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University of São Paulo University of São Paulo "Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture The effects of landscape structure and crop management on insect community and associated ecosystem services and disservices within coffee plantation Hugo Reis Medeiros Thesis presented to obtain the degree of Doctor in Science. Area: Applied Ecology Piracicaba 2019 Hugo Reis Medeiros Geographer The effects of landscape structure and crop management on insect community and associated ecosystem services and disservices within coffee plantations versão revisada de acordo com a resolução CoPGr 6018 de 2011 Advisor: Prof. Dr. CIRO ABBUD RIGHI Thesis presented to obtain the degree of Doctor in Science. Area: Applied Ecology Piracicaba 2019 2 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação DIVISÃO DE BIBLIOTECA – DIBD/ESALQ/USP Medeiros, Hugo Reis The effects of landscape structure and crop management on insect community and associated ecosystem services and disservices within coffee plantations / Hugo Reis Medeiros. - - versão revisada de acordo com a resolução CoPGr 6018 de 2011. - - Piracicaba, 2019. 82 p. Tese (Doutorado) - - USP / Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”. Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura. 1. Agroecologia 2. Insetos benéficos 3. Estrutura da paisagem 4. Serviços ecossistêmicos I. Título 3 Dedico este trabalho à minha esposa e família, pelo amor, apoio e compreensão durante esta etapa da vida. 4 AGRADECIMENTOS Primeiramente, agradeço minha esposa Mariana, por estar ao meu lado nessa fase da vida e me dar forças principalmente nos momentos difíceis. Muito obrigado pelo amor, carinho, confiança, parceria e compreensão! Aos meus pais, Sonia e José Inácio, e irmão Lucas pelo incentivo, apoio irrestrito e amor incondicional. Aos meus orientadores Prof. Ciro Righi e Prof. Milton C. Ribeiro pela oportunidade, confiança e motivação. Muito obrigado pelo grande aprendizado, além da parceria e amizade ao longo desses anos. Aos parceiros Carlinhos, Felipe Martello, Juliana Silveira, Calebe e Rafael (Urucum) do Departamento de Ecologia da UNESP-RC. Muito obrigado pela parceria, amizade, trabalho duro e aprendizado durante esses anos. Ao parceiro Dr. Yuri Grandinete responsável pela identificação das vespas e aos parceiros Prof. Eduardo Almeida e Prof. Ximo Mengual responsáveis pela identificação de abelhas e sirfídeos, respectivamente. Aos parceiros canadenses Profa. Karen Harper, Prof. Peter Tyedmers, Prof. Chris Cutler e Dr. Paul Manning. Muito obrigado pela oportunidade e aprendizado, sobretudo Profa. Karen, responsável por viabilizar meu intercâmbio no Canadá. Aos Professores Wesley A. C. Godoy, Carlos A. Vettorazzi, Hilton Thadeu Z. Couto, Danilo Boscolo. Muito obrigado pelo acolhimento e conversas durante o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Ao CNPQ e ao Governo Canadense pelas bolsas de estudos. À Fundação Rufford e FAPESP pelo apoio financeiro fundamental para a realização dos trabalhos de campo e de laboratório. Agradeço imensamente à Universidade de São Paulo e ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Aplicada (Interunidades). Aos coordenadores, docentes, alunos e à secretária do PPGI-EA, Mara Casarin, pelo suporte e acolhimento. Obrigado! 5 SUMARIO RESUMO ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................................... 8 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................ 9 LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................ 10 INTRODUÇÃO GERAL ........................................................................................................................... 11 OBJETIVO GERAL .................................................................................................................................... 12 REVISÃO DE LITERATURA ................................................................................................................ 13 SERVIÇOS ECOSSISTÊMICOS NA AGRICULTURA ...................................................................... 13 A FUNÇÃO DOS ECOSSISTEMAS NATURAIS PARA A BIODIVERSIDADE E OS SERVIÇOS ECOSSISTÊMICOS EM PAISAGENS AGRÍCOLAS ......................................................................... 14 EFEITOS DA ESTRUTURA DA PAISAGEM SOBRE A BIODIVERSIDADE E SERVIÇOS ECOSSISTÊMICOS .................................................................................................................... 15 DESCRIÇÃO DO SISTEMA DE ESTUDO: A CULTURA DO CAFÉ, A COMUNIDADE DE INSETOS E SUAS INTERAÇÕES TRÓFICAS. ................................................................................................ 19 REFERÊNCIAS............................................................................................................................................. 22 CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................................................................................... 31 FOREST COVER INCREASES NATURAL ENEMY DIVERSITY AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL SERVICES IN BRAZILIAN SUN-COFFEE PLANTATIONS ............................................................................................................................................ 31 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 33 MATERIAL AND METHODS ............................................................................................................... 34 STUDY AREA .......................................................................................................................... 34 INSECT SURVEYS .................................................................................................................... 36 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL........................................................................................................... 37 LOCAL AND LANDSCAPE LEVEL VARIABLES ........................................................................... 37 STATISTICAL ANALYSES ........................................................................................................ 38 RESULTS ......................................................................................................................................................... 39 PREDATORY WASPS, PEST DENSITY AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL ............................................ 39 FOREST REMNANTS AS SOURCES OF PREDATORY WASPS ........................................................ 40 DO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL SERVICES SPILL-OVER INTO COFFEE PLANTATIONS? ..................... 41 THE EFFECTS OF LOCAL AND LANDSCAPE FACTORS ............................................................... 42 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................................. 44 FOREST REMNANTS AS SOURCES OF PREDATORY WASPS ........................................................ 44 HOW FAR DO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL SERVICES SPILL OVER INTO COFFEE PLANTATIONS? ...... 45 THE EFFECTS OF LOCAL AND LANDSCAPE FACTORS ............................................................... 46 IMPLICATION FOR CONSERVATION AND POLICIES ................................................................... 46 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... 47 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................... 47 APÊNDICE A. LIST OF PREDATORY WASP SPECIES RECORDED IN 16 COFFEE-FOREST INTERFACES IN SOUTHEAST BRAZIL. ...................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................................................... 55 FOREST COVER, LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY AND EDGE DENSITY SHAPE THE DIVERSITY OF BENEFICIAL INSECTS IN COFFEE PRODUCING LANDSCAPES ............................................................................................................................................................................... 55 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 57 MATERIAL AND METHODS ............................................................................................................... 58 6 STUDY AREA ......................................................................................................................... 58 INSECT SURVEYS ................................................................................................................... 60 INSECT DIVERSITY ................................................................................................................. 60 LANDSCAPE VARIABLES ........................................................................................................ 61 STATISTICAL ANALYSES ........................................................................................................ 61 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................................
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