanied premises, public buildings, roads, cultivations by earth slips and strong winds in many areas, and livestock. causing damages to houses, vehicles, business
Figure 12: Landslides (Gampaha)
Source: Assessment teams
Figure 13: Landslides (Gampaha)
Source: Assessment teams
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 14 May 2010 In all five districts many roads were inundated premises being inundated and supplies being preventing transport services and cutting off cut off. Children could not go to school due to access to aid and other services. Most of the families being displaced and roads being cut main roads in Gampaha were inaccessible off. Many reports were received of damages to while most by-roads in Kalutara were electronic equipment due to lightning. Food inundated. Many roads in Colombo were also stocks and water sources were contaminated by submerged. flood waters. Electricity and water supplies were interrupted in some areas for a number of Economic activities were forced to slow down. days. Clothes, school books, valuables, goods In some cases, trading and manufacturing and documentation were also lost to the flood activities came to a standstill due to business waters.
Figure 14: Flooded road (Colombo)
Source: Assessment teams
THE DISASTER 15 Figure 15: Map of flood damaged road network in Gampaha
Source: DMC
1.4 Immediate response trapped in low-lying areas. The DMC coordinated with the Sri Lanka Police, Sri The Government of Sri Lanka responded to Lanka Navy and the Sri Lanka Army in rescue the crisis at local and central level. A number and evacuation operations and delivery of of schools and religious institutions were emergency assistance. The Sri Lanka Navy converted into temporary housing for the deployed boats on search and rescue missions displaced while the Government mobilized in areas where land access was cut off. military helicopters and boats to rescue people
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 16 May 2010 Figure 16: Boats were the only mode of transport to Molkawa, Bulathsinhala in Kalutara
Source: : DMC Flood Situation Report May 20, 2010.
1.4.1 Emergency relief affected divisions to evaluate the situation. Access to affected areas, provision of cooked Food and water supplies, including cooked meals, drinking water and sanitation facilities, meals, were distributed to the flood affected were considered the most urgent needs. through District and Divisional Secretaries, from the allocations made by the Ministry of In addition, on May 20, 2010, the World Disaster Management. Clean drinking water Health Organization (WHO) conducted a was distributed using water bowsers. Mobile health assessment in the flood affected areas of health clinics were deployed to affected areas the Gampaha District. Fever and respiratory for medical services. tract infections were the most commonly identified illnesses among the flood affected. On May 20 and 21, 2010, a Government led While Sri Lanka’s medicine supplies were Inter‐Agency Flood Assessment Mission, with considered sufficient to deal with the increased officials from the DMC, the Ministry of demand for medical services, WHO support Economic Development, the World Food was sought to purchase antifungal medication. Program (WFP) and the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Although the flood waters had started receding (OCHA), visited the Gampaha and Kalutara by May 25, 2010, displaced families could not districts. The assessment team met District return to their homes until houses were de- Secretaries, Divisional Secretaries and officials contaminated, septic tanks cleaned and the in charge of health services from the most supply of drinking water was restored.
THE DISASTER 17 Overall, the Government of Sri Lanka spent 1.4.2 Flood assistance LKR 92.1 million on relief operations, out of which LKR 33.8 million was for the provision A large number of organizations, including of cooked meals for the flood affected. local and foreign nongovernmental Another LKR 8.5 million was spent on dry organizations, international agencies, bilateral rations and LKR 49.7 million was provided to donors, foreign Governments, private flood victims to repair damaged houses. institutions, religious organizations and private (Table 7). individuals, supported relief efforts in many different ways.
Table 7: Government expenditure on flood relief District Allocation provided LKR Total Cooked meals Dry rations House damage All 5 Districts 92,198,337 33,877,913 8,526,957 49,793,467 Colombo 16,601,621 10,935,809 480,537 5,185,275 Gampaha 30,884,456 11,881,268 2,757,388 16,245,800 Kalutara 9,502,418 6,825,000 262,418 2,415,000 Galle 20,290,091 3,911,240 2,938,806 13,440,045 Matara 14,919,751 324,596 2,087,808 12,507,347
Source: Ministry of Disaster Management
1.5 Sri Lanka’s vulnerability to Drought natural hazards Historical data shows that the Eastern, Northern and North Central provinces and Natural disasters parts of the Southern and Northwestern Droughts, floods, landslides, coastal erosion, provinces are the most vulnerable to drought. cyclones and lightning are the most common Droughts occur every three to four years, natural disasters in Sri Lanka. In terms of the although the return period and severity varies number of people affected and the social costs with geographical location. Prolonged droughts of relief and rehabilitation, floods and droughts of national significance are irregular. According are the most significant. to historical data severe droughts were experienced in Sri Lanka during 1953-56, 1975-76, 1981-83, 1995-96.2
Source: Sri Lanka Disaster Information System www.desinventar.lk
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 18 May 2010 Figure 17: Historical patterns of natural disasters
Floods cloudburst that caused torrential rains in Ratnapura, Galle, Matara and Hambantota Floods are a widespread natural hazard to districts, claiming more than 250 lives. many parts of the island. Sri Lanka has 103 river basins fairly well distributed over the In June 1992, Colombo was submerged in country and the entire country receives high 493 mm of rain, one eighth of the city’s rainfall, particularly during the second inter- annual rainfall, received within 12 hours. The monsoon period. The Southern and Western years 2006 and 2010, also saw severe floods in parts of the island and the Western slopes of Colombo. the central hills, are at flood risk during the Southwest monsoon. The Northeastern parts The risk of floods to Colombo has increased of the country are at flood risk from the due to irregular maintenance of the city’s Northeast monsoon. drainage system, reclamation of natural marshland around the suburbs, siltation build The years 1947, 1992, 2003, 2006, 2008 and up in the network of man made canals around 2010 saw the worst recorded floods in Sri the city and encroachment of canal banks by Lanka. In 2003, the inundation was due to a slum dwellers.
2 Source: Department of Social Services
THE DISASTER 19 Figure 18: Landslide prone areas of Sri Lanka with locations of landslides from 1947-2002
Source: NBRO
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 20 May 2010 Landslides Lightning
Rainfall over a number of days, interspersed by Lightning as a natural hazard has gained in high intensity rainfall, may cause movement of significance with increased reports of lightning earth and rock on hill slopes. The National strikes, particularly during the inter-monsoon Building Research Organization (NBRO) has periods of March to April and October to identified landslide prone areas in Sri Lanka November 5. Rising population density and and hazard maps have been developed for increasing use of electronic items may be the many of these areas. The districts of Kandy, reasons for the higher reported incidence of Matale, Nuwara Eliya, Badulla, Ratnapura, lightning strikes. Annually 50 – 60 people in Kegalle, Kalutara, Matara and Galle have been Sri Lanka die from to lightning strikes. noted as vulnerable to landslides (Figure 18). Human elephant conflict Coastal erosion The establishment of large human settlements Strong ocean waves, associated with the in the dry zone since the 1970’s has reduced Southwest monsoon, erode parts of Sri Lanka’s forest cover for Sri Lanka’s wildlife and Western, Southwestern and Southern coast intensified the human-elephant conflict. Rapid every year.3 deforestation has shrunk elephant habitats and migratory corridors resulting in more frequent Cyclones confrontations between human and elephant populations. Sri Lanka’s coastal belt from the East to the Northwest4 has been the most vulnerable to Snake bites cyclones. During the last century, cyclonic storms formed in the Bay of Bengal swept Sri Lanka’s vegetation and climate is an ideal through Sri Lanka’s eastern coast 13 times. habitat for snakes, and snakebites are common The cyclone of November 1978 has been in the country. In 2005 snake bites caused 134 recorded as the most devastating with tidal deaths out of 36,861 people hospitalized for waves encroaching about 2 kms inland at snakebites. In 2006, out of 39,793 people Kalkudah in the East coast. A large majority hospitalized for snake bites, 100 persons died, (about 80 percent) of the cyclones occurred and in 2007, out of 39,231 people during the months of November and hospitalized, 91 persons died. December.
3 Coast Conservation Department, New Secretariat, Maligawatte, Colombo 10, Sri Lanka. 4 Meteorology Department, 383, Bhauddaloka Mawatha, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka.
THE DISASTER 21 Tsunami response mechanisms have been strengthened and restructured to enable more efficient and The tsunami, that struck the coast of Sri Lanka effective responses to large scale natural on December 26, 2004, is the biggest natural disasters. disaster in Sri Lankan history. The tsunami, generated by an earthquake off the West coast Climate change of North Sumatra, swept through the Northeastern, Eastern, Southeastern, Southern, Sri Lanka’s rainfall patterns have shown Southwestern and Western coasts of Sri Lanka. considerable changes over the past two decades. It claimed 35,322 lives, injured 21,441 and Heavy concentrated rain, for shorter periods of orphaned 1,500 children, within two hours. time, is becoming more frequent, resulting in Almost one million people were displaced and large losses, due to lack of time for preparation. over 100,000 houses were damaged or Climate change predictions for Sri Lanka foresee destroyed. an intensification of existing rainfall patterns, where rainfall to areas in the dry zone would This form of a natural disaster was almost reduce further and rainfall to areas of the wet unheard of in Sri Lanka prior to the event and zone would increase. This can resulted in more the sheer magnitude of the devastation, frequent floods and droughts. Other impacts of encompassing two thirds of Sri Lanka’s densely climate change include loss of low-lying areas to populated coastal belt, overwhelmed the rising sea levels, increased soil salinity and country’s response mechanisms. However, disruption to agricultural activities due to the since the 2004 tsunami, Sri Lanka’s disaster changes in rainfall patterns and temperature.
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 22 May 2010 SECTION II Summary of Damage and Losses POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 24 May 2010 2.1 Methodology Assessment activities were initiated after humanitarian assistance efforts were well Following the May 2010 floods, the World underway, to avoid conflict with search and Bank and the United Nations Development rescue operations and to ensure the availability Programme (UNDP) agreed to provide of sufficient quantitative information to technical assistance to the Disaster evaluate the damages. The assessment Management Center (DMC) of Sri Lanka to examined three aspects of the flood damages: adopt internationally recognized Damage and 1. Direct damages (Damages to assets, Loss Assessment (DaLA) methodology, infrastructure, capital and stockpiles, which developed by the United Nations Economic occur immediately during, or after the Commission for Latin America and Caribbean phenomenon that caused the disaster) (UN-ECLAC), to assess the impact of the floods on Sri Lanka. The World Bank and 2. Indirect impacts (Reduced income and UNDP also agreed to train Sri Lankan teams increased expenses, business losses, etc.) on data capturing and analysis. The exercise which are perceived after a natural disaster, was confined to the five worst affected districts for a period that can last from weeks to of Colombo, Gampaha, Kalutara, Galle and months, until recovery is complete. Matara. 3. Overall and macroeconomic effects (Fiscal impacts, impact on GDP, etc…) A damage and loss assessment of the May 2010 floods in Sri Lanka was conducted soon The assessment also analyses underlying causes after the disaster. It is expected that the results for severe flooding in urban areas. of this assessment would help Sri Lanka prioritize areas to improve management of 2.1.2 DaLA coordination floods and other natural disasters in future. The exercise, by building capacity, is also A secretariat was established to coordinate the expected to enable faster assessments of natural DaLA, consisting of the Government of Sri disasters in future. The broader objectives of Lanka, represented by the DMC, and other the study were to: supporting agencies, which are the World 1. Conduct sector based damage and loss Bank, the Global Facility for Disaster assessments Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) and the UNDP. 2. Develop national capacity to conduct Post Disaster Needs Assessments 3. Examine effectiveness of response, preparedness and risk reduction systems already in place 4. Identify human contributions that exacerbate floods
SUMMARY OF DAMAGE AND LOSSES 25 2.2 Constraints and limitations 2.3 Summary of damages and
The assessment faced a number of constraints. losses
1. Availability and quality of baseline and The DaLA methodology, with modifications disaster impact data introduced in recent years by the World While national bodies were able to supply Bank´s GFDRR, was used to evaluate the baseline data for almost all major sectors and destruction of physical assets and changes to sub sectors, there were difficulties in obtaining the flows of the economy, following the 5 baseline data in some areas. For instance, cross disaster . cutting sectors such as environment, public The combined value of damages and losses sector and vulnerable groups did not have caused by the May 2010 floods in the five adequate post and pre disaster data to assess districts of Colombo, Gampaha, Kalutara, the impact of the floods on these sectors. In Galle and Matara, amounted to LKR 5,059 other instances, such as industries and million, or US$ 46 million. The value of commerce, telecommunications and electricity destroyed assets (damages) was estimated at sub sectors, baseline and impact data were limited. In some cases, baseline data had not LKR 2,569 million and the corresponding been updated to the closest point to the date losses, or changes in economic flows, was 6 of disaster, which had a bearing on the impact estimated at LKR 2,490 million (Table 8) . assessment. The magnitude of this disaster – estimated by comparing the total value of damages and 2. Institutional fragmentation losses to the size of the Sri Lankan economy, The lack of a central agency, with direct access expressed in terms of its GDP – reveals that and authority to gather all relevant data for the event was not significant, and that it may each sub sector from different national be absorbed without major international institutions, posed another limitation to the assistance7. Nevertheless, the impact of the assessment. This institutional fragmentation disaster is significant at district and, especially made the coordination of the assessment more at personal or household level. complicated, requiring more time for inter- agency clearances, appointment of relevant The floods impacted mainly the physical and resource persons and follow up procedures. economic infrastructure, productive activities
5 See Handbook for the estimation of the socio-economic and environmental impact of disasters, United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UN-ECLAC), Santiago and Mexico City, 2003. 6 The resulting relation between damages and losses is typical of disasters caused by natural events of hydro-meteorological origin. 7 The ratio between the combined value of damage and losses and last year´s GDP is slightly above 0.1 percent which is not significant compared to the size of the Sri Lankan economy.
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 26 May 2010 and the social sectors, in order of descending sector suffered the worst damages to importance. A breakdown of the total value of infrastructure at LKR 1,914 million, followed disaster effects (damage and losses) among by housing (LKR 257 million) and irrigation main sectors reveals that infrastructure (LKR and flood control systems (LKR 202 million). 2,574 million or 51 percent of the total Industry, education and commerce sectors saw effects), productive sectors (LKR 1,940.5 the next highest damages to assets. million or 38 percent of total effects), and social sectors (LKR 543 million or 11 percent In terms of economic losses, the agriculture of total effects), were the worst affected. sector reported the highest losses of LKR 1,221 million. The sectors of road transport An analysis of the individual sectors of (LKR 388 million), industry (LKR 317 economic activity in the five districts (Table 8 million) and commerce (LKR 131 million), and Figure 19) reveals that the road transport were the next most severely affected.
Table 8: Summary of damages and losses Main Sector Sectors Disaster Effects, million LKR Damage Losses Total Social 306.7 236.0 542.7 Housing 256.9 230.5 487.4 Education 45.3 3.0 48.3 Health 2.2 2.5 4.7 Culture and religion 2.3 2.3 Productive 114.1 1,826.3 1,940.5 Agriculture 6.2 1,220.8 1,227.0 Livestock 1.5 10.7 12.2 Fishery 0.7 146.9 147.6 Industry 66.0 317.0 383.1 Commerce 39.7 130.9 170.6 Infrastructure 2,146.3 427.8 2,574.1 Road transport 1,913.7 387.6 2,301.3 Railways transport 8.5 7.5 16.0 Air transport 2.8 2.8 Water and sanitation 3.9 21.9 25.9 Electricity 9.3 5.0 14.4 Telecommunications 8.8 3.0 11.7 Irrigation/flood control 202.0 202.0 Others 1.6 - 1.6 Public Administration 1.6 1.6 TOTAL 2,568.7 2,490.2 5,058.9
Source: Estimates by assessment teams
SUMMARY OF DAMAGE AND LOSSES 27 Figure 19: Damages and losses by sector
Source: Estimates by assessment teams
2.3.1 Ownership of disaster effect This ratio indicates the requirements towards recovery and reconstruction by the private and Most of the damages were born by the public public sectors. In general, the Government of Sri sector with the central and local governments Lanka provides some assistance for housing bearing 85 percent of the value of damages reconstruction for the poor and assists the (Figure 20). Nearly all the changes in economic agriculture sector by supplying seed and other flows were incurred by the private sector with inputs for farmers. The Government also enterprises and individuals absorbing 96 percent facilitates soft financing for small to medium- of the total value of losses. sized enterprises, as working capital and for reconstruction purposes, channeled through the development and /or the private banking system.
Figure 20: Ownership of disaster effects, in millions LKR
Source: Estimates by assessment teams
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 28 May 2010 2.3.2 Geographic distribution of the losses sustained by the Southern Province disaster (LKR 1,960), which comprised the Galle and Matara districts. However, the impact of the The impact of the disaster was unevenly disaster in the Western Province was equivalent distributed in geographic or spatial terms. The to 0.15 percent of Western Province GDP, value of combined damages and losses in the while in the Southern Province, the effect was Western Province (LKR 3,091), comprising the 0.36 percent of provincial GDP. Thus, there districts of Colombo, Gampaha and Kalutara, was a larger relative impact of the floods in the was higher than the value of damages and Southern Province (See Table 9).
Table 9: Spatial distribution of disaster effects and magnitude
Province Magnitude % Damage Losses Total (Total effect/GDP) Western 1,745 1,973 3,091 0.15 Southern 824 1,016 1,960 0.36
Source: Estimates by assessment teams
The outcome of the disaster also varied at In terms of per capita effects of the floods – district level. The Galle District sustained the based on population projections for mid-2010 highest damages and losses of LKR 1,383 – the Galle District was the most badly million, and while Matara saw the lowest affected with LKR 1,273 accruing per person, damages and losses at LKR 577 million (Table while Colombo was the least badly affected 10 and Figure 21). with LKR 436 accruing per person.
Table 10: Disaster impact by district
District Disaster Effects, million LKR Per capita effects (LKR/person) Damage Losses Total Colombo 771 344 1,114 436 Gampaha 562 654 1,216 600 Kalutara 409 352 761 669 Galle 555 829 1,383 1,273 Matara 268 309 577 687
Source: Estimates by assessment teams
SUMMARY OF DAMAGE AND LOSSES 29 Figure 21: Damages and losses by district
Source: Estimates by assessment teams
Another significant finding was a reverse damages and losses, while districts with a correlation between district per capita damage higher degree of development sustained lower and losses, and value of human development values of disaster effects. index (HDI). Poorer districts sustained higher
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 30 May 2010 SECTION III Estimation of Damage and Losses by Sector POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 32 May 2010 3.1 Sector impacts: Infrastructure Damages and Losses Up to 11 percent of the water sources in the 3.1.1 Water supply and sanitation five districts were affected by the floods. Sanitation systems, storm drainages and Pre disaster situation drinking water sources, such as wells, taps and Prior to the floods, access to drinking water in tube wells, sustained physical damages. In the five districts of Colombo, Gampaha, addition, water sources and toilets required Kalutara, Galle and Matara, was mainly through disinfection and chlorination due to piped water systems, tube wells and wells. contamination from flood waters. Revenues to the water supply sub-sector also reduced, due In 2010, piped water coverage was highest in to water supply interruptions during the the Colombo District at 72 percent and lowest floods. in Galle at 28 percent. The districts of Gampaha, Kalutara and Matara had piped Total damages and losses in the five affected water facilities for 55 percent, 37 percent and districts in the water and sanitation sector, was 38 percent, of the districts’ populations estimated at LKR 25.9 million with damages respectively. at LKR 3.9 million and losses at LKR 21.9 million (Table 11). All damages and losses A piped sewerage system is available only in were born by the public sector. The sector the Colombo Municipal Council area, parts of damages and losses came to 0.5 percent of the Dehiwala Mt Lavinia Municipal Council overall damages and losses. and the Kolonnawa Urban Council area, in the Colombo District.
Table 11: Summary of damages and losses in the water supply and sanitation sector
Sub sector Damages Losses Damages US$ 8 Losses US$ (LKR millions) (LKR millions) Water supply 1.9 7.9 16,358 70,139 Sanitation 0.075 - 664 - Storm drainage 2.00 14.0 17,701 124,084 Total 3.975 21.9 34,723 194,223
Source: Estimates by assessment teams
8 1 US$ = LKR 112.986, based on average Central Bank of Sri Lanka indicative rates for May 12-25, 2010
ESTIMATION OF DAMAGE AND LOSSES BY SECTOR 33 3.1.2 Transport: Road, rail and air The road network alone sustained nearly 45 percent of the overall value of damages and Pre disaster situation losses incurred by the five districts. Damages and losses in the rail and air transport sub- Sri Lanka’s road network facilitates almost 98 sectors accounted for 0.3 percent and 0.1 percent of goods and 95 percent of passenger percent of overall damages and losses transport in the country, with the national road network supporting 80 percent of total Physical damages to the transport sector were traffic in the country. A majority of the roads estimated at LKR 1,922.2 million (Table 12). have penetration macadam surfaces and were Damages to roads came to LKR 1,913.7 constructed over 50 years ago. Most provincial million, while the country’s railway roads are also made of penetration macadam infrastructure sustained LKR 8.5 million in surfaces, while the rest are gravel roads. Some damages. Roads in the five districts sustained Pradeshhiya Sabha roads are gravel roads while breakages and damages to embankments, roads under Municipal Councils and Urban foundations, culverts and structures. Road Councils are mostly macadamized. surfaces were also damaged by vehicle movements on the wet surface. Railway assets The railway network’s share in national that were damaged were mainly rail tracks and transport services has reduced over the years. embankments due the wash of flood waters. However, the Sri Lanka Railway continues to All physical damages to roads and railways provide passenger and freight transport services were born by the public sector. The Air between Colombo and important outstation transport sector did not report damages to locations. assets.
Sri Lanka’s water transportation systems and Transport sector losses were estimated at LKR infrastructure, such as harbors, were not 397.9, out of which LKR 387.6 million was in affected by the May 2010 floods. However, the the road sector. These losses were born entirely air transport sector recorded losses due to the by the private sector. Losses of LKR 7.5 Bandaranaike International Airport in million incurred by the railway were born by Katunayake, reporting flood related losses. the public sector. Transport sector losses were due to delays and re-routing of vehicles, trains Damages and losses and aircraft. Inundated roads forced travelers The damage and loss assessment of the to detour using other roads, while trains were transport sector evaluated flood impacts on delayed due to rail tracks being submerged. At road, rail and air transport systems in the five the Bandaranaike International Airport, flights districts. The assessment found that the were delayed, while some passengers had to use transport sector was the most badly affected by aircraft to access the airport, as the roads were the floods, due to extensive damages to roads. inundated.
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 34 May 2010 Table 12: Summary of damages and losses in the transport sector
Sub sector Damages Losses Damages US$ Losses US$ (LKR millions) (LKR millions) Roads 1,913.70 387.60 16,937,939 3,430,513 Railway 8.50 7.50 75,230 66,379 Air transport 0.00 2.81 - 24,870 Total 1,922.25 397.91 17,013,169 3,521,763
Source: Estimates by assessment teams
3.1.3 Telecommunications Damages and losses Damages to the telecommunications Pre disaster situation infrastructure in the five districts were relatively Four fixed line operators and five mobile low during the May 2010 floods. The total operators were providing telecommunications impact of the flood on the sector was LKR 11.7 services in the country in 2010. The Western million, which was 0.2 percent of the overall and Southern provinces had the highest fixed flood effect. Damages to telecommunications phone line density in the country with 42 sector assets were estimated at LKR 8.8 million percent of total fixed line subscribers located in (Table 13), out of which LKR 7.4 million in the Western Province and 11 percent of damages were sustained by the private sector subscribers living in the Southern Province. and the balance LKR 1.4 million by the public sector. Losses experienced by the telecommunications sector were estimated at LKR 2.9 million, out of which LKR 1.7 million was born by the public sector and LKR 1.3 million by the private sector.
Table 13: Summary of damages and losses in the telecommunications sector
Damages Losses Damages US$ Losses US$ (LKR millions) (LKR millions) Telecommunications 8.8 3.0 77,886 26,552 sector
Source: Estimates by assessment teams
ESTIMATION OF DAMAGE AND LOSSES BY SECTOR 35 3.1.4 Irrigation and flood control other than drainages for irrigation, were neglected for over 20 years. In addition, large Pre disaster situation drainage pumps in pumping stations and lifting gates at anicuts, were not at optimum Out of the 103 river basins in Sri Lanka 13 are level of efficiency due to age. in the five districts of Colombo, Kalutara, Gampaha, Galle and Matara. The Kalu Ganga Damages and losses and Kelani Ganga, two major rivers running through Colombo and Kalutara, have flood Reduced drainage capacity, due to the poor levees to protect the city of Colombo and condition of drains, was a primary cause of suburbs. These two rivers are linked by flood damage to the irrigation system. The Bolgoda Lake and drains into the sea at inefficient drainage system also increased crop Panadura. Another major lake, the Bentara losses. Total physical damages to irrigation and Ganga, borders the Kalutara and Galle flood control infrastructure in the five districts, districts. The Gin Ganga and Nilwala Ganga, was estimated at LKR 202 million (Table 14), that have flood regulation pumping stations which was born entirely by the public sector. and flood levees, run through the Galle and Damages to main irrigation systems were Matara districts. The Gampaha District estimated at LKR 79.6 million, while damages contains a major irrigation scheme, the to provincial and small irrigation infrastructure Attanagalu Oya Irrigation System, for the were estimated at LKR 76.4 million and LKR cultivation of paddy and other crops. 45.8 million, respectively.
However, the drainage canals of the irrigation Economic losses to the irrigation sector systems, in all five districts, were poorly accrued in the form of crop losses, which have maintained. The main drainages, that do not been included in the calculation of agricultural come within the purview of any national body, losses.
Table 14: Summary of damages to irrigation and flood control systems
Sub sector Damages Damages US$ (LKR millions) Main irrigation network 79.67 705,167 Provincial irrigation network 76.48 676,894 Small irrigation network 45.82 405,564 Total 201.98 1,787,625
Source: Estimates by assessment teams
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 36 May 2010 3.1.5 Electricity sector Damages and losses
Pre disaster situation While floods, rains and strong winds can damage electricity infrastructure and disrupt Approximately 86 percent of the households in supply of services, damages and losses to the Sri Lanka have access to electricity, with per electricity sector in the five districts were capita electricity consumption at 412 kWh/per moderate during the May 2010 floods. The person. The Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) total value of damages and losses accruing to contributed 55 percent of the electricity the sector was LKR 14.4 million (Table 15), generated in 2009, while the share of private which is 0.3 percent of the total disaster effect. power producers stood at 45 percent of total Physical damages to electricity infrastructure electricity generation. About 35 percent of was estimated at LKR 9.3 million, out of electrical energy was used by households and which LKR 7.4 million worth of damages were religious establishments, 30 percent was incurred by the public sector and LKR 1.9 consumed by the industrial sector, about 2 million in damages accrued to the private percent by hotels, 19 percent by general purpose sector. Losses in the electricity sector were establishments and another 14 percent was estimated at LKR 5 million. Again, the losses consumed under bulk supply and street lighting. were higher in the public sector amounting to Thermal electricity generation accounted for 60 LKR 4.7 million, while private sector share of percent of electricity generated, while 40 percent losses was estimated at LKR 0.4 million. was from hydropower.
Table 15: Summary of damages and losses to the electricity sector
Damages Losses Damages US$ Losses US$ (LKR millions) (LKR millions) Electricity 9.34 5.04 82,685 44,676 sector
Source: Estimates by assessment teams
3.2 Sector Impacts: agricultural activities to overall household income varied in the five districts. Productive sectors Colombo and Gampaha, in the Western 3.2.1 Agriculture, fisheries and livestock Province, are the most affluent districts in Sri Lanka and hence, the contribution of Pre disaster situation agriculture to monthly household income was Agriculture is a significant source of income, as lowest at 3.6 percent, 3.0 percent, on average. well as nutrition, in the five flood affected However, in Kalutara, also in the Western districts. However, the contribution of Province, agricultural activities accounted for
ESTIMATION OF DAMAGE AND LOSSES BY SECTOR 37 10.4 percent of average monthly household ha of paddy cultivation. A few areas of income. Both districts in the Southern vegetable cultivation in Kalutara and Galle, Province recorded higher dependence on and papaya and banana lands in Kalutara, were agriculture as livelihoods. In Galle agriculture also destroyed. accounted for 16.9 percent of average monthly household income, while in Matara 12.5 Agricultural infrastructure sustained damages percent of average monthly income of valued at LKR 6.2 million with the public households was from agricultural activities. sector bearing the brunt of damages valued at LKR 4.0 million while private parties faced The major crops cultivated in these five districts damages amounting to LKR 2.2 million. are paddy (mainly under minor irrigation and Economic losses to the agriculture sector, from rain-fed conditions), vegetables (mainly as crop destruction, amounted to LKR 1,220.8 home gardens), fruits and plantation crops. million which was entirely born by individuals Livestock production of poultry, pigs, goats and and private sector. The total value of damages cows contributed substantially to regional and and losses to the agriculture sector was national outputs of dairy and animal products. estimated at LKR 1,227 million. As these districts belong to coastal regions, fishing is a leading livelihood. The impact of the flood on the livestock sub- sector was estimated at LKR 12.2 million. This Damages and losses was due to animal deaths and damages to livestock facilities. Damages to the livestock Economic losses in agriculture, livestock and sector were estimated at LKR 1.5 million, with fisheries sectors in the five affected districts were the private sector reporting asset losses at LKR much higher than physical damages. Out of the 1.2 million and damages to public assets total disaster effect of LKR 1,386.8 million on coming at LKR 0.3 million. Livestock sector agriculture, fisheries and livestock, damages to losses amounted to LKR 10.7 million, which physical assets were valued at LKR 8.4 million was incurred entirely by the private sector. while economic losses were a much higher LKR 1,378.4 (Table 16). These economic losses were Damages and losses in the fisheries sub sector born entirely by the private sector. were less extensive, with a lower share of the populations affected in the five districts, Crop losses were increased by poor drainage compared to agricultural and livestock sectors. facilities which caused crops to be submerged However, considerable damages and losses were in flood waters for several days. The impact reported from Galle and Kalutara. Total on the main Maha season crop was about 59 damages and losses to the fishery sub-sector was percent of total effect on the agriculture sector. estimated at LKR 147.6 million, with physical Crop losses during the minor cultivation damages of LKR 0.7 million and economic season of Yala, were mainly due to reduced losses of LKR 146.9 million. All damages and land productivity. The major losses were in losses to fisheries were faced by the private paddy crops with the floods destroying 7,736 sector.
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 38 May 2010 Table 16: Summary of damages and losses to agriculture, fisheries and livestock sectors
Sub sector Damages Losses Damages US$ Losses US$ (LKR millions) (LKR millions) Agriculture 6.2 1,220.8 54,874 10,804,878 Livestock 1.5 10.7 13,276 94,702 Fisheries 0.7 146.9 6,195 1,299,970 Total 8.4 1,378.4 74,345 12,199,550
Source: Estimates by assessment teams
3.2.2 Industry and commerce waters receded. Businesses reported higher costs and lower revenues for some time Pre disaster situation following the floods, as demand and supply readjusted. In the case of both manufacturing The “Annual Survey of Industries” conducted establishments and providers of commercial by the Department of Census and Statistics in services, the value of economic losses was 2008, listed 239,746 manufacturing and significantly higher than the cost of physical commercial establishments in the five districts damages. of Colombo, Kalutara, Gampaha, Galle and Matara. These establishments were employing In the current damage and losses assessment, 1,713,356 persons. damages to the industrial sector were initially estimated in physical terms and subsequently Damages and losses converted into monetary terms by using the The May 2010 floods damaged business assets repair, reconstruction or replacement cost of and disrupted business activities in all five the destroyed physical assets. Losses in the districts causing losses to trading industrial sector refer to both the decline in establishments, service providers and industrial output and the increase in operating manufacturing units. Business premises and costs as a consequence of the flood. Losses in equipment were damaged and businesses and the commerce or trade sector refer to both the services incurred revenue losses by having to decline in sale of goods or services and the curtail or stop production. Businesses that did increase in operational costs after the flood. not sustain direct physical damages reported revenue losses due to delays in accessing raw The manufacturing and commercial sectors materials from their suppliers and employees together reported damages to physical assets at not being able to come to work. The LKR 105.73 million, while losses in the two sectors inundation of roads also delayed deliveries to were estimates at LKR 447.94 million. The two customers. Many trading establishments saw a sectors accounted for approximately 11 percent of drop in sales volumes and the impact on total flood impact (Table 17). All damages and business activities continued after the flood losses were attributed to the private sector.
ESTIMATION OF DAMAGE AND LOSSES BY SECTOR 39 Damages to the manufacturing sector in the five Damages and losses districts were estimated as LKR 66 million. The Seven Medical Officer of Health (MOH) areas manufacturing sector also incurred economic losses in the Colombo District, eight in the Kalutara valued at LKR 317 million. Total flood effect on District, 10 in Gampaha, 13 in Matara and 16 the manufacturing sector was estimated at 7.6 in the Galle District, were affected in varying percent of overall flood impact in the five districts. degrees by the flood. However, there were no significant damages to any of the health sector The commercial sector of the five districts, institutions and the total impact of the flood comprising wholesale and retail trades, and on the health sector was less than 0.1 percent hotels and restaurants, reported damages of LKR (0.09) of overall flood impacts. 39.7 million and significantly higher economic losses, at LKR 130.9 million. Overall flood Nevertheless, additional costs were incurred by impact on the commercial sector was calculated the health sector due to emergency and at LKR 3.4 percent of the total flood effect. preventive services supplied to flood affected
Table 17: Summary of damages and losses to manufacturing and commercial establishments
Sub sector Damages Losses Damages US$ Losses US$ (LKR millions) (LKR millions) Manufacturing 66.05 317.05 584,586 2,806,100 Wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants 39.68 130.89 351,197 1,158,462 Total 105.73 447.94 935,783 3,964,562
Source: Estimates by assessment teams 3.3 Sector Impacts: Social sectors populations. These additional services were mainly in the form of conducting clinics within displaced persons camps, supplying chlorine 3.3.1 Health sector tablets, chlorinating water sources and providing health education material. Health services were Pre disaster situation mobilized to prevent the spread of diseases from All five affected districts had a network of contamination of drinking water and food. public hospitals providing outpatient as well as inpatient services. Among the health services Total damages and losses to the health sector institutions in these districts the National in the five affected districts was estimated at Hospital, teaching hospitals, general hospitals LKR 4.7 million stemming from LKR 2.2 and a few base hospitals, are run by the million in physical damages and LKR 2.5 Central Ministry of Health. All other million in losses (Table 18). Losses to the institutions come under the Provincial health sector accrued from the provision of Councils. preventive services, transportation of patients and medical care for flood victims.
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 40 May 2010 Table 18: Summary of damages and losses to the health sector
Damages Losses Damages US$ Losses US$ (LKR millions) (LKR millions) Health sector 2.2 2.5 19,471 22,127
Source: Estimates by assessment teams
3.3.2 Education sector Damages and losses Approximately 87 schools were affected by the Pre disaster situation floods, while five schools were used as emergency In 2009, Sri Lanka’s total population of school shelters for flood victims. Total damages to school age children was about 44 million, while the infrastructure was estimated at LKR 45.2 million, country had 9,410 government schools, out of from damages to school buildings estimated at which 2,364 were primary schools with classes LKR 42.8 million and damages to furniture and from Grade 1 to Grade 5. Another 358 equipment valued at LKR 2.5 million (Table 19). primary schools provided education facilities An additional cost of LKR 3.0 million was incurred from Grade 1 to Grade 8. In addition, 4,013 as losses to the education sector due to free school schools had facilities from Grade 1 to Grade meals not being consumed in flood affected areas, 11 and 2,322 schools had education facilities as children were unable to attend school. from Grade 8 to Grade 13. There were 322 schools with schooling facilities from Grade Education sector damages and loses that 6 to 13. accounted for 0.1 percent of total damages and losses due to the flood were absorbed by the public sector.
Table 19: Summary of damages and losses to the education sector
Education sector Damages Losses Damages US$ Losses US$ (LKR millions) (LKR millions) School buildings 42.8 - 378,807.9 - Furniture and equipment 2.5 - 22,126.6 - Total 45.3 3.0 400,934.5 26,552
Source: Estimates by assessment teams
ESTIMATION OF DAMAGE AND LOSSES BY SECTOR 41 3.3.3 Housing houses are often constructed in low lying areas due to land scarcity and such houses are Pre disaster situation affected by floods during heavy rains. Low income segments in urban and rural areas The five flood affected districts had a total build houses with stone foundations, using mid-year population of 7,645,149 with timber, mud or tin sheets for walls. Cadjan, tin 1,755,036 housing units, in 2010. The sheet or asbestos sheets are used as roofing average household size was 4.3 persons. The material. These houses too, are constructed in Colombo District, which is the most densely low lying areas and are even more vulnerable populated district in Sri Lanka, had 559,505 to floods and landslides due to lower quality of housing units and a population of 2,434,335, building materials. followed by the Gampaha District that reported 476,140 housing units and Damages and losses 1,981,898 occupants. Kalutara was estimated to have 267,748 housing units and 1,149,053 Total value of damages and losses to houses in occupants. The Galle District had 255,692 the five districts was estimated at LKR 487.4 households and 1,111,400 occupants, while with damages estimated at LKR 256.9 million the Matara District had 195,950 households and losses at LKR 230 million (Table 20). This and 858,940 occupants. was 9.6 percent of overall damages and losses due to the floods. The value of all physical Out of the 1,755,036 houses in the five damages was attributed to the private sector districts, over 1.3 million were permanent based on costs of repairing houses and houses, while 306,994 houses were classified as repairing and replacing household equipment. semi-permanent. Another 10,675 were listed as improvised houses and 21,638 were not Out of the housing sector losses, LKR 180.4 classified. million was attributed to the private sector and LKR 50 million to the public sector. The Sri Lanka’s middle income populations in calculation of losses included loss of rental urban and rural areas construct houses that proceeds during the period of repairing or have rubble masonry foundations, brick or rebuilding damaged houses. The public sector cement block walls, and use tile or asbestos meanwhile, incurred additional expenditure on sheets for roofing. These housing units are able housing due to the cost of setting up to withstand floods. However, in urban areas temporary shelters for the flood displaced.
Table 20: Summary of damages and losses to the housing sector
Damages Losses Damages Losses (LKR millions) (LKR millions) (US $ millions) (US $ millions) Housing sector 256.9 230.5 2.27 2.04
Source: Estimates by assessment teams
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 42 May 2010 3.3.4 Culture and religion Total damages and losses to religious and cultural locations were estimated at LKR 2.3 Pre disaster situation million (Table 22) with the entire amount attributed to physical damages. The cultural The five districts of Colombo, Kalutara, and religious sector did not report any Gampaha, Galle and Matara are home to economic losses stemming from the floods. many significant cultural and religious sites. The full cost of physical damages was absorbed by the private sector. Damages and losses
Reported damages and losses to cultural and Table 22: Summary of damages to the religious sites were negligible during the May cultural and religious sector 2010 floods. However, this could be due to under-reporting of damages. Physical damages Damages Damages US$ (LKR millions) were mainly reported from Buddhist temples in the two districts of Kalutara and Gampaha. Cultural and religious 2.3 20,357 The two districts sustained damages valued sector at LKR 1.3 million to religious buildings Source: Estimates by assessment teams (Table 21).
Table 21: Damages to religious and cultural sites
District Divisional Cultural site Description of Value of Secretariat division damages damage LKR Kalutara Kalutara Gangarama temple Building damage 100,000 Mathugama Abayaselaramaya temple Building damage 35,000 Walallavita Nandana temple Building damage 75,000 Beruwala Sri Maha Viharaya Building damage 30,000 Beruwala Sudarmaramaya temple Building damage 15,000 Beruwala Sri Lankaramaya temple Building damage 375,000 Gampha Karanamulla Sri Gangaramaya temple Wall damage 732,546 Total 1,362,546
Source: Reports from District Secretariats
ESTIMATION OF DAMAGE AND LOSSES BY SECTOR 43 3.4 Cross cutting issues The DMC is authorized to coordinate with international donor agencies and others, such as local NGOs and the military, in delivering aid 3.4.1 Public administration and facilitating rescue missions. Sri Lanka has also established processes and procedures for Pre disaster situation emergency responses. At times of large scale The primary cross cutting factor during the disasters these established mechanisms and the May 2010 floods was the capacity of public coordination of international relief, is triggered by intuitions to respond to relief and recovery the Ministry of Disaster Management. However, needs. Given the wide reach of Sri Lanka’s at times of disasters many local institutions also public institutions, extending into all areas of Sri become actively involved in the provision of Lankan life, ranging from the provision of emergency relief in a private, independent essential infrastructure such as roads, to the capacity. This situation may result in duplication provision of essential services such as education, of efforts unless a central coordination mechanism health and housing, to the supply of economic is established to coordinate activities of such services such banking, a proactive public sector private relief activities. is vital for effective disaster response, recovery and prevention. Financing
Institutional capacity Although there is no dedicated fund in Sri Lanka for disaster response, the national While Sri Lanka has adequate regulations and Treasury provides funds at times of disasters. mechanisms to initiate emergency relief measures during disaster situations, the Damages and losses institutions involved face capacity constraints at times of sudden, large scale disasters, due to Flood impacts to Sri Lanka’s public limited standby facilities. administration in the five worst flood affected districts were estimated as LKR 1.6 million Disaster response planning (Table 23). While losses were experienced due to closure of work places and inability of employees Disaster response planning in Sri Lanka is to report to work, these losses were not reported. centrally coordinated and monitored by the Therefore, the total effect of the flood, on the DMC of the Ministry of Disaster public administration, was a minimum 0.1 Management. While the DMC is authorized to percent of overall damages and losses suffered by lead emergency responses during disaster the five districts in all sectors. situations, the National Disaster Relief Services Centre is the national body tasked with Table 23: Cross sectoral impacts of the May 2010 floods providing emergency relief. The recovery phase, following a disaster, comes under the purview Cross-sectoral Damages Damages US$ of the Ministry of Economic Development and (LKR millions) the respective line ministries. Public administration 1.6 14,161
Source: Estimates by assessment teams
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 44 May 2010 3.4.2 Vulnerable groups: women, aggravated their economic vulnerabilities further. Social and cultural customs governing elderly, children and differently abled labor participation patterns in Gampaha revealed that men were considered physically It is important to note the remarkable absences of strong and able to market their labor better, gender segregated data and data on the elderly, compared to women. The adverse outcome of children and differently abled, in Sri Lanka all this was the increased relative economic regarding damages, losses and needs, due to vulnerability of women in the work force. floods. As a result, an analysis of quantitative data Women in villages along the coastal belt in was not possible for this section of the report. Galle and Matara districts mainly engaged in the coir industry and it was required that they Women: Pre disaster situation keep coconut husks in ponds before The five worst flood affected districts such as processing. During the floods these women Gampaha, Kalutara, Galle and Matara lost entire stocks of coconut husks, severely collectively held a larger share of women, with affecting their incomes. In the Gampaha 50.36 percent of the population being female District, women work as fish vendors. (Table 24). This indicates the greater need for However, during the rainy season they cannot gender sensitive disaster risk reduction engage in the fish trade, which results in a loss approaches. of daily income.
Table 24: Population breakdown by sex Affected Districts Estimated Population (Mid 2010) Total Male Female Colombo 2,554,529 1,306,513 1,248,017 Gampaha 2,026,168 989,519 1,036,649 Kalutara 1,137,651 562,596 575,055 Galle 1,086,825 528,715 558,110 Matara 839,975 407,369 432,606 Total 7,645,149 3,794,711 3,850,437
Source: Estimates by assessment teams
Gender based vulnerabilities to floods Men and women face different physical vulnerabilities at times of natural disasters, The five flood affected districts also had more including insecure and risky sources of elderly, female flood victims than men, livelihood and lack of access to basic needing special attention during a disaster production resources. Women were also as they cannot evacuate alone. In such instance subject to intersecting vulnerabilities that the housewife/mother will have to attend to
ESTIMATION OF DAMAGE AND LOSSES BY SECTOR 45 Box 2: Impact of agricultural damages and losses on women
Impact of agricultural damages and losses on women
According to Kamala, a flood victim from the Gampaha district, village women cultivate leafy vegetables, vegetables, spices, cassava, chilly, spices and bananas in lands adjacent to paddy fields (Ovita) and in their home gardens. These cultivations were destroyed by floods.
The impact of these agricultural losses was disproportionately higher on women than on men, because, unlike men, women face social restrictions on mobility outside the village and cannot engage equally in economic activities. Women are also compelled to stay close to male members of the family. Therefore, the only opportunity that women had to a basic production resource (farm land/home gardens) and to supply food for the family, was lost due to floods, which may have also decreased family nutrition levels.
the safety of the elderly as well as the children, household resources. For example, one woman which makes the physical vulnerability of the mentioned that in addition to loosing livestock housewives /mothers higher, compared to men. during floods, her returns diminished because In Sri Lanka, women have the primary she had to share the available eggs with other responsibility of managing household water flood affected neighbors in need. Other supply, sanitation and health. Water is villagers too agreed that it was difficult meeting necessary for drinking, food production, their household food requirements as they cooking, caring for domestic animals, personal were compelled to share with neighbors, hygiene, care of the sick, cleaning, washing and relations and friends. This had adverse impacts waste disposal. Therefore, this primary on pregnant and feeding women. responsibility of women placed them at a greater dependency on water resources than Elderly men. As water resources were destroyed and The elderly are less mobile and may be contaminated due to floods the pressure on overlooked at times of handing out relief women to find clean water sources was greater. goods. They may also require specific medical Women’s greater hygiene needs, also placed attention due to prevailing ailments and may them at greater physical, attitudinal and social require special food. The elderly may also be at vulnerability. higher risk of abuse due to loss of caretakers and increased family stress. Women are expected to be the care givers for the family. However, women’s social Children vulnerability as care givers was determined by the number of family members and their age. There were no reports of child abuse during The higher the number of family members, the the May 2010 floods from any of the 5 higher the strain of distributing available affected districts. However, children and
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 46 May 2010 infants are a vulnerable group as they are disaster preparedness systems of Sri Lanka, given susceptible to disease, malnutrition, physical the value of Sri Lanka’s natural environment. injury and children are often vulnerable to However, available information indicates that both mental and physical abuse, including water systems and soil are the most at risk from sexual abuse. Therefore, at times of large scale floods. disasters, in addition to sensitization of aid delivery personnel, the general public must be Sewage and garbage made aware of what procedures to follow in Sri Lanka’s sanitation and solid waste disposal case of lost or orphaned children. systems are the key threats to the country’s natural environment at times of floods. Only Differently abled around 2.5 percent of Sri Lanka’s population The differently abled may be less mobile and has access to piped sewerage systems. may not be able to seek aid or fend for Therefore, the major share of the country’s themselves. They may also not be adequately sanitation system comprises septic tanks and socialized outside the family unit making them other forms of waste disposal that are at risk of highly susceptible to physical abuse, including overflowing during times of floods. The sexual abuse. overflow of sanitation systems pollutes ground and surface water, and even the soil. Sewage Special provisioning, including specially and waste water outlets are also, often, illegally trained medical practitioners, should be connected to the country’s canal system. At available for the differently abled and rescue times of rains and floods, the overflowing missions need to be sensitized on locating and canals spread the sewage contaminated water handling the differently abled. In the district into other waterways and into the earth. disaster management plan, differently abled people have been identified as a vulnerable Sri Lanka’s solid waste disposal system of group. Priority has been given to rescue them landfills, is another immediate environmental and evacuate them to safe locations. threat at times of floods, particularly in urban areas of the country. While landfills are the 3.4.3 Environment most common form of mass-scale solid waste disposal in Sri Lanka, the country does not Flood impacts on the natural environment were have sanitary or engineered landfills that can not estimated during the present assessment due control seepage of leachate during heavy rains to the lack of essential baselines data. While Sri and floods. Existing landfills also do not Lanka has a number of State agencies involved separate toxic from non-toxic waste matter. As in the protection of environmental resources, a result, during heavy rains and floods, toxic there is no single agency designated with the task substances can leach into the soil and into of monitoring or collecting data on waterways. Irregular collection of garbage adds environmental impacts following a natural to environmental risks. Garbage, piled up on disaster. This is a significant gap in the present roadsides, can contaminate water and soil, and
ESTIMATION OF DAMAGE AND LOSSES BY SECTOR 47 also exacerbate flood conditions by clogging Sand mining and encroachment of riverbanks drainage systems and preventing flood waters may have weakened riverbanks that may from draining out. collapse during heavy rains. Collapsing riverbanks will aggravate siltation of rivers, During the May 2010 floods, it was estimated which will increase the possibility of riverine that up to 11 percent of the drinking water floods at times of heavy rains. sources in the five districts of Colombo, Gampaha, Kalutara and Matara, were affected In Sri Lanka the natural environment is not through contamination as well as physical only associated with wellbeing of human and damages. The cost of cleaning wells, polluted animal life but is also interlinked with by flood waters came to approximately LKR livelihoods of thousands of people. A large 3.7 million. An estimated 155,818 toilet majority of Sri Lanka’s rural populations are facilities, in the five districts, were also affected dependent on agriculture for livelihoods, while by the floods. Sri Lanka’s plantation economy is one of the biggest sources of foreign exchange to the Unplanned development country. Fishing is another environmentally dependent livelihood that supports large The risk of soil and water contamination is numbers of people. Floods could hurt heightened by unplanned development, where livelihoods by reducing agricultural outputs, industrial and domestic establishments coexist. through soil contamination, and by decimating As containment mechanisms are limited or fish stocks by destroying feeding and breeding nonexistent, industrial chemicals and fuel grounds. While reduced land productivity was stores for manufacturing, can be released into reported during the yala season immediately the environment during rains and floods. after the May 2010 floods, there was no Industrial waste treatment, where available, can assessment as to whether this was a direct result also overflow during heavy rains and floods, of the floods. The floods could have also adding to water and soil pollution. disrupted fish stocks in inland water systems, directly affecting incomes in the fishing Heightened risks industry. For instance, the Negombo lagoon, in Soil and water pollution are a direct public the Gampaha District, is a commercial fishing health threat through potential contamination locality that may have experienced economic of the food chain and spread of diseases. The losses due to environmental impacts of the pollution could also harm plant and animal floods. However, as an assessment of flood life and the risk of contamination will remain impacts on the environment has not been for some time after flood waters have receded. conducted it is difficult to gauge the extent of flood effect on the environment. The environmental impacts of floods could also create a vicious cycle of natural disasters.
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 48 May 2010 SECTION IV Macroeconomic Impacts of the Flood POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 50 May 2010 4.1 Macro economic impacts 4.2 Impact on GDP
The floods of May 2010 were the third most Despite the floods Sri Lanka’s economy posted damaging natural disaster experienced by Sri strong growth in the second quarter of 2010 Lanka11 in terms of both human and economic registering a 2.5 percent quarter-on-quarter costs. The five worst affected districts, located growth12 surpassing the decadal average of 1.6 in the Western and Southern provinces of the percent (Figure 22). The rate of growth country, are home to one third of the country’s remained robust but moderated somewhat in population, generating close to 62 percent of the third quarter of 2010, to 2.0 percent the country’s GDP. However, the broader (quarter-on-quarter), reflecting to some extent macroeconomic impacts of the floods were less the lagged effect of the impact. The agriculture significant. The estimated losses and damages sector manifested the worst after-effects of the totaled only 0.1 percent of 2009 GDP. Poverty floods, contracting by 0.2 percent and 0.1 levels may have temporarily spiked by 0.2 percent, respectively, during the second and percent but the impact on food inflation was third quarters of 2010, due to widespread insignificant. The fiscal burden may have risen damages to crops and infrastructure. Impacts by less than 0.5 percent of the public on employment, poverty, trade balance and investment budget. fiscal accounts were insignificant.
Figure 22: GDP Growth rates by major sectors
Source: Central Bank of Sri Lanka Annual Report, 2010 Note: Growth rates are seasonally adjusted annual rates.
11 Both in terms of the number of people affected and economic value of impact, the May 2010 disaster appears to be the third worst. Sources: DisInvenar – Sri Lanka Disaster Inventory System and “EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Databasewww.em-dat.net - Université Catholique de Louvain - Brussels - Belgium” 12 Seasonally adjusted.
MACROECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE FLOOD 51 4.2.1 Reasons for limited macro impacts faster recovery of industries due to workers living close to industrial zones and business While the natural disaster itself was among the establishments retaining back-up power worst recorded (the affected area received over systems that insulate industries to some extent 30 percent its normal rainfall in just 10 days), from disruptions to roads and power supplies. the insignificant macroeconomic impacts and Fourth, the lower poverty levels in the affected resilience of growth in the face of this shock, districts in the Western Province acted as can be attributed to a number of reasons. financial buffer for coping with the temporary shock. Only 4.2 percent of the population in First, the disaster occurred when Sri Lanka’s the Western Province, particularly the districts growth was already rebounding following the of Colombo, Gampaha and Kalutara, came end of the armed conflict in May of 2009 within the definition of ‘poor,’ compared to accompanied by post war optimism, tourist the national poverty rate of 8.9 percent. The inflows and remittance growth. Damages to vulnerability was higher in the Southern crops were minimized as the above average Province, where the remaining two worst flood rainfall was brief and occurred during the late affected districts are located, as 9.8 percent of stage of crop growth. Second, the affected its population fell within the category of ‘poor.’ areas, particularly the districts in the Western Province,13 enjoy good connectivity with the rest of the country due to better quality roads 4.3 District level impacts (Class A and B roads are wider and better maintained, compared to the rest of the At the district level, however, the impact of the country). Where the Southern Province is disaster could be observed within the month of concerned, its proximity to the more affluent May 2010. The loss of per-capita incomes Western Province enabled faster recovery ranged from 0.47 percent in Colombo to 0.89 through faster movement of people and goods. percent in Galle (Table 25). A third reason for the economic resilience is
Table 25: Impact on per-capita income in May 2010
Districts Losses per-capita Income per-capita(a) Loss as a share of LKR LKR income % Matara 62.7 7029.3 0.89 Galle 63.9 7304.4 0.88 kalutara 62.7 7506.6 0.83 Gampaha 47.7 7968.0 0.60 Colombo 52.0 10962.1 0.47 Source: Estimates by assessment teams (a) Income is based on the Household Income and Expenditure Survey of 2009-10
13 World Bank (2010) Connecting People to Prosperity, page 23.
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 52 May 2010 The increase in poverty, in the five flood 4.4 Impact on growth affected districts, closely follows income losses, with the exception of Galle and Kulutara Floods have the potential to have negative swapping ranks. The Southern district of impacts on growth. Although overall adverse Matara would have been the worst affected by macroeconomic impacts from the May 2010 the floods in May 2010 while Colombo in the floods were slight, regular occurrences of Western Province would have been the least disasters of similar, or greater intensity, could affected (Table 26). The percentage of poor in have more significant macro impacts unless Matara would have increased from 11.20 permanent mitigation measures are introduced. percent to 11.81 percent if no compensation In fact, the second wave of flash floods, during was provided. It must be noted that this the first quarter of 2011, is likely to have had impact is estimated only for the month of May more adverse impacts on the economy. and not for the entire year, and that some effects may have occurred over an extended Sri Lanka’s agriculture sector is one of the key period of time. In aggregate, poverty in Sri sectors that could be affected by repeat floods. Lanka could have increased by 0.2 percent in Much of Sri Lanka’s flood-prone areas are also the aftermath of the floods, pushing some 40, the country’s prime agricultural areas. 000 persons below the poverty line for one Therefore, a severe flood could easily disrupt month, if no assistance was available.
Table 26: Poverty impact of floods in May 2010 (Poor as percentage of the district population)
Districts Before Floods After Floods Difference
Matara 11.20 11.81 0.61 Kalutara 6.00 6.28 0.28 Galle 10.30 10.52 0.22 Gampaha 3.90 3.97 0.07 Colombo 5.40 5.44 0.04
Source: Estimates by assessment teams based on Household Income and Expenditure Survey of 2006-07 and 2009-10(b).
(b) Notes: Assumes consumption expenditure distribution remained the same in 2006-07 and 2009-10, for illustrative purposes and the poverty semi-elasticity at the district levels remained the same. The income loss is applied proportionately to all expenditure classes even though the poor could have been affected more.
MACROECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE FLOOD 53 food supplies, leading to higher food prices, percent, with almost equal growth impetus and lower overall economic growth. Damages spread to agriculture, industry and services. to road and rail infrastructure, as a result of floods, would also disrupt flow of goods, 4.5 Impact on inflation which could result in supply shortages even if there was no shortfall in production. There was no noticeable impact on overall inflation in Sri Lanka due to the May 2010 floods. However, there are also theories and some However, crop losses, or disruptions of supply cross-country empirical evidence that suggests chains could feed expectations of scarcity and raise that growth rates may increase after less severe prices. This situation could become more floods14. Although floods destroy crops in the pronounced in Sri Lanka where food prices short-term they may also improve soil fertility account for more than 40 percent of the Consumer by depositing new silt and may increase hydro- Price Index, and shortfalls in agricultural electricity generation, provided the necessary production, from floods, have led to sharp price excess water storage infrastructure is in place. increases in the past. In the face of supply induced Sri Lanka has some of the key features to price shocks, the Government policy has always witness positive effects of floods due to the been to stabilize prices by augmenting domestic existence of fertile soil in upper catchment supply with food imports through the relaxation of areas that may be re-deposited further down import taxes and other control measures. The May due to floods. Several hydropower generation 2010 floods did not cause a food price or core stations too, reported higher electricity inflation increase (Figure 23) at the national level, generation as a result of increased rainfall, but although there may have been some localized this was outside the five districts most affected impacts that were not monitored. Food price by the floods in May 2010. Destruction of inflation continued its downward trend until the physical capital, relative to labor, stimulates end of the second quarter of 2010 showing no growth to return to a state of equilibrium spikes. The subsequent rapid rise in food price following a shock. Empirically, Loyaza and inflation largely follows increases in international others (2009)15 find that a typical median food prices. flood disaster raises GDP growth by 1.0
14 World Bank (2010) Natural Hazards and UnNatural Disasters. 15 Loyaza, N., E. Olaberria, J. Rigolini and L. Christiansen, Natural Disasters and Growth, Policy Research Working Paper Number 4980, The World Bank.
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 54 May 2010 Figure 23: Food and core inflation in the aftermath of the floods. (Percentage changes per year, year on year)
Source: Central Bank Sri Lanka and the Food and Agriculture Organization. Notes: Rice prices are benchmark Thai 100 B.
4.6 Fiscal impacts relief reduced by two-thirds in 2010, mainly due to the surge of international assistance. Adverse fiscal implications of the floods were While it was not possible to isolate the increase mainly in the form of increased recurrent in public sector recurrent expenditure on expenditure to provide disaster relief and disaster management efforts, Table 27 disaster management and to rebuild public illustrates that in terms of overall disaster assets (irrigation works, roads) destroyed by the management, recurrent expenditure tends to floods. The estimated damages to public exceed planned expenditure since 2009. physical asset amounted to LKR 2 billion, or However, the actual capital expenditure trails about 0.5 percent of public investment. behind the planned expenditure. Government expenditure on flood disaster
MACROECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE FLOOD 55 Table 27: Disaster management expenditures in LKR millions Districts Recurrent Expenditure Capital Expenditure Actual Budget Actual Budget 2006 79 36 102 9 2007(a) 248 298 504 1506 2008(a) 298 312 1791 2057 2009(a) 318 363 1118 1638 2010 602 511 610 752 2011 569 458 2012 636 294 2013 700 304
Source: Ministry of Finance
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 56 May 2010 SECTION V Response, Recovery Needs and Risk Reduction POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 58 May 2010 5.1 Emergency response health camps were conducted by Medical Officers of Health in displaced persons camps and recovery where outpatient services were provided with necessary referrals. Emergency operations in the flood affected districts were directed by Emergency A number of preventive measures were also Operation Centers (EOC) that acted as focal implemented to contain the spread of diseases. points for emergency responses at district level. Medical Officers of Health, Public Health Inspectors and District Health Education Following the floods, immediate relief Officers were mobilized to educate affected measures included rescue operations and the populations on taking precautions against the provision of shelter, food, water, and health spread of diseases from food and water, and and sanitation services for the displaced. prevention against vector borne diseases. Areas Emergency services were also provided for of concern included hepatitis A, diarrhea, populations that were not displaced but cholera, typhoid, viral flu and rat fever, as well required these services due to being cut off as snake bite. Chlorination of drinking water from essential services and access to clean food was prioritized and water wells and other and water. sources of drinking water were chlorinated. Chlorine tablets were also distributed among In the recovery phase the Government of Sri affected populations. In addition, dengue Lanka provided assistance to rebuild damaged prevention awareness programs were enhanced. homes and water and sanitation systems. In the case of farming communities Government Disease surveillance was strengthened in the assistance was extended towards crop re- affected districts through a system of daily planting as well as rehabilitation of essential reporting to the Regional Epidemiologist infrastructure. Repairs to irrigation and through the relevant Medical Officers of drainage systems were initiated and are Health. The reports were transmitted to the ongoing under longer term recovery plans. Disaster Preparedness and Response Division of 5.1.1 Health services the Ministry of Health for monitoring and action. The Disaster Preparedness and Response The network of hospitals and health service Division of the line Ministry of Health provided personnel in the affected districts were necessary technical support to the districts to immediately mobilized for emergency respond to medical needs. In addition, the outpatient and inpatient services for flood Ministry allocated a sum of LKR 100,000 to victims. Emergency medical supplies were each affected district, for emergency responses. rushed to the main hospitals and over 100 The Ministry also coordinated with the Disaster doctors were deployed to meet medical Management Centre in the provision of health demands in affected districts. In addition, to services. improve access to medical services, mobile
RESPONSE, RECOVERY NEEDS AND RISK REDUCTION 59 5.1.2 Housing 5.2 Recovery needs assessments
The Ministry of Disaster Management Although a detailed recovery needs assessment provided funding for rehabilitation and repair was not undertaken in the current assessment, of floods damaged houses. Currently the some flood mitigation and flood impact National Housing Development Authority has assessment needs were identified. been mandated to support reconstruction of houses destroyed by natural disasters. 5.2.1 Data needs 5.1.3 Irrigation and flood control Sri Lanka lacks flood impact data that is gender segregated and does not have flood impact data systems on the elderly, children and disabled. Sri Lanka also does not have data on impact of During the initial recovery phase, damaged floods on the environment. Therefore, it is sluice gates were replaced and minor repairs to advisable to improve data collection irrigation canals were expedited to enable mechanisms and formats by incorporating these replanting where crop damages were in the data requirements, to generate a holistic picture early stages of planting. Farmers were issued of flood impacts on Sri Lankan culture, seed paddy by the Government to replace economy and environment. losses and to prevent food shortages in these districts. 5.2.2 Institutional fragmentation
In the medium term recovery phase, the needs Effectiveness of flood response and mitigation of farmers that had lost crops and could not are reduced in Sri Lanka due to fragmentation replant in time, were given priority. In and poor coordination among national addition, minor irrigation canal systems were institutions associated with flood control. rehabilitated and repairs were made to small Institutional fragmentation also makes it more tanks and anicut systems. difficult to conduct impact assessments of natural disasters due to fragmentation of data, Under the long term recovery phase, the rain particularly as there is no central agency with fed paddy extent, which does not have the authority to access and collect data from adequate drainage provisioning, will be various national bodies. An institutional subjected to major dredging operations. responsibility mapping of the Colombo Metropolitan area clearly shows fragmentation and overlap of institutional responsibilities.
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 60 May 2010 Box 3: Institutional fragmentation in Colombo
Fragmentation of institutional responsibility
Within the Colombo Metropolitan area, the SLLRDC, under the Ministry of Defense and Urban Development, is responsible for the development of low-lying areas, flood control and drainage investments and the management and maintenance of the primary canal system.
The Colombo Municipal Council is responsible for maintaining the secondary canal system.
The Provincial Irrigation Department and Department of Agrarian Services are responsible for the maintenance of the secondary canal system, outside the Colombo Municipality.
Meanwhile, the National Disaster Management Centre coordinates emergency responses to urban flooding and other natural disasters.
The fragmentation of institutional Drainage and flood control systems responsibilities limits the ability of relevant Sri Lanka’s storm water drainage networks have institutions to provide services characterized by been neglected for many years, resulting in economies of scale or externalities – such as poor water flow efficiency while irrigation and flood management and land use planning. For flood control systems suffer from aging example, real estate development beyond the equipment and components. Due to siltation core urban areas in Sri Lanka have taken the and encroachment of many large drainage form of haphazard and disconnected land use canals, large paddy tracts have been abandoned patterns, with agricultural, industrial, as marshland in Gampaha, Colombo and commercial and residential activities all mixed Kalutara districts. together. Therefore, mechanisms of improving institutional coordination should be The Irrigation Department is mandated with considered. The possibility of vesting maintaining irrigation canals. However, most maintenance of canals and drainage systems secondary canals in urban areas function as with one single suitable national agency should storm water drainages and are not maintained also be examined. by any organization. In Colombo the SLLRDC has taken over maintenance of major In addition, maintenance of drainage and canals. To improve drainage efficiency during flood control systems, preventing unauthorized heavy rains, large drainage pumps at many constructions and preventing encroachment of pumping stations should be replaced. The reservations should be part of the overall flood electric pumps at the Gin Ganga are over 30 mitigation strategy for Sri Lanka.
RESPONSE, RECOVERY NEEDS AND RISK REDUCTION 61 years old and diesel pumps at the Nilwala subject of unplanned and unauthorized Ganga are over 20 years old. Obtaining spare constructions. parts for these pumps is also difficult due to their age. The lifting type sluice gates in all 34 Encroachment of reservations anicut schemes in Gampaha, except for the Flood retention areas should be restored and Morenna Irrigation Scheme that has the possibility of identifying more flood electrically operated gates, should be replaced. retention areas should be explored, together Installation of electronic and automatic sluice with mechanisms to prevent encroachment of gates in major anicut schemes in the five reservation lands and water retention areas. districts would also greatly reduce flood risk. All major flood bunds in the Kelani River, the Gin Ganga and Nilwala river basins should Road maintenance also be strengthened. Ensuring proper maintenance of roads would reduce flood damages to both roads and Assessments that have already been concluded, vehicles. to build reservoirs in the Gampaha District, should be implemented as the demand for water is increasing in the district due to 5.2.3 Institutional capacity building population and industry expansion. The Capacities of local authorities are inadequate to Irrigation Department has already conducted ensure efficient disaster management. Local field assessments of suitable sites for medium authorities do not generate adequate revenues sized reservoirs that can be designed for for capital expenditure and for observation and drinking water purposes and also for flood measurement, and are also short of human control. resources and modern urban management tools, such as Geographical Information Unplanned constructions Systems. Unplanned constructions have, in addition to increasing flood risks, resulted in greater A sustainable funding mechanism should also vulnerability to landslides. Ad hoc be developed enabling the relevant institutions constructions of roads and buildings were also to maintain drainage canals, pumping noted as a cause of flooding. Sri Lanka needs schemes and flood levees. to prioritize land use planning and address the
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 62 May 2010 Box 4: Flood mitigation in the Metro Colombo area
Colombo’s vulnerability to floods
The Government of Sri Lanka has introduced a number of immediate measures to address the threat of floods facing Sri Lanka’s commercial capital. As there is strong consensus among stakeholders that local authorities within the Colombo Metropolitan area cannot be developed in isolation, the UDA and the SLLRDC was placed under the Ministry of Defense, in an attempt to use the strong convening power of this Ministry to ensure inter-agency coordination. The Government of Sri Lanka has also approved the development of a Metropolitan Governance system for Colombo. In addition, a multi-agency Flood Mitigation Task Force was created in May 2010, chaired by the SLLRDC, and a detailed Colombo Flood Mitigation Plan was developed. The plan identifies;
• Short, medium and long-term investments for the rehabilitation of canals and drainage systems
• Protection of existing flood retention and reservation areas Metro Colombo Urban Development project
The World Bank, through its Metro Colombo Urban Development project has agreed to finance critical medium to long-term flood-control investments for the Colombo Metropolitan region. The bulk of structural investments will go towards improving canal systems, retention areas and drainage systems of the Colombo water basin. Complex investments, such as rehabilitation of canals and flood-retention areas, which will have a longer gestation period and might require resettlement of vulnerable populations, will be implemented in Stage 2 of the Project. The project will also strengthen institutional capacity, metropolitan and local level for efficient and effective service delivery.
5.2.4 Psycho-social support 5.2.5 Vulnerability of schools
Sri Lanka’s available facilities are inadequate to Most school buildings in Sri Lanka are over 20 provide timely and effective psycho-social years old and are not constructed or retrofitted support to all affected people during a large according to guidelines to withstand natural scale disaster. However, Trauma counseling is disasters. Therefore, damages to school important especially for women, children and buildings from natural disasters might be the elderly, who are often compelled to remain higher than to other buildings. Therefore, at home at the onset of floods. Therefore, this schools should be assessed for vulnerability to gap in the country’s social support system natural disasters as part of Sri Lanka’s disaster needs to be addressed through the health and risk assessment and mitigation strategy social services networks.
RESPONSE, RECOVERY NEEDS AND RISK REDUCTION 63 Vulnerability of schools to floods depends on 5.2.7 Gender based recovery needs the location and type of school building. Most schools that are susceptible to floods are also Trauma counseling vulnerable to landslides. Traumas counseling is particularly important for women, as mental health problems of During reconstruction of schools, safety women will have implications on the central aspects, such as fire evacuation and flood risk cultural role that women play in caring for all reduction, should be incorporated as part of members of the family. overall disaster risk mitigation. Security As schools are used as emergency shelters, at Women should feel safe from violence and least designated schools should be provided with sexual abuse during and in the aftermath of a adequate sanitation and other essential facilities disaster. Therefore, security systems should be to accommodate displaced populations. established to ensure the safety of women and children. Sri Lanka’s education system can also be harnessed to increase disaster risk awareness Disaster preparedness and to improve disaster management and Women’s responsibility as care givers can be disaster preparedness by training teachers and utilized to improve community disaster students in disaster risks and safety. preparedness. Training programs, evacuation drills and awareness programs should be 5.2.6 Insurance coverage conducted targeting women.
Sri Lanka should consider mechanisms of Recovery assistance broadening insurance facilities to provide Both men and women need to have their lost insurance covering to a larger section of society assets replaced and paid equally for their and wider field of activities. For instance, at participation in flood risk reduction activities, present, housing insurance coverage against such as restoring damaged houses and natural disasters is relatively low as is the case livelihoods. Rural development planning should of crop insurance for farming communities. focus on increasing the ability of affected However, given the increasing risk of extreme communities, including women, to participate weather conditions due to climate change, in rehabilitation management and environ- wider insurance coverage may contribute mental resources management activities, as a towards greater resilience of the Sri Lankan means of increasing disaster resilience in the long economy and society in the face of run. Restoring only men’s livelihoods and unpredictable weather conditions. overlooking women’s participation in subsistence activities, which contribute to household incomes, could result in increased poverty.
Also, it is important to review policies, institutional capacities and impact on different sectors, from a gender perspective.
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 64 May 2010 Annexes POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 66 May 2010 Annex 1: Water supply, sanitation and drainage Pre disaster situation
Water supply
About 80 percent of Sri Lanka’s population has access to safe drinking water. About 36 percent of the country’s total population has access to pipe born water, while another 8 percent of the population is served through hand pumped tube wells. There are 312 major, minor and small, water supply schemes under the National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWSDB), out of which 31 schemes cover major cities and 281 schemes cover townships and villages. The total number of domestic connections for piped water was 1,151,933 by the end of 2009, with a majority of the connections in the Western Province that had 751,684 piped water connections.
The Colombo District enjoyed a piped water coverage of 71.99 percent, followed by the Gampaha District that had 55.17 percent coverage. The Kalutara District’s piped water coverage was 36.88 percent, while the districts of Galle and Matara had piped water supply coverage of 27.61 percent and 37.69 percent, respectively. (Table A1-1)
Table A 1: Piped water coverage ( 2009)
District Piped water supply coverage %
Colombo 71.99 Gampaha 55.17 Kalutara 36.88 Galle 27.61 Matara 37.69
Source: NWSDB
Where there is no provision of piped water, drinking water is obtained through protected and unprotected wells, tube wells and water bowsers. Wells are a primary source of potable water in the five worst flood affected districts (Table A1-2). A majority of homes (603,742), in the five worst flood affected districts of Colombo, Gampaha, Kalutara, Galle and Matara had access to protected wells within their premises and 261,385 families had access to wells outside their premises, while 125,515 families had access to unprotected wells. Tube wells were used by 46,850 families while 392,050 families had access to taps within their premises and another 215,536 had access to taps outside their premises. Some 520 families used water from water bowsers and 23,819 families had access to streams and rivers.
ANNEX 1 67 Table A 2: Sources of drinking water District Mid 2010 estimate Protected well Protected within premises well Protected outside premises Unprotected well well Tube within Tap premises (Main line) outside Tap premise (Main line) Bowser Tank/ River/ etc. Stream Other Not stated All 5 Districts 603,742 261,385 125,515 46,850 392,050 213,536 520 23,819 14,971 29,863 Colombo 140,479 40,734 9,049 4,459 232,783 115,936 42 1,467 1,754 12,802 Gampaha 214,407 58,745 24,596 26,066 62,412 41,370 305 182 1,627 7,750 Kalutara 100,819 66,703 31,073 7,758 31,109 18,495 13 5,810 1,886 4,082 Galle 89,367 63,058 37,081 6,623 29,285 19,361 144 6,307 1,599 2,868 Matara 58,670 32,146 23,716 1,944 36,461 18,373 17 10,054 8,104 2,361
Source: Extracted from Department of Census and Statistics of Sri Lanka mid year population projections
Sanitation facilities
Piped sewerage facilities are available to only 2.5 percent of the total population of Sri Lanka and is limited to parts of Colombo, covering Dehiwala-Mt Lavinia, Kolonnawa and some housing schemes and institutions within the Greater Colombo area. The sanitation systems of a majority of the population comprise pits, water seal toilets and pour flush toilets.
Table A 3: Sanitation facilities in the five flood affected districts
DistrictTotal Percentage of Toilet Facilities by Type of Toilet (estimated for 2010)* households in occupied housing Water sealed Pour flush Pit Other Not stated units - 2010 (Not water seal) All 5 Districts 100.0 77.5 14.1 4.4 0.7 3.4 Colombo 100.0 77.4 16.7 2.1 0.6 3.1 Gampaha 100.0 77.7 14.4 4.3 0.5 3.1 Kalutara 100.0 78.1 13.2 4.2 0.8 3.7 Galle 100.0 74.1 13.1 7.3 1.0 4.5 Matara 100.0 80.7 8.7 7.2 0.6 2.8
Source: Extracted from Department of Census and Statistics mid year projections
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 68 May 2010 A majority of households (77.5 percent) in the five districts, used water sealed toilets, while 14.1 percent of the households had pour flush toilets. Another 4.4 percent used pits.
Drainage system
The Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation (SLLRDC), Irrigation Department (ID), Provincial Irrigation Departments (PID) and local authorities are the organizations responsible for developing and maintaining waterways including rivers, canals and all other channels. Out of the water ways, rivers and irrigation canals are developed and maintained by the ID or PIDs.
The SLLRDC develops and maintains storm water drainages in declared areas. The responsibility of the local authorities is limited to maintaining urban drainage and water courses. However, due to unclear work responsibilities among the river work related organizations maintenance of rivers and canals are not at the optimum level.
City of Colombo and suburbs The city is protected from river flooding by two major flood levees, the Kelani South bund and Gothatuwa bund, on the left bank of the Kelani River, that are maintained by the ID. Provision has been made, by a flood outlet at Nagalagam, equipped with a navigation lock, to discharge surface flood waters in the main drainage canal network into the Kelani River when the river level is low. This lock prevents flood water in the river entering Colombo.
Greater Colombo drainage canal system This portion covers an area of 85km2 and falls within the Wet Zone, the flood plain of the Kelani River and parts of the Bolgoda Basin on the Eastern side.
Under the Greater Colombo Flood Control and Environment Improvement Project (GCFC&EIP) the main drainage canals (48 Kms) and the sea outfalls were improved during 1992 to 2001. Out of the 48 Kms of main drainage canals, 36 kms of main drainage canals fall within the Colombo Municipal Council, and the balance within the Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte and Dehiwela Municipal Councils.
Under third phase of the GCFC&EIP, storm water drainages (127Km) and sea outfalls were improved in Kawdana and Attidiya (522ha) in the Dehiwela Municipal Council and in the Lunawa Lake North Scheme and the Lunawa Lake South Scheme in Moratuwa Municipal Council. The storm water drainage systems targeted for improvement included trunk drainage channels, secondary drains and roadside drains.
ANNEX 1 69 Figure A 1: Map of Greater Colombo canal system
Source: Extracted from the Recovery and reconstruction needs of floods in Greater Colombo area report January 2010 by the SLLR&DC
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 70 May 2010 Damages and losses
Total damages and losses to water and sanitation facilities in the five districts due to the floods, was estimated at LKR 25.9 million with damages estimated at LKR 3.9 million (Table A4) and losses at LKR 21.9 million (Table A5). This is 1 percent of total damages and losses to the infrastructure sector.
Damages to water supply and sanitation infrastructure included destruction of wells, pipes, storm drainages and toilet facilities. Damaged water and sanitation systems were rehabilitated by local government authorities assisted by aid agencies with total rehabilitation costs accruing to the public sector. (While repairs may have been undertaken at private level, these values have not been reported)
Table A 4: Summary of damages to the water supply and sanitation sector by district, with public and private share of damages (Thousand LKR)
District Water Supply Sanitation Storm drainage Total Public Private
Colombo 125.0 75.0 2,000.0 2,200.0 2,200.0 - Gampaha 1,365.0 1,365.0 1,365.0 - Kalutara 283.2 283.2 283.2 - Galle 35.0 35.0 35.0 - Matara 40.0 40.0 40.0 - TOTAL 1,848.2 75.0 2,000.0 3,923.2 3,923.2 -
Source: Estimates by assessment teams
Losses in the water supply and sanitation sector were calculated based on the cost of cleaning and disinfecting contaminated units and revenue losses due to water supply interruptions.
Table A 5: Summary of losses to the water supply and sanitation sector by district, with public and private share of damages (Thousand LKR) Water Supply / District Sanitation Storm drainage Total Public Private Colombo 2,546.6 11,519.8 14,066.4 14,066.4 - Gampaha 1,885.8 2,500.0 4,385.8 4,385.8 - Kalutara 1,653.0 1,653.0 1,653.0 - Galle 1,638.0 1,638.0 1,638.0 - Matara 201.4 201.4 201.4 - TOTAL 7,924.7 14,019.8 21,944.5 21,944.5 -
Source: Estimates by assessment teams
ANNEX 1 71 All five districts reported losses from expenditure on cleaning and disinfecting. Cleaning, disinfection and repairs of sanitary systems and wells were, for the most part, conducted by the NWS&DB district offices, District MOH, local government authorities assisted by District DMC and aid agencies and the costs were accounted under the public sector.
The highest damages and losses were experienced in the Gampaha District at 33 percent of total damages and losses (Figure A2), followed by Colombo that accounted for 27 percent. Kalutara, Galle and Matara accounted for 20 percent, 17 percent and 3 percent of total sector damages and losses, respectively.
Figure A 2: Damages and losses incurred by each district as a percentage of total damages and losses in the water and sanitation sector
Impact on sanitation systems
Physical damages to sanitation infrastructure were only reported from the Colombo District amounting to LKR 75,000. The four districts of Gampaha, Kalutara, Galle and Matara did not report damages to sanitation system infrastructure (Table A4).
However, an estimated 155,818 toilet facilities were affected by floods in the five districts. These sanitation facilities included water sealed toilets, pour flush toilets, pit toilets and other forms of toilet facilities (Table A6). The Gampaha District reported the highest number of 50,836 toilet facilities affected by floods, while Colombo reported 42,854, Kalutara 31,314, Galle 24,519 and Matara reported 6,296 sanitation facilities affected by the floods.
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 72 May 2010 Table A 6: Affected sanitation facilities by type and by district
Affected Districts Estimated Number of Affected Toilet Facilities by the Flood (May 2010) Water Pour flush Total sealed (Not water seal) Pit Other Not stated All 5 Districts 155,818 118,879 24,169 4,762 1,349 6,658 Colombo 42,854 31,115 8,728 782 462 1,767 Gampaha 50,836 39,978 7,444 1,147 336 1,932 Kalutara 31,314 24,631 3,835 1,400 204 1,243 Galle 24,519 17,802 3,767 1,037 325 1,588 Matara 6,296 5,353 395 396 22 129
Source: Estimates by assessment teams based on Department of Census and Statistics of Sri Lanka projections Impact on water systems
Water supply systems were damaged in all five districts. The Gampaha District saw the highest damages, estimates at LKR 1.3 million, which was 74 percent of total damages to water supply systems in the five districts. Damages to water supply infrastructure in the Kalutara Distric was LKR 283,200 (15 percent of total damages to water supply infrastructure), while the Colombo District saw damages of LKR 125,000 (7 percent of total damages to water supply infrastructure). Matara and Galle reported damages of LKR 40,000 (2 percent of total damages to water supply infrastructure) and LKR 30,000 (2 percent of total damages to water supply infrastructure) (Figure A3).
Figure A 3: Damages to water supply infrastructure by district, in thousands of rupees, and as a percentage of total damages to water supply systems.
Source: Estimates by assessment teams
ANNEX 1 73 Contamination and damages to wells, in the five districts, caused water supply difficulties to thousands of families. Within the five districts, 68,184 families using protected wells reported that their wells were affected by the floods, while another 8,453 families using unprotected wells were also affected (Table A7). Tube wells used by 7,313 households were reported as affected by the floods and 69,627 households using taps were also affected due to contamination of water sources.
Table A 7: Sources of drinking water affected by floods by district and by type of water source District Source of Drinking Water affected by the Flood (estimated) Protected well Protected within premises Protected outside well premises Unprotected well well Tube within Tap premises (Main line) outside Tap premise (Main line) Bowser Tank/River/ etc. Stream Other Not stated All 5 Districts 45,419 22,765 8,453 7,317 42,436 27,191 70 975 855 3,336 Colombo 4,457 1,454 221 500 23,486 13,829 4 17 158 1,239 Gampaha 18,927 4,674 1,145 5,049 11,027 7,980 57 4 197 1,201 Kalutara 11,312 8,779 4,089 1,061 3,188 2,057 1 729 251 476 Galle 7,916 6,788 2,222 632 3,999 2,931 8 57 142 355 Matara 2,807 1,071 776 76 735 394 1 168 107 66
Source: Estimates based on census data
The total cost of cleaning and repairing wells in the five districts is estimated at LKR 3.74 million with 46 percent of this cost born by the Gampaha District at LKR 1.7 million. The second highest cost of rehabilitating wells was reported from the Galle District that spent an estimated LKR 1.6 million (44 percent of the total cost of restoring wells), while the Kalutara District spent LKR 394,300 on restoring wells (10 percent of the total cost of restoring wells) (Figure A4).
Figure A 4: Cost of restoring wells by district and by percentage
Source: Estimates by assessment teams
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 74 May 2010 Impact on drainage systems
During the torrential rains of May 2010 most of the drainage canals in Colombo could not cope with the volume of water due to a number of reasons. Most drainage canals were clogged up with silt and weeds and the road drains were not leading water into the secondary and main drainages. Out of the six sea outfalls only three outlets were effective. Encroachment of secondary canal reservations and other low lying areas, also affected drainage.
The Ministry of Defense mobilized the Navy to clear blocked drainage canals. This contributed towards incurring lower damages. The Colombo Municipal Council (CMC) is responsible for cleaning and repairing drainage systems, underground drains and secondary canals in the built up area. The total length of canals presently maintained by the CMC is around 350 kms. The CMC’s Drainage Division reported damages and losses to the secondary canal infrastructure, Municipal Council road infrastructure and cost of hiring gully suckers and labor for clearing work. The urban housing schemes managed by the CMC in low lying lands suffered most due to clogged drains and waste dumping. Similar expenses were incurred by the Kotte and Dehiwela Municipal Councils.
The Katunayake Expressway, which was being constructed by filling up a section of the Muthurajawela Marsh, had to be cut opened in six places around Wattala and Ja Ela, to release the flood waters in the Attangalu Oya. The Gampaha and Negombo Municipal Councils were involved in cleaning up clogged road drains.
In the District of Galle, the Galle Municipal Council maintains the three main drainage canals of Purana Ela, Kepu Ela and Moragoda Ela. Purana Ela and Kepu Ela have two sea outfalls and these two drainage canals, their link canals (9.36 Kms) and seven new bridges, were improved in 2002. Therefore, the main problems reported in Galle was that of houses up stream of the Moragoda Ela being inundated as the Moragoda Ela was not dredged for some time. A major earth slip was also reported at Kandewatte that endangered a row of newly built houses causing the Galle Municipal Council to use sand bags to protect the houses.
In the Matara district, many houses around Tudawe were affected by the Tudawe canal flooding due to silt build up and encroachments.
ANNEX 1 75 Annex 2: Transport; road, rail and air Pre disaster situation
Sri Lanka has a multi-modal transport system of roads, railway, air and water transportation. The road network comprises over 112,000 kms of roads and the railway network extends 1,640 kms. The role of the railway as a means of transport is very limited and its services are available only between Colombo and a few provincial cities.The rail system is faced with an impasse due to shortage of capital and as a result, rail freight reduced from 18 percent in 1990 to 1 percent in 2000. This reduced share of rail transport has added on to the road transport system. The country has five major seaports in Colombo, Galle, Trincomalee, Hambantota and Kankasanturai. The port of Colombo is the key international port at present although the Hambantota Port is being developed. The Colombo International Airport is located in the Gampaha District, in close proximity to Colombo city. In addition, there are 12 domestic airports in various parts of the country. They are mainly used for military purposes, with limited public use. Another international airport is under construction in Hambantota. Road network The road network is the conduit for almost 98 percent of Sri Lanka’s freight transportation and 95 percent of passenger transportation. Within the country’s road network, the National Roads channels 80 percent of total traffic in the country. Many new roads, such as the Colombo- Katunayake expressway, the Colombo-Kandy highway, the Katunayake-Padeniya-Anuradhapura highway and the Colombo-Matara expressway, are in various stages of construction. Sri Lanka’s existing road network by type and distribution among the provinces, are listed in Table A8.
Table A 8: Road network by province
Province National Roads Provincial Roads Local Other Authority Agencies A Class B Class Total C Class D Class Western 374.5 1208.7 1583.2 998 924 80,600 4,500 Southern 346.9 1018.5 1365.4 1,026 803 Sabaragamuwa 415.6 804.2 1219.8 1,148 937 North Western 353.6 961.7 1315.4 1,091 1,065 Central 408.6 1314.5 1723.0 1,665 578 North Central 495.2 649.2 1144.4 1,282 756 Uva 471.0 693.2 1164.2 1,559 180 Northern 734.5 524.1 1258.6 1,458 502 Eastern 619.6 528.1 1147.7 722 376 Total 4,219.5 7,702.2 11,921.7 15,743 80,600 4,500 Source: Planning Division, Road Development Authority (RDA) - 2009
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 76 May 2010 Sri Lanka’s road network is divided into five categories; 1. National roads: Consisting of 11,921.7 kms of A and B class roads serving inter-provincial and long-distance traffic. The RDA manages these roads. 2. Expressways: Constructed by the RDA, these roads extend about 600 kms in length. An Expressway Authority is to be established for the management of these expressways. 3. Provincial roads: A secondary system of about 15,743 kms of provincial roads serving intra-provincial traffic. The nine Provincial Councils manage these roads. 4. Local authority managed roads: A tertiary system of roads comprising about 80,600 kms of roads, managed by the local authorities. 5. Other roads: About 4,500 kms of roads managed by institutions such as the Irrigation Department, the Department of Wild Life Conservation, the Department of Forest Conservation, the Mahaweli Authority etc. Road maintenance is managed by agencies in charge of the road network, with limited funding from the consolidated fund. Roads by surface type
Most of Sri Lanka’s roads were built over 50 years ago. Therefore, a majority of the national highways have penetration macadam surfaces. Road rehabilitation in the recent past has converted many roads to asphalt concrete, or double bituminous surfaces. The existing national highway network can be categorized into six types, depending on their surfaces (Table A9). Most of the provincial road network has penetration macadam surfaces and the balance are gravel roads. Almost all local authority roads are gravel except roads under Municipal Councils and Urban Councils, which are mostly penetration macadam surface roads.
Table A 9: National road network by surface type
Surface type Total length (km) %
Asphalt concrete 1620.2 13.6 Double bituminous surface treatments 784.5 6.6 Single bituminous surface treatments 458.7 3.8 Penetration macadam 9016.2 75.6 Gravel roads 10.2 0.1 Concrete roads 31.9 0.3 Total 1,1921.7 100 Source: RDA
ANNEX 2 77 Roads by lane capacity
Based on lane capacity, the existing national road network can be categorized into 4 types (Table A 10). A majority of roads are single lane or substantial two lane roads. Most of the provincial roads and local authority roads are single lane roads.
Table A 10: Road network by no of Lanes
Category Length (km) %
Single lane 3257.9 27.3 Substantial 2 lane 4,457.8 37.4 Dual lane 3,980.4 33.4 Multi Lanes 225.6 1.9 Total 11,921.7 100
Source: RDA
Roads in flood affected districts
The road network in the flood affected districts are given in Table A 11.
Table A 11: Distribution of roads in flood affected districts National roads (km) Provincial roads (km) Category Category ABCD
Western Colombo 166 258 211 188 Gampaha 128 610 370 506 Kalutara 80 341 417 230 Southern Matara 135 252 300 248 Galle 97 893 389 272
Source: RDA
Damages and losses – Roads, rail, air
Total damages and losses experienced by the transport sector of the five worst flood affected districts, was estimated at LKR 2,320.16 million (Table A 12 ).
Roads sustained the highest physical damages in the transport sector. The total cost of damages to roads, LKR 1,913.75, was incurred by the public sector as roads are maintained by the State.
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 78 May 2010 Damages to railway system assets were estimated as LKR 8.50 million. The air transport sector did not report damages to assets. Total damages to transport infrastructure in the five districts is estimated at LKR 1,922.25 million.
Total losses in the transport sector of the five districts were estimated at LKR 397.91 million, mostly attributed to the road transport sector (LKR 387.60 million). Losses related to the railway system were valued at LKR 7.50 million and the air transport sector reported losses of LKR 2.81 million.
Table A 12: Transport sector damages and losses with by public-private distribution
Damage in LKR mnLosses in LKR mn Total Damages and losses in LKR mn Category Value Public Private Value Public Private Value Public Private
Roads 1,913.75 1,913.75 - 387.60 - 387.60 2301.35 1,913.75 387.60 Railway 8.50 8.50 - 7.50 7.50 - 16.00 16.00 - Air trans. - - 2.81 - 2.81 2.81 - 2.81 Total 1,922.25 1,922.25 - 397.91 7.5 389.81 2,320.16 1,929.75 390.41
Source: Assessment teams
Damages and losses – Roads
Some roads were submerged for days, while some roads were inundated only for a few hours. Damages to roads occurred due to; • Water flows across road surfaces and embankments • Erosion of foundations and damages to culverts and structures • Overflow of drainages and wash off road shoulder • Damages to road surfaces due to vehicle movements
Table A 13 shows the cost of damages incurred by the national, provincial and rural roads. The highest damages to roads were in the Colombo District at LKR 636.95 million, with damages to provincial roads coming to LKR 475.90. The District of Galle saw the next highest damages to the road network at LR 433.90 million. Road damages in Gampaha, Kalutara and Matara came to LKR 387.20, LKR 293.10 million and LKR 162.52 million, respectively.
ANNEX 2 79 Table A 13: Summary of damages to national, provincial and rural roads by district District Damage in LKR mn
National road Provincial roads Rural roads Total
Colombo 146.00 475.90 15.051 636.95 Gampaha 170.00 194.90 22.30 387.20 Kalutara 13.00 278.20 1.98 293.10 Galle 11.00 14.15 408.75 433.90 Matara 101.00 20.15 41.37 162.52 Total 441.00 983.30 489.451 1,913.75
Source: Assessment teams Damages to national roads
The value of damages to the national road network was estimated from data collected by the provincial authorities, based on the cost of rehabilitation to return the roads to their original condition and to incorporate improvements to reduce flood damages in future (Table ).
Table A 14: Value of damages to national roads
District Damaged road length km No. of structures damaged Cost of damage LKR mn Colombo 14.55 63 146.00 Gampaha 63.00 - 170.00 Kalutara 14.65 05 13.00 Galle 2.75 06 11.00 Matara 111.55 39 101.00 Total 206.50 113 441.00
Source: Assessment teams
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 80 May 2010 Damages to provincial roads Damages to provincial roads were recorded by provincial authority staff as given in Table A 15.
Table A 15: Value of damages to provincial roads District DS division Damaged road No. of structures Cost of damage length km damaged LKR mn Gampaha Attanagalla 7.67 Mirigama 7.13 Jaela 18.28 Wattala 21.94 Katana 104.6 Dompe 5.85 Biyagama 8.77 Mahara 8.42 Minuwangoda 4.02 Divulapitiya 5.41 Gampaha 2.81 Colombo Colombo 87.40 Kotte 8.50 Kaduwela 19.87 Moratuwa 25.55 Maharagama 33.92 Kesbewa 32.15 Ratmalana 6.68 Padukka 41.96 Seethawaka 47.93 Homagama 171.94 Kalutara Bandaragama 37.78 Beruwala 14.17 Kalutara 34.64 Millaniya 23.63 Panadura 15.75 Agalawatta 24.40 Bulathsinhala 81.86 Horana 15.74 Dodangoda 9.44 Mathugama 4.74 Wallawita 16.05 Galle Makadura 13.00 7.90 Baddegama 6.68 10 6.25 Matara Elpitiya 11.4 03 14.98 Thawalama 4.41 05 7.67 Total 35.49 18 985.80 Source: Assessment teams
ANNEX 2 81 Losses to the road system
Losses to the road system (LKR 387.60 million) are based on flood impact on movement of traffic. These economic losses were born entirely by the private sector. Road traffic was re-routed due to roads being submerged or due to earth slips. In such cases, losses were experienced in terms of travel time and additional costs, due to road congestion and being diverted through alternate routes that were longer than the original routes. Losses due to traffic diversion were calculated based on the difference in transportation costs between the original route and the alternate route. Losses in travel time were estimated based on the travel time difference and the value of time for each type of passenger.
Based on this calculation, it was estimated that people travelling by road, in Colombo, experienced losses of LKR 128.2 million, mostly due to additional costs, from being re-routed through longer roads that were also slower due to traffic congestion. Losses experienced by road users in Gampaha were estimated at LKR 87.8 million. People travelling in the districts of Galle, Kalutara and Matara incurred losses to the value of LKR 83.6 million, LKR 56.4 million and LKR 31.3 million, respectively, during the period of floods.
Table A 16: Losses attributed to the road system in the five districts by private and public effect District Value of losses LKR mn Traffic interruptions Higher costs Total Public Private
Colombo 5.53 122.75 128.28 128.28 Gampaha 13.26 74.62 87.88 87.88 Kalutara 56.50 56.50 56.50 Galle 83.62 83.62 83.62 Matara 31.32 31.32 31.32 Total 18.79 368.81 387.60 387.60
Source: Assessment teams Damages and losses - Rail system
The rail infrastructure in the five districts was not significantly damaged from the floods. Damages were mainly to rail tracks and embankments and reported only from Colombo and Galle. Total damages were valued at LKR 8.50 million (Table A 17). The full cost of damages was born by the public sector.
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 82 May 2010 Table A 17: Damages to the rail system in the five districts District Damages (LKR mn) Value Public Private
Colombo 4.50 4.50 - Gampaha - - - Kalutara - - - Galle 4.00 4.00 - Matara - - - Total 8.50 8.50 -
Source: Estimates by assessment teams
The public railway system also experienced economic losses from cancellation of trains, delays and changes to train schedules. These losses, incurred by the public sector, came to LKR 7.50 million (Table A 18).
Table A 18: Losses to the rail system in the five districts District Losses, thousand SLR Value Public Private
Colombo 4.50 4.50 - Gampaha - - - Kalutara - - - Galle 4.00 4.00 - Matara - - - Total 8.50 8.50 -
Source: Estimates by assessment teams Damages and losses - Air transport
While the air transport sector did not report damages, the sector did experience losses estimated at LKR 2.8 million from flight delays and cancellations at the country’s only international airport, the Bandaranaike International Airport (BIA), in Katunayake (Table A 19).
In May 2010, flights were scheduled on 19 days and 6,974 passengers were booked on flights. However, due to the heavy rains, 43 flights were delayed. Losses from flight delays were estimated at LKR 1.96 million and the air transport sector also incurred a cost of LKR 490,662 by
ANNEX 2 83 providing meals and other services for passengers held up by flight delays. In addition, 22 passengers had to hire 7-12 aircraft and Jet Ranger aircraft from the Ratmalana domestic airport to reach BIA, as road access to BIA was cut off during May 19th and 20, 2010. These passengers spent LKR 357,520 to be airlifted to BIA.
Table A 19: Losses experienced by the air transport sector
Air transport losses Value LKR
Losses due to flight delays 1,962,646.00 Expenditure on providing meals and other services due to flight delays 490,662.00 Expenditure of air lifted passengers 357,520.68 Total 2,810,828.68 Source: Civil Aviation Authority and Sri Lankan Air lines
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 84 May 2010 Annex 3: Telecommunications sector Pre disaster situation
Four fixed line operators and five mobile operators were providing telecommunications services in the country at the time of the May 2010 floods. Sri Lanka Telecom (SLT), which is a public listed company, where the Government of Sri Lanka is the major share holder, provided fixed land line services and fixed wireless (CDMA) services. The other three fixed wireless operators were Suntel, Lankabell and Dialog Broadband Networks, all mainly based on CDMA technology. The five mobile operators are Mobitel (owned by SLT), Dialog, Airtel, Hutchison and Etisalat. All mobile operators were based on GSM technology. The industry was regulated by the Telecommunication Regulatory Commission of Sri Lanka (TRCSL).
The highest fixed phone line coverage was in the Western and Southern provinces, to which the five worst flood affected districts of Colombo, Gampaha, Kalutara, Galle and Matara belong. A majority 42% of fixed line subscribers are concentrated in the Western Province, with the next highest 11% of subscribers, in the Southern Province (Figure A 5). The Western Province had 1.4 million fixed line subscribers, out of a total fixed phone line subscriber base of 3.4 million in December 2009. The Southern Province had 387,712 subscribers.
Table A 20: Fixed line subscriber base as at December 2009 Province Cumulative fixed line subscriber base as at December 2009 Central 343,919 East 177,984 North 74,646 North Central 201,385 North West 310,220 Sabaragamuwa 284,699 Southern 387,712 Uva 235,994 Western 1,419,399 Total 3,435,958 Source: TRCSL December 2009, published statistics
ANNEX 3 85 Figure A 5: Provincial distribution of fixed phone lines as at December 2009
10% 5% Central 2% 6% East North 42% 9% North Central North West 8% Sabaragamuwa 7% 11% Southern Uva Western
Source: TRCSL December 2009, published statistics
The provincial distribution of pay phones for public use evinced the same pattern with 49% of pay phones in the country concentrated in the Western Province followed by the second highest number of pay phones in the Southern Province (Figure A6). Out of a total 7,929 pay phones in the country, 3,865 were located in the Western Province. The Southern province had 967 pay phones.
Figure A 6: Provincial distribution of pay phones as at December 2009
10% 5% Central 2% East 6% North 42% North Central 9% North West 8% Sabaragamuwa 11% 7% Southern Uva Western
Source: TRCSL December 2009, published statistics
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 86 May 2010 Damages and losses
Natural disasters such as floods, lightning, strong winds and landslides can cause physical damages to base transceiver stations (BTS), remote switching units, copper cabinets, main switching units and optical cables. Hurricanes can damage overhead optical and copper cables, as well as repeater stations, BTSs and microwave links, by damaging antennas and towers. Lightning can damage all active components of telecommunications systems. Breakdowns of essential communications, during natural disasters are an additional threat that can exacerbate the disaster itself. The failure of telecommunications infrastructure leads to preventable loss of life and damage to property, by causing delays and errors in emergency responses and disaster relief efforts. During disasters, telecommunications infrastructure failures may occur through physical destruction of network components, disruption in supporting network infrastructure and network congestion.
However, in the case of the May 2010 floods in Sri Lanka, telecommunications infrastructure did not suffer extensive damages, although the five districts experienced disruptions to telecommunications services. Services were disrupted due to power failures at stations and stations that went down could not be accessed for repairs, due to submerged roads. Some sites were inaccessible for days. Damages to infrastructure were mainly due to lightning strikes. Losses experienced by the telecommunications sector were mainly due to power failures that required the use of generators, which were an additional cost, and reduced revenues from loss of services.
Based on feedback from the three telecommunications services providers, SLT, Mobitel and Etisalat, physical damages to telecommunications infrastructure in all five districts were estimated at LKR 8.8 million (Table A 22). Most of these damages accrued to the private sector (LKR 7.3 million). Damages to public assets were estimated at LKR 1.4 million. Economic losses were estimated at LKR 3.0 million with the public sector incurring losses of LKR 1.7 million and the private sector experiencing loses of LKR 1.3 million.
Table A 21: Damage and losses to the telecommunications sector by district and by public and private ownership
Damages (thousands LKR) Losses (thousands LKR) District Value Public Private Value Public Private
Colombo 4,041.4 280.9 3,760.5 1,863.3 1,698.3 165.0 Gampaha 3,987.4 1,150.0 2,837.4 919.3 919.3 Kalutara 77.0 77.0 23.2 23.2 Galle 682.0 682.0 113.3 113.3 Matara - 38.0 38.0 Total 8,787.8 1,430.9 7,356.9 2,957.0 1,698.3 1,258.7
Source: Estimates by assessment teams based on information from Sri Lanka Telecom, Etisalat, Mobitel.
ANNEX 3 87 Total damages and losses experienced by the telecommunications services sector in the five districts of Colombo, Kalutara, Gampaha, Galle and Matara, was estimated at LKR 11.7 million, which is 0.2% of the cumulative damages and losses. (Table A 22)
Table A 22: Total value of damage and losses to the telecommunications sector
Total value of damages and losses (LKR thousands) District Value Public Private
Colombo 5,904.68 1,979.20 3,925.48 Gampaha 4,906.67 1,150.00 3,756.67 Kalutara 100.21 - 100.21 Galle 795.30 - 795.30 Matara 37.95 - 37.95 Total 11,744.81 3,129.20 8,615.61
Source: Estimates by assessment teams based on information from Sri Lanka Telecom, Etisalat, Mobitel.
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 88 May 2010 Annex 4: Irrigation and flood control Pre disaster situation
Irrigation has been practiced in Sri Lanka since ancient times and was almost exclusively used for the cultivation of paddy. The sector has been a focal point of national development since independence. Since the 1970s, the total land area under irrigation has expanded by at least 200,000 ha to reach 642,000 ha by 1991. Out of this, extent, about 255,000 ha of irrigated land is served by about 80 major irrigation schemes. An additional 55,000 ha are irrigated by medium schemes and about 225,000 ha are served by about 25,000 minor schemes and rain fed cultivation.
Flood control The five worst flood affected districts of Colombo, Kalutara, Gampaha, Galle and Matara is home to 13 river basins out of the 103 river basins in Sri Lanka with seven major rivers, the Attangalu Oya, the Kelani Ganga, the Kalu Ganga, Bolgoda Lake, Bentara Ganga, the Gin Ganga and the Nilwala Ganga, flowing through the five districts.
The two major rivers running through Colombo and Kalutara, the Kelani River and the Kalu Ganga, have major flood levees on the right and left banks to protect the city of Colombo and suburbs. These two inter-provincial rivers are linked by the Bolgoda Lake which has an estuary with two large lakes and two sea outfalls in Panadura.
The Bentara Ganga river basin lies bordering the Kalutara and Galle districts and the Western and Southern provinces. The two rivers, the Gin Ganga and Nilwala Ganga, running through Galle and Matara districts have flood regulation pumping stations and flood levees built during the late 1970’s and 1980’s, along the lower flood plain.
Out of the five districts, the Gampaha District contains a major technical irrigation scheme - the Attanagalu Oya Irrigation System. Three rivers, namely the Dee-Eli Oya, Attanagalu Oya and Uruwal Oya, form the Attangalu Oya irrigation complex and, is located between the Kelani River and Maha Oya river basins. There are 10 major anicut schemes with 24 smaller anicuts throughout the system. There are also a number of rain fed, minor and medium irrigation projects within the basin and in Gampaha district.
The upper reaches between the main Attangalu Oya and the Kelani River (Dompe and Malwana areas and lands bordering Mabole, Wattala, Peliyagoda and Kelaniya) drain into the Kelani River and these areas are protected by minor flood protection levees and control gates. Kelaniya has a major flood protection levee, almost 5kms long, along the right bank of the Kelani River.
ANNEX 4 89 Sri Lanka’s wet zone experiences annual floods during the months of May, June and November, December. The five districts of Colombo, Kalutara, Gampaha, Galle and Matara are in the Wet Zone receiving over 2,000 mms of annual rainfall, except for some areas of Matara, located in the Intermediate Zone, that receive 1,000 mms to 1,800 mms of annual rainfall.
Flood forecasting Flood forecasting, based on daily rainfall data from the Meteorology Department of Sri Lanka, and river stage flows, is a function of the Irrigation Department. Flood warnings are issued through the media, to people living in unprotected areas and lower river basins. The Kelani River and Kalu Ganga Flood Forecasting Systems have been operational for over 70 years.
Flood regulation and protection systems have been operational for the Gin Ganga and Nilwala Ganga since the late 1970s and 1980s.
Damages to the irrigation sector Total damages to irrigation and flood control infrastructure in the five districts were estimated at LKR 202 million (Table A 23). The Southern district of Matara recorded the highest damages to irrigation infrastructure at LKR 78.6 million, with the district’s major irrigation systems sustaining damages worth LKR 37.0 million. Kalutara reported the second highest damages to irrigation infrastructure at LKR 38.9 million, with the district’s provincial irrigation canal systems and structures experiencing the brunt of the damages.
The Gampaha District’s irrigation network suffered damages valued at LKR 29.2 million, mostly to the main irrigation network. Gampaha received the highest rainfall during the floods of May 2010 and may have paid a higher toll in damages due to gates of the barrages being closed for irrigation activity and the main drainages overflowing. The sand filling in the Muthurajawela marsh, for the Katunayake expressway, also obstructed water drainage and had to be cut opened in almost six places to ease the flood situation around Ja Ela town.
Damages to Colombo’s irrigation and minor flood control infrastructure were estimated at LKR 28.7 million, which included LKR 12.8 million worth of damages to the district’s minor flood control structures in the Kelani River and LKR 15.9 million worth of damages to provincial irrigation systems. Galle reported the lowest injuries to irrigation infrastructure at LKR 26.5 million, with most of the damage experienced by the district’s provincial irrigation systems.
All physical damages to irrigation systems have been born by the public sector.
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 90 May 2010 Table A 23: Damages and losses to the irrigation sector by district and share of public and private ownership
Damages to irrigation systems (LKR mn) District Main Provincial Small Total Public Private
Colombo 12.80 15.96 - 28.76 28.76 - Gampaha 14.87 6.33 8.00 29.20 29.20 - Kalutara - 23.67 15.23 38.90 38.90 - Galle 15.00 3.91 7.59 26.50 26.50 - Matara 37.00 26.60 15.00 78.60 78.60 - Total 79.67 76.47 45.82 201.96 201.96 -
Source: Estimates by assessment teams
Losses in the irrigation sector Economic losses of the irrigation and flood control systems are accounted for as losses in agricultural output. Such losses have been included in the estimation of losses faced by the agricultural sectors of the five districts.
It should be noted however, that agricultural losses were exacerbated by the poor irrigation infrastructure management, including poor drainage systems. In the case of paddy, losses were heightened due to the early stage of cultivation at the time of floods.
Recovery During the first stage of recovery of the irrigation sector, damaged regulatory gates were replaced and minor repairs were done to irrigation canals and banks, enabling farmers to replant. Farmers were also provided with seed paddy by the Government. Over the medium term, farmers who had lost crops and could not replant in time, because of the need for larger scale repairs, were given priority. Repairs to minor irrigation canal systems, small tanks and anicut systems were accommodated during the medium term recovery phase. Under the long term recovery plan, dredging operations will be given priority as a means of future flood mitigation.
Irrigation sector needs assessment Dilapidated drainages that were a major cause of crop losses during the May 2010 floods have been prioritized for dredging, by the Irrigation Department and the provincial irrigation authorities. The Irrigation Department has been entrusted to develop a plan to rehabilitate all drainages in the five districts, except for the main drainage canals in Colombo, that are managed by the SLLRDC. Main drainages in the Gampaha District (Dandugam Oya and other town drainages connected with the irrigation systems) have been included for dredging.
ANNEX 4 91 Lifting type gates in all anicut schemes in the Attangalu Oya complex, except for the Morenna Irrigation Scheme that has been provided with electrically operated gates, should be modernized. Electrically operated automatic gates in at least the balance nine major anicut schemes of the Attangalu Oya complex, excluding the Morenna anicut, would greatly reduce flood risk to the system.
Electric pumps at the Gin Ganga are over 30 years old and diesel pumps at the Nilwala Ganga are over 20 years old. Given their age, it is also difficult to obtain spare parts for replacement especially for the diesel pumps. As part of improving drainage efficiency during times of continuous and heavy rains, large drainage pumps at all the pumping stations in the Gin Ganga and Nilwala Ganga flood regulation projects, that have served their lifespan, should be replaced.
Capacity building is required within the Irrigation Department to supply trained technicians to operate the large diesel and electric pumps in pumping stations. The major flood bunds of the Kelani River, the Kalu Ganga, Bolgoda Lake, Gin Ganaga and Nilwala Ganga should be strengthened to ensure protection of life and property, crops and irrigation infrastructure. Minor flood levees and their structures, and other main drainages in the above river basins have been neglected due to limitations in funding for maintenance and limitations in trained technicians. Therefore capacity building is of utmost importance to reduce flood damages in the future.
The Irrigation Department has conducted field investigations for suitable sites for medium sized reservoirs within the Gampaha District. These assessments for reservoirs should be expedited, as the demand for water is increasing in the district with population and industry expansion. The reservoirs can be designed for drinking water purposes and can also be used for flood regulation purposes.
Large paddy tracts have been abandoned as marsh land in Gampaha, Colombo and Kalutara districts due to many large drainage canals being silted and encroached. Maintenance of these canals should be allocated to a designated national authority, with a source of sustainable long term funding to ensure long term maintenance.
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 92 May 2010 Annex 5: Electricity sector Pre disaster situation
According to Central bank data by the end of 2009, 86 percent of Sri Lankan households had electricity, while Sri Lanka’s per capita consumption of electricity was 412 kWh/per person. Over half (55 percent) of the electricity generated in 2009, was by the State owned Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB). Private power producers contributed the balance to the national grid17. According to CEB data, about 35 percent of electrical energy was used by households and religious establishments, 30 percent was consumed by the industrial sector, about 2 percent by hotels, 19 percent by general purpose establishments and another 14 percent was consumed under bulk supply and street lighting18. Thermal electricity generation accounted for 60 percent of electricity generated, while 40 percent was from hydropower.
The distribution of electricity in the country is by the CEB and the Lanka Electricity Company Private Limited (LECO).
Table A 24: Electricity production and consumption data for Sri Lanka in 2009
Item 2009
Units Generated, GWh. 9,882 CEB sales, GWh 8,441 • Domestic 2,927 • Industrial 2,518 • General Purpose and Hotel 1,768 LECO 1,120 • Street Lighting 108 • LECO sales GWh 1054
Source: Extracted from Central Bank Annual report 2009
17 Central Bank annual report 2009, Key social indicators 18 Ceylon Electricity Board Statistical Digest 2009
ANNEX 5 93 Figure A 7: Consumer accounts by province
NO. OF CONSUMER ACCOUNTS BY PROVINCE
Province C.E.B Increase Percentage C.E.B. Percentage in Accounts Change of Total 2009 2010 2009/10 2010 2010 Colom Colombo City 150,944 3,324 2.2% 154,268 3.4% North Western 566,785 28,114 5.0% 594,899 13.3% North Central 276,745 19,179 6.9% 295,924 6.6% Northern 132,331 11,280 8.5% 143,611 3.2% Region - 1 Total 1,126,805 61,897 5.5% 1,188,702 26.5% Western-North 497,837 12,179 2.4% 510,016 11.4% Central 576,551 21,636 3.8% 598,187 13.4% Eastern 294,091 18,636 6.3% 312,727 7.0% Region - 2 Total 1,368,479 52,451 3.8% 1,420,930 31.7% Western-South II 316,854 10,488 3.3% 327,342 7.3% Uva 334,922 18,710 5.6% 353,632 7.9% Sabaragamuwa 350,073 24,656 7.0% 374,729 8.4% Region - 3 Total 1,001,849 53,854 5.4% 1,055,703 23.6% Western-South I 216,450 6,750 3.1% 223,200 5.0% Southern 566,584 25,303 4.5% 591,887 13.2% Region - 4 Total 783,034 32,053 4.1% 815,887 18.2% TOTAL 4,280,168 200,255 4.7% 4,480,423 100.0%
Source: Extracted from CEB Statistical Digest 2010
Damages and losses
Floods, rains and strong winds damaged electricity infrastructure and disrupted supply of electricity services. While the service providers lost revenue and incurred repair and replacement costs, households and businesses were inconvenienced by power supply interruptions.
Broken power lines were the leading form of damages to electricity infrastructure belonging to LECO. Damages to CEB assets were mainly in the form of fallen transmission posts and power lines due to high winds in Colombo, Kalutara and Galle. CEB area engineers also reported damages to equipment due to a number of storage units getting inundated for a number of days in Colombo, Kalutara and Galle.
The chief cause of losses was the drop in electricity demand, which resulted in a revenue loss for both the CEB and LECO during the period of floods and its aftermath, until electricity connections were re-established.
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 94 May 2010 Damages to the electricity infrastructure in the four districts of Colombo, Kalutara, Gampaha and Galle were estimated at LKR 9.3 million (Table A 25), out of which, the CEB incurred LKR 7.4 million of the costs and LECO absorbed LKR 1.9 million. Out of the total losses of LKR 5.0 million, the CEB incurred approximately LKR 4.7 million in lost revenues and additional costs, while LECO reported LKR 385,300 in losses.
Table A 25: Damages and losses to the electricity sector by district and by private and public ownership
Damages LKR mn Losses LKR mn District Value Public Private Value Public Private
Colombo 1.58 0.13 1.45 3.64 3.63 0.007 Gampaha 0.067 - 0.067 0.023 0.023 Kalutara 2.04 1.77 0.26 0.31 0.31 Galle 5.65 5.54 0.11 1.06 1.03 0.039 Matara - - - - Total 9.337 7.31 1.887 5.033 4.63 0.379
Source: Estimates by assessment teams
The total value of damages and losses to the electricity sector, excluding the Matara District that did not report damages and losses, was LKR 14.4 million (Table A 26). Both physical damages and losses from disruptions to economic flows were almost entirely born by the public sector (LKR 12.1 million), while the total flood effect on the private sector was LKR 2.3 million.
Table A 26: Total Damages and losses to the electricity sector by public and private ownership
Total effects LKR mn District Value Public Private
Colombo 5.22 3.77 1.46 Gampaha 0.09 - 0.091 Kalutara 2.35 1.77 0.579 Galle 6.72 6.57 0.150 Matara - Total 14.38 12.11 2.28
ANNEX 5 95 Annex 6: Agriculture, livestock and fisheries Pre disaster situation
Agriculture
Agriculture accounts for about 12 percent of Sri Lanka’s GDP and is the main source of income and sustenance for the country’s majority of rural populations. Agriculture is also directly linked to the country’s food security status, determined by the availability, affordability and accessibility of food items. Availability of food is determined by the national food supply, which is dependent on seasonality and climatic conditions. Therefore, in addition to destroying physical infrastructure, natural disasters such as floods, may lead to the spillover effect of food insecurity in the country, at least for a short period of time, particularly when such natural disasters occur in agricultural areas resulting in the destruction of food crops.
The major crops cultivated in the districts of Colombo, Gampaha, Kalutara, Galle and Matara are paddy (mainly under minor irrigation and rain-fed conditions), vegetables (mainly as home gardens) and fruits and plantation crops. The contribution of agricultural activities to average monthly household incomes, in the five districts were 3.6%, 3.0%, 10.4%, 16.9% and 12.5%, respectively. The more affluent and urbanized districts of Colombo and Gampaha were the least dependent on agriculture as a source of income. These two districts had the lowest land extent allocated for agriculture and did not show significant land allocations for non-paddy crops.
Paddy is the most important agricultural crop in Sri Lanka, as the country’s staple food. It is cultivated under major, minor and rain-fed irrigation systems in all five districts. At the time of floods in May 2010, the Matara District had the largest extent of paddy, extending into 17,044 ha with an anticipated output of 69,028 tons (Table A 27). The Kalutara District had 11,633 ha of paddy extent from which a production of 38,389 tons was expected. Galle had 6,210 ha of paddy, which was expected to yield an output of 19,096 tons. Paddy was the only significant large scale agricultural cultivation in Gamapaha. The district had 7,896 ha of paddy cultivation in anticipation of a production of 24,280 tons. Colombo, that had the lowest extent of paddy lands of 2,631 ha with a projected production of 7,788 tons.
Vegetable cultivation is secondary to paddy in agricultural importance. However, private sector investment in vegetable and fruit cultivation is increasing. The Other Field Crop (OFC) sector consists of coarse grains, condiments, grain legumes and oil crops. The annual OFC extent is about 1.2 million ha across the country. Out of the five flood affected districts, only Kalutara and Galle reported noteworthy cultivations of vegetables and fruits. The Kalutara District had vegetable extent of 78.5 ha and another 12 ha of papaya and 22 ha of banana cultivations. The Galle District had 1,811ha of vegetable cultivation.
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 96 May 2010 Table A 27: Pre flood agricultural area, yield and production, by type of crop and by district
Pre foods District Type of crop Area, ha Yield, ton/ha Production, tons
Colombo 7,788 Paddy 2,631 2.96 7,788 Gampaha 24,280 Paddy 7,896 3.08 24,280 Kalutara 39,186 Paddy 11,633 3.30 38,389 Vegetables 78.5 7.00 550 Papaya 12 6.00 72 Banana 22 8.00 176 Galle 31,769 Paddy 6,210 3.08 19,096 Vegetables 1,811 7.00 12,674 Matara 69,028 Paddy 17,044 4.05 69,028 TOTAL 172,052
Source: Department of Census and Statistics and Estimates by assessment teams
Livestock The major livestock products in Sri Lanka are milk, eggs, chicken and pork. The sub-sector has a 0.9 percent share of Sri Lanka’s GDP. Livestock production of poultry, swine, goats and cows, in the five flood affected districts contribute substantially to regional and national outputs of dairy and animal products.
Sri Lanka’s milk production increased by 12.1 percent, to 233 million liters, in 2009. This growth was supported by higher prices and other measures implemented to expand dairy farming. The milk production in 2009 consisted of 184 million liters of neat cattle milk (7 percent growth) and 49.3 million liters of buffalo milk (38 percent growth). Accordingly, in 2009, an estimated 28 percent of the total milk requirement of the country (at per capita consumption of 110 ml/day) was supplied locally, compared to that of 15 percent in 2005. In 2009, poultry meat production declined by 3 percent while poultry egg production increased by 10 percent.
The livestock populations of the five flood affected districts in 2009, are given below in Table A 28.
ANNEX 6 97 Table A 28: Livestock estimates in the five worst flood affected districts in 2009
Damages LKR mn Cattle Duck Chicken Goat/Sheep Swine Buffalo District Population Population Population Population Population Population
Colombo 12,130 1,530 896,340 3,060 4,721 5,080 Gampaha 30,830 1,723 1,260,540 10,910 20,060 8,830 Kalutara 18,800 595 559,120 9,690 3,060 8,340 Galle 16,900 457 213,840 4,350 990 8,190 Matara 13,940 108 131,100 3,270 190 7,930
Source: Department of Census and Statistics
Fisheries The fisheries sector that makes a contribution of 1.2 percent to the national GDP is significant in terms of food security, employment and income generation for large numbers of coastal populations. Approximately 1,337 fishing villages are located around the island’s coast, where a population of about 158,650 fishermen is directly involved in marine fishing. The protein requirements of a majority of Sri Lankans are met through fish. The five flood affected districts belong to coastal regions where fishing and related activities generate livelihoods for many people.
Sri Lanka’s annual fish production increased by 6.5 percent, to 339,730 metric tons in 2009. Marine fish production increased by 6.8 percent, while inland fish production grew by 4.7 percent. Growth in the marine sector was primarily driven by coastal fishing, which increased by 9.1 percent in 2009. This was due mainly to the relaxation of restrictions on fishing in the Northern and Eastern provinces and also due to the successful implementation of fishers’ rehabilitation projects in the Eastern province. However, the off shore deep sea fish production increased only marginally by 3.2 percent.
Table A 29: Fisher households, number of active fishers and the fish catch in the five worst flood affected districts (marine sector)
Fisheries District Fisher households in 2008 Active fishers in 2008 Fish catch MT in 2009 Negombo (Gampaha District) 12,530 12,620 37,490 Colombo 1,620 1,840 830 Kalutara 3,850 4,360 33,100 Galle 6,980 7,420 24,930 Matara 7,270 7,890 44,180
Source: Extracted from the Fisheries Statistics 2009 report of the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 98 May 2010 Damages and losses - Agriculture Agricultural losses during the May 2010 floods were heightened due to a combination of factors; unplanned constructions, poor drainage conditions and the flat, natural topography of the districts. These elements combined in causing water stagnation and prolonged flooding. In some part of the affected districts flood waters did not recede for several days, resulting in crops being submerged in water for many days. More efficient drainage facilities would have ensured lower crop losses.
The impact of the floods on the agriculture sector is estimated as LKR 1,227 million, which is approximately 63 percent of total damages and losses incurred by the productive sector and is nearly one fourth, or 24.2%, of cumulative damages and losses incurred by the five districts. Almost all damages and losses (nearly 99 percent) in the sector, were sustained by the private sector (Table A30). Gampaha was the only district to report damages to the agricultural sector, amounting to LKR 6.1 million, that were attributed to landslides. The remaining four districts only reported economic losses due to the floods. Galle suffered the most severe losses estimated at LKR 574.7 million, followed by Matara that reported losses of LKR 267.1 million and Kalutara that incurred losses totaling LKR 206.4 million. The total estimated value of damages and loses to the agriculture sector in Gampaha was LKR 98.2 million (Table A 31), with losses estimated at LKR 92.0 million. The Colombo District is estimated to have suffered losses worth LKR 80.4 million to its crop sector.
Table A 30: Damages and losses to the agriculture sector by district and by private and public share of ownership Damages LKR mn Losses LKR mn District Value Public Private Value Public Private Colombo 80.47 80.47 Gampaha 6.18 3.95 2.23 92.08 92.08 Kalutara 206.45 206.45 Galle 574.71 574.71 Matara 267.13 267.13 Total 6.18 3.95 2.23 1,220.84 1,220.84 Source: Estimates by assessment teams
Table A 31: Total damages and losses to the agriculture sector by public and private ownership Total effects District Value Public Private Colombo 80.47 - 80.47 Gampaha 98.26 3.95 94.31 Kalutara 206.48 - 206.45 Galle 574.71 - 574.71 Matara 267.13 - 267.13 Total 1,227.05 3.95 1,223.07 Source: Estimates by assessment teams
ANNEX 6 99 The impact of the flood was mainly felt by the paddy sector and mostly felt during the main cultivation season of Maha, which accounted for about 59 percent of total effect on the agriculture sector. Losses during the Yala season were mainly due to reduced land productivity. An extent of 7,736 ha of cultivated paddy lands was destroyed by the floods and only 3,077 ha were replanted (Table A 32 and Table A 33). While the Kalutara district lost 725 ha of paddy extent, this was replanted. However, replanting in the other four districts of Colombo, Gampaha, Galle and Matara was very low. The total replanting cost of paddy was estimated at LKR 119.7 million. Colombo, Gampaha, Galle and Matara reported 533 ha, 1,378 ha, 2,751 ha and 2,349 ha of cultivated paddy lands destroyed by floods, respectively.
Table A 32: Agriculture production pre and post floods Pre-Floods Post-Floods District Crop Area, ha Yield, Production, Area, ha Yield, Production, tons/ha tons tons/ha tons Colombo 7,788 6,283 Paddy rice 2,631 2.96 7,788 2,098 2.65 5,560 Paddy re-planting 273 2.65 723 Gampaha 24,280 7,407 22,777 Paddy rice 7,896 3.08 24,280 6,518 3.08 20,043 Paddy re-planting 889 3.08 2,734 Kalutara 39,186 33,032 Paddy rice 11,633 3.30 38,389 10,908 2.80 30,542 Paddy re-planting 725 2.80 2,030 Vegetables 78.5 7.00 550 78.5 4.00 314 Papaya 12 6.00 72 12 3.00 36 Banana 22 8.00 176 22 5.00 110 Galle 31,769 18,801 Paddy rice 6,210 3.08 19,096 3,459 3.08 10,636 Paddy re-planting 300 3.08 923 Vegetables 1,811 7.00 12,674 1,811 4.00 7,242 Matara 69,028 Paddy rice 17,044 4.05 69,028 14,695 4.05 59,515 Paddy re-planting 890 4.05 3,605 Total 172,052 80,893 Source: Estimates by assessment teams
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 100 May 2010 Table A 33: Estimation of production losses in the agriculture sector Production Losses Replanting costs Total Losses District Production Unit price, Thousand Area Planting cost, Replanting Thousand tons LKR/ton LKR in ha LKR/ Ha thousand LKR LKR Colombo 2,228.1 62,385.7 18,086.25 80,471.93 28,000.00 62,385.7 723 25,000 18,086.25 Gampaha 1,503.7 42,097.3 26,670.00 68,767.30 1,503.5 28,000.00 42,097.3 889 30,000 26,670.00 Kalutara 6,154 181,072.0 25,375.00 206,447.00 5,817 28,000.00 162,862.0 725 35,000 25,375.00 236 60,000.00 14,130.0 36 40,000.00 1,440.0 66 40,000.00 2,640.0 Galle 7,537 536,925.8 10,500.00 547,425.84 28,000.00 211,031.1 300 35,000 10,500.00 5,432 60,000.00 325,894.7 Matara 5,909 189,086.4 39,160.00 228,246.40 32,000.00 189,086.4 890 44,000 39,160.00 Total 23,332 1,011,567.22 119,791.25 1,131,358.47 Source: Estimates by assessment teams
A few vegetable cultivations were damaged by floods in Kalutara and Galle. Kalutara also reported papaya and banana cultivation losses. The total vegetable, papaya and banana production loss was estimated as 9 MTs, which is almost 50 percent of the total production of the area.
The five districts reported a total drop in production of 23,332 metric tons, including paddy and other crops, due to floods. The value of production losses in the crop sector, including losses faced by paddy cultivators and cultivators of other crops, were estimated at LKR 1,011 million. Total losses incurred by the agricultural sector of the five districts, including replanting costs were estimated at LKR 1,131.3 million.
ANNEX 6 101 Paddy cultivations losses were increased by poor irrigation systems. Gampaha, Galle and Matara districts specifically highlighted losses to their paddy cultivations during the May 2010 floods due to irrigation systems not being repaired in 2009. These losses totaled LKR 89.4 million (Table A 34).
Table A 34: Additional paddy crop losses in 2010 due to irrigation damages not fixed in 2009
District Area haYield, ton/ha Production Price, LKR/ton Loss thousand loss, tons LKR
Gampaha 235 3.1 728.5 32,000 23,312.0 Galle 275 3.1 852.5 32,000 27,280.0 Matara 300 4.05 1,215.0 32,000 38,880.0 Total 810.0 2,796.0 89,472.0
Damages and losses - Livestock The damage estimates for the livestock sub-sector are based on the production losses. Overall damages to the livestock sub-sector was LKR 12.2 million attributed mainly to the death of livestock and damages to sheds and cages used to house animals. The Gampaha District sustained the highest damages and losses at LKR 11.7 million, which was 96 percent of total livestock sector damages. Colombo, Kalutara and Galle did not report damages and/or losses to livestock activities. As in the case of the agricultural sector, damages and losses were predominantly in the private sector (Table A 35).
Table A 35: Damages and losses to the livestock sector by district and by private and public share
Damage in LKR mnLosses in LKR mn Total Effects LKR mn Category Value Public Private Value Public Private Value Public Private
Colombo ------Gampaha 1.20 0.25 0.95 10.49 - 10.49 11.69 0.25 11.43 Kalutara ------Galle ------Matara 0.28 0.28 0.21 - 0.21 0.49 - 0.49 Total 1.48 0.25 1.23 10.70 - 10.70 12.18 0.25 11.92
Source: Estimates by assessment teams
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 102 May 2010 Gampaha and Matara districts reported LKR 1.5 million worth of animals and assets lost during the May 2010 floods. Animal deaths included cattle, goats, piglets and chickens (Table A 36).
Table A 36: Estimated damages to livestock in Gampaha and Matara
District Type of livestock Number of Unit cost, Damage, deaths LKR thousand LKR Gampaha Cattle 3 15000 45.0 Goats 3 4000 12.0 Piglets 135 2000 270.0 Chicken - • Layers 1200 250 300.0 • Broiler 1900 100 190.0 • Chicks 75 150 11.3 • Village chicken 150 800 120.0 Furniture at Development Office 254.0 Total Gampaha 1,202.3 Matara Poultry 22 240 5.3 Cattle 2 55,000 110.0 Livestock sheds 16 10,000 160.0 Total Matara 275.3 Total 1,477.53
Source: Estimates by assessment teams based on information from district livestock offices.
Production losses in the livestock industry in Gampaha and Matara was estimated at LKR 10.5 million (Table A 37). These losses were due to lower outputs during and after the floods and due to increased cost of operations following the floods.
ANNEX 6 103 Table A 37: Production losses in livestock, Gampaha and Matara
District Daily Unit price, No. of Production loss, Higher cost of Total loss, Production LKR months thousand LKR operation, thou LKR thou LKR Gampaha Milk, liters/day 10 40.00 5 60.00 60.00 Eggs/day 960 13.00 1 374.40 374.40 Broiler meat, kg/mo 2,850 350.00 1 997.50 997.50 Mutton, kg/mo 90 600.00 1 54.00 54.00 Fodder cost, kg/day 100 500.00 6 9,000.00 9,000.00 Total Gampaha 1,485.90 9,000.00 10,485.90 Matara Milk 213.00 Total Matara 213.00 Total 1,698.90 9,000.00 10,485.90
Source: Estimates by assessment teams
Damages and losses - Fisheries Total damages and losses incurred by the fisheries sub-sector was estimated as LKR 26 million (Table A 38). This figure was mainly due to the high damages and losses suffered by a single private fisheries establishment in the Kalutara District. Almost total impact was felt in the form of production losses (97 percent). In addition, large numbers of fishermen also suffered from loss of livelihoods.
Table A 38: Damage and losses for fishery sub-sector
Damage in LKR mnLosses in LKR mn Total Effects LKR mn Category Value Public Private Value Public Private Value Public Private
Colombo Gampaha 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 Kalutara 0.005 0.005 25.00 25.00 25.005 25.005 Galle 0.73 0.73 0.12 0.12 0.85 0.85 Matara Total 0.73 0.73 25.25 25.25 25.985 25.985
Source: Estimates by assessment teams based on information from district fisheries offices.
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 104 May 2010 Annex 7: Industry, commerce & tourism sectors Pre disaster situation
According to the Annual Survey of Industries conducted by the Department of Census and Statistics in 2008, there were 239,746 manufacturing, commercial and service establishments in the five districts of Colombo, Kalutara, Gampaha, Galle and Matara. The categories include mining, manufacturing, transport and public utilities, wholesale trade, finance, insurance and real estate, services, non classifiable trade or service establishments and non classifiable industrial establishments. These establishments were employing 1,713,356 persons. The breakdown by district, of the number of establishments and persons engaged, is shown in Table A 39 below.
Table A 39: Pre-disaster situation of existing establishments and employees
District Number of Percentage Number of Persons Percentage Persons per Establishments % Engaged % Establishment Colombo 79,132 33 755,195 44 10 Gampaha 69,706 29 532,919 31 8 Kalutara 34,170 14 189,604 11 6 Galle 31,715 13 144,039 8 5 Matara 25,023 10 91,599 5 4 Total 239,746 100 1,713,356 100 7
Source: Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka
A majority of establishments (33%) were in the Colombo District, followed by the Gampaha District (29%). The other three districts housed 14% to 10% of the business establishments. In a similar pattern, a majority of employment (44%) was in the Colombo District followed by the Gampaha District (31%). Employment in the other three districts was in the range of 11% to 5%. The Colombo District had the highest number of persons per establishment (10) while the lowest (4) was recorded in the Matara District. These figures indicate the relative size of business establishments.
Table A 40 below shows the mean output, per month, of establishments of various categories in rupees for the five districts, before the disaster.
ANNEX 7 105 Table A 40: Pre-disaster output per month (mean) in ‘000 rupees Category District Total Colombo Gampaha Kalutara Galle Matara Agriculture, Forestry & Fishery 20.0 177.1 55.0 217.5 158.2 Construction 81.0 150.0 104.0 Manufacturing 100.3 1,189.5 338.8 190.3 214.0 517.5 Transportation & Public Utilities 67.5 50.0 61.7 Wholesale & Retail Trade, Hotels & Restaurants 321.5 1,972.1 4.9 184.2 94.8 553.0 Other Services 960.9 646.8 49.6 7,560.0 98.8 839.5 Total 379.0 1,074.6 144 803.0 131.0 558.2
Source: Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka
As can be seen from the above table, the highest mean output per month (LKR 1,074,600), was from the Gampaha District followed by the Galle District (LKR 803,000). In terms of category of establishments, the highest mean output was recorded from ‘other services’ (LKR 839,500) followed by the category of wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants (LKR 553,000) and by the category of manufacturing (LKR 517,500).
The above baseline information was used to provide the quantitative basis for the damage and loss assessment of the May 2010 floods.
Survey of industry, commerce and tourism Damages and losses associated with the decline in industrial production and sale of goods and services were assessed based on the outcome of a survey conducted in the five districts of Colombo, Kalutara, Gampaha, Galle and Matara. The survey covered a sample of 256 enterprises, with site visits to a small sample of enterprises. The distribution of the sample, according to different categories and districts, is given in Table A 41 below.
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 106 May 2010 Table A 41: Sample distribution District District Total Colombo Gampaha Kalutara Galle Matara Agriculture, Forestry & Fishery 2 13 2 3 - 20 Construction 2 - - - 1 3 Manufacturing 20 28 18 7 7 80 Transportation & Public Utilities 3 1 - - - 4 Wholesale & Retail Trade, Hotels & Restaurants 32 20 15 13 13 93 Finance, Insurance & Real Estate - - 1 - - 1 Other Services 17 18 14 2 4 55 Total 76 80 50 25 25 256 Source: Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka
Industrial sector Major assumptions Assumptions made in estimating damages and losses; • Baseline data of 2008 (Survey of industries by the Department of Census and Statistics) were used for the assessment without projecting to the current year (2010), due to the absence of reliable industry growth figures. • From the industrial sample survey results, an extrapolation of the value of damages to cover the entire population of industrial and commercial establishments in the five districts was made, based on a ratio of destroyed versus total number of industrial and commercial units. The sample survey data was filtered by considering industrial units employing 5 to 24 persons and commercial units employing over 3 persons. This was because damages were reported to have occurred mainly to medium sized establishments. Damage and loss assessment The manufacturing/industrial sector sustained damages to assets and revenue losses or changes in the flows of the sector’s economy. In addition, some industries that relied on inputs from other sectors of the economy, sustained production losses even if no damages were experienced to their own industrial facilities.
Damages in the industrial sector was estimated initially in physical terms and was subsequently converted into monetary terms by using the repair, reconstruction or replacement cost of the destroyed physical assets, to the same quality and quantity standards prior to the flood.
ANNEX 7 107 Losses in the industrial sector refer to both the decline in industrial output and to the increase in operational costs after, and as a consequence, of the flood. Post-disaster reconstruction on the other hand, may actually increase demand and production of certain manufactured goods but such indirect possibilities have not been considered for the initial estimation of losses.
The assessment of damages and losses for the industrial sector was more complex than other sectors due to the large number of existing industrial units, of different types and sizes. Therefore, a special sample survey of affected industrial establishments was conducted and the results were combined with existing baseline information to cover the entire population of the industrial sector.
The assessment team also conducted a field visit to determine the impact of the floods on the affected industries. During the field visit and the survey, unit reconstruction and replacement costs for repair and rebuilding of physical assets, as well as replacement of equipment and machinery, were obtained through interviews with industry executives and representatives. Difficulties and limitations foreseen by the owners of such industries, for instance, in terms of financial and credit requirements, availability of raw materials and inputs, availability of labor, time required for replacement of specialized equipment and machinery, etc. were also identified. The visit and survey results were used to estimate losses from production stoppage or decline. On the basis of this information it was possible to develop a scenario of how the industrial sector would function until full recovery and reconstruction was achieved.
Commercial sector The commerce or trade sector too, sustained damages to its physical assets that caused sales losses or changes in the flows of the sector’s economy. In addition, some commercial establishments that relied on inputs from other sectors of the economy incurred sales losses even when no damages were incurred by their facilities.
As in the case of the industrial sector, damages in the commercial sector were estimated initially in physical terms and were subsequently converted into monetary terms by using the repair, reconstruction or replacement cost of the destroyed physical assets, to the same quality and quantity standards prior to the flood. Losses in the commerce or trade sector refer to both the decline in sales and to the increase in operational costs after, and as a consequence, of the flood. An increase in the demand for commercial services due to post disaster reconstruction was not considered for the initial estimation of losses.The results of the sample survey were combined with the existing baseline information to cover the entire population of the commercial sector. Assessment of damages The assessment of damages was based on the sample survey and field visits to obtain average values of damages for each type of establishment and the number of different establishment types that was either totally or partially destroyed. Next, the value of damages for the entire population
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 108 May 2010 of industrial and commercial establishments was extrapolated, based on the ratio of destroyed versus total number of industrial and commercial units.
Table A 42 below shows estimated affected establishments and employees, along with estimated damages to manufacturing and commercial establishments, including hotels and restaurants.
Table A 42: Damages to manufacturing and commercial establishments (LKR)
District Category Affected Affected Estimated establishments employees damages LKR All 5 Districts Total 310 2,574 105,727,221 Manufacturing 71 722 66,046,933 Wholesale & Retail Trade, Hotels & Restaurants 238 1,852 39,680,288 Colombo Total 126 1,169 31,162,994 Manufacturing 19 208 3,764,880 Wholesale & Retail Trade, Hotels & Restaurants 107 961 27,398,114 Gampaha Total 98 702 66,946,500 Manufacturing 32 287 60,376,300 Wholesale & Retail Trade, Hotels & Restaurants 66 415 6,570,200 Kalutara Total 37 281 5,421,658 Manufacturing 7 72 403,002 Wholesale & Retail Trade, Hotels & Restaurants 29 209 5,018,656 Galle Total 47 404 1,858,850 Manufacturing 13 151 1,485,158 Wholesale & Retail Trade, Hotels & Restaurants 34 252 373,692 Matara Total 3 18 337,219 Manufacturing 1 4 17,593 Wholesale & Retail Trade, Hotels & Restaurants 2 15 319,626
Source: Estimates by assessment teams
Out of 239,746 manufacturing and commercial establishments in the five districts, 310 units, employing 2,574 persons, were affected by the floods. These business establishments that employed between five and 24 persons incurred a total estimated damage of over LKR 105 million. A majority, 126 manufacturing and commercial establishments (41 percent), was located in the Colombo District. The next largest number of affected business establishments 98 (32 percent), was in the Gampaha District. In the Galle and Kalutara districts 47 businesses (15 percent) and 37 businesses (12 percent), were affected, respectively. Only three business establishments suffered in the Matara District, which was 1 percent of total flood affected business establishments in the five districts.
ANNEX 7 109 Figure A 8: Damages to manufacturing and commercial establishments (LKR)
70,000,000
60,000,000
50,000,000
40,000,000
30,000,000
20,000,000
10,000,000
0 Colombo Gampaha Kalutara Galle Matara
Source: Extracted from CEB Statistical Digest 2010
The estimated average recovery period was reported as two weeks (from survey results), during which the affected enterprises repaired/rebuilt affected premises, repaired or replaced damaged equipment and restocked materials to resume operations. No public sector industrial and commercial establishments, including hotels and restaurants, were affected. Assessment of losses The estimation of losses was based on several considerations, of which, the time frame for their occurrence was paramount. Losses normally occur over a time period required to achieve full reconstruction of premises, replacement of destroyed machinery, and to obtain full availability and flow of raw materials and inputs. Losses occur due to: • Damages to industrial capacity in terms of destruction of buildings, equipment and machinery • Temporary stoppage of production due to lack of electricity or water • Temporary disruption of raw material availability and inflow • Temporary unavailability or shortage of labor • Insufficiency or non-existence of working capital • Decline in demand due to income decline of the population.
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 110 May 2010 Estimated losses included possible production losses and operational cost increases. Production decline losses were estimated based on the time frame required to achieve normal or pre-disaster levels of production. Operational cost increases were due to: • Payment of overtime to staff to attend and solve urgent problems immediately after the flood • Rental of alternative premises while the destroyed or damaged ones are rebuilt or repaired • Temporary acquisition of electricity and water from alternative sources for the production process • Temporary acquisition of raw materials from alternative sources. Table A 43: below shows the estimated affected establishments and employees, along with estimated revenue losses of manufacturing and commercial establishments, including hotels and restaurants.
Table A 43: Revenue losses of manufacturing and commercial establishments (LKR)
District Category Affected Affected Estimated revenue establishments employees losses LKR All 5 Districts Total 310 2,574 447,944,678 Manufacturing 71 722 317,049,543 Wholesale & Retail Trade, Hotels & Restaurants 238 1,852 130,895,135 Colombo Total 126 1,169 45,720,729 Manufacturing 19 208 2,144,717 Wholesale & Retail Trade, Hotels & Restaurants 107 961 43,576,012 Gampaha Total 98 702 382,039,982 Manufacturing 32 287 312,786,000 Wholesale & Retail Trade, Hotels & Restaurants 66 415 69,253,982 Kalutara Total 37 281 14,623,659 Manufacturing 7 72 238,080 Wholesale & Retail Trade, Hotels & Restaurants 29 209 14,385,579 Galle Total 47 404 5,406,528 Manufacturing 13 151 1,856,454 Wholesale & Retail Trade, Hotels & Restaurants 34 252 3,550,074 Matara Total 3 18 153,780 Manufacturing 1 4 24,292 Wholesale & Retail Trade, Hotels & Restaurants 2 15 129,488
Source: Estimates by assessment teams
ANNEX 7 111 While a majority of establishments resumed operations within two weeks following the flood (2.2 weeks for manufacturing and 1.9 weeks for commercial establishments), it is expected that certain interruptions would last for a few months. Revenue losses were calculated based on these periods of work interruptions. The loss of output, or revenue loss, is therefore estimated at LKR 447.9 million among manufacturing and commercial establishments in the five districts, while the manufacturing sector accounted for most of the losses at LKR 317 million. The Gampaha District experienced the highest losses of LKR 382.0 million, followed by Colombo business establishments that saw losses of LKR 45.7 million. Businesses in Kalutara, Galle and Matara districts experienced losses of LKR 14.6 million, LKR 5.4 million and LKR 153,780 respectively.
Figure A 9: Revenue losses of manufacturing and commercial establishments (LKR)
400,000,000
350,000,000
300,000,000
250,000,000
200,000,000
150,000,000
100,000,000
50,000,000
0 Colombo Gampaha Kalutara Galle Matara
Source: Assessment teams
Tourism sector No hotels were damaged in any of the five districts. Around 11 guest houses were affected in Gampaha and Kalutara. Compared to industries and commercial establishments, damages and revenue losses in the hotel and restaurant sector were insignificant at around LKR 0.7 million each. Therefore, the tourism sector was included in the commercial sector and not considered as a separate sector.
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 112 May 2010 Summary of damage and losses Table A44 below provides estimated damages and revenue losses of manufacturing and commercial sectors, including hotels and restaurants.
Table A 44: Summary of damages and losses in the manufacturing and commercial sector (LKR)
District Category Damages LKR Revenue losses Total effect LKR LKR All 5 Districts Total 105,727,221 447,944,678 553,671,899 Manufacturing 66,046,933 317,049,543 383,096,476 Wholesale & Retail Trade, Hotels & Restaurants 39,680,288 130,895,135 170,575,421 Colombo Total 31,162,994 45,720,729 76,883,723 Manufacturing 3,764,880 2,144,717 5,909,597 Wholesale & Retail Trade, Hotels & Restaurants 27,398,114 43,576,012 70,974,126 Gampaha Total 66,946,500 382,039,982 448,986,482 Manufacturing 60,376,300 312,786,000 373,162,300 Wholesale & Retail Trade, Hotels & Restaurants 6,570,200 69,253,982 75,824182 Kalutara Total 5,421,658 14,623,659 20,045,317 Manufacturing 403,002 238,080 641,082 Wholesale & Retail Trade, Hotels & Restaurants 5,018,656 14,385,579 19,404,234 Galle Total 1,858,850 5,406,528 7,265,378 Manufacturing 1,485,158 1,856,454 3,341,612 Wholesale & Retail Trade, Hotels & Restaurants 373,692 3,550,074 3,923,766 Matara Total 337,219 153,780 490,999 Manufacturing 17,593 24,292 41,885 Wholesale & Retail Trade, Hotels & Restaurants 319,626 129,488 449,113
Source: Estimates by assessment teams
The Gampaha District experienced the highest damages and revenue losses, adding up to LKR 448,9 million. This was mostly due to damages and losses sustained by a large scale apparel manufacturing factory located in the district. Colombo had the next highest damages and losses of LKR 76.8 million. Businesses in the Kalutara and Galle districts experienced damages and losses of LKR 20.0 million and LKR 7.2 million, respectively. Business establishments in Matara experienced the lowest damages and losses of LKR 490,999.
ANNEX 7 113 Annex 8: Health sectors Pre disaster situation
Sri Lanka’s health systems are seen as one the most effective health systems among developing countries. Healthcare services provided by the State, through hospitals dispensaries and clinics, are free at the point of delivery. Sri Lanka is one of the first developing countries to provide universal health. The Ministry of Health and its provincial counterparts provide a wide range of promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative health care. The private sector is engaged mainly in providing curative care. Non Governmental Organizations also provide certain services, especially, at community level.
The Government of Sri Lanka provides 60% of all healthcare needs of the population. Ninety five percent of inpatient care is provided by Government health services. These services are provided through an extensive network of health institutions throughout the island.
The five worst flood affected districts of Colombo, Gampaha, Kalutara, Galle and Matara, are served through an extensive network of health infrastructure. Health institutions and their bed strengths, in the five districts, are summarized in Table A 45. Among the health institutions in these districts, the National Hospital, teaching hospitals, general hospitals and a few base hospitals, are run by the Central Ministry of Health. All other institutions come under the Provincial Councils. Table A 45: Health institutions and their bed strengths in the five flood affected districts
Type of Hospital Colombo Gampaha Kalutara Galle Matara No Beds No Beds No Beds No Beds No Beds
National Hospital 1 3293 ------Teaching Hospitals 9 6224 3 2317 - - 2 1883 - - Provincial General Hospital ------District General Hospital - - 2 1407 1 915 - - 1 111 Base Hospital Type A 3 960 1 562 2 787 2 493 - - Base Hospital Type B 1 285 2 234 1 137 2 239 2 336 Divisional Hospital Type A 3 388 6 991 2 235 1 125 3 449 Divisional Hospital Type B 6 421 3 194 8 527 8 599 6 429 Divisional Hospital Type C 2 53 7 213 6 174 9 246 8 61 Primary Medical Care Units 26 - 40 95 8 5 27 28 17 25 MOH Offices 12 - 13 - 10 - 17 - 17- Total 63 8331 77 6013 38 2780 68 3613 54 2419 Source: Ministry of Healthcare and Nutrition
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 114 May 2010 Flood impacts on the health sector None of the health sector institutions experienced significant direct damages (Table A 46). Seven Medical Officer of Health (MOH) areas in the Colombo District, eight in the Kalutara District, 10 in Gampaha, 13 in Matara and 16 in Galle were affected by the floods. Health infrastructure in Colombo, Kalutara and Matara were not affected by the floods. The Panadura Hospital, in the Kalutara Distrcit was affected due to the overflow into a few wards and the theatre of the hospital. A few central dispensaries (CDs) in Gampaha were affected.
However, while the health sector did not experience much damages to infrastructure , the national health services incurred additional expenses from extra services provided for flood affected populations, mainly in the form of conducting clinics in shelters, providing chlorine tablets, chlorinating water sources and supplying health education materials.
Table A 46: Health sector impacts on the five districts
District Affected Affected Period of Extra Activities through RDHS* MOH areas health facilities emergency Offices (no of days) Colombo All MOH areas were None App. 7 days Extra Activities through RDHS* Offices affected. • Daily mobile clinics within IDP camps IDP camps were • Health camps in flood affected areas. held in MOH of, • Health Education-public announcements, • Hanwella awareness programs, school programs. • Padukka • Distribution of disinfectants among house • Kolonnawa holds • Moratuwa • Chlorination of wells • Nugegoda • Distribution of chlorine tablets • Pitakotte • Kaduwela
Kalutara All the MOH areas Some wards and App. 1 - 2 days • One day Health Camps were affected, the theater of the • Distribution of chlorine tablets. except Horana (9 Panadura Hospital • Chlorination of wells. MOH Areas) were affected by • Health Education Activities. the overflow.
Gampaha All the MOH areas Few CDs were App. 7 days • Health education to affected populations were affected except affected. • Distribution of chlorine tablets Meerigama. • Conducting mobile clinics in camps Communicable disease surveillance in Affected areas and IDP camps with measures to control outbreaks.
ANNEX 8 115 •Chlorination of wells after the floods settled.
Matara Affected MOH areas App. 3 to • Health education activities. • Aturaliya 7 days • TCL issued to all MOH areas. • Akuressa • Mulatiyana • Hakmana • Matara • Kiranda • Weligama • Malimbada • Devinuwara • Thihagoda • Walipiiya • Dikwella • Kaburupitiya
Galle Affected MOH areas None App. 2 • Mobile clinics in MOH areas • Weliwitiya – days • Distribution of TCl for chlorination of Divithura wells • Balapitiya • Health education programs in MOH • Niyagama areas and in schools. • Ambalangoda • Emptying septic pits using gully • Karandeniya machines. • Baddegama • Habaraduwa • Imaduwa • Udugama • Neluwa • Thawalama • Alpitiya • Induruwa • Bope – Poddala • Hikkaduwa • Galle – MC area
*Regional Director of Health Services Source: Health sector flood situation reports
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 116 May 2010 The spread of disease was largely contained due to immediate mobilization of emergency health services. Disease surveillance over a period of 20 weeks, from the 3rd week to the 23rd week, of floods, saw a high number of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever(DHF) incidents in all five districts (Table A 47) with Kalutara reporting the highest number of 724 DHF patients followed by Galle and Matara that reported 442 and 181 DHF patients. A total of 1,419 incidence of DHF were reported from the five districts during the surveillance period. Leptospirosis was reported from all five districts and was the second most frequent disease observed during the period. Typhus fever, dysentery, food poisoning and viral hepatitis cases also increased during the period.
Table A 47: Notifiable disease reported within week 3 and week 23 of the floods Disease Colombo Gampaha Kalutara Galle Matara Total
Dysentery 107 41 85 114 81 428 Enteric Fever 28 24 10 0 2 64 Food Poisoning 135 65 59 11 39 309 Leptospirosis 291 198 165 40 176 870 Simple Contd.Fever 0106714 Typhus Fever 291 199 1 3 61 555 Viral Hepatitis 28 44 17 6 8 103 Diarrhoea 000000 Dengue Hemorrhagic 28 44 724 442 181 1,419 Fever (DHF)
Source: Ministry of Healthcare and Nutrition
Damages and Losses Total damages and losses to the health sector in the five affected districts was estimated at LKR 4.7 million stemming from LKR 2.2 million in physical damages, incurred by the public sector, and LKR 2.5 million in losses, also accruing to the public sector (Table A 46). In comparison with other sectors, the impact of the flood on the health sector has been relatively minor (Values have been presented in thousands as a majority of the values are too small to be meaningfully converted into millions). Combined damages and losses to the health sector represented only 0.1% of cumulative damages and losses experienced by the five districts across sectors. Losses to the sector accrued from the provision of preventive services, transportation of patients and medical care for flood victims. The national health authorities spent LKR 316,950 on preventive measures, LKR 105,780 on transporting the sick and the injured to hospitals and another LKR 2.1 million was spent on the provision of drugs and medical care for the flood affected.
ANNEX 8 117 Table A 48: Damages and losses incurred by the health sector in the five districts District Damages Losses LKR thousands LKR thousands Medical care Transporting Preventive Total sick measures Colombo 288.47 274.71 13.76 41.34 329.81 Gampaha 219.90 209.30 10.60 31.50 251.40 Kalutara 55.00 52.33 2.71 7.87 62.91 Galle 1,373.76 1,308.13 65.63 196.87 1,570.63 Matara 274.71 261.63 13.08 39.37 314.08 Total 2,211.84 2,106.10 105.78 316.95 2,528.83
Source: Ministry of Healthcare and Nutrition
Immediate response to the flood All five affected districts have a network of hospitals ranging from the National Hospital of Sri Lanka, where all medical services are available, to Primary Medical Care Units, which provide only outpatient services. This network of hospitals provided the necessary outpatient and inpatient services to flood affected people. Drugs, medical equipment and staff were deployed by the Ministry of Heath.
In addition, many other activities were conducted in flood affected districts to prevent the spread of diseases. Mobile health camps were conducted in all five districts by the Medical Officers of Health(MOH) within internally displaced persons camps, where outpatient treatment was provided with necessary referrals. Health education activities were conducted among the affected populations and Information Education and Communications material was distributed on disease prevention, mainly targeting food and water borne diseases and also vector borne diseases. Health education activities were conducted by MOH, the Public Health Inspectors and District Health Education Officers.
Chlorination of drinking water was given high priority to prevent food and water borne diseases. Water wells were cleaned and chlorinated and chlorine tablets were distributed.
In addition, disease surveillance was strengthened in the affected districts. Daily reports were obtained from the relevant MOH, by the Regional Epidemiologist. These details were sent daily to the Disaster Preparedness and Response Division of the Ministry of Health, where all the data from the flood affected districts were monitored for necessary action.
The Disaster Preparedness and Response Division of the Ministry of Health provided necessary technical support to the districts and to the DMC. In addition, the ministry provided a sum of LKR100,000 to each affected district, for emergency activities.
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 118 May 2010 Annex 9: Education sector Pre disaster situation
The government of Sri Lanka provides free education from Grade 1 up to university level for all children. The compulsory education age is 5 years to 16 years. In 2009 the total population of school age children in Sri Lanka was about 44 million. The country has achieved gender parity in primary schooling, and gross enrolment rates at primary level are 91.4% for girls and 92.2% for boys. The completion rate at primary level is 89.9% and the survival rate is 99.5% for both girls and boys. Sri Lanka also has one of the highest net enrolment rates in South Asia at 97% for both girls and boys (Table A 49).
In order to ensure equitable access to basic education, the Government of Sri Lanka has established a wide network of schools throughout the country. The overall teacher pupil ratio in the public school system is 1:9, which is one of the most favorable teacher pupil ratios among developing countries.
However, most schools buildings in Sri Lanka are over 20 years old and are not constructed or retrofitted according to natural disaster safety guidelines, to withstand natural disasters. Therefore, damages to school buildings from disasters, such as floods, might be comparatively higher than to other buildings. Schools may also be vulnerable to floods depending on their location. Most schools that are vulnerable to floods may also be vulnerable to landslides, especially in the Central, Sabaragamuwa and Uva provinces.
Schools are also not designed to use as emergency shelters, although frequently used for this purpose. Most schools do not have adequate essential facilities, such as water, sanitation facilities and electricity, to house large displaced populations that include vulnerable groups such as women, children, elderly and differently-abled populations, while also simultaneously continuing routine educational activities.
Table A 49: Net enrolment rates in primary education in Sri Lanka
Year Male Female Total 2004 92% 90% 91% 2005 90% 88% 89% 2006 94% 95% 95% 2007 93% 94% 93% 2008 91% 92% 91%
Source: School Census, Ministry of Education
ANNEX 9 119 Damages and losses The assessment team conducted a documentation review and validated the finding through interviews with officials from the Ministry of Education, Provincial Departments of Education and schools in the five affected districts.
Approximately 87 schools were affected by the 2010 floods, while five schools were used as emergency shelters for flood victims. Inundated roads prevented children from attending schools, while others were prevented from attending school due to displacement from their homes. Children also lost school books and school uniforms to the flood waters. Unplanned construction of roads and buildings in the vicinity of schools, blocking drainage networks, also contributed towards schools getting flooded and increased the threat of landslides to school premises.
Damages to school buildings were estimated as LKR 42.7 million (Table A 51). Damages to school furniture and equipment were estimated at LKR 2.5 million. Total physical damages incurred by the education sector of the five districts were estimated as LKR 45.3 million. All damages were accrued to the public sector. The highest damages to school buildings were in the Kalutara District that reported damages estimated at LKR 22.8 million to its schools. The Matara District saw the second highest damages to education infrastructure estimated at LKR 12.0 million. The districts of Colombo, Gampaha and Galle reported damages to the value of LKR 4.3 million, LKR 2.6 million and LKR 734,600, respectively.
Table A 50: Education sector damages by district and by public and private ownership
District Damages LKR mn Buildings Equipment Total Public Private Colombo 4.40 0.26 4.66 4.66 - Gampaha 2.68 1.66 4.34 4.34 - Kalutara 22.87 - 22.87 22.87 - Galle 0.73 0. 59 1.32 1.32 - Matara 12.06 - 12.06 12.06 - Total 42.74 2.51 45.25 45.25 - Source: Estimates by Assessment teams
An estimated LKR 3.0 million accrued as a loss to the public sector, due to unused food rations that should have been distributed to school going children. Total damages and losses to the education sector was estimated at LR 48.3 million which was 0.1% of overall flood impacts.
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 120 May 2010 Table A 51: Education sector losses by district and by public and private ownership
District Losses LKR mn Food costs Total Public Private Colombo - - - Gampaha - - - Kalutara 2.86 2.86 2.86 - Galle 0.05 0.05 0.05 - Matara 0.10 0.10 0.10 - Total 3.01 3.01 3.01 - Source: Estimates by Assessment teams
The most number of schools affected by the disaster, 26 schools, were in the Kalutara District (Table A 53). Eighteen schools in the Gampaha District sustained damages, while 17 schools in Colombo were also affected. Another 16 schools in Galle suffered from the floods and 10 schools in Matara.
Out of the 17 schools in the Colombo education zone only five were used as emergency shelters. None of the 70 schools in Galle, Gampaha, Kalutara and Matara were used as camps for flood victims. This could be due to schools themselves being flooded or being at flood and landslide risk or not being equipped with adequate basic facilities, such as water, sanitation and electricity, to host displaced populations.
ANNEX 9 121 Table A 52: Education sector damages and losses by education zone
District Education No of Building Equipments Total Damage No of Loss for meals (as Zone School's Damage Cost Damage Cost (LKR) mn Schools meals provided) Affectd (LKR) mn (LKR) mn used (LKR) mn Colombo Sri Jayawardanepura 3 - - 0.00 3 - Colombo 11 2.75 0.26 3.02 2 Homagama 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Piliyandala 3 1,64 1,64 Total 17 4,39 0.26 4.66 5 0.00 Galle Ambalangoda 5 0.735 0.59 1.32 0.05 Elpitiya 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 Galle 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 Udugama 7 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total 16 0.73 0.59 1.32 0 0.05 Gampaha Negombo 6 1.30 1.30 Gampaha 2 0.47 0.36 0.83 Kelaniya 10 2.21 2.21 Total 18 2.68 1.66 4,35 0 0.00 Kalutara Horana 10 0.00 0.61 Kalutara 13 20.77 20,77 Mathugama 3 2.10 2.10 2.25 Total 26 22.87 0.00 22.87 0 2.86 Matara Akuressa 9 12.06 12.06 0.10 Matara 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total 10 12.06 0.00 12.06 0 0.10
Total 87 42.75 2.52 45.26 5 3.02
Source: Zonal education officers
Needs assessment As schools are used as shelters for displaced persons at times of natural disasters, essential facilities such as toilets, water supply and electricity should be adequately available in such school buildings. A strategy should also be developed to avoid disruption of educational activities while housing displaced populations within schools.
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 122 May 2010 Reconstruction of schools and school buildings should be used as an opportunity to incorporate relevant natural disaster safety measures into school premises. Schools should also be assessed for vulnerability to natural disasters, as part of the national disaster management strategy.
As available facilities in the country are inadequate to provide timely and effective psycho-social support services to people affected by large scale natural disasters, periodic evaluations are required to identify educational needs to deal with disasters. Parents lack understanding of their role and responsibility in emergencies, and this increases stress on children and their education. Therefore, participatory assessments should be conducted to identify requirements in the educational recovery process. These findings should be integrated into the national disaster recovery process.
As School Development Societies (SDS) play a key role in school development activities, school safety should be included in the SDS mandate. Teachers and students should also be trained in safety and disaster mitigation, as part of the overall national risk mitigation strategy.
ANNEX 9 123 Annex 10: Housing sector Pre flood situation
The five flood affected districts had 1,755,036 households in 2010 and 7,535,626 household occupants. The average household size was 4.3 persons. The Colombo District, which is the most densely populated district in Sri Lanka, was home to 559,505 housing units and a population of 2,434,335, followed by the Gampaha District that had 476,140 housing units and 1,981,898 occupants. Kalutara was estimated to have 267,748 housing units and 1,149,053 occupants. The Galle District had 255,692 households and 1,111,400 occupants, while the Matara District had 195,950 households and 858,940 occupants (Table A 53).
Out of the over 1.7 million houses in the five districts, a majority of over 1.3 million were permanent houses, while 306,994 houses were classified as semi-permanent. Another 10,675 were listed as improvised houses and 21,638 were not classified.
Table A 53: 2010 mid-year projections on housing in the five districts
District Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated number of occupied housing-units number of number of Household (Mid 2010)* occupants households size* Total Permanent Semi Impro Not (Mid 2010)* (Mid 2010)* permanent vised classified All 5 Districts 7,535,626 1,755,036 4.3 1,708,147 1,368,840 306,994 10,675 21,638 Colombo 2,434,335 559,505 4.4 536,766 463,496 61,540 1,467 10,263 Gampaha 1,981,898 476,140 4.2 464,538 376,339 76,820 4,942 6,437 Kalutara 1,149,053 267,748 4.3 262,248 206,967 51,586 1,167 2,529 Galle 1,111,400 255,692 4.3 251,845 182,276 66,169 1,889 1,510 Matara 858,940 195,950 4.4 192,749 139,762 50,879 1,209 899 Source: Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka
Housing units in Sri Lanka are classified as permanent, semi permanent and improvised based on the building materials used for walls, roofing and floors (Table A 54).
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 124 May 2010 Table A 54: Basis of classification of housing units
Type of housing unit Type of building material Wall Roof Floor Permanent Brick, cabook, cement blocks, Tile, asbestos, concrete, Cement, terrazzo, tile, stone, pressed soil blocks metal sheets granite, wood
Mud Tile, asbestos, metal sheets Cement
Semi permanent Brick, cabook, cement blocks, Tile, asbestos, metal sheets Mud stone, pressed soil blocks
Brick, cabook, cement blocks, Cadjan, Palmyrah, straw, Cement, mud, wood stone, pressed soil blocks metal sheets
Mud Tile, asbestos, metal sheets Mud, wood
Mud Cadjan, Palmyrah, straw Cement, mud, wood
Plank, metal sheets Tile, asbestos, metal sheets Cement, mud, wood
Improvised Plank, metal sheets Cadjan, Palmyrah, straw Cement
Cadjan, Palmyra, straw Any material Any material
Plank, metal sheets Cadjan, Palmyrah, straw Mud, wood, sand
Source: Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka’s middle income populations in urban and rural areas construct houses that have rubble masonry foundations, brick or cement block walls, and use tile or asbestos sheets for roofing. These houses are able to withstand floods. In urban areas, houses are often constructed in low lying areas due to land scarcity and these houses get flooded during heavy rains. Low income segments in urban and rural areas build houses with stone foundations, timber, mud or tin sheet walls, and cadjan, tin sheet or asbestos sheet roofs. These houses too, are constructed in low lying areas and are even more vulnerable to floods and landslides due to lower quality of building materials. Therefore, it is necessary to increase awareness among the public on selecting appropriate lands, construction techniques and building materials, for housing. Assessment of damages and losses The assessments of damages to houses in the five districts were initially conducted by Divisional Secretaries, through the respective Grama Niladaris (GN). A more extensive survey was conducted by a DaLA assessment team covering a sample of GN divisions. These findings were extrapolated to cover the five flood affected districts.
POSTANNEX FLOOD 10 ASSESSMENT May 2010 125 Damages were estimated based on the cost of repairing and rebuilding housing units to the same level of quality and extent as prior to the disaster, and the value of replacing household goods that were destroyed. The unit costs for repair, reconstruction and replacement of destroyed and damaged assets were those prevailing at the time of the disaster, unaffected by scarcity or speculation.
In order to estimate losses, a realistic time frame must be developed for repair and reconstruction, based on the capacity of the construction sector in the affected country or area, combined with local availability of construction materials, equipment and labor, and considerations of other possible constraints on reconstruction execution, such as timely financing availability. This should provide the timeframe for the duration and phased discontinuation of temporary shelters and the normalization of sector conditions.
The following losses are typical of the housing sector • Costs of temporary shelters; o Cost of temporarily setting up water, sanitation and electricity services for shelters o Transport, if provided free to people in shelters o The cost of demolition of destroyed or damaged housing units and cost of collection and environmentally safe disposal of rubble. • The loss of rental proceeds during repairs Damages and losses An estimated 155,818 occupied housing units were affected in the five districts by the May 2010 floods (Table A 55). These included 124,835 permanent houses, 27,582 semi-permanent houses, 981 improvised houses and 2,422 non-classified housing units. The Gampaha District reported the most number of flood affected housing units at 50,836, while 42,854 housing units in Colombo were affected. Kalutara, Galle and Matara reported that 31,314, 24,519 and 6,296 occupied housing units were affected by the floods, respectively.
Table A 55: Estimated number of affected housing units
Affected district Estimated number of flood affected occupied housing units Total Permanent Semi permanent Improvised Not classified All 5 Districts 155,818 124,835 27,582 981 2,422 Colombo 42,854 35,773 6,048 89 944 Gampaha 50,836 41,919 7,462 475 980 Kalutara 31,314 24,085 6,799 134 296 Galle 24,519 18,290 5,800 256 175 Matara 6,296 4,768 1,473 26 28 Source: Estimates by Assessment teams
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 126 May 2010 Physical damages were reported to a lower number of housing units. The District Secretariats of the five districts reported 4,535 housing units as partially and fully damaged by the floods (Table A 56). These housing units qualified for government compensation of LKR 25,000 for a partially damaged house and a maximum of LKR 50,000 for a fully damaged house. The government of Sri Lanka also provided assistance in rebuilding housing units, where household income was less than LKR 3,000 per month and the housing unit was not classified as an unauthorized structure.
Table A 56: Damaged houses reported to the District Secretariats
Affected district Damaged housing units reported to the District Secretariats for compensation Total Fully Partially All 5 Districts 4,535 863 3,672 Colombo 518 12 506 Gampaha 1,212 154 1,058 Kalutara 912 134 778 Galle 1,591 359 1,232 Matara 302 204 98 Source: District Secretariats
Damages Total damages to housing units in the five districts were estimated at LKR 256.9 million. Out of this figure, damages to housing unit was calculated as LKR 193.4 million while damages to household goods accounted for another LKR 63.4 million (Table A 57). The full value of these damages was born by the private sector.
Table A 57: Damages to housing sector by district and by public and private ownership
District Damages LKR mn Damages to Damages to Total Ppublic Private houses household goods Colombo 44.09 12.62 56.71 - 56.71 Gampaha 45.88 15.39 61.27 - 61.27 Kalutara 34.71 11.68 46.39 - 46.39 Galle 58.82 20.08 78.90 - 78.90 Matara 9.94 3.70 13.64 - 13.64 Total 193.44 63.47 256.91 - 256.91 Source: Estimates by assessment teams
ANNEX 10 127 At the time of conducting the damage and loss assessment for this report, insurance companies in the five districts reported 173 insurance claims, valued at LKR 63.9 million, for damaged housing, from private individuals and businesses. A majority, 169 claims, were from the personal sector/private individuals, which accounted for the full reported value of the LKR 63.9 million insurance claims. While four corporate claims were reported, two from Galle and one each from Colombo and Gampaha, at the time of collating data for this report, insurance valuations were not available for these claims. At time of data collection, there were no insurance claims from the Matara District. Gampaha had the highest number of insurance claims of 74, followed by Colombo that had 55 insurance claims.
The lower value of insurance claims, compared to total value of damages to the housing sector as estimated in this assessment, may be due to the time lag in submitting insurance claims and low household insurance coverage in Sri Lanka, against floods.
Table A 58: Insurance claims on housing damages
District All Sectors Personal Sector Corporate Sector No of Value of claims No of Value of claims No of Value of claims claims LKR mn claims LKR mn claims LKR mn Total 173 63.97 169 63.97 4 0 Colombo 55 28.18 54 28.18 1 0 Gampaha 74 27.72 73 27.72 1 0 Kalutara 8 2.90 8 2.90 0 0 Galle 36 5.17 34 5.17 2 0 Matara 0 0 0 0 0 0 Source: Insurance companies
Losses
Losses incurred by the housing sector of the five districts totaled LKR 230.5 million (Table A 59), which included LKR 42.5 million for setting up and maintaining relief shelters for flood victims and LKR 187.9 million in cleaning costs. The public sector incurred LKR 50 million out of these losses while the balance LKR 180.4 million was born by the private sector.
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 128 May 2010 Table A 59: Losses to housing sector by district and by public and private ownership
District Losses LKR Mn Shelter costs Clean up costs Total Public Private Colombo 11.41 53.82 65.23 5.19 60.04 Gampaha 14.64 61.47 76.11 16.29 59.82 Kalutara 7.09 37.24 44.33 2.42 41.91 Galle 6.95 28.15 35.10 13.64 21.46 Matara 2.41 7.30 9.71 12.51 2.79 Total 42.50 187.98 230.48 50.05 180.02 Source: Estimates by assessment teams
Total damages and losses to the housing sector of the five districts were estimated at LKR 487.4 million. This was 9.6 percent of overall damages and losses due to floods. Needs assessment These damages and losses were due to a number of different reasons. For instance, although the Gampaha District is not generally considered landslide prone, during the May 2010 floods, six newly built, two story houses, located in the Mahara Divisional Secretary division, were destroyed due to a landslide. The landslide occurred due to the slope of a hillside collapsing under the heavy rains. This incident highlighted the need to sensitize the public on adhering to safety regulations for constructions.
Unauthorized constructions are another cause of floods while also placing occupants of such unauthorized buildings at a higher risk from floods. New, unauthorized housing settlements, in and around Kolonnawa in the Colombo District for instance, encroached upon flood retention areas of Colombo. Such encroachment of retention areas should be prevented to mitigate flood risk to the Colombo District.
In another instance, 83 families were marooned, for about eight days, in Arambe, in the Katana Division of the Gampaha District, when the bund of the Dagonna irrigation tank was breached and the Dandugam Oya overflowed. This situation highlighted the need to strengthen downstream flood preparedness in the country.
As part of overall disaster preparedness, evacuation mechanisms for vulnerable groups, including the disabled, should be strengthened. In Beruwela, in the Kalutara District, four disabled persons were in a helpless situation and had to be physically carried to safety when their homes, in unauthorized lands, were flooded.
ANNEX 10 129 In some instances, flood contingency plans could not cope with the magnitude of the disaster. For instance, the Gampaha District that had a contingency plan against floods, could not cope with the large scale of the floods. Therefore, Sri Lanka needs to develop more efficient early warning systems, evacuation procedures and greater community vigilance, as climate change has heightened the risk of unpredictable and severe flooding.
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 130 May 2010 Annex 11: Survey questionnaire of industries and commercial establishments …………...... …………......
………………………………………… manufacturing unit): 10. What do you process or produce (use or produce process 10. What do you code1)? Code 1: (contd..) (n.e.c.) & equipments Machinery Manu.of 29 computing machinery and accounting office, Manu.of 30 Electrical Manu.of machinery and apparatus n.e.c. 31 apparatus and equipment & communication TV Radio, Manu.of 32 watches & clocks instruments, & optical precision medical, Manu.of 33 semi-trailers motor vehicles, trailers and Manu.of 34 other Manu.of equipment transport 35 Manufacturing furniture, of n.e.c. Manu.of 36 Recycling 37 Electricity,40 water and Hot supplyGas, Steam water. of and distribution purification Collection, 41 1. District 1. 2 ...... processing 3 cottage industry number (if any) phone 8. Contract
Conducted by: Disaster ManagementCenter, Ministryof Disaster Management
Supported by: United Nations DevelopmentProgramme; GlobalFacility for Disaster Reduction & Recovery, the World Bank …………………………………………….. …………………………………………….. Survey of damages and losses in commerce and industry due to the recentSurvey of damages and losses Flood Situation (May 2010) Code 1: Code Quarrying Mining and Other 14 beverages and products food Manu.of 15 tobacco products Manu.of 16 Textiles Manu.of 17 & dyeing wearing Apparel,of fur dressing Manu.of 18 dressing and Tanning of leather; manu. luggage, hand bags, 19 Saddlery, Harness & Footwear 20 Manu.of wood & products of wood & cork except furniture paper products and paper Manu.of 21 22 Publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media nuclear fuel and products petroleum coke refined Manu.of 23 products chemicals & chemical Manu.of 24 products rubber & plastic Manu.of 25 metallic other non mineral products of Manu. 26 basic Manu.of metals 27 28 Manu.of fabricated metal products except machinery Section 1: Identification Section 1: Identification Dateinterview: of Division: 2. DS 4. Village: number:6. Identification [dd/mm/yy] 7. Address: ...... 9. Type of Business Division: 3. GN 1 .. manufacturing 5. Name of the company(processing or
ANNEX 11 131 before the disaster Yes ...... 1 Q3 to 2 – skip ...... No Yes ...... 1 Q7 to 2 – skip ...... No Yes ...... 1 Q6 to 2– skip ...... No a week...... Within 1 2 ...... two weeks Within 3 ...... in a month With 4 ...... in two months With 5 ...... I don’t know a week...... Within 1 2 ...... two weeks Within 3 ...... a month Within 4 ...... three months Within 5 ...... I don’t know Damage to premises...... to Damage 1 2 ...... equipment/machinery to Damage 3 products ...... finished to Damage 4 ...... labor Shortage of 5 ...... Shortage/lack of electricity 6 ...... Shortage/lack of water Shortage/lack of raw materials 7 ...... 8 ...... decline Productivity 9 ...... operations Stoppage of 10 ...... products for Demand decline 11 ...... Other (specify) employees Number of
Business operation operation Business employees of Number If yes, in what way has the business been affected? been what way has the business yes, in If [multiple response] Total number of employees pre-disaster Q.no. QuestionsQ.no. option Response Response Section 2: Questions related your Business to related Section 2: Questions 1 disaster? the by affected been Has the business 2 3 4 business the disaster) stopped Had name of due (indicate operation? in currently Is the business 5 again? operation in were business the period time what after yes, If 6 again? to start operation able being no,do you anticipate when If 7 now business in the of employees 8 number Total 9 killed? many of your employees different how were If from now, killed employees by the disaster Number of now employees of Number
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 132 May 2010 Within aWithin week...... 1 2 ...... two weeks Within 3 ...... a month Within 4 ...... three months Within 5 ...... I don’t know
Number of employees injured due to the disaster disaster to the injured due employees Number of to disaster left due employees Number of due to disaster you reduced employees Number of Yes ...... 1 Q18 to 2 – skip ...... No Yes ...... 1 Q20 to 2 – skip ...... No Yes ...... 1 Q22 to 2 – skip ...... No Yes ...... 1 Q24 to 2 – skip ...... No
r time) In percentage (base value is pre-disaste Business output/revenue level level output/revenue Business stock and asset structure, building of Damage support financial market and chain, supply on Impact If different from now, how many of your employees were injured due to disaster and are different many of your employees how If not from now, attendinganymore? the job home their they need to attend left because many of your employees how differentIf from now, to this disaster? due is the business reduced becauseemployees you many of your different how If from now, reduced due to disaster?
Q.no. QuestionsQ.no. option Response Response 10 11 12 13 14 now? month of average out-put/revenue per is the level What 15 Has output/revenue been reduced? 16 in pre-disaster average out-put/revenue month time? per of level was the What in percentage reduced been different, has it If how much 17 do When you anticipate output/revenue backitsto pre-disaster level? 18 Rupees Value in 19 structure Was the building damaged the disaster? by Rupees Value in 20 yes, money it how much would If the take to repair/restore structure? damaged building 21 Were other assets damaged by the disaster? 22 disaster the ? were damaged by was the value of assets that other yes, what If 23 by thedamaged Was the stock disaster? disaster? the by damaged been was the value of stock that has yes, what If Rupees Value in Rupees in Value Rupees in Value
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT May 2010 133 4 stomer due to delays to stomer due Yes ...... 1 2 No ...... 1 Yes ...... 2 No ...... it will be coded later This is an open-ended question, No problem with customers...... 1 2 ...... Deliveries have been delayed 3 ...... Delivery cannot be made cu by cancelled Order 5 ...... Other (specify) No problems ...... 1 2 ..... cost of transport increased Lack and 3 products...... our demand for Lower 4 .... working capital of /insufficiency Lack 5 ...... Other (specify) Suppliers not affected ...... 1 2 ...... available materials scarce/not Raw 3 ...... materials price for raw Higher 4 ...... Other (specify) No problems ...... 1 2 ... loans outstanding paying in Difficulty 3 ...... loans existing to renegotiate Need 4 ...... soft term fresh loans Need 5 ...... Other (specify)
...... rnment can take to help your business to get get to business your help to take rnment can
Respondent’s suggestion on how government can help to restore the business How have your customers been affected? been affected? customers your have How [multiple response] market? the experiencing getting to difficultiesyour are you goods/services of sort What [multiple response] have yourHow suppliers been affected? [multiple response] been affected? finance has your access to How [multiple response] gove that the steps important most the are What back on its feet again? Give maximum 3 suggestions ...... 1...... 2...... 3...... Q.no. QuestionsQ.no. option Response Response 24 25 26 27 28 records? or the bank lost Have you 29 Is your business insured for disaster assets (in terms of and losses?) 30.
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT 134 May 2010 Annex 12: Questionnaire of the survey to deternine the damage to houses and household goods
Ques onnaire for data collec on on contents of damaged houses Integrated Flood Damage and Loss Assessment – May 2010 Floods
District: Div. Sec. Division: Grama Niladhari Division:
Reference no. for household Number of families in household
Number of rooms Number of persons in household
Type of house Wall Floor Roof
Flood inunda on height (feet) Flood inundated dura on (days)
Damages to contents: Item No. of Units No. of Damaged Units Damage /Repair cost (Rs.)
Telephone - Fixed line
Telephone - Mobile
Radio/ Cassette Players
Televisions
VCD/ DVD Players
Personal Computers
Sewing Machines
Washing Machines
Refrigerators
Cookers ( Gas, Electric, kerosene)
Electric Fans
Bicycles
Motor cycles/ Scooters
Three wheelers
Motor Car/ Vans
Busses/ Lorries
Furniture
Kitchen Utensils
Clothes / Mattresses
Other
Date: Enumerator:
Total number of households in the GND Total number of inundated households in the GND due to May 2010 floods Flood duration ( Days) Flood Height: Average level in GND ( Feet)
POST FLOOD ASSESSMENT May 2010 135
Disaster Management Centre Ministry of Disaster Management Vidya Mawatha Colombo 07 Sri Lanka Telephone: +94 11 2136136 Facsimile: +94 11 2670079 www.dmc.gov.lk ISBN: 978-955-674-134-6