Jewish Autonomous Oblast 36,000 Sq

Development. Newell,

JAO 178 J. Ⅲ 2004.

THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE Map 4.1 McKinleyville, The AMUR Jewish Autonomous Oblast 36,000 sq. km

Russian KHABAROVSK Kuldur

Khingansk

Teploozersk Londoko Bira !Obluchie Birakan

berian Railroad Izvestkovy Trans-Si Far CA:

OBLUCHENSKY P! BIROBIDZHAN East: Daniel Valdgeim

Smidovich Volochaevka Vtoraya Trans -Siberian Rail road Priamursky A SMIDOVICHSKY Nizhnespasskoe & Reference Birofeld Daniel. Nadezhdinskoe Amur River Lazarevo BIROBIDZHANSKY Novotroitskoe

OKTYABRSKY Babstovo

466 LENINSKY

Guide Nizhneleninskoe

Bidzhan Leninskoe pages

for Dezhnevo CHINA Conservation ¯

km 50 Russian Far East By Newell and Zhou / Sources: Ministry of Natural Resources, 2002; ESRI, 2002. and Development. Newell, J. 2004. McKinleyville, The Russian gan-Bureya range runs along the western and northwestern part of the part northwestern and western the along runs range gan-Bureya CHAPTER 4 The ecology and Geography – of the most other parts than tosuited agriculture jao Climate 36 Size 330 Location Oblast Autonomous Jewish China to the south across the Amur River. Amur the south toacross the China percent occurring during summer. during percent occurring the western part of part western the in mountains the in begin both Rivers Bidzhan steppe. and Bira The Dahurian-Mongol Kamchatka spruce-fi deciduous Okhotsk- and forests, mixed or Manchurian Amur ecosystems: distinct four with blessed are which portions, southeastern and cover eastern the plains Amur middle The Pompeevsky, Sutara, Shuki-Poktoi. and Maly-Khingan, include the ranges mountain Oblast Oblast forms the western and southern border and of oblast western the the forms The average yearly waterfl yearly average The fl Tunguska, ( forests. About forests. Forests Forests carpet in the south and southeastern parts of the parts southeastern south and the in once-rich forests are secondary, relatively species-poor deciduous forests. Over 125,000 deciduous Over forests. species-poor relatively secondary, are forests once-rich Today, Raions. Oktyabrsky and most of Leninsky, these Birobidzhansky, the in growing forests Siberian valuable the particularly of forests, areas vast destroyed has logging ( larch rian totals about 15 totals Mongolian oak ( oak Mongolian Pinus silvestris 5°c , 000 ’s relatively mild climate is similar to that of neighboring Amur Oblast, and thus more thus and Oblast, Amur of neighboring to that similar is ’s climate mild relatively km from west to east and and to from west east km to – to jao sq. km; slightly larger than the Netherlands. the than larger slightly sq. km; ( is divided into two main geographical regions: mountains and plains. The Khin- The plains. and mountains regions: geographical main into two divided is jao 40°c Far CA: Larix gmelini ) ows through marshy plains and wetlands and also drains into the Amur. into Amur. the drains also and wetlands and plains marshy through ows borders the Amur Oblast to the west, Khabarovsk Krai to the north, and and north, to the Krai Khabarovsk west, to the Oblast borders Amur the . percent of the 1 85 ), Ayan spruce ( spruce Ayan ), Annual precipitation in the plains is between 400 between is precipitation plains the in Annual East: percent ( Quercus mongolicus 44 Daniel jao percent of the r taiga forests, East-Siberian or Angara light conifer taiga forests, and and forests, taiga conifer light or Angara East-Siberian forests, r taiga and fl and ). Broadleaved hardwoods make up the remainder and include and remainder up the make hardwoods Broadleaved ). ow totals ow totals 5,579,000 A ow south before emptying into the great Amur River, which Amur into great the ow south before emptying oblast 200 & Picea ajanensis Picea Reference km from north to south, the tiny Jewish Autonomous to Jewish south, from north tiny the km Daniel. ’s land area. land ’s jao ha) of these forests are coniferous, mainly Scots pine Scots mainly coniferous, are forests of these ha) , 60 226 , 17 percent of the total). Uncontrolled clear-cut Uncontrolled percent clear-cut oftotal). the . 4 percent ( cu. km. The rich blackzem rich The km. cu. jao P. obovata (P. spruce Siberian ), provide excellent agricultural land, which which land, provide agricultural excellent 466 rfe Guide 395,000 . The region’s. The other major river, the . Winter temperatures range from from range temperatures . Winter pages ha) of which are Group of are ha) which I for and 450 and Conservation soils of the lowlands of lowlands soils the oblast mm, with 75 with mm, ), and Dahu- and ), . Other major. Other

ha

179 and

JAO Development. Newell,

JAO the production comes from Brusitovy Quarry. productionthe from Brusitovy comes of reserves gold Placer estimated deposits (in Yuzhno-Khinganskoe. and zhanskoe deposits atBid- large two in primarily iron deposits are and Manganese tin. the tion with combina- foundCopper, in silver,are deposits zinc, molybdenum, othermineral gold, and is also one of world’s also the is largest. 180 totaling deposits commercial with world’s The River. deposits of Sutara brushite, the in second largest found mainly are kg) around The resources Natural uninhabited. was Krai, Khabarovsk of region, the part Koreans, and Cossacks for except afew Prior arrival, to their China. and Russia between abuffer as served region has the from overseas, Jews wealthy tract to at- and Russia western in or unwanted persecuted 1920 the in Established status Political 205 Population (pop. Birobidzhan Largest city fi and birds endangered ( lotus of fl diversity a rich jao the In fauna and Flora of the southern and parts tral However, naturally. have regenerated forests cen- the in Some now of the barren. are areas forested of previously ticularly large one near Birobidzhan. Initial geological surveys reveal considerable oil and considerable and oil reveal surveys geological Initial Birobidzhan. one near large ticularly lages. There are no indigenous peoples living in the the in peoples no living indigenous are There lages. vil- agricultural in lives of population the still A third In the Himalayan bear ( bear Himalayan the Notable include species. species endangered and rare including of plants, species hundred over twelve has and 280 mammals, of region. the in about 25 estimate fi forest and conversion for agriculture, land present and logging, of past slow,is because mainly J. 1991 , Ⅲ 000 73 jao 2004. Nelumbo nucifera Nelumbo species of fi species , as the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, the region became independent. Autonomous Jewish region became the , as Oblast, 17 is rich in mineral resources, particularly for a region so small. Tin deposits of Tin for aregion sosmall. particularly resources, mineral in rich is . About 4 THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE , four ecosystem types come to create together types ecosystem four 233 tons are found primarily in the Khinganskoe and Karadubskoe regions. regions. Karadubskoe and Khinganskoe the in found primarily tons are McKinleyville, The percent of old-growth forests remain remain forests percent of old-growth species of species birds, percent of population Jewish. the is sh. The ora and fauna, including 60 including fauna, ora and 87 , Ursus thibetanus Ursus 000 sh. s by Stalin forwho were Jews s by Stalin Russian var. komarovii ). jao jao , despite its small size, size, , despite itssmall 5 There are seven deposits of brown coal, including apar- including deposits of seven brown coal, are There , natural regeneration , natural 7 4 species of reptiles, of reptiles, species 3 . In 1934 38 ), Komarov’s), res. Scientists Scientists res. million tons, are also found in this region; much of region; this found in also tons, are million ), and numerous and ), Far CA: the Jewish population peaked at20 population peaked Jewish the 4 East: The region’s The deposit graphite Sounenskoe species species Daniel jao 178 2

. A & Reference Daniel. pp. 194–95). dents of the ofthe dents Since Since Emigration resources. mineral and coal, Chinese fi in China Rising interest p. 193). mining(see to Rivers Pompeevka and Sutara the upof opening the is concern particular Of yearly. kg 500 to production expand to hopes and mining, placer to inparticular region, upthe opening again is JAOgovernment the economy, the To diversify Placer gold mining 192). p. (see agriculture lower, marshy regions that are productive for the affecting River, Bira ofthe balance water the disrupted has elevations higher at logging Heavy years. four every 1percent about by shrinking fi and oflogging Because Loss of forest cover Key andprojects issues perestroika rms have interests in the region’s timber, oblast 466 percent. Guide , thousands of the Jewish resi- have emigrated to Israel (see 1 , 570 pages

res, the forests are are forests the res, for Conservation and Development. Newell, J. Yuri Shibnev A blue-and-white fl ycatcher A blue-and-white 1999 Oblast, Autonomous Jewish the in production Industrial 4.1 Figure Source: 2004. okmtt 2000. Goskomstat, production Electrical McKinleyville, energy Food 34% 11% The industry Russian Light 10% (Cyanoptila cyanomelana) Construction industry. Exports of raw logs to China are a major source of hard currency revenue. currency amajor of are source hard of to logs raw China industry. Exports fi devoting economy. the also is sify oblast The more cheaply. The produce due revive such goods to can competition which will from neighboringChina, industries light and machinery the doubt that Analysts machinery. produced agricultural port for both freight and people. There is also a well-developed awell-developed people. and also is for There freight port both of trans- major means two are system River Amur the and Railroad Trans-Siberian The Infrastructure materials 19% Other 2% Mining 6% Machinery Far CA: 13% East: Daniel jao Forestry feeds her young. her feeds 5% government wants to expand gold, coal, and iron mining to diver- iron governmentand mining gold, tocoal, expand wants A & Reference Daniel. Jewish Autonomous Oblast Tsyamushi in China. it open aroute and with to modernize plans are there and other cities, with Birobidzhan connects respectively. airport Syain, The and of cities Tuntzian, Chinese the with Minshyan, travel, provide links passengers and cargo which through China, with Pashkovo) and Amurzet, border (Nizhneleninskoe, three The crossings hours. justtwo in to Khabarovsk Birobidzhan it possible from to drive making built, been just has River Amur the across Aroad ture. (see fi of economy the mainstays the been traditionally sector, garment the have industry, particularly generation,Energy foodproduction, light and Main industries gas. of as much to as amount may reserves deposits; gas ing. In 1998 economy, the in grow- is China with but trade role not does play alarge trade International trade Foreign recreational resource. resource. recreational represent aconsiderable Russia, throughout hot famous Kuldur The springs, export. and for logging attractive resources forest shrinking the makes to China Its close proximity and Bira Rivers. Arable land totals 161 totals land Arable Rivers. Bira and fl the in marily pri- land agricultural fertile regionhas The purposes. of construction variety for a used also deposits are clay Large materials. construction road concreteand to make used turnover was under under was turnover 100 nancial resources to expanding the logging logging the to expanding resources nancial g. g. 466 million tons 5 of and oil million 6 Numerous gravel and sand reserves are are reserves sand and Numerous gravel Guide 4 . 1 ). In Soviet times, the region also region also the times, Soviet In ). , the offi , the pages oodplains of the Amur, Bidzhan, of Amur, the Bidzhan, oodplains cial international trade trade international cial for u.s.$10 1 , 900 Conservation km road infrastruc- road km million. billion cu. m cu. billion 8 The other The , 000 oblast Ⅲ

ha. 181 ’s ’s 7

and

JAO Development. Newell,

JAO 182 region’sthe 65 economy. between to carpet used Forests of lifeblood the for agriculture, soessential are that east the in lower plains the marshy waterfl regulating in are Ranges Mountain Sutara and Maly-Khingan the along west the in growing forests the how important realize Few outlook General The RFE the in importance Economic In timber. and garments are Major Korea. South exports is partner major trading when only 90 signifi aton—a production to half mid- the in ceased mining continued until this River; Sutara the along the fi nomic importance. given the has to China Close proximity brushite. including minerals, of regions the northern and Krai to Khabarovsk milk and meat, potatoes, region supplied the grain, times, Soviet During investment. governor,The and Volkov, trade foreign Nikolai seeking areputation for aggressively has in earnest in the the in earnest in on exploration began for gold. region,the Gold half mining of surveys on geological half rubles, million spent nineteen since occurred has industry amajor contributor. also is infl An for agriculture land cover, forest but conversion declining for the amajor is of reason forest Logging habitat. their fragmenting and by reducing species endangered threatens and soil of the quality the by reducing land of agricultural productivity the reduced of cover forest has Loss years. but also in coal and tin. In In tin. and coal in but also not rich belt, is gold which in only Khinganskoe central the government to continue to open plans up regional The economy the table 4.1 (see to diversify industry mining gold placer the togovernment been subsidize has response production the and agricultural adeclining with faced is Autonomous Amur, Jewish the Like region Oblast. Amur of region resemble of neighboring the prospects those the problems the and geographies, and resources similar With birds. tory migra- prime habitat for ahost of endangered other things, among are, which lowlands, Amur poorly protected Central the in particularly reclamation, wetland to increased lead will productivity agricultural productive. Reduced remains land agricultural that help and ensure forests remaining needs to be strictly controlled and limited to protect the J. 1998 Ⅲ gure is down to down is gure jao 2004. , small logging companies exported about 50 exported companies logging , small is important as a breadbasket for rfe the abreadbasket as important is THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE 1960 9

kg were mined. kg McKinleyville, The s. The governments. The gold hopes to raise 1930 s, when placer mines were developed s, when mines placer 44 Russian percent, and the forests are going at a rate of atarate going 1 are forests the percent, and 1999 1999 10 Ecologists worry that salmon salmon that worry Ecologists , the regional government regional , the as Chinese fi Chinese as hope torms exploit Logging forests. the rfe cant increase from also has large supplies of large some has scarce also oblast . The Far CA: East: Daniel , where agricultural land is limited. ow and maintaining water quality for waterquality maintaining ow and , 000 ux of Chinese capital to the timber timber to the capital of Chinese ux 1998 ). and 70 and cu. m of raw logs to China. mof to logs China. raw cu. A

& Reference percent of the Daniel. Total Total Insurance Science Forestry Source: fi and Credit Communications art and Culture Construction Agriculture Transport Administration welfare and Health Industry Education Industry N within JAO,Employment by industry 1999 4.1Table a new eco- anew oblast percent every four four percent every Goskomstat, 1999. Goskomstat, nance nance oblast 466 Guide , but pages for 42,075 Conservation 1,663 5,714 5,227 8,542 5,055 1,243 3,314 6,417 3,101 534 803 342 120 and Development. Newell, J. Yuri Shibnev blackistoni) squamatus) (Mergus mergansers scaly-sided galericulata) (Aix ducks mandarin for habitat critical are rivers forest Small 2004. McKinleyville, , and many endangered species of freshwater clams. offreshwater species endangered many , and The Russian Far CA: , Blakiston’s fi (Ketupa, Blakiston’s sh-owls East: Daniel A & Reference Daniel. Jewish Autonomous Oblast , and those coming from abroad. coming those and for both Russians a major attraction tourist responsible be developmentwith could they underdeveloped resource; alargely remain hot to develop. springs Kuldur The tries indus- for these benecessary Moscow will ment commitment from or increased moregoods cheaply. Some foreign invest- produce such can which China, nearby with have trouble competing will region pointed been It out, however, has the that industries. machinery tion, agricultural and foodproduc- garment, thriving region had the times, Soviet In a center for processing. as again itself industry, market and mining for the subsidies economic recovery, as such of methods stepping away from traditional itself, region should the consider tinguish identity to of dis- an search in Always iron ore. and tin, coal, as such for materials otherraw demand on China’s booming capitalize expected hope regions both logs, to raw exporting addition In to of China. needs import the economy to retool the to serve trying are administrators Amur, in regional As amajor cause. as gold pointscientists mining to destructive ofregion’s the reaches major and rivers lower many in havepopulations declined fi beopened up; will Pompeyevka Rivers and Sutara of the tributaries spawning 466 — Josh Newell Guide pages for Conservation Ⅲ

sh 183 and

JAO Development. Newell,

JAO from poaching, the zakaznik the poaching, from pressure mounting the and Giventoday’s crisis economic oblast the in systems natural unique the and diversity biological topreserving essential is system integrated law. of an creation area The protected federal in outlined tocriteria monuments donot correspond natural numerous Third, range. Maly-Khingan of the spurs on the are areas protected other of the all lowlands; Amur Central the in located monuments are natural four one Only another. to similar are protected currently landscapes natural those Second, areas. of protected structure no hierarchical is there oblast the in areas of protected asystem is there that say some of form one under protection, is cannot area land Although monuments. natural 184 1963 1982 1963 & 1988 Obluchensky Birobidzhansky 1998 28,000 & Leninsky Source: Oktyabrsky Obluchensky 40,500 49,500 Uldury Zhuravliny Birobidzhansky Dichun Birobidzhansky 85,000 60,000 1997 Shukhi-Poktoy Birobidzhansky Churki 91,121 Zakaznik Raion Bastak (ha) Size Zapovednik name and Type Oblast Autonomous Jewish the in areas Protected 4.2 Table exploited. actively being are marshes, and wetlands, massif, mountain Khingan of the areas central the as such preserved, be should that territories whereas Maly-Khingan of the massifs zakaznik of these Moreover, size impressive nature. despite the ing of fulfi incapable and situation fi and Zapovednik Bastak includes system area protected The area system Protected 80 – pp.See 179 Vasily Gorobeiko Ecology ve regional ve regional J. Ⅲ 2004. JAO Committee on Environmental Protection, 2000. Protection, Environmental on Committee JAO s s, they are all situated on the peripheral mountain mountain peripheral on the situated all are they s, THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE zakaznik McKinleyville, for an overview of the region’s of the overview for ecology. an The s (see table 4 table s (see Russian s are in an extremely diffi extremely an in s are lling their function of protect- function their lling 9 . 8 percent of the oblast of the percent .2 . ). There are also eighteen eighteen also are There ). Far CA: Established East: . First, . First, Daniel cult ’s total A in Therefore, visitors. and for residents opportunities reational rec- toprovide suitable adequately, fails and areas cultural region’s not the or protect unique does biodiversity system, Comprehensive Analysis Institute for Regional Problems, a Problems, for Regional Institute Analysis Comprehensive together with the oblast The protected area system in the the in system area protected The status. monument natural given tobe need unprotected currently fi than no less and value, tection nature-pro- now monuments their have lost natural declared of previously Anumber jao administration. of the head the on November 6 established those monuments, natural new two only in followed been has dure proce- This with. complied Resources of Natural Ministry certifi and prepared be must Federation Russian of the legislature by the stipulated obligationcustodial papers must be placed, other documents protection, under monument, placed it be must a natural declared is object anatural when Federation, Russian the 26 raion the and Krai Khabarovsk of the jurisdiction the under are laws, of existing violation in others, jao the in monuments established natural eighteen the Of intact. relatively still are prairies oftallgrass areas large where Earth on places last ofthe one is Valley Amur The & Reference of the law On Specially Protected Nature Territories Nature of Protected OnSpecially law of the 1996 , only fi , only Daniel. Committee on Environmental Protection, Protection, on Environmental jao Committee , the ve are under the jurisdiction of the of the jurisdiction the under ve are 466 ed, and the regulations of the federal federal of the regulations the and ed, Guide ’s economic administration and the the and ’s administration economic pages fty natural and cultural areas areas cultural and natural fty , 1994 for is not a single unifi notjao is asingle . According to article toarticle . According , by decree No., by 326 decree Conservation oblast . The . The by by ed

Vladimir Dinets and Development. Newell, J. control of the Forest Service, and, as mentioned above, the the mentioned above, as and, Service, Forest ofcontrol the Another People often associate the JAO with wetlands, but the mountainous western and northwestern regions have signifi have regions forests. cant northwestern and western mountainous the but wetlands, JAO with the associate often People the while Resources, of Natural Ministry of the jurisdiction Currently, zapovednik the agencies. protecting nature- the among cohesion of administrative lack the and oblast (more than of funds lack are system area The primary limits to an expansion of the protected concentrated. are species plant disappearing and rare where areas protected establishing monuments and natural of the network the expanding include system improve the portions steppe. of toundisturbed Further plans Dahurian of the remnants the toinclude Zakaznik of Zhuravliny ies boundar- the tomodify efforts be also will There basin. River Pompeevka the tohelp preserve area aprotected lish Between fi local to valuable tributaries River Amur tonumerous and tion, preserva- of biodiversity terms in region important most the lowlands, Amur Central tothe extended be will protection State Zakaznik. Zabelovsky toestablish effort on the began 1999 In prepared. monuments being is natural new certifi and completed, was Park Nature Kuldur justifi ecological-economic An wereprotected. forests mixed of rich tracts large and zakaznik forest the developed, was In system. the tostrengthen a plan ( of Sciences Academy Russian of the division 2004. jao ’s budget is subsidized by the federal government) federal by the ’s subsidized is budget 1998 sheries. Hunting Service administers four of the zakaznik of the four administers Service Hunting zakaznik McKinleyville, , the protective service for Bastak Zapovednik Zapovednik for Bastak service protective , the 2003 The and 2005 and and the dendrological park are under the the under are park dendrological the and Russian cation ( , efforts will be made toestab- made be will , efforts , Dichun, was established, established, was , Dichun, obosnovanie Far CA: 50 percent of the of the percent ras is under the the under is ) for creating ) for creating East: cation of eight of eight cation Daniel ), developed developed ), , work s. A & Reference governments. and foundations, organizations, foreign from assistance without impossible be will territories these protecting actually be toward directed will fi 5 the biological diversity of the of the diversity biological the toprotect group operational an and system area protected the toimprove commission interdepartmental an establishing Protected Nature Territories adopted was in February OnSpecially law Anew of cohesion. lack to overcome this some steps taking is At present, administration the oblast unclear. is ments monu- natural of for the most responsibility administrative Zakazniks. Zapovedniks. description ( Zapovednik Bastak of the of the cover reserves apiaries, some of which have been privatized, on these on these privatized, been have some of which apiaries, are twenty more grazing than are There cattle and reserves. the inside conducted harvesting, hay logging, Salvage wereno vehicles. there Churki, and of the ployed for all but 1998 in necessary, is reserve, per two of tenrangers, staff aminimum that stipulate tions by the funded and istered zakaznik Daniel. Jewish Autonomous Oblast percent of the proceeds received by the by the received proceeds of the percent jao s and one oblast s and ’s territory. integrated The Within the jao There is one is zapovednik There 263 466 Guide , 000 zakaznik 91,121 ha, which represents about about represents which ha, pages nancing these territories. However, territories. these nancing -level forest reserve. In total, these these total, In reserve. forest -level jao , there are four four are , there ha), in the oblast the in ha), s, and in two of them, Uldury Uldury of them, two in and s, jao Hunting Service. Regula- Service. Hunting for , only eight rangers wereem- rangers eight , only . In accordance with the law, the with accordance . In zakaznik Conservation (strict nature reserve), reserve), nature (strict oblast oblast . See p. 188 . See s are admin- s are for mining for mining -level nature 7 percent percent Ⅲ 1999 for a

185

Yuri Shibnev and

JAO Development. Newell,

JAO Territories of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast upto Autonomous Oblast Territories Jewish of the Nature Protected Development of of aSystem Specially defi donot a have therefore and committees executive Raion sky Obluchen- and Oktyabrsky of the by resolutions established 186 Source: Geological Lovushka Kabanya Peshchera 6. Peshchera 5. Glubokaya Peshchera 4. Bannaya Cherepashy 3. Bay Relictual 2. pine stand Duck 1. Lake Name No. Oblast Autonomous Jewish the in monuments Natural 4.3 Table Nature parks. Natural monuments. recently established Dichun Zakaznik. the administers Leskhoz, Obluchensky the Service, Forest of the Adivision of wildlife. base foraging tothe damage of todepletion fl lead all activities These reserves. 8–88) pp. 187– (see Park Nature Kuldur the toestablish prepared was a draft 27 No. resolutions Committee) Executive (Regional Kraiispolkom table monuments (see natural as designated signifi cultural and environmental, aesthetic, 11. Peshchera Spartak Spartak Peshchera 11. 10. Peshchera Peshchera Sankina 10. Peshchera 9. Peschanaya Peshchera 8. Kordornaya Peshchera Ledyunaya 7. 13. Verkhnetulovchikhinsky Verkhnetulovchikhinsky 13. Medved Stary Peshchera 12. 16. Lotus Lotus Bed 16. Starikovsky 15. 14. Nizhnetulovchikhinsky Nizhnetulovchikhinsky 14. 18. Rose Rose Bush 18. Lotus Lake 17. J. , 1980 nite status on the territory of the of the territory on the nite status Ⅲ 208 2004. JAO Committee on Environmental Protection, 2000. Protection, Environmental on Committee JAO , respectively, established eight of them. Three were Three of them. eight established , respectively, and No. 472 and THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE In accordance with the program for the for the program the with accordance In McKinleyville, . The Eighteen sites of sites scientifi Eighteen , dated March 26 March , dated Russian oblast , 1996 . Far CA: 4 Geological Geological Botanical Botanical cance have been iea pig 1979 Mineral Spring Type Type Zoological iea pig 1979 Mineral Spring Geological Geological Botanical Geological Geological Geological Geological Geological Geological Botanical Botanical Botanical Botanical Botanical Geological Geological iea pig 1979 Mineral Spring Geological , and August August , and c, historical, historical, c, . 3 ) Khabarovsk ) Khabarovsk ora and ora and East: 2005 Daniel , A The Pompeevka River Basin ( Basin River Pompeevka The wetland) and (forest area 1. Pompeevsky Biodiversity hotspots southwestern foothills ( foothills southwestern in ( vurica ( birch Dahurian and oak Mongolian and reaches, middle the in forests broadleaved pine and Korean waters, Dahurian larch, and linden ( nephrolepis fi Siberian East and spruce Ayan including basin, the cover types Various mouth. forest river atthe delta marshy toa broadens and hills these from descends River, The range. altaica ( tiger Siberian local for the habitat forest the fragmented Overlogging trees. broadleaved and pine, Korean salse Sz h) Raion Size (ha) Established & lpx Reference 1996 99 25 Oktyabrsky 12.5 1979 90 25 Obluchensky 12.5 1980 92 0. Obluchensky 108.0 1982 95 25 Obluchensky 12.5 1985 1985 1985 1985 1985 94 10 Leninsky 61.0 1994 1985 1985 Oktyabrsky 1,825.0 1994 1983 1983 1982 1980 1980 90 25 Obluchensky 12.5 1980 1966 1966 1980 ) logged these forests until the enterprise went bankrupt went bankrupt enterprise the until forests these ) logged Daniel. ) stands in the lower reaches. Birakansky Lespromkhoz Lespromkhoz Birakansky lower reaches. the in ) stands ) and goral ( goral ) and , but not before cutting most of the Mongolian oak, oak, Mongolian of most the , but not cutting before ) interspersed with Korean pine ( Korean with ) interspersed 71 -km Pompeevka River, a tributary of the Amur Amur of the atributary River, Pompeevka -km Nemorhaedus goral Nemorhaedus 466 25 Obluchensky 12.5 25 Obluchensky 12.5 25 Oktyabrsky 12.5 25 Obluchensky 12.5 25 Oktyabrsky 12.5 / Oktyabrsky N/A / Oktyabrsky N/A / Oktyabrsky N/A / Obluchensky Smidovichsky N/A N/A / Birobidzhansky N/A Guide 73 to912 pages Tilia amurensis Tilia 40 m) of the Maly-Khingan Maly-Khingan m)of the , 000 for ha) includes the the includes ha) ) populations and, by and, ) populations Conservation Pinus koraensis Pinus ) in the head- the ) in Panthera tigris tigris Panthera Betula da- 3 -km-wide r ( Abies Abies ), and Development. Newell, J. Ⅲ most recent forest inventory was conducted in in conducted was inventory forest recent most in study, done abotanical from and research this from material area’s Unfortunately, the waterfowl. studied Smirensky Sergei of Dr. direction the under and University State Moscow 1970 the In conducted. been studies nor in-depth have area, this toprotect taken been waterfowl. for migratory numerous area river’s fl haliaeetus ( ( keta chus ( salmon chum autumn the for grounds spawning westernmost the form and of species endemic number a host headwaters The considerable. remains basin River Pompeevka the of value biodiversity the disappeared, have goral and tiger the Although mouth. River Pompeevka the 7 Amur into the fl which basin, River Berezovaya the in underway already is mining at200 estimated deposits, gold placer also are There forests. these tolog attempt will companies local and foreign both that expect ecologists but local intact, relatively remain Kuldur Nature Park ( (forest) Park Nature Kuldur 2. Recommendations. measures. protection Existing Threats. region. the in extinct the 280 from elevation in ranging hills and mountains with range, oblast of the part Ⅲ beam factory, and a railway station. station. arailway and factory, beam park’s boundaries, includes fi the within of located Kuldur, town The Rivers. Karagai confl toits down basin River 2004. Mergus squamatus Aix galericulata Aix Create a federal afederal Create Determine the most appropriate boundaries and protec- and appropriate most boundaries the Determine 1986 basin; recommendation made June made recommendation basin; areas in the jao the in areas of protected development on of the asystem conference tion regime for this for this regime tion to1 1970 oodplain, which is also a feeding ground and resting resting and ground afeeding also is which oodplain, by Dr. V. A. Nedoluzhko, remain unpublished. The The unpublished. by Dr. V. remain Nedoluzhko, A. , Forests in the headwaters headwaters the in Forests s, these animals had become become had animals these s, 001 ). Scaly-sided mergansers mergansers Scaly-sided ). ), and golden eagles ( golden eagles and ), McKinleyville, m. The territory includes the upper Kuldur Kuldur upper the includes territory m.The The km downstream from from downstream km ), eagle owls ( owls eagle ), on the southern slope of the Maly-Khingan Maly-Khingan of slope the southern on the . ), mandarin ducks ducks mandarin ), The following actions should be taken: be should actions following The zakaznik Russian 36 zakaznik , 700 kg. Placer Placer kg. Oncorhyn- uence with the Karadub and and Karadub the with uence to protect the Pompeyevka Pompeyevka the toprotect ha) is located in the northwest northwest the in located is ha) ve resort complexes, a metal ametal complexes, ve resort s, a group of ornithologists from from of agroup s, ornithologists No signifi Bubo bubo Bubo Aquila chrysaetos ows ows . Far 1996 cant measures have CA: ), ospreys ( ospreys ), while butterfl together. related feed y species closely two Here, forests. Manchurian and boreal between aborder forms Basin Amur The atascientifi East: 1986 ) nest in the the in ) nest Daniel A. bureana . Pandion Pandion c A is endemic to the broadleaved forests of the Far East. Far ofthe forests broadleaved tothe endemic is & Reference urica viviparous lizard ( bycilla garrulus ( bear brown include low. species rather Boreal are one of species any of individuals numbers the Manchurian—but and Okhotsk-Kamchatkan, Angarian, zones—boreal, geographical of four mingling inter- of the aresult diverse, also is fauna park’s The species. endangered chinensis cinquefoil (Potentilla ( yam wild Japanese includes and high is of species diversity the so Kuldur, near biomes is Asian East and boreal between border approximate The swamps. mossy and meadows grassy ( Ayan pine, Siberianspruce, East fi Korean including forests, diverse has park The weasel ( weasel mountain the include These mountains. the in live species ( ( ( snake rat Shrenk’s reutes procyonoides ( marten yellow-throated bear, Himalayan include and valley of the forests broadleaved the in found be can fauna Manchurian caryocatactes ( nutcracker deer, musk spotted as such species montanus jay( Siberian Manchurian hare ( ussuriensis Daniel. Thymallus amurensis Populus tremulae Populus Dioscorea nipponica Salamandrella keyserlingii Salamandrella Jewish Autonomous Oblast ), Siberian ginseng ( ginseng Siberian ), Mustela altaica Mustela Martes flMartes avigula ). Also in the mountains are Okhotsk-Kamchatkan Okhotsk-Kamchatkan are mountains the in Also ). ), Manchurian wapiti ( wapiti Manchurian ), ), and pine bunting ( pine bunting and ), Perisoreus infaustus Arachnia levana ), three-toed woodpecker ( ), three-toed 466 Guide ), willows ( willows ), Lacerta vivipara Lacerta ), azure-winged magpie ( magpie azure-winged ), Lepus brachyurus Elaphe schrenkii Elaphe ), irises ( Ursus arctos Ursus ). r, Dahurian larch, birches, aspen aspen birches, larch, r, Dahurian ), red vole ( vole red ), pages ), Ussurian wild boar ( boar wild Ussurian ), Eleutherococcus maximus ), and burbot (Lota burbot lota and ), Iris Salix is a widespread boreal insect, is a boreal insect, widespread ), and twenty other rare and and rare other twenty and ), for ), and willow tit ( tit willow and ), ), Daurian lily ( lily Daurian ), ), Bohemian waxwing ( waxwing Bohemian ), Cervus elaphus xanthopygus elaphus Cervus Emberhiza leucocephalus ), Siberian salamander ), and shrubs, together with with together shrubs, and ), Clethrionomys rutilus ), and grayling Amur ), raccoon dog ( raccoon ), Conservation Picoides trydactilys Picoides Cyanopica cyana Nucifraga Nucifraga Sus scrofa Lilium dah- Lilium Parus Parus ), Chinese Chinese ), ). Angarian ). Angarian Nycte- Ⅲ

), Bom- ). 187 ), ), ),

Vladimir Dinets and

JAO Development. Newell,

JAO

Vladimir Dinets has donehas some preliminary research in the watershed. the need to mine and log the region. region. log the and tomine need the economy, reduce regional not improve but only the also will governor’s decree allocated land for the park. for the land governor’s allocated decree AMay park. anature as area the toprotect trying zhan Botanical Gardens, an institute affi institute an Gardens, Botanical zhan Birobid- of the staff The ecosystems. of but the few resources, area’s of the made mineral been have studies Several wildlife. fi affect and forests tothe threat ahuge pose 188 zapovednik borderof the northern ( Range Bureya of the slopes southeastern The southeast. the in grow chaparral bush and savannas ous fi spruce, The Leskhoz. Birobidzhan the in 5,190 fi the is Bastak (forest) Zapovednik Bastak 3. Recommendations. measures. protection Existing skins. their for and food for numbers large collect immigrants Chinese as areas, many in crashing are schrenkii) (Coluber racer Schrenk’s ofthe Populations Threats. gists consider this region the oxygen supply for Birobidzhan. supply for Birobidzhan. oxygen the region this consider gists ( slipper lady’s pink ( ny the endangered little pond lily ( including reserve, the in grow species plant vascular hundred Nine conservation. soil for and water essential is reserve the here, located are Rivers Ikura and Kirga, Sorenak, Bastak, the J. Paeonia obovata Paeonia Ⅲ ha of 85,931 Group ha Iand 2004. Mining, forest fi forest Mining, r, and birch forests in the north; birch and decidu- and birch north; the in r, forests birch and THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE rst and only only and rst McKinleyville, The Develop well-organized tourism, which which tourism, well-organized Develop Cypripedium macranthon ), tall devil’s club ( devil’s tall ), res, poaching, and industrial waste waste and industrial res, poaching, Russian zapovednik Numerous organizations are are organizations Numerous ha of Group III pine forests pine of forests Group ha III Nymphar pumila Nymphar zapovednik . Because the headwaters of headwaters the . Because and protects protects jao and the in Oplopanax elatus liated with the 1,200 Far sheries and sheries CA: ). Many ecolo- also protects m) form the the m)form ), peo- Amur 1998 and other snakes of the RFE RFE ofthe snakes other and East: Daniel

), and ras,

A Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ spent birds, and a number of rare fi of rare anumber and birds, shore- waterfowl, protects region the pristine, Virtually rivers. the line forests deciduous and Willow Lakes. Liman and Umayuvskoe, Zabelovskoe, the and River lovka Zabe- the including lakes and rivers of important a number ( region Zabelovsky the Village, spasskoe fl Amur the along awetland Primarily (wetland) region Zabelovsky 4. Recommendations. measures. protection Existing rubles ( spring in reserve the area. the toprotect no funds are there because reserve the plague of animals poaching and plants of rare gathering illegal The fi trollable uncon- staff, proper enough equipment and lack authorities boundaries. povednik & Reference Create an ecological center for center children. ecological an Create maintenance and a snowmobile, vehicles, two Purchase territory. of the Complete research certifi ownership land the Develop fi and uniforms Purchase signs. post and Create equipment. Daniel. 35 $7 , 000 inspectors have begun regular patrols of the reserve reserve of the patrols regular begun have inspectors res have already destroyed portions of the reserve. reserve. of the portions destroyed already have res , 143 rubles ( ) already allocated for such a purpose. Two apurpose. for such allocated ) already The following actions should be taken: be should actions following The 466 u.s.$5 1998 Guide the chance of forest fi of forest chance the increases spring and fall each weather Dry activities. educational and cal ecologi- developing and research, scientifi territory, conducting the nik work people atthe Seven basin. River Bastak the hooded crane ( the are species valuable most dog. The foxred ( meles owl ( owl Blackiston’s fi and valleys, River Glinyanka and Kirga the in nests ( us ( deer musk include reserve the within living Mammals sable ( lynx alces cameloides Capreolus pygargus , in addition to the annual 50 annual tothe addition , in ), Manchurian wapiti, snow deer Manchurian ), , and their tasks include protecting protecting include tasks their , and , 000 ), American mink ( mink American ), rearms. pages Ketupa blakistoni ), brown and Himalayan bear, bear, Himalayan and brown ), sh species. Migratory birds birds Migratory species. sh The government of the of the government The Martes zibellina Vulpes vulpes ) to suppress two fi two ) tosuppress for cate. oodplain above Novo- above oodplain Grus monachus ), Eurasian lynx ( lynx Eurasian ), 20,000 Conservation ), moose ( moose ), Moschus moscifer- res. Because the the Because res. ), and raccoon raccoon and ), ), which lives in in lives which ), ), badger ( Mustela vison Mustela ha) also has has also ha) res res in zapoved- Alces ), which which ), jao , sh- 000 c Meles Meles Felis

za-

), and Development. Newell, J. in the rfe the in sinensis sophora ( viya ciliata baicalensis Ⅲ Ⅲ the region, but his fi but region, his the sketchy. summer In remains jao the in underway ofsteppes meadow noCurrently, research is there birds. nesting threatens which burning, grass uncontrolled is now. region danger the Another impacting are overgrazing and harvesting Hay for agriculture. used was steppe of the jao the in rare extremely is which ( partridge Dahurian the sighted have entists out of burn control. often fi these and crops, togrow fall and spring each grass burn fi Seasonal rise. on the ously fi and of birds Poaching lakes. and rivers local Threats. ( ( cinquefoil Chinese lis dahuricum ( ( hazelnut include species ( hawthorn Chinese and ( birch Dahurian oak, some Mongolian also are there wetlands, and steppe Predominantly Stolbovoe Village. near basin, River ( region Stolbovsky The (wetland) region 5. Stolbovsky Recommendations. Threats. ( white-fronted ( brant include and broad-billed ( broad-billed and Bewick’s ( ( dia ( the black carp ( carp black the include region Zabelovsky the within species here.Fish nest Komarov’s lotus also grows here. grows also Komarov’s lotus busa ( Tringa stagnatilis 2004. Leontopodium blagoveshczenskyi Lespedezia biflora Plagiognathops microlepis A. cygnoides A bird-monitoring center also needs to be created. created. tobe needs also center Abird-monitoring of the government The ). Other fl Other ). federal-level federal-level ), Oriental white storks ( storks white Oriental ), ), and Chinese perch ( perch Chinese and ), Betula davurica ). This is one of the most diverse steppe communities communities steppe diverse one most is of the This ). The fauna of this region remain poorly studied. Sci- studied. poorly remain region of this fauna The polluting are River Amur intothe Phenol discharges Sophora lutea . Therefore, knowledge of the region’s of the knowledge biodiversity . Therefore, . C. bewickii McKinleyville, ), Baikal feather grass ( grass feather Baikal ), , Chinese prairie-smoke ( prairie-smoke , Chinese ), and Oriental sekurinega ( sekurinega Oriental and ), oral species include the Arundintilla anomalica the include species oral The ) geese, as well as whooper ( whooper as well as ) geese, Branta nigricans Branta A. erythropus Mylopharyngodon piceus Mylopharyngodon zakaznik ). Eurasian spoonbills ( spoonbills Eurasian ). Calidris falcinellus ), Dahurian rhododendron), Dahurian ( The following actions should be taken: be should actions following The ndings remain unpublished. Potentilla chinensis Potentilla Russian ) swans, Baikal teal ( teal Baikal ) swans, ), big-fruit elm ( elm big-fruit ), ), and Chinese fenugreek ( fenugreek Chinese and ), 15,000 Crathaegus chinensis , but lacks the funds todo so. funds the , but lacks Corylus ), yellowcheek ( yellowcheek ), jao Siniperca chuatsi res are a continual danger; people danger; acontinual are res Ciconia boyciana Ciconia ), bean ( ), bean 1997 would like to establish a toestablish like would ha) covers the middle Samara Samara middle the covers ha) ), graylag ( graylag ), ), Baikal skullcap ( skullcap Baikal ), ), two-fl , V. A. Nedoluzhko studied , V. studied Nedoluzhko A. Stipa baicalensis . During the 1960 the . During Geum chinensis ) and marsh sandpipers sandpipers marsh ) and A. fabalis Far Ulmus macrocarpa Ulmus Sekurinega orienta- ), Eastern edelweiss edelweiss Eastern ), CA: ), smallscale yellowfi ), smallscale Platalea leucorrho- owered lespedecia Cygnus cygnus Elopichthys bam- Anser anser Anser Anas formosa Anas ). The famous famous The ). ) forests. Shrub Shrub ) forests. Perdix dahurica Perdix ), and ospreys ospreys and ), sh is continu- East: ), and swan Rhododendron Daniel Trigonella Trigonella ), Scutellaria ), yellow rmdr- Tromsdor s, most ), lesser ) and ) and ), res res ), A , n ), & Reference been incubating far fewer fi fewer far incubating been 65 of ity capac- annual acombined have and salmon chum fall-run produce which hatcheries, rfe Teplovka, the Bidzhan and The oblast the in developed has goods consumer other and products, food goods, agricultural ing process- businesses of small Anetwork others. and vegetables, canned alcohol, products, milk pasta, confectionery, goods, baked as such products, other and sausages, meats, produces centers, urban in located industry, food The of goods. types these produce also companies smaller Other footwear. and felt, socks, items, knitted and of sewn fi producing enterprises consists Birobidzhan in industry Light zhan and Nikolaevka. Birobid- in located are processing for wood centers the and of Birakan, forests the in located are harvest for timber ters cen- The furniture. lumber, and construction wood, of mill production the and processing, and harvesting of timber sists con- way.industry under is timber deposits The coal brown development Ushumunsk of the the and place, takes also mining Coal construction. in used of materials extraction the and gold deposits, alluvial mining enrichment, and extraction ore of tin consists industry mining The building. road and construction, general crop cultivation), and equipment (soil for of farming making consists industry machinery The of cattle. particularly husbandry, animal for developing able conditions favor- offers grazing natural the for plowing, suitable of land oblast volume of the agricultural of the half for more crop. than potato Crops account sizable already the maintaining are and melons and corn, of buckwheat, production increasing are Farmers soy- vegetables. and grain, produce enterprises beans, agricultural all Almost Krai. of Khabarovsk regions northern the and Komsomolsk-on-Amur, of Khabarovsk, cities for the food on producing focused was ment thereafter develop- land; of arable tracts oflarge its because region Ⅲ Ⅲ until recently, forestry. The recently, The forestry. until and production, food industry, light machinery, and als materi- of construction production the mining, degree, toalesser and, agriculture economy is of the pillar The Vasily Gorobeiko Economy Recommendations. Daniel. Jewish Autonomous Oblast Implementation of measures to decrease human impact on impact human todecrease Implementation of measures Multidisciplinary research of the regions. the most vulnerable species. vulnerable most the jao million fry. Since 1988 Since fry. million is home to two of the oldest fi oldest of the home is totwo 466 Guide The following actions should be taken: be should actions following The pages sh eggs, a result, in part, of active of active part, in aresult, eggs, sh jao for , however, they have steadily steadily have , however, they was made an autonomous an made was . Conservation . In addition to tracts totracts addition . In sh hatcheries in the the in hatcheries sh ve large Ⅲ

189 and

JAO Development. Newell,

JAO

Vladimir Dinets 190 them. fl togather countryside to the ock ofpeople thousands fall, early and summer late In dwellers. city for also but peoples, native and wildlife for only not source food important an are edulus) (Boletus boletus king this as such mushrooms, and berries Edible the in watercourses the all nearly regions; many in increased even but has decreased, not has lakes and rivers in of toxins accumulation the result, a As ones. existing maintain but also technologies, control the fi lack however, businesses hand, other Onthe discharges. ful of harm- release the decreased has production industrial in drop the one hand, Onthe on ecosystems. effect adual had oblast the in Changes oblast of the position geographic favorable and base resource mineral large relatively it. The support policies regional and governmental brighter, is provided industry agricultural for the future diffi Pacifi the and China from Competition of Russia. parts western the from materials sary neces- the receiving in of delays because partly former state, totheir rebound will industries light and machinery that It doubtful is crisis. adeep in is industries of these Each rivers. of spawning headwaters on the mine that enterprises mining fi nese migration route, unlimited fi license fi J. cult for such industries to develop a market niche. The The niche. amarket todevelop industries for such cult Ⅲ nancial resources to not only initiate new pollution- new tonot initiate only resources nancial 2004. shermen, and violations of environmental laws by gold laws of environmental violations shermen, and shing downstream, increasing poaching along the the along poaching increasing downstream, shing THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE makes mining another possible growth industry. growth possible another mining makes McKinleyville, The ’s economy over recent years have ’s have economy years over recent c Rim countries will also make it make also will countries c Rim Russian jao shing in the Amur River by Chi- River Amur the in shing that have monitoring stations stations monitoring have that Far CA: East: Daniel A between between average levels nitrate Soil productive. it less making soil, the of alkalinity toincreased led has erosion. This from suffers water, and and wind both by eroded being is topsoil The balance. water the harmed also of parts southern and the central the in largely Agriculture, and diseases. topests more susceptible them monitored, leaving regularly not being are Unfortunately,forests of funds. due tolack nonexistent virtually are measures Preventative forests. the to harm ecological and economic tremendous causing tions, fi totenyears, seven every Once fi forest with battles Recent River. Bira of the balance water the upset asignifi had industry, has aminor historically sector, although timber The inhabited areas. near forests natural sparse the from as well as lands, forest protected from logged illegally is wood This apartments. and fi by using responded people have houses their toheat rewood costs, (coal) fuel and shipping of high because addition, In es. petroleum products, steel, phenols, in increases and oxygen dissolved in show decreases & Reference , oblast Daniel. res, pests, and pathogens relate to the timber industry. industry. timber tothe relate pathogens and pests, res, 7 , takes place primarily on reclaimed land and has has and land on reclaimed primarily place , takes . 5 and 45 and harvesting capacities of up to annual with companies timber tosmall issued were leases logging six January, In complex. more situation the making sector forestry the 1999 In and lower reaches. central its in regions agricultural supports which basin, River Bidzhan of the quality water the ing protect- in importance of great aregion Ridge, to lespromkhozby the 1995 Oktyabrsky Raions until production ceased in and Obluchensky in primarily logged and scale on acommercial timber toharvest company 7 exceeded never yields harvest timber which ing fi Unfortunately, after time. shortest the in possible much as tolog as aspiration their fi received enterprises labor. These Chinese use and capital signifi or have Chinese partly either are companies Five of these each. the 1 on April established Lespromkhoz, Birobidzhan Timber , 1964 percent of the annual allowable cut, leskhoz cut, allowable annual of the percent 53 cant impact on the region’s ecosystems and and region’s on the impact cant ecosystems lespromkhoz . Between 1985 . Between , 000 mg/ , as the May 1 May the , as 466 ve-year agreements, which indicates indicates which agreements, ve-year cu. m. In the fi the m.In cu. Guide , however, Chinese capital fl capital , however, Chinese dm 15 ddt 3 . logged forests on Pompeevsky on Pompeevsky forests logged pages percent of all agricultural land land agricultural of all percent , and other harmful substanc- harmful other , and decreased from 341 from decreased and 1995 and res reach catastrophic propor- catastrophic reach res Cooperative, was the fi the was Cooperative, cant amounts of Chinese of Chinese amounts cant for nal years of operation, operation, of years nal , the timber harvest harvest timber , the 20 Conservation , 000 ve years, dur- ve years, cu. m cu. owed into , 000 cu. m cu. rst es and Development. Newell, J. III forests. The overall forest area totals totals area forest overall The forests. III 3 forests in the jao the in forests Allowable Cut Allowable ing are there survey, toastate According assessment. or environmental forted governmental submit- been have plans none timber-harvest of the although logging, started already have companies some of these that indicates information Our leases. such offering eagerly are sector employed 326 2004. , 813 yNwl n hu/ Zhou and Newell By , 395 400 AMUR sq. km of Group II forests, and and of Group forests, II sq. km — JN China. to logs min cu. 50,000 oblast the in businesses small 1998, In China. to truck or boat by exported and railroad Trans-Siberian the on shipped easily be can that resources timber in scientifi c cooperation. and economic and trade long-term on agreement an signed Heilongjiang of province Chinese the and JAO the 1998, July In region. the in interest increasing shown has China partner, trading largest JAO’s The Chinese investmentin JAO deposits in the Obluchensky Raion. Obluchensky the in deposits ore iron in interest an shown also have investors Chinese signifi have or capital. Chinese Chinese cant partly fi to either were issued that were companies ve , 600 cu. m of coniferous species. In In species. m of coniferous cu. McKinleyville, ha ( The ( Source: aac 17 6 , including 3 , . 3 000 percent) of Group I forests. The Annual Annual The of percent) Group Iforests. ) is 1 A oetSrie 00 SI 2002. ESRI, 2000; Service, Forest JAO Russian people, or 4 people, , 281 11

China is particularly interested interested particularly is China

, Bid z 200 R. han , 771 12 In 1999, logging leases leases logging 1999, In cu. m yearly, including myearly, including cu. sq. km of Group I forests, of Group Iforests, sq. km CHINA . 6 13 oet fJws uooosOblast Autonomous Jewish of Forests percent of the eco- of the percent Far , CA: 809 1991 2 21

, Amur 292 , ! P 393 sq. km of Group sq. km R. , the forestry forestry , the BIROBIDZHAN , exported exported 700 East: sq. km of sq. km

Daniel Bi

r aR. ha, includ- ha, KHABAROVSK 05 A ¯ & Reference oetgroup Forest 1960 the during prevalent was reclamation and spread, oblast the in activity main fi of the From time the Agriculture than they had been for many years. for many been had they than werelower production, in milk gross as cow, well per as fi Yield poultry. and swine, of cattle, number asignifi been has There production. tural 20 about yields land 20 which almost on holdings, hundred of about four consists sector farming 78 about including area, total 257 now use enterprises These villages. the in created been have of ownership private types differing with public) cooperative, (collective, enterprises various and reorganized been have sector. Kolkhoz agricultural the in changes toradical led economy has toamarket transition The 390 about total oblast of the one-third About milk. and meat, of potatoes, its half almost and of soy beans, its half more than grain, krai’s the oblast the Krai, Khabarovsk dur Nature Park, are included to protect recreational sites. recreational toprotect included are Park, Nature dur Kul- the and ridge, Shukhi-Poktoi borderof the eastern the on garden Adendrological included. been have headwaters River Mikhailikha the in pine grove aKorean them among monuments, natural and ridges, Pompeyevsky and Sutara of the forests broadleaved the pine in Korean them among zones, nut production and toObluchie, Birobidzhan from of Korean pine in the Birsky Leskhoz near the the near Leskhoz Birsky the pinein of Korean Daniel. 0 Jewish Autonomous Oblast ru 3 Group 2 Group ru 1 Group km , 500 a 4.2 Map s. Until1991 s. residents live in agricultural villages. Agricultural lands lands Agricultural villages. agricultural in live residents ha of agricultural land, or 70 about land, of agricultural ha 466 , 000 , , when the region became independent of became region , when the 000 Guide declined to declined fi but this population active nomically of the jao the of Territories Protected of Specially Network for Development of the Program the with conjunction biodiversity. In forest preserve and impacts anthropogenic toreduce tories terri- of protected anetwork tocreate need the dictates for region logging Khingan Maly- of the use rapid commercial The forest plantings, among them a plantation aplantation them among plantings, forest Poktoi, Pompeevsky, reserve and Dichun, zakaznikresources, To protect Zapovednik. Bastak includes territory baseline The areas. inhabited near signifi special of belts forest springs, mineral Kuldur the near forests forests, valley include forests To promote protected formation, habitat have been defi ha, of which of which ha, percent of the overall volume of agricul- overall of the percent ha of agricultural land is located. This This located. is land of agricultural ha rst settlers, agriculture has been the the been has agriculture settlers, rst pages . Clearing of lands was wide- was of lands . Clearing produced 80 almost for 1996 percent of all plowed land. The The plowed land. of all percent 2 for cance, and greenbelt forests forests greenbelt and cance, , 700 ned to protect the region. region. the toprotect ned 136 people by 1995 , – Conservation 100 s, among them Shukhi- them among s, 2005 cant decrease in the the in decrease cant ha are plowed. are ha es and sovkhoz and es percent of the of the percent , several measures measures , several gures for milk 30 percent of percent -km road 1950 . Ⅲ s and s and

gure 1999 es 191

and

JAO Development. Newell,

JAO between between by todrop temperature 20 of between aloss Y. toscholar Zarkhina, According East. Far of the wind hot, dry , the sukhovei of the frequency in increase toan led also has cover tree of the Loss rivers. of the lower reaches and plains the in productivity soil affected has this lost; been has snowpack the containing in essential forests of the percent Between climate. the and levels water affected has cover forest Decreased catastrophic. is regions of the Today, some in of conversion for agriculture. deforestation of average by an reduced is only only 65 between carpet to used Forests for agriculture. productive reaches marshy lower, the and stable landscape the tomaking central are The grain. and vegetables, early 192 the In planted. are crops ized fl toheavy, local- subject however, also are, These Rivers. Bira the and Bidzhan the tributaries, its and River Amur to the close are conditions favorable most The regions. agroclimatic humid,” “moderately warm” and humid,” warm/ “mostly “warm/excessively tothe belong regions agricultural The in the form of basins. These basins also form on cultivated form on cultivated also basins These form of basins. the in of denuded land, areas formed away, erosion has wind and fi after where, Raions, Leninsky and Oktyabrsky of the soils weaker structurally the affects markedly most process This of one by or afactor drop two. will productivity soil tent and fi ve or ten years, the productive soil layer has been blown blown been has layer soil productive the ve or tenyears, fteen years, the soil will lose up to a third of its humus con- of humus its uptoathird lose will soil the years, fteen J. yNwl n hu/ Zhou and Newell By AMUR Ⅲ 44 ooding. Heat resources greatly determine what types of types what determine greatly resources Heat ooding. 2004. Obluchie percent of the area. Every four years the forest cover cover forest the years four Every area. of the percent oblast 2 THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE . 5 to3 Bidzhanskoe(Sn) ! CHINA Khinganskoe(Sn) is primarily a forested territory. These forests forests territory. These aforested primarily is and 25 and Khingansk McKinleyville, " Sources: . 0 Au The centers per ha of soybean crops. of soybean ha per centers and 70 and " percent of the snow cover causes the the snow causes of cover the percent SS(oepae) 98 G,20 ca) SI 2002. ESRI, (coal); 2000 AGI, 1998; (lode/placer), USGS Kuldur 1°c jao Teploozersk percent of the area, but now cover area, of the percent Russian Yuzhno-Khinganskoe(Fe) " , which in turn leads to a loss of toaloss leads turn in , which 1 Londoko percent, principally the result result the principally percent, , typical crops are corn, soybeans, soybeans, corn, are crops , typical Bira BIROBIDZHAN USHUMUN Far ! P CA: " Au fJws uooosOblast Autonomous Jewish of 85 USHUMAN Khinganskoe(SN) and 90 and 13 East: In tento In KHABAROVSK Daniel

0 Placer Roads Coal ore Lode iigdeposits Mining A ¯ fi The basin. River Sutara the in gold deposits alluvial covered 1886 1857 between period the in began region the in Mining Mining Ⅲ conduct- region, of the ed in 1993 of agriculture analysis Asystematic tons/ha. 40 between ranged have rates Erosion soil. erosion of the wind and surface in increase an causes turn, fl localized causing levels, fl water disrupts also cover of forest Loss soils. peat Ⅲ Ⅲ & rst claims to mine the placer deposits were made in in weremade deposits placer the tomine claims rst Reference Biota and soil cover are the fi the are cover soil and Biota Measures to protect biota and soil should include, fore- include, should soil biota and toprotect Measures of the health environmental of the decline continued The 50 tible to erosion, and in popular recreation sites. sites. recreation popular in toerosion,tible and suscep- areas in species, animal and plant of rare numbers large are wherethere use on land restrictions and lakes and systems river near zones buffer include should tions regula- Such resources. ecological valuable for particularly adoptionof regulations the includes This ownership. and management of land structure of the areassessment most, declined. has productivity and effective less techniques agricultural made has region awareness. environmental more with weremade decisions management if minimized be could cover soil on biota and of crop cultivation fects ef- The of waterways. pollution the and to reclamation, cover, of forest wetlands loss reduced with degradation, rapid in results that of land use industrial large-scale a 4.3 Map km , when the geologists F. B. Schmidt and P. F. and B.Schmidt geologists , whenthe P. dis- Anosov Daniel. , allows us to reach some important conclusions: some important toreach us , allows 20 oblast the in of gold extracted amount total the V. geologist by the Buryak, to estimates According again. mining began eratives until the 1990 oblast 1964 In methods. ing dredg- and by hydraulic mostly mined was company. gold The mining major the was later,Trust, and after fi The exploitation. and prospecting placer gold. In 1928 1928 until revolution and Russian the After Viktorovsky. and Mikhailovsky, Frolovsky, Lyubavinsky, Kazansky, being largest the fi attwenty-nine mined gold was more than 40 than more . Until1960 1889 in began mining and rst major enterprise was Soyuzzoloto Soyuzzoloto was majorenterprise rst 466 tons. Guide , only small cooperatives extracted extracted cooperatives small , only ceased, and it did not begin again again it not begin did and ceased, , since mining began has been about about been has began mining , since oods during heavy rains. This, in in This, rains. heavy during oods 14 As a result of this placer mining, mining, placer of this aresult As pages , the state began managing managing began state , the rst to be affected by the by the affected tobe rst , s, when small private coop- private when small s, 000 for , 000 , gold mining in the the in , gold mining 1932 tons of tailings of tons tailings Conservation – 50 , Primorzoloto , Primorzoloto and 100 and ows and ows and elds, 1880 and and – , 130 ,

and Development. Newell, J. 2004. Ushuman, which has confi has which Ushuman, deposit, coal major only region’s the at coal fi to brown of expect also Geologists tendered. were located, is River Sutara the where Raion Obluchensky the in all deposit, ore one and deposits gold placer twenty-eight 1998, of summer the In 2tons. than more of reserves proven with placers gold twenty exploit to atender won recently Sutara, Zolotaya company, mining gold another and Arktika, is mining gold main The agriculture. for importance primary of and JAO the in largest the of one River, Bira the into directly feeds which river, the in dumped been have tailings of tons of millions and decades for mined ily heav- been has basin River Sutara The south. the to 7 km just lies which River, Berezovaya nearby the in way under already is mining Gold salmon. chum autumn for grounds spawning are reaches upper the and forests, pine Korean oblast the of one within lies River Pompeevka The Rivers. Pompeyevka oblast the of region northwestern tainous moun- the in systems river two along located reserves geskoe (probable reserves of 200 million tons of ore). of tons million 200 of reserves (probable geskoe Kosteno- and tons), million 600 of reserves (probable Sutarskoe ore), of tons million 200 of reserves probable (with Kimkanskoe deposits: large three are There River. Sutara the near part, northwestern the in Raion, sky Obluchen- in deposits ore iron considerable its develop The mining. the do to plans company, a joint-stock Initsiativ, coal. of tons million 1.5 produce eventually offi can they that hope administration and cials built, being is Sebtrany, mine, Astrip Birobidzhan. of south just spur arail on located conveniently is reserve This — JN 20 tons. at estimated are reserves gold deposits, placer Mostly year. kgper 500 than more 100 kgto of production annual current the oblast artel small 1990s, mid- the in but 1964, in JAO the in ceased mining Gold mining to region the up Opening Amur, Khabarovsk Krai. Krai. Amur, Khabarovsk Komsomolsk-on- in built were works Amurstal huge the after shelved was plan this but JAO, the from come have would ore iron the and Oblast Amur neighboring in facility aprocessing build to planned government Soviet the 1960s, the In convenient. shipment making Railroad, Trans-Siberian the to close located are reserves the All administration plans to expand gold mining from from mining gold expand to plans administration McKinleyville, 15 oblast The Geologists have been focusing on the placer placer the on focusing been have Geologists ’s biodiversity hotspots and has valuable hotspots ’s biodiversity is also looking for foreign investment to to investment foreign for looking also is Artel s of gold miners began operating. The The operating. began miners gold s of Russian s currently mine all of the gold. gold. the of all mine s currently rmed reserves of 104 million. of reserves rmed nd another 42 million tons 42 milliontons nd another Far CA: , the Sutara and and Sutara , the East: Daniel artel 17

16

A & Reference and the lowest life expectancy of any region in the the in region of any expectancy life lowest the and unemploymentlevels highest the have areas these plications; im- social drastic had has industry of the Decline amursky. Teplozersk, Pri- Londoko, and of Khingansk, towns mining the as such communities, entire supports which industry, the estimate that 5 experts Mining restructured. completely tobe needs industry unprofi are enterprises presentmining Most times. Soviet in used widely was which of mercury, amounts large contain tailings gold dredge These dumps. mine in of tailings amounts large leave and landscapes alter they used; methods of open-cast the because environment tothe athreat poses industry The task. this perform could Park Nature To Kuldur naturally. the some degree, tofunction ecosystems the toallow enlarged are territories recreational sible if only pos- be development would acomplex of such stable the that showed analysis Our complex. mining industrial an create revitalize the region’s the economy. revitalize to industry tothis investment foreign ment toattract hopes govern- regional the resources, mineral territory’s rich to the Raion and, to improve the economy, toimprove the the and, recommended Raion of Obluchensky condition economic and social the analyzed 45 more than total, silver. In copper, and zinc, lead, ore, including components ofother tin fl sometimes and indium Accompanying method. dominant the is mining but now shaft mining, done by open-cast was Extraction country. the in tin cheapest it the toproduce allowed Union, which Soviet the ore in from extraction trate effi highest the tohave known was plant The war. the Worldduring after War but II, resumed ceased Mining plant. ore-enrichment an to build decided in discovered was Tin Khinganskoe. deposit, main atthe tin industrial extracts The ore deposits. tin has Khinganolovo company) also region AO (joint-stock Maly-Khingan The landscape. original the destroying region, Sutara the in were dumped In deposit. Ushunmunsk atthe place takes mining coal Open-cast methods. by open-cast usually mined, also are sand, dolomite, clay, quartz limestone, and including industry, construction for the Materials extracted. being ore is high-grade Only deposits. surface high-quality unexploited, large, are there as production, increase greatly to brushite enough is There for magnesium. processed be to Oblast Sverdlovsk tothe transported is brushite The world. the in quarries mining brushite since oneis three of only operating been has which Quarry, Brusitovy extracted. been Daniel. uorite were also extracted. The current goal is to extract toextract is goal current The extracted. uorite werealso Jewish Autonomous Oblast 1944 1993 and on 25 May and , the Committee on Environmental Protection Protection on Environmental Committee , the percent of the employed population works in in works employed of the population percent 466 Guide , 1945 pages , the State Defense Committee Committee Defense State , the , 000 for tons of tin concentrate have have concentrate of tons tin ciency rate of tin concen- of tin rate ciency Conservation table; the oblast Ⅲ 1980

raion . Due . Due 193 ,

and

JAO Development. Newell,

JAO any development of element tosustainable essential an be must of residents transience the Limiting ployment opportunities. em- increase and workforce, educated amore highly develop environment, of the condition improve the ecosystems, conserve of life, quality improve the would Restructuring Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ must industry. be to restructure should This include: development for future requirement important most The in the jao the in today happening is What China. borders which region, this in state Russian of the presence the of increasing goal tegic stra- the and defense for the harmful is population declining a Also, of workers. morale of the lowers labor, and quality the decreases tendencies, parasitic creates structures old industrial by maintaining emigration but region, preventing the from toemigration led has production industrial Declining prises. more cheaply, some appropriate enter- it be toclose would materials and goods toproduce necessity the and objectives the intoaccount Taking resident population. along-term without system in place that might reverse the industrial collapse and and collapse industrial the reverse might that place in system no elements of anew are There of abating. no signs with 194 Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ include: They aplan. of such creation the support would that do exist movements. Somefactors and groups political and economic, social, of all needs the intoaccount takes development that The Vasily Gorobeiko development Toward sustainable J. Creating industrial structures that can adapt to the new new tothe adapt can that structures industrial Creating Minimizing transportation expenses. Using ecologically technologies. safe resources natural and of energy use wasteful Minimizing promote sec- that changes structural interagency Making Climate. The climate of the of the climate The Climate. spe- animal and of plant numbers Large fauna. Flora and relatively is atmosphere political and social The Stability. to close is region The location. geographical Advantageous energy, mineral, has region The resources. natural Rich market economy. products. consumer create which tors country. of the parts other many the area is graced by unique and diverse landscapes diverse and by unique graced is area the oblast the within found cies stable. Pacifi of the countries the and interior of Russia the with connected well is and routes, transit border and resources. recreational and biological, soil, Ⅲ rfe jao 2004. region, as economic and social stability is impossible impossible is stability social and economic as region, needs to develop a program for stable long-term long-term for stable aprogram todevelop needs THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE ’s economy? The system continues to deteriorate todeteriorate continues ’s system The economy? McKinleyville, The Russian jao are rare and endangered; also also endangered; and rare are ’s economically ineffi economically ’s jao is better than it is in it in is than better is Far CA: c Rim. East: cient Daniel A reserves. In 1994 In reserves. on land another and protection for nature inspectors public Twooneresources. on created, being are more laws oblast animal and plant in exchange and trade and industry, ing hunt- the and hunting use, forest areas, natural protected on special laws including adopted, been have laws basic some public, the and organizations Prompted by ecological Vasily Gorobeiko issues Legal tion of for goods the general public. produc- the tosupport and demand, for consumer resources fi tocreate production, and growth for population vital sectors of industrial viability the tomaintain enough just expenses, investment minimal with supported be must ture economy. expendi- of the This restructuring and investment toincreased lead will hoped, it tobe is This, goods. consumer of production the toencourage and activity consumer to spur expenditures social increasing requires which resources, labor and improve social its must region the situation, social and oblast of the resources natural rich for ineffi support state reduce the presence of bright lights and noncyrillic lettering. Blazing Blazing lettering. noncyrillic and lights of bright presence the unfamiliar: distinctly seem things two of Birobidzhan, city Russian Eastern Far of the station intothe draws train the As people its on focuses homeland A Jewish Lucy Jones Perspective a federal level. level. a federal on only solved be problems can legal Most of Russia. regions neighboring the among laws between differences are there yet level, international on the determined be must River Amur of the protection the For example, agencies. between ration collabo- problems with are there and controlled, notis legally Federation Russian the from of resources export The mined. deter- legally not been have yet enterprises resource-using of and protection of nature of inspectors public duties and rights The laws. by local regulated not currently are aspects fi Book Data Red the in included and compiled were plants vascular and vertebrates endangered and of rare Lists created. was Species Fungi and Plant, Animal, gered & was published. Still, many many Still, published. was Book Data Red volume of the rst Reference Daniel. , an oblast , an 466 Guide Commission of Rare and Endan- and of Rare Commission pages cient industries. Because of the of the Because cient industries. and its current economic economic current its and for Conservation . In 1998 . In nancial nancial , the , the and Development. Newell, J. many of the Jewish families from abroad were declared spies spies weredeclared abroad from families Jewish of the many Then of prominent Jews. houses the down burned services fl But station. radio after Spanish-language the and library, the teams, basketball and volleyball football, commune’s the recalls Beyekherman he said. peaceful,” very was life city; agricultural and industrial agreat create would we We dreamed wekept. cows all the from milk drank and weatefi life; pleasant avery was It my life. in of a ray light remains still commune the in life We ahomeland. communes; create built and culture our torejuvenate wish but the We nothing absolutely March. had 20 on the by train “We arrived still. Birobidzhan in lives the fi Some were communists, like Iya Beyekherman, 92 Iya Beyekherman, like Some werecommunists, Russia. across from as well as Poland, and Byelorussia, Germany, Switzerland, America, Venezuela, tina, Argen- from arrived families Jewish hundred three more than expansion, toJapanese vulnerable area an topopulate part in for settlement, area the opened Soviets the After created. be could ahomeland that Jews among belief agenuine was there Rivers, Bidzhan and Bira the between area swampy the in But in representative. repatriation the tosee line in while he said here,” get it’s work; I’ll even apension, more than guaranteed be I’ll toIsrael, “At Igo months. if for six paid not least been has and factory atelevision in works Vassilyev Boris irregular. low and is pay the remain, that those in and closed, been have Factories restaurant. microbrewery apopular and theater ish of aJew- exception the with entertainment little has bidzhan Biro- existence; hope of amore lively with tinged economic, oris go tostay of whether choice the people, For many tickets. plane help with and information them by giving Israel for leave residents helpsBirobidzhan agency The Russia. of Agency Jewish of the head Sherman, Slava said stay?” why so toleave, achance now wehave and intimidation, and discrimination facing lives, our all country anti-Semitic We’ve it’s that. an in simple as homeland; tolive our as had is Israel “We because toleave want closed. has Jews young clubfor social moved toMoscow, the since and has Theater Jewish The young. are of those most and left, have percent 20 tions post perestroika tradi- these whorecreated here, Jews of the But many agency. repatriation Israeli abusy and newspaper, Yiddish Russia’s school, only secondary and school Sunday a Jewish in by Stalin such as declared Autonomous Republic, Jewish the of capital as Birobidzhan’s status Hebrew,up in signposting lit is city’s the name station, renovated on recently top of the edgling homeland. First there were provocations; the secret secret the wereprovocations; there First homeland. edgling 2004. , 1934 000 fty Argentinians who came to the area. Beyekherman Beyekherman area. tothe whocame Argentinians fty . There are more clues: the out-of-town synagogue, synagogue, out-of-town the more clues: are . There Jews, the Jewish Agency of Russia estimates that that estimates of Russia Agency Jewish the Jews, 1927 McKinleyville, The 1930 , when the Jewish professor Boris Brook arrived arrived Brook Boris professor Jewish the , when , repression eclipsed the ideals of the of the ideals the eclipsed , repression , have left for Israel. Of the region’s the Of for Israel. left , have Russian sh we caught from the river river the from wecaught sh Far CA: East: Daniel , one of th of 70 A

& Reference will happen, Idon’t happen, will know.” Jew, it but whether Russian the torecreate opportunity our is Now immensely. suffered have Russia in “But Jews observed. Kaufman Russia,” in of Jews persecution the overshadowed has Holocaust “The Kaufman. by Boris headed organization American by an funded partly synagogue, the is church, toaBaptist next of Birobidzhan, suburbs the In population. and no region’s mention is of the culture there region, Jewish tothe guide government’s glossy local the In Russian. fully but map.” not Jewish he was toadd However, he hastened on the place the puts and identity region the element gives Jewish “The said, Bolotnov, Victor of mayor Birobidzhan, nationalism. Jewish fearing time same atthe while region, the in culture Jewish toresurrect tempts at- new the supports tacitly government ways.” regional The many in them tosupport going is Israel and here, to stay going are some of them that However, weunderstand Israel. to come Jews the all of seeing wedream Hebrew. course, Of in Hebrew.written is Bible was The language common the ofbecause Hebrew instead schools in Yiddish tolearn want why they of it. It’s tosee I don’t autonomy hard and meaning Jewish about very the know talking are people “But many toBirobidzhan. visit on her fi toRussia ambassador Israeli the Shennar, Aliza said nothing,” it, about almost little very know they because tradition their about history, more their about learn them fi than more is moral port month, but sup- every Birobidzhan visits Moscow in embassy Israeli the from Arepresentative School. Jewish of the Head Deputy Piskovets, Israel,” Anna said than state Jewish other of any idea the donot government) like Jewish (the they that is My feeling arrive. never but they books, promise “They by Israel. given be could more support feels school But the festivals. Jewish in part take and music, and dancing Jewish tradition, Jewish Hebrew, in Yiddish, lessons attend for Israel, leaving by families 130 the Of Hebrew. and Yiddish children the toteach made being are fi its in is which School, Jewish ated state-oper- the At Yiddish,” she added. people know few very today Yiddish; spoke peopleonly established, was region the When destroyed. was tradition Our not did survive. of them some and werearrested, poets and writers of our “Many Israel. and America, Byelorussia, Ukraine, in circulated and Hebrew and Yiddish Birobidzhan of editor the Dmitrienko, Stern Inna Yiddish,” said speak people today few why so reasons one of and the region for the period tragic and ablack “It was werebanned. languages Yiddish and Hebrew the and closed, were library the and synagogue the schools, Jewish twenty-six wherehe spent fi camp, toaconcentration off shipped was commune of the director the toleave; forced and Daniel. Jewish Autonomous Oblast pupils, whose number is continually diminished diminished continually is number whose pupils, 466 Guide pages nancial. “It’s very important tohelp “It’s important very nancial. 18

40 for percent are Jewish. Pupils Pupils Jewish. are percent fth academic year, efforts efforts year, academic fth Conservation , published in in published , fteen years. The The years. fteen Ⅲ

rst 195 and

JAO