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Presentación De Powerpoint Reconocimiento de benéficos atacando poblaciones de Loxotoma elegans, defoliador de la palma de aceite Rosa Cecilia Aldana de la Torre1; Alex Enrique Bustillo Pardey 1Bióloga, Investigador Asistente, Cenipalma, [email protected]; 2Ingeniero Agrónomo, Ph. D. Coordinador Programa Plagas y Enfermedades, Cenipalma, [email protected] Introducción Loxotoma elegans Zeller (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae) afecta grandes extensiones del cultivo de la palma de aceite, causando defoliaciones severas en todas las edades del cultivo de E. guineensis e híbridos interespecíficos (E oleifera x E. guineensis) (Figura 1). Por tal razón, este estudio planteó determinar los factores bióticos que afectan sus poblaciones a través de muestreos periódicos en diferentes plantaciones. Objetivo Determinar los factores bióticos que afectan las poblaciones a través de muestreos de sus poblaciones y así contribuir a un manejo racional de la plaga. Metodología Se realizaron muestreos en lotes infestados por Loxotoma elegans, se tomaron muestras de larvas parasitadas o infectadas por hongos. Se hicieron observaciones directas para detectar depredadores y se hicieron muestreos sobre algunas plantas nectaríferas. Figura 1. Defoliación ocasionada por larvas de Loxotoma elegans Resultados y Discusión Microrganismos entomopatógenos Loxotoma elegans tiene un buen número de controladores biológicos que afectan los diferentes estados de desarrollo. Se han colectado 18 cepas de hongos entomopatógenos de Loxotoma elegans en diferentes plantaciones de palma Este estudio registró seis especies de parasitoides de larvas y pupas y 11 especies de depredadores tanto de larvas de aceite en la Zona Oriental, 8 de ellas en los últimos dos años, las cuales han ocasionado epizootias naturales. Los como de adultos (Tabla 1, Figuras. 1 y 2). hongos se han identificado como Beauveria bassiana e Isaria spp. Estas cepas se incluyeron en la selección de hongos por virulencia para su control. Parasitoides de Loxotoma elegans Figura 4. Larvas y pupa de Loxotoma elegans infectadas por Isaria sp. Plantas nectaríferas Estas plantas se caracterizan por presentar estructuras diferentes a las flores, conocidas como nectarios extraflorales en donde se produce néctar ubicados en el borde de las hojas y en la base de las nervaduras, donde llegan los insectos parasitoides y depredadores. En ocho especies de plantas nectaríferas se registraron varias especies de parasitoides y depredadores de L. elegans. Figura 2. Parasitoides de Loxotoma elegans, a) huevo parasitado por Trichogramma sp.; b) V instar parasitado por Cotesia sp.; c) X instar parasitado por Casinaria sp.; d, e) IV instar parasitado por Rhysipolis; f, g) parasitoide de XII instar. Tabla 3. Parasitoides y depredadores de Loxotoma elegans asociados a plantas con nectarios extraflorales. Depredadores de Loxotoma elegans Planta Parasitoide Triunfetta lappula Cotesia sp., Brachymeria sp., Casinaria sp., Eulophidae, Braconidae, Polybia, Polistes erytrocephalus, Vespidae, Podisus sp., Reduviidae. Urena lobata Cotesia sp., Brachymeria sp., Casinaria sp., Rhysipolis sp., Polybia sp., Polistes erytrocephalus, Vespidae, Reduviidae, Tachinidae, Alcaeorhynchus grandis Urena trilobata Casinaria sp., Brachymeria sp., Conura sp., Vespidae, Polistes erytrocephalus, Polybia sp., Podisus sp., Reduviidae. Cassia reticulata Chalcididae, Casinaria sp., Crematogaster sp., Vespidae, Polybia, Alcaeorhynchus grandis, Reduviidae, Tachinidae. Cassia tora Chalcididae, Reduviidae, Vespidae. Crotalaria Vespidae, Reduviidae, Polybia sp., Crematogaster sp. Croton trinitatis Cotesia sp., Chalcididae, Braconidae, Ichneumonidae Hiptis capitata Tachinidae, Reduviidae, Vespidae, Polybia sp. Figura 3. Depredadores de Loxotoma elegans, a) huevo parasitado por Trichogramma sp.; b) V instar parasitado por Cotesia sp.; c) X instar parasitado por Casinaria sp.; d, e) IV instar parasitado por Rhysipolis; f, g) parasitoide de XII instar. Tabla 1. parasitoides y depredadores de los diferentes estados de desarrollo de Loxotoma elegans. Estado de desarrollo Enemigo Natural Hábito Huevos Trichogramma sp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Parasitoide III- V instar Cotesia sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Parasitoide IV- VII instar Rhysipolis sp(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Parasitoide Casinaria sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Parasitoide VIII- X instar Figura 5. Parasitoides atraídos hacia plantas nectaríferas. a) Chalcididae, b) Tachinidae, b) Brachymeria sp., c) Ichneumonidae. Podisus spp. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Depredador VIII- XII instar Alcaeorhynchus grandis (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Depredador El efecto ejercido por los controladores varía de una plantación a otra, registrándose epizootias naturales de Isaria sp.; Brachymeria spp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) Pupa Parasitoide depredación ejercida por avispas (50%), parasitismo de huevos (70%), o la sumatoria de depredación por arañas, Tachinidae (Diptera) carábidos, avispas hasta de un 45% y parasitismo de un 50%, de tal manera que durante el ciclo de vida, se alcanza Adultos y larvas de diferentes Araneae (arácnidos) Depredador hasta un 95% de control natural. La información registrada en plantaciones de la Zona Oriental indica que estos instares controladores biológicos son muy importantes en la regulación de la población de Loxotoma elegans. Reduviidae (Hemiptera) – 2 especies Polistes erythrocephalus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) Agradecimientos Polybia spp. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) – 2 especies Larvas de diferentes instares Depredador Crematogaster sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Azteca sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Los autores agradecen al Fondo de Fomento Palmero administrado por Fedepalma, al Departamento Administrativo de Larvas y adultos de Carabidae (Coleoptera) Ciencia, Tecnología e innovación, Colciencias, a través del contrato RC No. 745-2011, quienes financiaron esta investigación. Las plantas nectaríferas son importantes en la sobrevivencia de enemigos de Loxotoma elegans, en los ecosistemas de la palma de aceite.
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