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Ecología Urbana En La Región Es Ciones Originales Primera edición, 2013 Año de publicación, 2013 Diseño de la portada: G. Alicia Sevilla B. Diseño editorial: G. Alicia Sevilla B. / Ian MacGregor Fors D.R. © Araujo dos Santos Junior Paulo César, Álvarez Irragory Alejandro Antonio, Álvarez Lozano Silvana Cecilia, Arnao Soyan Lissel María, Bermúdez Rojas Tania María, Boesing Andrea Larissa, Caro Vera Claudia Cecilia, Castañeda Córdova Liz Zaida, Castillo Palacios Lucía Natalia, Caula Quintero Sabina Amparo, Cerda Jiménez Claudia Loreto, Chacón de Ulloa Patricia, De la Maza Azquet Carmen Luz, Dos Anjos Luiz, Faggi Ana María, Florez Montero Guillermo Leonardo, Hernández Palma Héctor Jaime, MacGregor Fors Ian, Martínez Carretero Eduardo, Ortega Álvarez Marcos Rubén, Piedra Castro Lilliana María, Pineda López Raúl F., Pineda López Rubén, Quinteros Carlos Diana Zulema, Ramírez Bastida Patricia, Ramírez Restrepo Lorena, Rodríguez Montoya Mónica Liliana, Rodríguez Rojas Manuel Jesús, Romero Vargas Marilyn, Vela Romero Carlos W., Zaiden Tiago, Zuria Jordan Iriana Leticia ISBN: 978-607-00-6869-0 ÍNDICE Prólogo 4 Costa Rica 73 Adolfo G. Navarro-Sigüenza Lilliana Ma. Piedra-Castro, Tania Bermúdez- Introducción 7 Rojas y Marilyn Romero-Vargas Rubén Ortega-Álvarez e Ian MacGregor México 82 Fors Rubén Ortega-Álvarez, Ian MacGregor-Fors, Argentina 11 Raúl Pineda-López, Rubén Pineda-López, Ana Faggi y Eduardo Martínez-Carretero Patricia Ramírez-Bastida e Iriana Zuria Brasil 26 Perú 100 Andrea Larissa Boesing, Paulo C. Araujo Liz Z. Castañeda, Lissel Ma. Arnao, Lucía dos Santos-Junior, Tiago Zaiden y Luiz dos N. Castillo, Silvana C. Álvarez, Zulema D. Anjos Quinteros y Claudia C. Caro Chile 44 Venezuela 111 Carmen Luz De la Maza, Claudia Loreto Sabina Caula, Guillermo Florez, Carlos Varela Cerda, Héctor Jaime Hernández, Manuel y Alejandro Álvarez-Iragorry Jesús Rodríguez Perspectivas finales 123 Colombia 55 Rubén Ortega-Álvarez e Ian MacGregor- Patricia Chacón-de Ulloa, Lorena Ramírez- Fors Restrepo y Mónica Rodríguez-Montoya Agradecimientos 126 3 PRÓLOGO En ocasiones, en charlas con los estudiantes de en ese aspecto, dado que desde la aparición de la biología con los que he tenido la fortuna de tratar, ciudad indígena (más sustentable aparentemente) se me dirige la pregunta: ¿a dónde irías tú si pudieras y la posterior transformación de ésta en una ciudad es- viajar en el tiempo? A pesar de que existen multitud pañolizada y luego moderna, el camino seguido por el de situaciones en el pasado que yo desearía poder cam- desarrollo urbano llevó al desastre ecológico más gran- biar regresando el reloj, invariablemente mi respuesta de que ha visto México en su historia, y que está refle- sincera es: “quisiera ir al Lago de México, antes de que jado en un monumento colocado en las orillas del Zóca- estuviera cubierto por las megaciudades que acabaron lo de la Ciudad de México, en el que se enaltece la labor por cubrirlo: Tenochtitlán y la Ciudad de México.” de quien inició los trabajos de desecación del lago, que Esto tiene un fuerte componente de nostalgia, pues- se visualizaba desde la época posterior a la conquista y to que mi experiencia como biólogo de campo me ha hasta finales del siglo XIX como un problema sanitario demostrado que los ambientes naturales y poco pertur- mayor. bados alojan una enorme diversidad de seres vivos y sus Sin embargo, también me ha tocado ver como al- interacciones, al contrario de lo que uno encuentra en gunas de esas especies son capaces de “entendernos”, y situaciones donde la mano humana ha logrado transfor- por lo tanto de seguir sobreviviendo a nuestro alrede- mar esos ambientes en sitios relativamente más confor- dor, a veces a nuestras costillas, en esos ambientes ur- tables para nuestra habitación y desarrollo. A lo largo banizados, mientras que nosotros también aprendemos de los años, también he visto cambiar zonas prístinas a convivir con ellos en un eterno juego de adaptación de bosques maravillosos en cultivos y poblados, con la mutua. Retomando nuestra historia inicial, el Lago de conducente desaparición de varias de las especies que México en la actualidad ha revivido en parte, y no es habitaban el lugar. El Lago de México es muy simbólico raro observar en invierno parvadas de enormes pelíca- 4 Prólogo Navarro-Sigüenza nos blancos cruzando el Periférico, una truirnos, no es factible que el planeta se de las vías rápidas más transitadas de la deshaga de todos los humanos en el corto ciudad, en su camino a los remanentes de esos humeda- plazo, y que las modificaciones que hemos realizado al les en el sureste del Distrito Federal. ambiente son un hecho, lo mejor que podemos hacer es La urbanización es un fenómeno inherente a la cul- atacar el problema de manera inteligente. La ecología tura humana, baste ver la bajísima proporción de am- urbana es un campo emergente de las ciencias biológi- bientes naturales existentes en Europa, un continente cas que, además, nos recuerda que la manera correcta que ha estado densamente poblado desde la Prehisto- de abordar las ciencias en la actualidad es la multidisci- ria. También observamos con terror la transformación plinaridad. Es importante recalcar que esos ambientes ambiental por la urbanización de esos países o regiones urbanos son cada vez más frecuentes en el mundo, for- donde el incremento de población ha sido explosivo en mando parte de nuestro entorno natural real, además épocas recientes, como el este de Estados Unidos, el su- de ser los sitios en los que desarrollamos gran parte de reste de Brasil, China o la India, o donde la pobreza nuestras actividades económicas y sociales; por ello la ha forzado a la población a incrementar las fronteras necesidad de contemplarlos desde una perspectiva más urbanas o suburbanas en busca de mejores condiciones allá de las ciencias biológicas, en conjunto con las cien- de vida. cias sociales y las ciencias de la Tierra, entre otras. ¿Quién ha pagado el pato? Desde luego los ambien- América Latina no es un caso especial de transfor- tes naturales y sus especies asociadas. Por ello, las vo- mación de los ambientes naturales en urbanos, pero sí ces preocupadas de académicos, conservacionistas y el lo es en el caso de su magnífica biodiversidad. Por ello, público en general claman por detener ese avance urba- contar con un volumen en el que se analice la perspec- no y por una restauración de las áreas hacia sus condi- tiva internacional de la ecología urbana en la región es ciones originales. Esto último, sin embargo, solamente de lo más importante para entender los problemas y ac- puede conseguirse si la especie humana desapareciera, tuar en consecuencia. Los editores de esta obra se han y aún así, como lo presenta un famoso programa de la preocupado por tener entre los colaboradores de esta televisión, nuestra huella ya está impresa y mucho del obra a expertos en diversas áreas de esta disciplina y de daño ya está hecho. regiones geográficas diversas, pero comparables, lo que Dado que, a pesar de nuestros esfuerzos por autodes- nos brinda una muy necesaria visión regional. 5 Prólogo Navarro-Sigüenza Con estas perspectivas, a lo mejor será eficaz el funcionamiento de los ecosiste- posible encontrar algunos caminos para mas en coexistencia con nuestro propio frenar el deterioro de los ambientes naturales, encauzar desarrollo como civilización. la urbanización por veredas alternativas de conserva- Tal vez así los humanos del futuro no necesiten fan- ción y sustentabilidad, y lograr mantener de manera tasear con los viajes a través del tiempo… Adolfo G. Navarro-Sigüenza Septiembre de 2011 México, D.F. 6 La urbanización es uno de los INTRODUCCIÓN amenaza de forma particular principales factores de origen para aquellas regiones en pro- antropogénico que ha causa- Rubén Ortega-Álvarez ceso de desarrollo, en donde se do la reducción de la superficie Ian MacGregor-Fors espera que las superficies ur- que ocupan diferentes hábitats banizadas incrementen consi- alrededor de todo el mundo, y derablemente a lo largo de las por lo tanto, es considerada como una amenaza para siguientes décadas. Desde el punto de vista ambiental, la biodiversidad (Czech y Krausman 1997). El acto de dicha expectativa es aún más alarmante, ya que en es- urbanizar está relacionado con el acondicionamiento de tas regiones se concentran los mayores niveles de bio- una porción de terreno con estructuras que permiten diversidad a nivel mundial (Myers et al. 2000). Para- satisfacer las necesidades de vivienda del hombre, lo dójicamente, dicha diversidad biológica contrasta con que genera la sustitución de los hábitats preexistentes la baja calidad de vida en que habita gran parte de sus en el sitio (Berkowitz et al. 2003). En la actualidad, más pobladores (Fisher y Christopher 2007). Este escenario de la mitad de la población humana mundial se con- impone dos retos de gran importancia y suma comple- centra en zonas urbanas (Grimm et al. 2008). Ya que jidad: (1) buscar la conservación de la vida silvestre y las ciudades representan sistemas que alteran diversos el mantenimiento de los procesos ecológicos cruciales procesos naturales tanto del área que ocupan como de que ocurren en los ecosistemas naturales y (2) mante- aquellos hábitats que las circundan, la extraordinaria ner una calidad de vida adecuada para un número cre- demanda ambiental que ejercen los sistemas urbanos ciente de habitantes urbanos. sobre el ambiente implica una seria amenaza no sólo En las últimas décadas, el desarrollo urbano en Amé- para la conservación de la biodiversidad, sino también rica Latina ha sido no menos impactante que en otras para el bienestar humano. regiones en proceso de desarrollo. A partir de la década De acuerdo con un reporte emitido por las Naciones de los ochenta (1980), se registró que un porcentaje ma- Unidas (UN 2008), el fenómeno urbano representa una yor a 60% de la población humana de América Latina 7 INTRODUCCIÓN Ortega-Álvarez y MacGregor-Fors era urbana (Montgomery 2008).
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