Le Minoranze Come “Ponti E Fossati” Tra Stati E Popoli: Il Caso Della Polonia Dal 1919 Al 1947 IS B N: 978 - 88 96951 11 8

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Le Minoranze Come “Ponti E Fossati” Tra Stati E Popoli: Il Caso Della Polonia Dal 1919 Al 1947 IS B N: 978 - 88 96951 11 8 PECOB’S VOLUMES Le Minoranze come “Ponti e Fossati” tra Stati e Popoli: N: 978 - 88 96951 11 8 il Caso della Polonia dal 1919 al 1947 B IS Dott.ssa Paola Di Marzo Corso di Laurea in Scienze Internazionali e Diplomatiche (Classe LM-52) SCUOLA di SCIENZE POLITICHE Sede di Forlì Portal on Central Eastern and Balkan Europe University of Bologna - Forlì Campus www.pecob.eu Le Minoranze come “Ponti e Fossati” tra Stati e Popoli: il Caso della Polonia dal 1919 al 1947 Dott.ssa Paola Di Marzo TESI DI LAUREA in Storia dell’Europa Orientale Corso di Laurea in Scienze Internazionali e Diplomatiche (Classe LM-52) Scuola di Scienze Politiche, Sede di Forlì Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Indice Introduzione ....................................................................................................................... 7 Capitolo I. La ridefinizione della mappa europea ................................... 11 I.1 L’ordine di Versailles e il principio di autodeterminazione ................... 11 I.2 La tutela delle minoranze in seno alla Società delle Nazioni ............... 15 Ad Antonio, Fina, Nicola e Daniela I.3 La questione polacca dalla Conferenza di Parigi a Riga.......................... 22 Capitolo II. Le minoranze nel ventennio tra le due guerre ............. 35 II.1 Identità e nazionalismo.......................................................................................... 36 II.2 La Convenzione di Ginevra sull’Alta Slesia e la minoranza tedesca ... 50 II.3. Sguardo ad est: ucraini, bielorussi e lituani ................................................ 69 II.3.1 Una premessa necessaria: le radici dell’identità ucraina ................................ 70 II.3.2 Gli ucraini nel periodo interbellico ........................................................................ 77 II.3.3 L’eredità del Commonwealth nella memoria lituana e bielorussa ................. 86 II.3.4 Bielorussi e lituani nella Polonia tra le due guerre ............................................ 91 II.4 Comunità Ebraiche e Antisemitismo Polacco............................................... 96 II.4.1 Le radici dell’odio ....................................................................................................... 97 II.4.2 “L’arcipelago ebraico” .............................................................................................. 105 II.4.3 Discriminazione e legislazione antisemita.......................................................... 112 Capitolo III. La Seconda Guerra Mondiale e il periodo post-bellico ............................................................................................................................ 120 III.1 Il contesto europeo e la diplomazia polacca .............................................. 121 III.2 L’occupazione della Polonia tra irredentismi e vendette..................... 128 III.2.1 Ebrei e polacchi, i confini della solidarietà......................................................... 141 III.3 La nuova Polonia: comunista ed omogenea ................................................ 147 Conclusioni ............................................................................................................................ 158 Cartine........................................................................................................................................ 166 Bibliografia................................................................................................................................ 173 LE MINORANZE COMe “PONTI E FOSSAti” tra STATI E POPOLI: IL CASO DELLA POLONIA DAL 1919 AL 1947 7 Introduzione L’immagine di una Polonia posta in una posizione geografica vulnerabile che ha sem- pre suscitato l’appetito dei suoi vicini e reso i polacchi vittime ed eroi della saga delle spar- tizioni è molto comune nell’immaginario collettivo europeo. Eppure, la storia di questo paese, molto più complessa e articolata, non è riassumibile in una semplificata visione in cui la Polonia fu sempre e solo la vittima sacrificale dei propri carnefici, anzi, essa vanta un pas- sato che le permise di fregiarsi del titolo di grande potenza europea tra il XIV e il XVI sec- olo. La dominazione straniera, inaugurata dalle tre spartizioni operate da Russia, Prussia e Austria (1772, 1793, 1795), l’occupazione durante la Seconda Guerra Mondiale e l’influ- enza sovietica durante la Guerra Fredda alimentarono il mito dell’eroismo e dell’innocen- za polacchi sorretto da una straordinaria Resistenza dentro e fuori i confini nazionali. Lungi da qualsiasi revisionismo negazionista dei meriti polacchi, l’obiettivo di questa tesi è quello di ricostruire una narrazione più equilibrata, critica, che si spogli dell’agiografia – una veste spesso indossata dalla politica e dalla società polacca – rea di aver oscurato le pagine nere della storia della Polonia e forgiato il consenso attorno al martirologio nazionale servendo- si della Storia, o, meglio, di una sua particolare lettura per erigere «un’ideologia nazionale sui generis».1 Poiché la storia della Polonia si ripropone incessantemente nelle forme del di- battito politico, storiografico e del dilemma dell’identità – a dimostrazione di una costante dialettica tra storia e contemporaneità – e la semplificazione apologetica non si concilia col sapere e la ricerca, si è scelto di studiare un preciso arco temporale, tra il 1919 e il 1947, per capire come il “martire delle nazioni” si sia comportato rispetto ai popoli che risiedevano sul suo territorio una volta che la Polonia divenne indipendente, nel 1919 per l’appunto. Il 1947, invece, segna un punto di svolta sotto vari profili: non solo è l’anno dell’Akcja Wisła, l’oper- azione che smistò i restanti ucraini a Nord e a Ovest del fiume Vistola, ma anche quello del pogrom di Kielce – a testimonianza di un antisemitismo forte anche nel periodo post-belli- co che getta ombre sulla decantata solidarietà ebraico – polacca – e della stabilizzazione del potere comunista quando, con le elezioni di febbraio, Bolesław Bierut divenne il primo pres- idente della Polonia comunista. Ma non era solo il comunismo a caratterizzare l’assetto del- la nuova Polonia. Essa si trovò, per la prima volta nella sua storia, ad essere uno stato qua- si interamente omogeneo. E capire come l’omogeneizzazione si sia realizzata – consideran- do che il 30% della popolazione secondo le stime del 1921 non era polacca – è il secondo obiettivo di questo lavoro. L’omogenea società polacca che vediamo oggi è un risultato non solo dello spostamento ad ovest, verso lo spazio tedesco, dei confini nazionali ma anche il ri- sultato di eccidi e massacri perpetuati dai nazisti e dai sovietici, dai polacchi e dagli ucraini. 1 The meaning and uses of polish history - A. Bromke, , Boulder, East European monographs, New York, distributed by Co lumbia University Press, 1987, p. 7. www.pecob.eu | PECOB’s volumes 8 LE MINORANZE COMe “PONTI E FOSSAti” tra STATI E POPOLI: IL CASO DELLA POLONIA DAL 1919 AL 1947 LE MINORANZE COMe “PONTI E FOSSAti” tra STATI E POPOLI: IL CASO DELLA POLONIA DAL 1919 AL 1947 9 Per tale ragione, in riferimento agli anni di cui tratteremo sarebbe meglio parlare di storie, che il Terzo Reich attaccò l’Unione Sovietica. I territori orientali furono quelli dove si per- al plurale, in quanto tutti i popoli delle terre polacche sono protagonisti di quei tragici even- petuò la pulizia etnica dei polacchi ad opera dell’UPA (l’Esercito Insurrezionale Ucraino) ti. E tragica è anche la storia della Rzeczpospolita (la Seconda Repubblica Polacca nata alla e la ritorsione vendicativa polacca nei confronti degli ucraini, due popoli che continuarono fine del primo conflitto mondiale) per l’arroganza con cui elevò l’identità polacca a guida ed a combattersi parallelamente all’avanzata dell’Armata Rossa. Questa, infine, sospenderà il esempio civilizzatore rispetto alle minoranze presenti nel suo territorio, aggrappandosi al ri- loro conflitto e i confini della Polonia troveranno una definitiva sistemazione con l’accettazi- cordo del Commonwealth multi-etnico ma in una riedizione nazionalista che degenerò, dal- one della linea Curzon (confine orientale) a Yalta e della Oder-Neisse (confine occidentale) la seconda metà degli anni ’30, in un autoritarismo sempre più intollerante e aggressivo. Nel a Potsdam. La Polonia si avviò così ad una ricollocazione geografica e ad una ricostruzione ventennio interbellico la repubblica polacca fallì nel costruire un ponte tra la maggioranza politico-amministrativa in direzione filo-comunista, mentre la “questione nazionale” troverà polacca, della cui identità lo stato si fece custode e portavoce, e le minoranze, costrette a lot- definitiva soluzione nei trasferimenti in massa degli ucraini e dei polacchi, sanciti dagli Ac- tare per preservare la propria identità e impedire ulteriori demolizioni al sistema di diritto. cordi di Evacuazione stretti tra la Polonia e le vicine repubbliche socialiste sovietiche, e nei Il quadro storico di riferimento è stato tracciato tentando di non oscurare il più ampio rimpatri tedeschi, più consistenti numericamente, facenti parte di un più generale progetto contesto europeo in cui la Polonia operava. A questo scopo, la tesi, sviluppata in tre capitoli, europeo approvato dagli alleati. Gli eventi già citati del 1947 inaugurano la stagione comu- tratta sia le vicende di politica interna che, direttamente o indirettamente, ebbero conseguen- nista meramente accennata nelle conclusioni. In chiusura, infatti, in virtù del costante dia- ze sulla condizione delle minoranze, sia quelle
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