Checklist of the parasites FAO FISHERIES of fishes of the Philippines TECHNICAL PAPER 369

by J. Richard Arthur Department of Fisheries and Oceans Maurice Lamontagne Institute Mont-Joli, Quebec Canada and Susan Lumanlan-Mayo Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Quezon City The Philippines FISH HEALTH SECTION OF THE ASIAN FISHERIES SOCIETY

Food and Agriculture of the United Nations

Rome, 1997

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M-42 ISBN 92-5-104036-2

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© FAO 1997 PREPARATION OF THIS CHECKLIST The need for information on the occurrence of diseases and movement of pathogens of aquatic animals has long been recognized in the Asia-Pacific Region, and has been re-iterated in the reports of numerous workshops held by various donors and regional agencies (e.g., International Development Research Centre Canada (IDRC), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Asian Fisheries Society, Fish Health Section (FHS/AFS), Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA), Australian Centre for International Agriculture Research (ACIAR), and Asian Development Bank (ADB)) dating back to at least 1978. FAO has been highly active in this area, through its Code of Conduct for the Responsible Movement of Aquatic Organisms, and is currently collaborating with ACIAR and NACA in implementing a comprehensive regional strategy for the Development of Health Certification and Quarantine Guidelines for the Responsible Movement of Live Aquatic Animals in Asia. One of the goals identified within the FAO/NACA/ACIAR strategy is the development of a comprehensive information database on aquatic animal health, with the FAO charged to take the initiative in developing and establishing a prototype computerized information system. This prototype information system, the "Aquatic Animal Pathogen and Quarantine Information System (AAPQIS)," has been developed for Asia with the help of the FHS/AFS where a comprehensive information database is readily available through their fish health bibliography publication series. The information from the Philippines published in this checklist has also been included in the AAPQIS database.

Distribution:

Authors FAO Fisheries Officers Regional Fisheries Councils and Commissions FAO Fish Health Projects Asia Regional Fish Health Institutions Fish Health Section of the Asian Fisheries Society Arthur, J.R.; Lumanlan-Mayo, S. Checklist of the parasites of fishes of the Philippines. FAOFisheries TechnicalPaper. No. 369. Rome, FAO. 1997. 102p.

ABSTRACT This checklist summarizes information on the parasites of Philippine fishes contained in the world literature dating from the earliest known record (de Blainville 1822) to the end of 1996. Information is presented in the form of parasite-host and host-parasite lists. Included are 201 named species of parasites, distributed among the higher taxa as follows: Apicomplexa - 1, Ciliophora - 16, Mastigophora - 2, Microspora - 1, Myxozoa - 9, Trematoda - 90, Monogenea -22, Cestoda - 6, Nematoda - 20, Acanthocephala - 5, Mollusca - 1, Branchiura - 2, Copepoda - 21 and Isopoda - 5. Also included are many records of parasites not identified to species level. Parasites have been reported from 172 of the more than 2030 species of marine and freshwater fish occurring in Philippine waters, and from another 17 species of freshwater aquarium fish examined in the Philippines but not found in natural waters. The Parasite-Host List is organized on a taxonomic basis and provides information for each parasite species on the environment (fresh water, brackish water, marine), the location (site of infection) in or on its host(s), the species of host(s) infected, the known geographic distribution (by island) in the Philippines, and the published sources for each host and locality record. The Host-Parasite List is organized according to the taxonomy of the hosts, and includes for each host, the English language and local (typically Tagalog) common names, environment (fresh water, brackish water, marine), status in the Philippines (native or exotic), and information on the known Philippine distribution of the parasites. Both lists are accompanied by remarks and footnotes, as warranted, giving specific information on points of systematics, nomenclature, possible misidentifications, introductions, pathogenicity, etc. Citations are included for all references and a supplementary list of references contains other literature on Philippine fish parasites. Parasite and host indices are included. The following new taxonomic combinations are made: Prosorhynchoides philippinorum (Velasquez, 1959) n. comb., for Bucephaloides philippinorum Velasquez, 1959; Prosorhynchoides sibi (Yamaguti, 1940) n. comb., for Bucephaloides sibi (Yamaguti, 1940); Genolinea awa (Yamaguti, 1965) n. comb., for Pseudobunocotyla awa Yamaguti, 1965; and Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) philippinensis (Velasquez, 1980) n. comb., for Spirocamallanus philippinensis Velasquez, 1980.

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PARASITE-HOST LIST HOST-PARASITE LIST REFERENCES SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES PARASITE INDEX HOST INDEX INTRODUCTION

The study of fish parasites in the Fishes by C.C. Velasquez (1975a), and Philippines has a long history, dating the book Parasites and Diseases of Fish back at least to the work of de Blainville Cultured in the Tropics by Z. Kabata (1822), who reported on parasitic (1985). The former is the only taxonomic copepods of marine fishes collected at monograph dealing with the fish parasites Manila (see Arthur 1996). However, of Southeast Asia, while the latter sustained efforts to study these provides an excellent overview of the organisms are more recent, dating from diseases and parasites of fishes cultured the work of M.A. Tubangui and in the region up to the early 1980s. The colleagues at the Bureau of Science in fish health literature for Southeast Asia, Manila from the late 1920s through the including the Philippines, was abstracted 1940s, and by C.C. Velasquez and her up to 1990 by members of the Fish Health students at the University of the Section (Arthur 1992). Philippines, Diliman, from the early 1950s In compiling this checklist, we to the 1980s, and continued since 1985 have attempted to list only original reports by the staff of the Bureau of Fisheries and appearing in the literature for each Aquatic Resources (BFAR) in Quezon species. A special problem was posed by City. the many papers of C.C. Velasquez The need for a checklist of the which include summaries of the helminths parasites of Philippine fishes (and for the of Philippine fishes. Four of these papers entire Southeast Asian Region) was (Velasquez 1966, 1974, 1977a, 1986a) recognized during work conducted by the include tables which are indicated to authors at the BFAR. In particular, the present new host and/or locality records. need for readily accessible information on However, all four tables contain identical fish parasites, and their host and information; and we have thus catalogued geographic distributions, as well as on only records contained in the first pathogens of other aquatic organisms, published (Table 1 of Velasquez 1966). was repeatedly emphasized during the Many of the publications of Velasquez various workshops on fish health and also contain, more generalized tables quarantine sponsored by the International listing the Digenea reported from Development Research Centre (Canada) Philippine fishes (Velasquez 1974, during the 1980s, and subsequently, at 1977a, 1986a), fish helminths of the various Symposia on Diseases in significance to human health (Velasquez Asian Aquaculture, organized by the Fish 1966, 1974, 1976a, 1977a, 1980b, Health Section of the Asian Fisheries 1986a) and of importance to aquaculture Society. (Velasquez 1986a). Velasquez (1966) is based on original information and This is the first complete listing of includes collection localities, while tables the parasites reported from the fishes of contained in subsequent papers the Philippines, or for that matter, of any apparently draw on information contained of the Southeast Asian countries. Several in Velasquez (1966), the checklist of important previous works should be Tubangui (1947), and more recent data, mentioned. These include the summaries both published and unpublished, of the helminths of Philippine animals by generally without providing specific Tubangui (1933b, 1947) and the listings localities and/or citation of the sources of fish helminths or digeneans given by used. For tables and appendices Velasquez (1974, 1977a, 1986a). Also to contained in her review papers published be mentioned are the monograph after 1966, we have catalogued only Digenetic Trematodes of Philippine those records involving new host listings. life cycles of Philippine fish parasites are In the text of these later review papers, for the most part unknown, this Velasquez often repeated verbatim and information is drawn primarily from without citation, information contained in non-Philippine sources or from earlier papers, In these instances, we information on collection locality and/or have treated each unreferenced parasite host biology. The Location gives the site record as a new report. of infection where the parasite is normally found in or on the host. Under Hosts, the In preparing his book Parasites hosts are listed alphabetically by their and Diseases of Fish Cultured in the currently recognized scientific names. In Tropics, Kabata (1985) used both parentheses, following each host name, published and unpublished sources of are given the numbers for the references information. In cataloguing this work, we (Records) reporting the parasite from the have included only those listings for host in question. The distribution (Dist.) which we could find no pre-existing provides a summary of the reported published record. distribution of the parasite in the The Parasite-Host List is a Philippines, and is given alphabetically by taxonomically arranged listing of all island. Unless otherwise indicated by the parasites reported from Philippine fishes. author(s), fishes examined for parasites The higher classification used is as which were obtained from local markets follows: for the Protista and Myxozoa, that are considered to have originated from of Lorn and Dyková (1992); for the local waters. Under Records are given Trematoda, that of Gibson (1996); for the the numbered individual references Monogenea, that of Boeger and Kritsky containing the parasite records, each (1993);for the Cestoidea, that of Khalil et followed by the geographic locality(ies) to al. (1994); for the Nematoda, that of which they pertain. Under Remarks are Anderson et al. (1974-1983) and given comments on various aspects, Anderson (1992); for the such as synonymies, pathogenicity, and Acanthocephala, that of Amin (1985, introductions. More specific notations on 1987); for the Copepoda and Branchiura, individual records are given as that of Kabata (1979, 1988); for the footnotes. Isopoda, that of Rafi (1988); and for the The Host-Parasite List is Mollusca and Hirudinea, that used by organized phylogenetically following the McDonald and Margolis (1995). Readers classification of fishes given by are also referred to the recent treatments Eschmeyer (1990), with the genera and of Beverley-Burton (1984) for the species within individual families Monogenea, Schmidt (1986) for the arranged alphabetically. Information on Cestoidea and of Arai (1989) for the the scientific and commonnames,status Acanthocephala. and environment of Philippine fishes was The Parasite-Host List contains obtained mainly from the species data information for all parasite species base of FishBase 96 (Froese and Pauly reported from Philippine fishes. For each 1996). Scientific names not found in parasite, the currently recognized FishBase 96 were verified using Herre scientific name, including authors and (1953) and Eschmeyer et al. (1996). dates, and any synonyms under which Additional sources consulted for local original records appeared are given. This common names include Herre and Umali is followed by the environment in which (1948), Herre (1953) and Velasquez the parasite normally completes its life (1972, 1975a). For each host, the cycle, indicated as fresh water (F), following information is given: the brackish water (B) or marine (M). As the currently recognized scientific name, including species author(s), followed by and one hybrid form occurring in any synonyms under which original Philippine natural waters, and from an parasite records were made, the additional 17 species of exotic aquarium FishBase 96 recognized English fish examined in the Philippines but not common name, the local common reported to occur in natural waters. As name(s)1 (given in Tagalog, unless FishBase 96 (Froese and Pauly 1996) otherwise indicated), and the host's lists a total of 2032 species of fish Status in the Philippines (native or occurring in the country (1834 marine, exotic), and its typical Environment 138 fresh water, 60 euryhaline), there (fresh water, brackish water, marine). remains many years of basic systematic This is followed by a listing of the and survey work to be conducted before parasites reported for the host in the parasite fauna of Philippine fishes will question, arranged by higher taxon and be thoroughly documented. listed alphabetically. Following each We would like to thank a number parasite name, the distribution is of colleagues who kindly provided critical summarized by island. Records which comments on sections of the manuscript, involve possible parasite key references, and/or taxonomic advice. misidentifications are indicated by a These include J. Lorn (Protista), T.E. question mark preceding the parasite's McDonald (Monogenea, Isopoda), S.L. name. Finally, where appropriate, Lim (Monogenea), D.I. Gibson and R.A. Remarks and footnotes are included to Bray (Digenea), L. Margolis and F. provide information on such topics as Moravec (Nematoda) and Z. Kabata and host distribution and introductions, G. Boxshall (Crustacea). Answers to possible erroneous records and questions on host taxonomy and additional local common names. distribution were kindly provided by E. Under References are listed all Capuli, R. Froese, D.R. Bellwood and D. the papers containing the records, as well Siebert. The assistance of Guy Michaud as other works cited in the text. A short and the staff of the library at the Maurice Supplementary References lists some Lamontagne Institute in conducting additional articles dealing with Philippine literature searches and obtaining fisheries parasitology but not containing references is gratefully acknowledged. any original reports. A Parasite Index Susan Arthur kindly assisted in compiling and a Host Index complete the volume. the host-parasite list and indices, and in proof reading the manuscript. This work To date, a total of 201 named was begun under support: from the species of parasites (1 Apicomplexa, 16 International Development Research Ciliophora, 2 Mastigophora, 1 Centre (Canada) to the Bureau of Microspora, 9 Myxozoa, 90 Trematoda, Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, 22 Monogenea, 6 Cestoda, 20 Quezon City, through the BFAR/IDRC Nematoda, 5 Acanthocephala, 1 Fish Health Project, and was completed Mollusca, 2 Branchiura, 21 Copepoda while the senior author was on and 5 Isopoda) have been reported from secondment from the Department of Philippine fishes. However, the faunas of Fisheries and Oceans (Canada) to the only a few, freshwater cultured species, Food and Agriculture Organization of the the majority of them exotics such as United Nations, Rome. We especially tilapias and carp, are well known. For the thank Dr. R. P. Subasinghe, FAO, for vast majority of native freshwater and arranging facilities for the senior author marine fishes, the parasite faunas remain and publication of this volume. We also poorly known or completely unstudied. thank Miss Emanuela D'Antoni for the Contained in this checklist are records for cover design. parasites from a total of 172 fish species J.Richard Arthur Rome, Italy

Susan Lumanlan-Mayo Quezon City, Philippines 1 Where two or more highly similar spellings of a local common name were found for the same host species, we have listed only one of these variations. PARASITE-HOST LIST dinoflagellate known to occur on KINGDOM PROTISTA freshwater fish (see Lorn and Dyková SUBKINGDOM PROTOZOA 1992). The genus Oodinium as PHYLUM MASTIGOPHORA presently defined contains only parasites of marine invertebrates. CLASS DINOFLAGELLIDA Unidentified Dinoflagellida ORDER BLASTODIN1DA Dinoflagellida gen sp (B) FAMILY OODIN1DAE Location: gills, skin Amyloodinium ocellatum (Brown, 1931) Host: Chanos chamos (B,M) Dist: PanayRecord: Anon 1973b Blown and Hovasse, 1946 CLASS KINETOPLASTIDEA Includes: Amyloodinium-Iike ORDER KINETOPLASTIDA protozoans of Lio-Po, Pascual and Santos, 1983 SUBORDER TRYPANOSOMATINA

Location: gills, skin FAMILY TRYPANOSOMATIDAE Host Mugil cephalus Trypanosoma sp. (F) Dist: Panay Location: blood Records: Lio-Po et al. 1983; Baticados Hosts: Acanthophthalmus and Quinitio 1984; Llobrera 1987 semicinctus (2) Remarks: Amyloodinium ocellatum is a Monopterus albus (2) cosmopolitan, frequently encountered unspecified fish (1) pathogen of marine fishes raised in Dist: Luzon (aquarium) captivity. Baticados and Quinitio (1984) Records: 1. Lumanlan et al. 1990 (-), and Llobrera (1987) reported outbreaks 2.1992 of amyloodiniasis and associated Remarks: Trypanosoma has not yet been mortalities which occurred in adult shown to occur in fishes from Philippine flathead mullet held at Tigbauan, Iloilo. natural waters, these records involving Amyloodinium sp. (B) fish imported for the aquarium trade or for transshipment which were Location: gills examined in Quezon City. Host: Scatophagus argus 2 Full'identification of material listed only as Dist: Panay belonging to the genus Cryptobia in the abstract of Records: Cruz 1988; Lio-Po and Barry Regidor et al. (1986) was given in Regidor and 1988 Arthur (1986). Oodinidae gen sp. (F) SUBORDER BODONINA Includes: Oodinium sp. Auctorum FAMILY BODONIDAE Location: skin Cryptobia branchialis Nie in Chen, 1955 Hosts: Oreochromis mossambicus (2,3) (F,B) O. mossambicus x O. niloticus Location: gills niloticus (3) Hosts: Chanos chanos (2,3,4,5) O. niloticus niloticus (1,2,3) Oreochromis niloticus niloticus Dist: Luzon 1,6,7,8) Records: 1. Guerrero and Paycana Dist: Luzon, Mindanao, Palawan, Panay 1981a, 2. 1981b; 3. Guerrero 1982 Records:1. Natividad et al. 1986b Remarks: These reports probably pertain (Luzon); 2.Regidor and Arthur 1986 to Piscinoodinium pillulare (Luzon), 3. 1990 (-), 4.1992 (Luzon); 5. 2 (Schäperclaus, 1954), the only Regidor et al. 1986 (-) ; 6.Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1989a Hosts: Leiocassis siamensis (-), 7. Xiphophorus maculatus 1990(Luzon,Mindanao,Palawan,Panay Dist: Luzon (aquarium) ); 8.Lumanlan et al. 1992 (Luzon) Record: Lumanlan et al. 1992 Remarks: Hexamita has not yet been Remarks: Lom and Dyková (1992) note shown to occur in fishes from that this species is probably identical Philippine natural waters, these with Cryptobia concava (Davis, 1947). records involving fishes imported Cryptobia sp.(F,B) from Hongkong and Singapore for the Location: gills, skin aquarium trade which were examined Hosts: Aristichthysnobilis(3) in Quezon City. Carassins auratus (3) 3 The records of Lumanlan et al. (1992) involve fishes Chanos chanos (1) imported for aquaculture and the aquarium fish trade Cirrhinus mrigala (3) which were examined in Quezon City. Epalzeorhynchos frenatum (3) 4 The records of Lumanlan et al. (1992) involve fishes Mylopharyngodon piceus (3) imported for aquaculture and theornamentalfish trade which were examined in Quezon City. Pangasius sutchi (3) Paraeheirodon simulans (3) PHYLUM APICOMPLEXA Poedlia reticulata (3) CLASS SPOROZOA Tanichthys albonubes (3) unspecified fish (2) SUBCLASS COCCIDIA Dist: Luzon ORDER EIMERIIDA Records: 1. Anoa 1975; 2. Davy and Graham 1979 (-); 3. Lumanlan et al. FAMILY EIMERIIDAE 3 1992 Goussia carpelli (Léger and Stankovitch, Ichthyobodo sp. (F) 1921) (F) Syn: Costia sp Dyková and Lorn, 1983 Location: gills, skin Syn: Eimeria carpelli Hosts: Aristichthys nobilis (2) Léger and Stankovitch, 1921 Carassius auratus (2) Location: intestine Cyprinus sp. (2) Host: Carassius auratus Mylopharyngodon piceus (2) Dist: Luzon (aquarium) unspecified fish (1) Record: Lumanlan et al. 1992 Dist: Luzon Remarks:This species has not yet been Records: 1. Lio-Po et al. 1983 (-); 2. shown to occur in fish from Philippine Lumanlan et al. 19924 natural waters, this reportinvolvinggoldfishimportedfrom Unidentified Kinetoplastida Hongkong for the ornamental fish Kinetoplastida gen sp. (F) trade which were examined in Location: blood Quezon City. Host: Tilapia zillii Unidentified Sporozoa Dist: Luzon Record: Anon 1975 Sporozoa gen sp. (F) Location: kidney CLASS DIPLOMONADEA Host Channa striata ORDER DIPLOMONADIDA Dist: Philippines Record: Lilley et al. 19925 FAMILY HEXAMITIDAE 3 This report is found only in the caption to Plate 4, figure Hexamita sp.(F) e of Lilley et al. (1992). Location: intestine Chilodonella sp.(F) PHYLUM MICROSPORA Location: skin CLASS MICROSPOREA Hosts: Aristichthys nobilis (3) ORDER MICROSPORIDIA Carassius carassius (1) Channa striata (2) SUBORDER PANSPOROBLASTINA Epalzeorhynchos frenatum(3) FAMILY GLUGEIDAE Mugil sp. (3) Heterosporis anguillarum (Hoshina, Dist: Luzon 1951) (F) Records: 1. Guerrero and Paycana 1981b; 2. Bondad-Reantaso et al. Lom, Dyková, Korting and Klinger, 1989 7 Syn.: Pleistophora anguillarum Hoshina, 1990; 3. Lumanlan et al. 1992 1951 CLASS OLIGOHYMENOPHOREA Location: [musculature] Hosts: Anguilla bicolor paciflca SUBCLASS HYMENOSTOMATA A. celebensis ORDER HYMENOSTOMATIDA Dist: Philippines SUBORDER OPHRYOGLENINA Record: Boustead 1982 Remarks: This species has been FAMILY ICHTHYOPHTHIRIIDAE reported to be a pathogen of cultured Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet, 1876 eels (Anguilla japonica) in Japan and (F) Taiwan. Severe infections can result in Location: gills, skin considerable mortality (see Canning Hosts: Aristichthys nobilis (3) and Lorn 1986). Botia macracanthus (3)Carassius Unidentified Microsporidia auratus (3) Cirrhinus mrigala (3) Microsporidia gen sp. (B,M) Cyprinus carpio carpio (3) Location: external surface of intestine, Pangasius sutchi(3) musculature Paracheirodon simulans (3) Hosts: Nemipterus sp. (3) Petrochromis orthognathus (3) Scatophagus argus (1,2) Puntius tetrazona (3) Selar crumenophthalmus (3) Rasbora kalochroma (3) Siganus sp. (3) Xiphophorus maculatus (3) Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus Xiphophorus sp. (3) (3) unspecified fish (1,2) Dist: Panay, Visayan islands Dist: Luzon Records:1. Lio-Po and Barry 1988 Records:1. Davy and Graham 1979 (Panay); 2. Natividad and Gerundo (-);2.Lumanlan et al. 1990 (-)8, 3.19929 1988 (Panay); 3. Petersen et al. 1993 Remarks: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, the (Visayan islands)6 causative agent of ichthyophthiriasis, 6 Petersen et al. (1993) examined fish bought from "white spot disease," or "ich," is a well fishermen and local markets on the islands of Cebu, Mactan and Leyte; however, the exact origin of individual known pathogen of freshwater fishes fish species was not given. (see Lom and Dyková 1992). Ichthyophthirius sp. (F) PHYLUM CILIOPHORA Location: gills, skin CLASS KINETOPHRAGMINOPHOREA Hosts: Anguilla sp. (4) Oreochromis mossambicus (2,3) SUBCLASS HYPOSTOMATA O. mossambicus x O. niloticus ORDER CYRTOPHORIDA niloticus (3) O. niloticus niloticus (1,2,3) FAMILY CHILODONELLIDAE Dist: Luzon Records: 1. Guerrero and Paycana mossambicus x O.niloticus 1981a, 2. 1981b; 3. Guerrero 1982; 4. niloticus (2)O. niloticus niloticus Lio-Po et al. 1983 (2,3)unspecified fish (1) Remarks:Thesereportsprobablyinvolve Dist.: Luzon Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a Records: 1. Davy and Graham 1979 (-); cosmopolitan species and the only 2. Guerrero and Monje 1980; 3. member of the genus. Guerrero and Paycana 1981a, Lio-Po et al. (1983) noted that 4.1981b; 5. Bondad-Reantaso et al. Ichthyophthirius caused mortalities of 1990 about 20% among fanned eels in 10 The records of Lumanlan et al. (1992) involve Bataan. Velasquez (1986a) listed the fishes imported for aquaculture and the host for this record as Anguilla sp. ornamental fish trade which were examined in Quezon City. 7 The records of Lumanlan et al. (1992) involve fishes imported for aquaculture and the ornamental fish trade FAMILY SCYPHIDIIDAE which were examined in Quezon City. 8 Full identification of material reported only as belonging Ambiphyra sp. (B) to the genus Ichthyophthirius in the abstract of Lumanlan Location: skin et al. (1990) is given in Lumanlan et al. (1992). Host: Chanos chanosDist.: Philippines 9The records of Lumanlan et al. (1992) involve fishes Records: Regidor and Arthur 1986; imported for aquaculture and the ornamental fish trade which were examined in Quezon City. Regidor et al. 1986 SUBCLASS PERITRICHIA Riboscyphidia sp. (B) Sya: Scyphidia sp. auctorum ORDER PERITRICHlDA Location: gills, skin SUBORDER SESSILINA Host: Chanos chanos Dist: Luzon, Mindanao, Panay FAMILY EPISTYLIDIDAE Records: Anon 1973b (Panay); Regidor Apiosoma sp. (FB) and Arthur 1986 (Luzon), 1990 (-), Location: gills, skin 1992 (Luzon, Mindanao); Regidor et al. Hosts: Aristichthysnobilis(5) 1986 (-) Carassius auratus (5) Remarks: Jankovski (1985) split the Channa striata (1) genus Scyphidia into several Chanos chanos (3)Moenkhausia independent genera, transferring collettii (5) species occurring on marine and Mugil sp. (5) freshwater fishes to the genus Oreochromis niloticus niloticus Riboscyphidia Jankovski, 1985. (2,4,5) SUBORDER MOBILINA Rasbora kalochroma (5) Dist.: Luzon, Mindanao, Panay FAMILY TRICHODINIDAE Trichodina acuta Lom, 1970 (F) Records: 1. Anoa 1975 (Luzon); 2. Syn: Trichodinella acuta (Lom, 1970) Natividad et al. 1986b (Luzon); 3. Location: skin Regidor and Arthur 1986 (Luzon); 4. Hosts: Ctenopharyngodon idella (2,3) Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1990 Cyprinus carpio carpio (2,3) (Luzon, Mindano, Panay); 5. Lumanlan 10 unspecified fish (1) et al. 1992 (Luzon) Dist.: Luzon Epistylis sp. (F) Records: 1. Davy and Graham 1979 (-); Location: skin 2. Albaladejo and Arthur 1989; 3. 11 Hosts: Carassius carassius (4) Lumanlan et al. 1992 Channa striata (5) Remarks: Davy and Graham (1979) Oreochromis mossambicus (2)O. mistakenly listed Trichodina acuta as a Trichodinella. 11 The reports of Albaladejo and Arthur (1989) and Davy and Graham 1979 (-); 3. Lumanlan et al. (1992) pertain to common carp and grass carp imported from Indonesia, and Taiwan and Natividad et al.1986b (Luzon); 4. Hongkong, respectively, which were stocked on Luzon Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur1989a Island. (-), 5. 1989b (Luzon, Mindanao, Trichodina centrostrigata Basson, Van Palawan), 6. 1990 (Luzon, Mindanao, As and Paperna, 1983 (F) Palawan); 7. Albaladejo and Arthur Location: gills, skin 1989 (Luzon); 8. Lumanlan et al. 1992 Host: Oreochromis niloticus niloticus (Luzon) Dist: Luzon, Mindanao Remarks: Davy and Graham (1979), in a Records: Natividad et al. 1986b (Luzon); lapsus calami, mistakenly listed this Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1989a species as belonging to the genus (-), 1989b (Luzon, Mindanao), 1990 Trichodinella. (Luzon, Mindanao) Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur (1989b, Remarks: This species was introduced 1990) considered Trichodina into the Philippines from Africa with the eterodentata to have been introduced importation of tilapias (see into the Philippines with the importation Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1989b, of tilapias. 1990). Trichodina kupermani Arthur and Lom, Trtchodina compacta Van As and 1984(F) Basson, Syn: Trichodina acuta Location: gills auctorum 1989 (F) Host: Ctenopharyngodon idella Location: gills, skin Dist: Luzon Hosts: Oreochromis mossambicus (1) Records: Albaladejo and Arthur 1989; O. niloticus niloticus (2,3,4,5) Lumanlan et al. 1992 Tilapia zillii (1) Remarks: Trichodina kupermani was Dist: Luzon reported from young grass carp Records: 1. Duncan 1977; 2. Natividad et originating from Taiwan and Hongkong al. 1986b; 3. Bondad-Reantaso and which were examined in Quezon City. Arthur 1989a (-), 4.1989b, 5.1990 As fish from Taiwan were later stocked Remarks:Arthur (1995) referred all into Caliraya Lake, Laguna Province, reports ofTrichodina acuta from this species is probably established in Philippine Nile tilapia to T.compacta, a Philippine waters. species considered to have Shulman (1984) considered T beenintroduced into the Philippines kupermani a synonym of T. mutabilis from Africa along with the importation Kazubski and Migala, 1968, however, we of tilapias. follow Albaladejo and Arthur (1989) in regarding it as distinct Trichodina heterodentata Duncan, 1977 Syn.: Trichodinella heterodentata Trichodina mutabilis Kazubski and (Duncan, 1977) (F) Migala, 1968 (F) Location: gills, skin Location: gills Hosts: Aristichthys nobilis (7,8 Host: Cyprinus carpio carpio Ctenopharyngodon idella (7,8) Dist: Luzon Cyprinus carpio carpio (7,8) Records: Albaladejo and Arthur 1989; Oreochromis mossambicus (1) Lumanlan et al. 1992 O. niloticus niloticus (3,4,5,6) Remarks: This species was reported Tilapia zillii (1) from juvenile common carp imported Trichogaster trichopterus (1) from Indonesia which were examined unspecified fish (2) at Quezon City. These fish were Dist: Luzon, Mindanao, Palawan subsequently stocked in experimental Records:1. Duncan 1977 (Luzon); 2. rice paddies at Central Luzon State University, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija Dist: Luzon Record: Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur Trichodina nigra Lom, 1961 (F) 1989b12 Location: gills, skin Hosts: Aristichthys nobilis (1,2) 12 This report involves a tentative parasite identification. Ctenopharyngodon idella (1,2) Trichodina velasquezae Cyprinus carpio carpio (1,2) Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur, 1989 Dist: Luzon (B) Records: 1. Albaladejo and Arthur 1989; Location: gills, skin 2. Lumanlan et al. 1992 Host Oreochromis niloticus niloticus Remarks: This parasite was found on Dist: Panay juvenile Chinese carps imported from Records: Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur Hongkong, Taiwan and Indonesia and 1989a, (-), 1989b, 1990 examined at Quezon City. As these fish were stocked into both aquaculture Trichodina sp. (F,B) ponds and natural waters, it is Location: gills, skin probable that Trichodina nigra is now Hosts: Aristichths nobilis (28) established in the Philippines. Carassius auratus (25,28) C. carassius (6,7,8) Trichodina nobillis Chen, 1963 (F) Channa striata (26) Location: gills, skin Chanos chanos (1,2,13,14,15,16) Hosts: Aristichthys nobilis (1,2) Cyprinus carpio carpio (2) Ctenopharyngodon idella (1,2) Cyprinus sp. (28) Cyprinus carpio carpio (1,2) Epalzeorhynchos frenatum (28) Dist: Luzon Mugil sp.(28) Records: 1. Albaladejo and Arthur 1989; Oreochromis mossambicus (2,4) 2. Lumanlan et al. 1992 O. mossambicus x O. niloticus Remarks: Trichodina nobillis was found niloticus (4) on juvenile Chinese carps imported O. niloticus niloticus from Hongkong, Taiwan and Indonesia (4,5,6,8,10,11,12,23,24,28,29) and examined at Quezon City. As Pangasius sutchi (28) these fish were stocked into both Paracheirodon simulans (28) aquaculture ponds and natural waters, Rasbora kalochroma (28) it is probable that this ciliate is now Scatophagus argus (21,22) established in the Philippines. Siganus guttatus (19) Trichodina reticulata Hirschmann and Tanichthys albonubes (28) Partsch, 1955 (F) Tilapia zillii(2) Location: gills, skin Trichogaster pectoralis (6,8) Host: Carassius auratus tilapia (4,7,9) Dist: Luzon (aquarium) top minnow (1) Records: Albaladejo and Arthur 1989; unspecified fish Lumanlan et al. 1992 (3,17,18,19,20,27) Remarks: This parasite was reported Dist: Luzon, Mindanao, Palawan, Panay from goldfish imported from Hongkong, Records: 1. Anon 1973b (Panay), 2. Singapore and Thailand for the 1975 (Luzon); 3. Davy and Graham aquarium fish trade. It has not yet been 1979 (-); 4. Guerrero and Monje 1980 shown to occur in Philippine natural (Luzon); 5. Guerrero and Paycana waters. 1981a (Luzon), 6. 1981b (Luzon), 7. 1982 (Luzon); 8. Guerrero 1982 Trichodina siluri Lom, 1970 (F) (Luzon); 9. Quines and Paycana 1983 Location: skin (Luzon); 10. Lio-Po et al. 1983 (-); 11. Host Oreochmmis niloticus niloticus Natividad et al. 1986a (Luzon)13, 12. 1986b (Luzon); 13. Regidor and Arthur Srámek-Husek, 1953 (F) 1986 (Luzon), 14. 1990 (-), 15. 1992 Location: gills (Luzon, Mindanao, Palawan); 16. Hosts: Aristichthys nobilis (1,2) Regidor et al. 1986 (-); 17. Natividad Carassius auratus (1,2) 1986 (Luzon)14, 18. 1988 (Luzon); 19. Ctenopharyngodon idella (1,2) Llobrera 1987 (Luzon, Panay); 20. Cyprinus carpio carpio (1,2) Palisoc 1988 (Luzon)15; 21. Cruz 1988 Dist.: Luzon (Panay); 22. Lio-Po and Barry 1988 Records:1. Albaladejo and Arthur 1989; (Panay); 23. Bondad-Reantaso and 2. Lumanlan et al. 1992 Arthur 1989b (Panay), 24. 1990 Remarks: This parasite was found on (Panay); 25. Albaladejo and Arthur juvenile Chinese carps imported from 1989 (Luzon)16; 26. Bondad-Reantaso Hongkong, Taiwan, Thailand and et al. 1990 (Luzon); 27. Lumanlan et al. Indonesia and from goldfish originating 1990 (-)17, 28. 1992 (Luzon); 29. from Hongkong which were examined Yambot and Lopez 1997 (Luzon) at Quezon City. As the Chinese carps Remarks: Lio-Po et al. (1983) noted that were stocked into both aquaculture Trichodina was responsible for high ponds and natural waters, it is mortalities of Nile tilapia fry. probable that Trichodinella epizootica, 13 Material repotted only asTrichodina in the abstract of if not already present, is now Natividad et al. (1986a) was noted by Natividad et al. established in the country. (1986b) to include T. acuta (subsequently referred to T. compacta by Arthur (1995)), T. centrostrigata, T. Trichodinella sp. (F) heterodentata, and Trichodina sp. Location: gills 14 Natividad (1986,1988) examined fishes (Channa Hosts: Chanos chanos striata, Clariasbatrachus, Puntius javanicus and Trichogaster pectoralis) from various localities around Cyprinus carpio carpio Laguna Lake, Luzon Island, but did not indicate which Oreochromis mossambicus host species were infected with Trichodina. Tilapia zillii 15 Palisoc (1988) noted that Trichodina was among the Dist.: Luzon parasites found on tilapia, milkfish, dalag and carp in Record: Anon. 1975 Laguna Lake but did not indicate on which hosts individual parasite taxa were found. Remarks: The report of Trichodinella

16 from Chanos chanos is probably a The report of Albaladejq and Arthur (1989) pertains to goldfish imported from Hongkong for the ornamental fish misidentification; material reported trade. only as Trichodinella by Regidor et al. 17The reports of of Lumanlan et al. (1990, 1992) involve (1986) and as Trichodinidae by species imported for aquaculture and the aquarium fish Regidor and Arthur (1986) is referred trade which were examined in Quezon City. to Tripartiella sp. Trichodinella carpi Duncan 1977 (F) Tripartiella spatula Van As and Basson, Location: gills 1986 (F,B) Hosts: Cyprinus carpio carpio (1,3) Syn: Tripartiella clavodonta Basson unspecified fish (2) and Van As, 1987 Dist: Luzon Location: gills Records:1. Duncan 1977; 2. Davy and Host: Oreochromis niloticus niloticus Graham 1979 (-); 3. Natividad 1987 (-) Dist: Luzon, Panay Remarks: As noted by Lom and Haldar Records: Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur (1977), this species is probably a 1989a (-), 1989b, 1990 synonym of Trichodinellaepizootica Remarks: The synonymy follows Arthur (Raabe, 1950). Lumanlan et al. (1992) considered T. (1995). Tripartiella spatula was erroneously listed as a junior synonym carpi to have been introduced into the of T. clavodonta by Bondad-Reantaso Philippines along with common carp. and Arthur (1989b). Trichodinella epizootica (Raabe, 1950) This species was introduced into the Philippines with the importation of tilapias (see Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 18 PHYLUM MYXOZOA 1989b, 1990). CLASS MYXOSPOREA Tripartiella tilapiae (Duncan, 1977) Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur, 1989 ORDER BIVALVULIDA (F,B) SUBORDER PLATYSPORINA Syn: Trichodinella tilapiae Duncan, 1977 FAMILY MYXOBOLIDAE Location: gills Henneguya sp. (F) Hosts: Aristichthys nobilis (5,6) Location: fins Ctenopharyngodon idella (5,6) Hosts: Clarias batrachus (1) Oreochromis niloticus niloticus unspecified fish (2) (2,3,4) Dist: Luzon Tilapia zillii (I) Records: 1. Anon. 1975; 2. Davy and Dist: Luzon, Panay Graham 1979 (-) Records: 1. Duncan 1977 (Luzon); 2. 18 Recent phylogenetic analyses conducted by Siddall et Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1989a al. (1995) using ultrastructural characteristics of (-), 3. 1989b (Panay), 4. 1990 (Panay); developmental stages and analysis of rDNA have 5. Albaladejo and Arthur 1989 (Luzon); indicated that the myxozoans are actually highly derived parasitic cnidarians. We retain the Phylum Myxozoa 6. Lumanlan et al. 1992 (Luzon) pending additional systematic studies supporting this Remarks: The reports of Albaladejo and conclusion and integrating the classifications of these Arthur (1989) and Lumanlan et al. two phyla. (1992) pertain to juvenile Chinese Myxobolus artus Akhmerov, 1960 (F) carps imported from Hongkong and Location: mesenteries, musculature Taiwan which were examined at Hosts: Ctenopharyngodon idella Quezon City. These fish were Cyprinus carpio carpio subsequently stocked into aquaculture Dist: Luzon ponds and natural waters on Luzon Record: Lumanlan et al. 1992 Island. Remarks: Recorded in common carp and Lumanlan et al. (1992) considered grass carp imported for aquaculture Tripartiella tilapiae to have been which were examined in Quezon City, introduced into the Philippines along with this pathogen is now probably imported tilapias. established in Philippine natural Tripartiella sp. (F, B) waters. Includes: Trichodinella sp. of Regidor, Myxobolus ellipsoides Thélohan, 1892 Diestro and Arthur, 1986 Trichodinidae (F) gen sp. of Regidor and Arthur, 1986 Location: gills Location: gills, skin Host Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Host: Chanos chanos Dist: Luzon Dist.: Luzon Record: Lumanlan et al. 1992 Records: Regidor et al. 1986 (-); Regidor Remarks: The sole report of this species and Arthur 1986,1990 (-), 1992 from the Philippines involves silver Trichodinidae gen sp. (B.M) carp imported from Taiwan for use in Location: gills, skin aquaculture which were examined in Hosts: Lates calcarifer (2) Quezon City. It may now be Oreochromis niloticus niloticus (1) established in natural waters. Dist.: Luzon Myxobolus hoi Kudo, 1920 (F) Records: 1. Natividad et al. 1986b; 2. Location: gills, musculature ADB/NACA 1991 (-) Host: Cyprinus carpio carpio Dist: Luzon species a synonym of T. dogieli Record: Lumanlan et al. 1992 Akhmerov, 1955. We follow Lom and Remarks:Myxobolus koi was found in Dyková (1992) in regarding it as distinct common carp imported from Indonesia SUBORDER VARIISPORINA for culture in the Philippines and may now be established in the country. FAMILY MYXIDIIDAE Myxobolus pavlovskii (Akhmerov, 1954) Coccomyxa hoffmani Cheung and (F) Nigrelli, 1990 (M) Shulman and Shtein in Bykhovsky, Location: cartilage of gill filaments and 1962 arches Location: gills Host: Plotosus lineatus Hosts: Carassius auratus Dist: Philippines Cyprinus carpio carpio Record: Cheung and Nigrelli 1990 Hypothalmichthys molitrix Remarks: This species was described Dist: Luzon from coral catfish originating from the Records: Lumanlan et al. 1992 Philippines which were examined at Remarks: Myxobolus pavlovskii was the New York Aquarium. found in common carp and silver carp Myxidium sp. (F) imported from Indonesia and Taiwan, Location: gall bladder respectively, for culture in the Hosts: Aristichthys nobilis Philippines, and in goldfish imported Ctenopharyngodon idella from Hongkong for the ornamental fish Pantodon buchholzi trade. This pathogen is probably now. Dist: Luzon established in natural waters. Record: Lumanlan et al. 199220 Myxobolus sp. (F) FAMILY CERATOMYXIDAE Syn.: Myxosoma sp Location: gills, mesenteries, skin Ceratomyxa sp. (M) Hosts: Carassius auratus (4) Location: gall bladder Clarias batrachus (1) Host: Chanos chanos Mylopharyngodon piceus (4) Dist: Luzon unspecified fish (2,3) Records: Regidor and Arthur 1990 (-), Dist: Luzon 1992 Records: 1. Anon. 1975; 2. Davy and Leptotheca sp. (M) Graham 1979 (-); 3. Lumanlan et al. 19 Location: kidney 1990 (-) , 4.1992 Host: Chanos chanos Dist: Luzon Thelohanellus nikolskii Akhmerov, 1955 Records: Regidor and Arthur 1986, 1990 (F) (-), 1992; Regidor et al. 1986 (-) Location: fins 19 Records contained in the abstract and paper of Host Cyprinus carpio carpio Lumanlan et al. (1990, 1992) involve fishes Dist: Luzon imported for aquaculture and the aquarium fish Record: Lumanlan et al. 1992 trade which were examined in in Quezon City. Remarks: This myxosporean was found FAMILY CHLOROMYXIDAE in common carp imported from Chloromyxum ellipticum Lee and Nie, Indonesia for culture in the Philippines 1965 (F) and may now have become Location: gall bladder established in natural waters. Heavy Host: Ctenopharyngodon idella infections can cause fin amputation Dist.: Luzon (see Lom and Dyková 1992). Record: Lumanlan et al. 1992 Shulman (1966) considered this Remarks: The only record of this species from the Philippines involves grass PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES carp imported from Hongkong for CLASS TREMATODA aquaculture which were examined in Quezon City. SUBCLASS DIGENEA Chloromyxum sp. (F) ORDER STRIGEIDA Location: gall bladder SUPERFAMILY CLINOSTOMOIDEA Hosts: Botia macracanthus Leiocassis siamensis FAMILY CLINOSTOMIDAE Dist.: Luzon (aquarium) 21 Clinostomoides brieni Dollfus, 1950 Record: Lumanlan et al. 1992 metacercaria (F) ORDER MULTIVALVULIDA Syn: Clinostomum ophicephali Tubangui and Masiluñgan, 1944 FAMILY PENTACAPSULIDAE Location: gill cavity, gills, gall Pentacapsula muscularis Cheung, bladderperiocular tissues, Nigrelli and (M) Ruggieri, 1983 branchiostegal musculature, Location: musculature pericardium Host: Chaetodon collare Hosts: Channa striata (1,3) Dist.: Philippines Clarias batrachus (2,3) Record: Cheung et al. 1983 C. macrocephalus (4) Remarks: This myxosporean was Dist: Luzon described from redtail butterflyfish Records: 1. Tubangui and Masiluñgan originating from the Philippines which 1944; 2. Velasquez 1960, 3. 1988; 4. were held in captivity at the New York Hanviriyapant 1977 Aquarium. Remarks:The synonymy follows 20 This record involves fishes imported for aquaculture Velasquez (1975a). and the aquarium fish trade which were examined in Quezon City. Clinostomum complanatum (Rudolphi, 1814) Braun, 1899 metacercaria (F) 21 Lumanlan et al. (1992) reported Cloromyxum spp. from clown loach and barred Siamese catfish imported Syn.: Clinostomum dalagi Tubangui, from Hongkong and Singapore, respectively, for the 1933 ornamental fish trade. Location: periocular tissues, gill cavity, FAMILY SEPTEMCAPSULIDAE branchiostegal musculature, pericardium Septemcapsula yasunagai Hsieh and Host: Channa striata Chen, 1984 (M) Dist: Luzon Location: brain, endolymph of utriculus Records: Tubangui 1933b; Velasquez Host: Plotosus lineatus 1988 Dist.: Philippines Remarks: The synonymy follows Record: Cheung and Nigrelli 1990 Velasquez (1975a). Remarks: Cheung and Nigrelli (1990) referred to their material as Clinostomum philippimnsis Velasquez, Septemcapsula yasunagai var. plotosi. 1960 metacercaria (F) Coral catfish originating from Location: branchiostegal musculature, Philippine waters which were held at periocular tissues, pericardium, the New York Aquarium exhibited gill cavity, tissues under whirling behaviour and associated pectoral fins mortalities which were attributed to Host: Channa striata infection by this myxosporean. Dist: Luzon, Mindanao Records: Velasquez 1960 (Luzon), 1966 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (Luzon),1975a (Luzon, Mindanao), SUBKINGDOM EUMETAZOA 1988 (Luzon) Remarks: Velasquez (1960) reported Channa striata that she was able to experimentally Chanos chanos infect fish-eating birds (herons and Clarias batrachus bittern) by feeding metacercariae of Glossogobius giuris Clinostomum philippimnsis obtained Terapon plumbeus from snakehead. Dist.: Philippines Velasquez (1986a) included this Record: Vazquez-Colet 1943a species among those helminths Remarks: The synonymy follows Dubois transmissable to man. (1970). Clinostomum sp. Metacercaria (F) Posthodiplostomum sp. Metacercaria (F) Location: periocular tissues Location: scales Hosts Channa striata (2) Host: Channa striata unspecified fish (1) Dist.: Philippines Dist: Luzon Record: Velasquez 1976b, 1977a Records:1. DavyandGraham 1979(-);2. SUBFAMILY DIPLOSTOMINAE Quines and Paycana 1983 (Luzon) Diplostomulum sp. Metacercaria (F) Euclinostomum multicaecum Tubangui Location: brain, intestine, musculature and Masiluñgan, 1935 metacercaria (F) Host: Channa striata Location: musculature Dist: Luzon Host: Channa striata Records: Lopez 1986, 1988 Dist: Luzon Remarks: Diplostomulum is a larval Records: Tubangui and Masiluñgan genus-group for metacercariae 1935;Velasquez 1960 belonging to the Diplostominae whose Remarks:A redescription of the generic affinities are unknown. metacercaria was provided by Velasquez (1960). Neodiplostomum sp. Metacercaria (F) Location: scales, skin Unidentified Clinostomidae Hosts: Arius manillensis (1) Clinostomidae gen. sp. (F) Channa striata (1,2,3) Location: eyes, opercular and Clarias batrachus (1) pericardialcavities, Terapon plumbeus (1) musculature Dist.: Luzon Hosts: Anabas testudineus Records: 1. Vazquez-Colet and Africa Channa striata 1939; 2. Velasquez 1986a (-), 3. 1988 Clarias macrocephalus FAMILY STRIGEIDAE Cyprinus carpio carpio Dist.: Philippines Unidentified Strigeidae Records: Velasquez 1974, 1976b, Strigeidae gen. sp. Metacercaria (F) 1977a, 1986a Location: musculature SUPERFAMBLY DIPLOSTOMOIDEA Host: unspecified fish Dist: Mindanao FAMILY DIPLOSTOMATIDAE Record: Velasquez 1986b22 SUBFAMILY CRASSIPHIALINAE 22 Velasquez (1986b) noted that Puntius amarus, P. binotatus, P. disa, P. manalak and Spratellicypris palata Posthodiplostomum grayi (Verma, 1936) were the species of fish parasitized but in this Dubois, 1938 metacercaria (F) preliminary abstract, she did not indicate which parasite Syn.: Neodiplostomum larai Refuerzo taxa occur in individual host species. andGarcia, 1937 Location: [body cavity] Hosts: Arius manillensis Velasquez (1975a). SUPERFAMILY GYMNOPHALLOIDEA Velasquez (1959) also reported this FAMILY BUCEPHALIDAE species from the gills, however; this Alcicornis cirrudiscoides Velasquez, finding was probably the result of 1959 (M) stomach eversion during host capture. Location: intestine Prosorhynchoides philippinorum Host: Caranx sp (Velasquez, 1959) n. comb. (M) Dist.: Luzon Syn.: Bucephaloides philippinorum Record: Velasquez 1959 Velasquez, 1959 Bucephalusfragilis Velasquez, 1959 (M) Location: stomach Location: intestine Host: Sphyraena langsar Host: Megalaspis cordyla Dist: Luzon Dist: Luzon Record: Velasquez 1959 Record: Velasquez 1959 Remarks: Srivastava and Chauhan (1973)synonymized the genus Bucephalus leognathi Velasquez, 1959 BucephaloidesHopkins, 1954 with (M) Prosorhynchoides Dollfus,1929.The Location: intestine finding of this species on the gills Host: Leiognathus sp. wasprobably the result of stomach Dist.: Luzon eversion duringhost capture. Record: Velasquez 1959 Prosorhynchoides sibi (Yamaguti, 1940) Bucephalus paraheterotentaculatus n. comb. (M) Velasquez, 1959 (M) Syn.: Bucephaloides sibi (Yamaguti, Location: stomach, intestine 1940) Host: Seriolina nigrofasciata Location: intestine Dist.: Luzon Host: Euthynnus affinis Record: Velasquez 1959 Dist: Palawan Remarks: Velasquez (1966, Table 1) in Record: Fischthal and Kuntz 1964d an apparent lapsus calami, listed Bucephalus heterotentaculatus as Prosorhynchus crucibulum (Rudolphi, being described from Seriola 1819) Odhner, 1905 metacercaria (M) nigrofasciata (syn. of Seriolina Location: gills, musculature nigrofasciata) from the Philippines. As Host: Acanthopagrus berda her Table 1 summarized new taxa Dist.: Luzon established by Dr. Velasquez, this Records: Velasquez 1959, 1966 listing must pertain to B. Remarks: Specimens reported from the paraheterotentaculatus and not to B. musculature and gills of Sparus berda heterotentaculatus Bravo Hollis and (syn. of Acanthopagrus berda) by Solgandares-Bernal, 1956, a species Velasquez (1959) were immature and which has never been reported from thus most probably metacercariae. the Philippines. Prosorhynchus crucibulum (Rudolphi, Bucephalus various Manter, 1940 (M) 1819) Odhner, 1905 (M) Syn: Bucephalus pseudovaricus Syn: Prosorhynchus triangularis Velasquez, 1959 Tubanguiand Masiluñgan, 1944 Location: intestine Location: intestine Host: Caranx sp. Host: Glossogobius giuris Dist.: Luzon Dist.: Luzon Record: Velasquez 1959 Record: Tubangui and Masiluñgan 1944 Remarks: The synonymy follows Remarks: The description of Prosorhynchus triangularis by Tubangui and Masiluñgan (1944) was Prosorhynchus paracrucibulus based on a single specimen from the Velasquez, 1959 metacercaria (M) intestine of a freshwater fish, Location: scales Glossogobius guirus. Velasquez Host: Ambassis buruensis (1975a) notes that she did not Dist.: Luzon encounter P. crucibulum in over 1000 Record: Velasquez 1959 fish examined from the Manila area. Remarks: As the specimens upon which The synonymy follows Velasquez the description of this species was (1975a). based were found on the scales and noted to be immature, we regard them Prosorhynchus longus Velasquez, 1959 as metacercariae. (M) Location: stomach Rhipidocotyle eggletoni Velasquez, 1959 Host: Psettodes erumei metacercaria (M) Dist: Luzon Location: musculature Record: Velasquez 1959 Hosts: Gazza minuta Sillago sihama Dist.: Luzon Prosorhynchus luzonicus Velasquez, Record: Velasquez 1959 1959(M) Remarks:As the specimens upon which Location: intestine the description of this species was Host: Lates calcarifer based were found in the musculature Dist.: Luzon and were immature,we regard them as Record: Velasquez 1959 metacercariae. Prosorhynchus mcintoshi (Velasquez, Rhipidocotyle laruei Velasquez, 1959 (M) 1959) Yamaguti, 1971 metacercaria (M) Location: stomach, intestine Syn: Neidhartia mcintoshi Velasquez, Host: Psettodes erumei 1959 Dist.: Luzon Location: musculature Record: Velasquez 1959 Host: Epinephelus bleekeri Dist.: Luzon FAMILY FELLODISTOMIDAE Record: Velasquez 1959 Monodhelmis torpedinis Dollfus, 1937 Remarks: The synonymy follows (M) Velasquez (1975a). Syn.: Monodhelmis philippinensis Prosorhynchus mcintoshi (Velasquez, Velasquez, 1961 1959) Yamaguti, 1971 (M) Location: intestine Syn: Neidhartia mcintoshi Velasquez, Host: Netuma thalassina 1959 Dist.: Luzon Location: stomach, intestine Record: Velasquez 1961a Host: Epinephelus bleeker Remarks: The synonymy follows Cribb Dist.: Luzon and Bray (1994). Record: Velasquez 1959 SUPERFAMILY HEMIUROIDEA Prosorhynchus pacificus Manter, 1940 (M) FAMILY AZYGITOAE Location: [intestine] Azygia pristipomai Tubangai, 1928 (B,M) Host: Epinephelus malabaricus Location: intestine Dist.: Philippines Hosts: Glossogobius giuris (2,5) Record: Leong and Wong 1990 Pomadasys argenteus (1) Remarks: Leong and Wong (1990) Terapon jarbua (4) reported this species from juvenile T. plumbeus (3,5) grouper imported from the Philippines Dist.: Luzon for culture in Malaysia. Records: 1. Tubangui 1928; 2. Tubangui Dist.: Luzon and Masiluñgan 1944; 3. Velasquez Record: Velasquez 1970 1966, 4. 1974 (-), 5. 1988 Remarks: The listing of this parasite from Sphyraena langsar by Velasquez FAMILY BUNOCOTYLIDAE (1977a) is due to an error, several lines SUBFAMILY APHANURINAE of her table having been omitted Aphanurus stossichi (Monticelli, 1891) (compare Velasquez 1974 with Looss, 1907 (M) 1977a). Location: intestine Torticaecum nipponicum Yamaguti, Host: Herklotsichthys dispilonotus 1942 (M) Dist.: Palawan Location: intestine, musculature Record: Fischthal and Kuntz 1964c Hosts: Eleotris fusca (1) SUBFAMILY OPISTHADENINAE Sillago sihama (2) ?Terapon jarbua (2) Genolinea awa (Yamaguti, 1965) n. Dist.: Luzon, Palawan comb.(M) Records: 1. Fischthal and Kuntz 1964d Syn.: Pseudobunocotyla awa (Palawan); 2. Velasquez 1975a Yamaguti, 1965 (Luzon) Location: intestine Remarks: In her monograph on the Host: Chanos chanos Digenea of Philippine fishes, Dist.: Mindanao Velasquez (1975a) listed Torticaecum Records: Regidor and Arthur 1990 (-), nipponicum from "bagaong," the 1992 tagalog common name given for Remarks: Gibson and Bray (1979) list Terapon jarbua in her host-parasite Pseudobunocotyla Yamaguti, 1965 as list; however, she did not list this a synonym of Genolinea Manter, 1925. parasite under this host species. FAMILY DICTYSARCIDAE Although not clearly indicated, her listing of this parasite from Eleotris Elongoparorchis pneumatis Rao, 1961 fusca is considered to pertain only to (M) the record Fischthal and Kuntz (1964d) Syn.: Pelorohelmins palawanensis from Palawan Island. Fischthal and Kuntz, 1964 Torticaecum nipponicum is a larval 23 Location: swim bladder name.

Hosts: Gazza minuta (1) 23 Fischthal and Kuntz (1964d) gave the site of infection Netuma thalassina (2,3) as the intestine; however, as noted by Yamaguti (1971), Dist.: Palawan members of the genus Elongoparorchis are typically parasitesof the swim bladders of marine catfishes (family Records:1. Fischthaland Kuntz 1964d; Ariidae). 2.Velasquez 1974 (-)24, 3. 1975a 24 The listing of this species from Arius thalassinus (syn. Remarks: Gibson and Bray (1979) Of Netuma thalassina) by Velasquez (1974) was synonymized Pelorohelmins Fischthal apparently based on specimens recorded by her and Kuntz, 1964 with Elongoparorchis (Velasquez 1975a) as being from Coron, Palawan Island. Rao, 1961. This decision was upheld by Jones and Khalil (1984), who Unidentified Didymozoidae proposed the above synonymy. Didymozoidae gen. sp. (M) FAMILY DIDYMOZOIDAE Location: intestine, musculature Hosts: Euthynnus affinis (1) Didymozoon bravohollisae Velasquez, ?Puntius binotatus (I)25 1970 (M) Synaptura sorsogonensis (2) Location: base of gill arches ?'Terapon jarbua (2) Host: Sphyraena sp. Dist: Luzon, Palawan, Visayan islands Records: 1. Fischthal and Kuntz 1964d Scomberoides lysan (3,4) (Palawan); 2. Velasquez 1975a Scomberoides sp. (1) (Luzon, Visayan islands) Dist.: Luzon Remarks: In her monograph on the Records: 1. Tubangui and Masiluñgan Digenea of Philippine fishes, 1935, 2. 1944; 3. Velasquez 1962, 4. Velasquez (1975a) listed "Immature 1966 Didymozoid A" from "bagaong", the Remarks: Bray etal.(1993a)notedthat tagalog common name given for Erilepturus lemeriensis is possibly a Terapon jarbua in her host-parasite list synonym of E. hamati. However, she did not list this parasite 26 Velasquez (1962) suggested that the report of this under this host species. Although not species from Glossogobius giuris by Tubangui and clearly indicated, her listings of Masiluñgan (1944) may have involved a host misidentification didymozoid larvae in Euthynnus yaito (syn. of E. affinis) and Puntius SUBFAMILY ELYTOPHALLINAE binotatus are considered to pertain Lecithocladium angustiovum Yamaguti, only to the report by Fischthal and 1953 (M) Kuntz (1964d) from Palawan Island. Location: stomach, intestine 25 As Puntius binotatus is a freshwater cyprinid, this Hosts: Atule mate (3) report may involve a host misidentification Rastrelliger kanagurta (1,2) FAMILY HEMIURIDAE Dist.: Luzon, Palawan, Visayan islands Records:1. Velasquez 1962 (Luzon, SUBFAMILY DINURINAE Visayan islands), 2. 1966 (Luzon, Erilepturus hamati (Yamagati, 1934) Visayan islands); 3.Fischthal and Manter 1947 (M) Kuntz 1964c (Palawan) Syn.: Lecithochirium neopaciflcus Remarks:GibsonandBray(1986)listed Velasquez, 1962 Lecithocladium angustiovum of Lecithocladium neopaciflcum Fischthal and Kuntz,1964 as a (Velasquez, 1962) probable synonym of L.megalaspis Location: stomach Yamaguti, 1953. Hosts: Epinephelus malabaricus (2) Lecithocladium apolecti Velasquez, 1962 Lates calcarifer (1) (M) Dist.: Luzon Location: stomach Records: 1. Velasquez 1962; 2. Leong Host: Parastromateus niger and Wong 1990 (-) Dist.: Luzon Remarks: The synonymy follows Bray et Record: Velasquez 1962 al. (1993a), who provide a detailed review and redescription of this Lecithocladium chingi Manter and species. Pritchard, 1960 (M) Leong and Wong (1990) reported Location: stomach Lecithochirium neopaciflcus from Hosts: Naso hexacanthus grouper imported into Malaysia from the N. vlamingii Philippines. Dist: Mactan Velasquez (1974, 1977a) listed this Record: Machida and Uchida 1990 species as Lecithocladium neopacificum. Lecithocladium megalaspis Yamaguti, Erilepturus lemeriensis (Tubangui and 1953 (M) Masiluñgan, 1935) Manter, 1947 (M) Location: stomach, intestine Syn.: Ectenurus lemeriensis Tubangui Host: Megalaspis cordyla and Masiluñgan, 1935 Dist.: Luzon Location: stomach, intestine Records: Velasquez 1962, 1966 Hosts: ?Glossogobius giuris (2)26 SUBFAMILY HEMIURINAE SUBFAMILY LECITHASTERINAE Hemiurus sigani Fischthal and Kuntz, Lecithophyllum cheilionis (Fischthal and 1964 (M) Kuntz, 1964) Yamaguti, 1971 (M) Location: intestine Syn.: Brachadena cheilionis Fischthal Hosts: Siganus argenteus (2) and Kuntz, 1964 S. guttatus (2) Location: intestine S. spinus (1) Host: Cheilio inermis Dist: Palawan Dist: Palawan Records:1. Fischthal and Kuntz 1964c; 2. Record: Fischthal and Kuntz 1964c Velasquez 1974 (-) Remarks:AlthoughOverstreet(1973) synonymized the genus Brachadena SUBFAMILY LECITHOCHlRIINAE Linton, 1910 with Aponurus Looss, Lecithochirium magnaporum Manter, 1907, Velasquez (1975a) considered it 1940 (M) to be valid. Location: intestine FAMILY PROSOGONOTREMATIDAE Host: Euthynnus qffinis Dist.: Palawan SUBFAMILY PROSOGONOTREMINAE Record: Fischthal and Kuntz 1964c Prosogonotrema bilabiatum Perez Lecithochirium sp. (M) Vigueras, 1940 (M) Location: stomach Syn.: Prosogonotrema carangi Host: Lates calcarifer Velasquez, 1961 Dist: Philippines Location: stomach Record: ADB/NACA 1991 Hosts: Caranx sp. (1) Naso hexacanthus (2) SUBFAMILY PLERURINAE Dist: Luzon, Mactan Plerurus digitatus (Looss, 1899) Looss, Records: 1. Velasquez 1961a (Luzon); 2. 1907(M) Machida and Uchida 1990 (Mactan) Syn: Paraplerurus sauridae Fischthal SUBFAMILY PROSORCHIINAE and Kuntz, 1963 Location: intestine Prosorchiopsis aluterae Yamaguti, 1970 Host:Trichiurus lepturus (M) Dist.: Palawan Location: stomach Record: Fischthal and Kuntz 1964c Host: Naso vlamingii Remarks: Velasquez (1975a) listed Dist: Mactan Paraplerurus sauridae as a junior Record: Machida and Uchida 1990 synonym of Plerurus longicaudatus SUPERFAMILY (Yamaguti, 1953); however, Bray TRANSVERSOTREMATOIDEA (1990) considered both these names to be synonyms of Plerurus digitatus. FAMILY TRANSVERSOTREMATIDAE FAMILY LECITHASTERIDAE Transversotrema haasi Witenberg, 1944 (M) SUBFAMILY HYSTEROLECITHINAE Location: beneath scales Hysterolecitha acanthuri Annereaux, Hosts: Oxycheilinus diagrammus (1,2) 1947(M) ?Scarus festivus (I)27 Location: stomach? Dist.: Cebu, Mindoro Host: Acanthurus triostegus Records: 1. Velasquez 1974,2. 1977a Dist.: Samar Remarks: A detailed redescription of this Record: Annereaux 1947 species is provided by Cribb et al. (1992).

27 The report of this helminth from Scarus lunula (Snyder) syndrome" was associated with (syn. Of S. festivus) by Velasquez (1974) may involve a misidentification of S. chameleon Randall and Choat, a infections in tilapia raised in ponds at species much more frequently encountered in the Pililia, while Palisoc (1988) noted high Philippines (D.R. Bellwood, James Cook University, mortality in pond-reared fish at Cardona. Townsville, pers. comm.). 28 Material reported only as belonging to the genus Transversotrema patialense (Soparkar, Transversotrema in the abstracts of Natividad et al. 1924) Cruz and Sathananthan, 1960 (B) (1986a) and Regidor et al. (1986) was later recorded as T. laruei in their papers (Natividad et al. 1986b, Regidor Syn.: Transversotrema laruei and Arthur 1986). Velasquez, 1958 Location: beneath scales ORDER ECHlNOSTOMIDA Hosts: Anodontostoma chacunda (2) SUPERFAMILY Chanos chanos (5,6,9,10,11,12) ECHINOSTOMATOIDEA hates calcarifer (1,2) Megalops cyprinoides (2) FAMILY ATRACTOTREMATIDAE Mugil sp. (2) Isorchis parvus Durio and Manter, 1969 Oreochromis mossambicus (M) (2,5,6) Location: pyloric caeca O. niloticus niloticus Host: Chanos chanos (5,6,7,8,14,15) Dist.: Luzon Poecilia latipinna (2) Records: Regidor and Arthur 1990 (-), Rhynchorhamphus georgii (2) 1992 Scatophagus argus (2) Tilapia sp. (3,4) FAMILY ECHlNOSTOMATIDAE Terapon plumbeus (2) Echinochasmus novalichesensis tilapia (13) Tubangui, 1932 metacercaria (F) Dist.: Luzon, Palawan, Panay Location: not given Records:1. Velasquez 1958 (Luzon), 2. Hosts: Glossogobius giuris 1961b(Luzon), 3. 1986a (Luzon), 4. Ophieleotris aporos 1988 (Luzon); 5. Lopez1986(Luzon), Terapon plumbeus 6.1988(Luzon);7.Natividad et al.1986a Dist: Luzon (Luzon)28, 8.1986b (Luzon); 9. Regidor Record: Vazquez-Colet and Africa 1939 et al. 1986 (-); 10. Regidor and Arthur Remarks: In their individual host-parasite 1986 (Luzon), 11. 1990 (-), 12. 1992 tables, Vazquez-Colet and Africa (Luzon); 13. Palisoc 1988 (Luzon); 14. (1939) listed this species only as Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur (1989a Echinochasmus sp. (-), 15. 1990 (Palawan, Panay) Remarks: The synonymy is provided by FAMILY WARETREMATIDAE Cribb et al. (1992), who reviewed the Carassotrema philippinense Machida, family Transversotrematidae. 1996 (M) Velasquez (1958), initially believing Location: intestine this parasite to be a progenetic Host: Mugil cephalus metacercaria, listed the site of infection Dist: Mactan, Palawan as the muscles and intestine. In a study Record: Machida 1996 of the life cycle (Velasquez 1961b), she Megasolena acanthuri Machida and was able to infect Mollenesia latipinna Uchida, 1991 (M) (syn. of Poecilia latipinna) Location: intestine experimentally. Host: Acanthurus lineatus Transversotrema patialense has been Dist: Philippines reported to cause problems in tilapia Record: Machida and Uchida 1991 culture on Luzon Island. Velasquez (1986a, 1988) reported that a "whirling Waretrema piscicola Srivastava, 1939 (M) ORDER PLAGIORCHIIDA Location: intestine SUPERFAMILY ALLOCREADIOIDEA Host: Scatophagus argus Dist: Luzon FAMILY ALLOCREADIIDAE Records: Velasquez 1961a, 1966 Orientocreadium batrachoides SUPERFAMILY NOTOCOTYLOIDEA Tubangui, 1931 metacercaria (F) Location: musculature FAMILY ANGIODICTYIDAE Hosts: Clarias macrocephalus Hexangium leptosomum Machida and Oreochromis mossambicus Uchida, 1990 (M) Dist.: Luzon (experimental) Location: intestine Record: Sirikantayakul 1985 Host: Naso unicornis Remarks: The life cycle of Dist: Palawan Orientocreadium batrachoides in the Record: Machida and Uchida 1990 Philippines was elucidated experimentally by Sirikantayakul Hexangium sigani Goto and Ozaki, (1985), who demonstrated that the 1929(M) snail Lymnaea viridis served as both Syn.: Hexangium qffinum Tubangui the first intermediate and the primary and Masiluñgan, 1944 second intermediate host. A few Hexangium secundum Annereaux, metacercariae were also recovered 1947 from tilapia and catfish fry, and other Location: intestine, stomach aquatic organisms experimentally Hosts: Caesio cuning (5) exposed to newly emerged cercariae. Neoniphon sammara (5) Siganus argenteus (3,4) Orientocreadium batrachoides S. canaliculatus (6) Tubangui, 1931 (F) S. fuscescens (5) Location: intestine S. guttatus (2,5) Hosts: C/arias batrachus (1,2) S. javus (1) C. macrocephalus (3,4,6,7) S. spinus (6) Glossogobius giuris (2) Siganus sp. (5) unspecified fish (5) Stolephorus commerson (6) Dist.: Luzon Dist.: Luzon, Palawan, Samar Records: 1. Tubangui 1931a; 2. Records: 1. Tubangui and Masiluñgan Tubangui and Masiluñgan 1944; 3. 1944 (Luzon); 2. Annereaux 1947 Velasquez 1975a; 4. Hanviriyapant (Samar); 3. Velasquez 1961a (Luzon), 1977; 5. Davy and Graham 1979 (-); 6. 4. 1966 (Luzon), 5. 1974 (-); 6. Trovela 1979; 7. Sirikantayakul 1985 Fischthal and Kuntz 1964a (Palawan) Remarks: Velasquez (1975a) redescribed this species based on SUPERFAMILY specimens from Clarias PARAMPHISTOMOIDEA macrocephalus. FAMILY PARAMPHISTOMIDAE Sirikantayakul (1985) also established Cleptodiscus bulbosus Hanson, 1955 experimental infections in C. (M) macrocephalus. Location: intestine Kabata (1985) listed many additional Host: Naso vlamingii fish species as host to this parasite in the Dist.: Mactan Philippines; however, this resulted from a Record: Machida and Uchida 1990 misinterpretation of Velasquez (1975a), who summarized hosts reported throughout the parasite's world-wide distribution. FAMILY OPECOELIDAE SUBFAMILY PLAGIOPORINAE SUBFAMILY OPECOELINAE Hamacreadium lethrini Yamaguti, 1934 (M) Opegaster minima (Tubangui, 1928) Location: intestine Yamaguti, 1934 (F) Hosts: Lethrinus erythropterus Syn.: Opecoelus minimus Tubangui, Lutjanus gibbus 1928 Dist.: Palawan Opecoelus sp. of Lopez, 1979 Record: Fischthal and Kuntz 1964b Location: intestine Hosts: Arius manillensis (3) Helicometra nasae Nagaty and Abdel Channa striata (3) Aal, 1962 (M) Clarias batrachus (3,5,6) Syn.: Stenopera rectisaccus Fischthal Glossogobius biocellatus (1) and Kuntz, 1964 G. giuris (1,3,4,5,6) Location: intestine Pomadasys argenteus (1,2) Host: Sargocentron violaceum. Terapon plumbeus (3) Dist.: Palawan Dist: Luzon Record: Fischthal and Kuntz 1964b Records: 1. Tubangui 1928; 2. Tubangui Remarks: The synonymy follows and Francisco 193029; 3. Tubangui and Sekerak and Arai (1974), who also Masiluñgan 1944; 4. Lopez 197930, 5. noted that H. nasae is possibly a 1986,6. 198831 synonym of H. equilata (Manter, 1933). Remarks: Lopez (1979) recorded Macvicaria longisaccus (Fischthal and Opecoelus sp. from throughout the Kuntz, 1964) Bray, 1985 (M) host's digestive tract, but noted that the Syn.: Plagioporus (Plagioporus) intestine is the normal site of infection. longisaccus Fischthal and Kuntz, 1964 29 The record of Tubangui and Francisco (1930) involved Location: intestine fish heldin an aquarium in Manila. Host: Choerodon anchorago 30 Helminths identified as Opecoelus sp. by Lopez (1979) Dist.: Palawan were subsequently assigned to Opegaster minima by Lopez (1986, 1988). Record: Fischthal and Kuntz 1964b 31 The report of Lopez (1988) for Glossogobius giuris is Remarks: The synonymy follows Bray given only in her abstract (1985). Paropecoelus palawanensis (Fischthal Propycnadenoides philippinensis and Kuntz, 1964) Pritchard, 1966 (M) Fischthal and Kuntz, 1964 (M) Syn.: Opecoelus palawanensis Location: intestine Fischthal and Kuntz, 1964 Host: Gymnocranius griseus Location: intestine Dist.: Palawan Hosts: Parupeneus barberinus Record: Fischthal and Kuntz 1964a P. indicus SUPERFAMILY GYLIAUCHENOIDEA Dist.: Palawan Record: Fischthal and Kuntz 1964b FAMILY GYLIAUCHENIDAE Pseudopecoeloides carangis (Yamaguti, Gyliauchen papillatus (Goto and 1938) Yamaguti, 1940 (M) Matsudaira, 1918) Goto, 1919 (M) Location: intestine Location: intestine Host: Sphyraena jello Hosts: Anodontostoma chacunda (1) Dist: Palawan Siganus fuscescens (2) Record: Fischthal and Kuntz 1964b Dist: Palawan Records: 1. Fischthal and Kuntz 1964a;

2. Velasquez 1974 (-) SUPERFAMILY LEPOCREADIOIDEA FAMILY ACANTHOCOLPIDAE and Francisco 1930; 3. Tubangui and Masiluñgan 1944; 4. Velasquez 1961c, Stephanostomum casum (Linton, 1910) 5. 1966; 6. Lopez 1979, 7. 1986, 8. McFarlane, 1934 (M) 198832 Location: intestine Remarks: Tubangui and Francisco Host: Lutjanus bohar (1930) in an apparent lapsus calami, Dist: Palawan erroneously gave the species name of Record: Fischthal and Kuntz 1964a this digenean as Metadena ovata. FAMILY LEPOCREADIIDAE Although specimens have also been Aephnidiogenes barbarus Nicoll, 1915 recovered from the buccal cavity, (M) esophagus and stomach, the intestine is Location: intestine the normal site of infection. Host: Pomadasys argenteus 32 The record of Lopez (1988) appears only in her Dist.: Palawan abstract. Record: Fischthal and Kuntz 1964c Paracryptogonimus acanthostomus (M) Preptetos caballeroi Pritchard, 1960 (M) Yamaguti, 1934 Location: intestine Location: intestine Host: Naso vlamingii Host: Lutjanus sp. Dist: Mactan Dist: Luzon Record: Machida and Uchida 1990 Records: Velasquez 1961c, 1966 Remarks: Bray et al. (1993b) considered Paracryptogonimus apharei (Yamaguti, this species a synonym of Preptetos 1942) Velasquez, 1961(M) xesuri (Yamaguti, 1940); however, Syn.: Metadena apharei (Yamaguti, Bray and Cribb (1996) have recently 1942) substantiated its validity. Location: intestine SUPERFAMILY OPISTHORCHlOIDEA Host: Lutjanus sp. Dist.: Luzon FAMILY CRYPTOGONIMIDAE Records: Velasquez 1961c, 1966 Neochasmus microvatus (Tubangui, Paracryptogonimus manilensis 1928) Tubangui and Masiluñgan 1944 Velasquez, 1961 (M) metacercaria (F) Location: intestine Location: not given Hosts: Lutjanus fulviflamma (2) Host: unspecified fish L. vitta (1) Dist: Philippines Parachaetodon ocellatus (1) ] Record: Lopez 1979 Dist.: Luzon, Palawan Remarks: This report is based on the Records: 1. Velasquez 1961c (Luzon); 2. unpublished findings of Dr. C.C. Fischthal and Kuntz, 1964a (Palawan) Velasquez. Paracryptogonimus orientalis Fischthal Neochasmus microvatus (Tubangui, and Kuntz, 1964 (M) 1928) Tubangui and Masiluñgan 1944 Location: intestine (F) Host: Lutjanus fulviflamma Syn.: Metadena microvata Tubangui, Dist: Palawan 1928 Record: Fischthal and Kuntz 1964a Location: intestine Hosts: Glossogobius biocellatus (1) G. giuris (1,3,4,5,6,7,8) Pomadasys argenteus (1,2) Dist.: Luzon Records: 1. Tubangui 1928; 2. Tubangui 34 In the host-parasite tables of Vazquez-Colet and Pseudallacanthochasmus grandispinus Africa (1939) this parasite is listed only as Stamnosoma Velasquez, 1961 (M) sp Location: intestine Centrocestus sp. Metacercaria F &/or B) Host: Lutjanus sp. Syn.: Stamnosoma sp. Dist: Luzon Location: not given Record: Velasquez 1961c Hosts: Ambassis buruensis Pseudometadena celebesensis Atherina balabacensis Yamaguti, 1952 (M) Dist: Luzon Location: stomach, caeca, intestine Record: Vaquez-Colet and Africa 1938 Host: Lates calcarifer Cercarioides sp. Metacercaria F &/or B) Dist: Luzon Syn.: Microlistrum sp. Records: Velasquez 1961c, 1966 Location: [musculature] Pseudometadena sp. (M) Host: Ambassis buruensis Location: intestine Dist.: Luzon Host: Lates calcarifer Record: Vazquez-Colet and Africa 1938 Dist: Philippines Remarks:ThesynonymyfollowsVelasque Record: ABD/NACA 1991 z(1975a). FAMILY HETEROPHYIDAE Galactosomum anguillarum (Tubangui, 1933) Tubangui and Africa, 1938 species Ascocotyle sp. Metacercaria (F) inquirenda metacercaria? (M) Location: gills Syn.: Haplorchis anguillarum Host: Trichogaster lalia Tubangui, 1933 Dist.: Luzon (aquarium) Location: intestine 33 Records: Lumanlan et al. 1990 , 1992 Host: Anguilla marmorata Remarks: This genus has not been Dist.: Leyte recorded from Philippine natural Record: Tubangui 1933b waters, the record of Lumanlan et al. Remarks: This species was redescribed (1992) involving a dwarf gourami from the original specimens by imported from Singapore for the Tubangui and Africa (1938) who ornamental fish trade which was transferred it to the genus examined in Quezon City. Galactosomum. Yamaguti (1958) 33 In the preliminary abstract of Lumanlan et al. (1990), listed it as belonging to the genus the host species was not given. Tubanguia Srivastava, 1935. However, Centrocestus caninus Leiper, 1913 Pearson (1973) noted that the single metacercaria (F,B) type specimen of G. anguillarum, the Syn.: Stamnosoma formosanum only species in the genus Tubanguia, Nishigori, 1924 had been destroyed, and as a result, Location: gills the position of the genus could not be Hosts: Anabas testudineus (1) decided. He thus listed G. anguillarum Channa striata (1) (Tubangui, 1933) as species Glossogobius giuris (1) indeterminata. We follow Velasquez Hyporhamphus dussumieri (2) (1975a) in considering it a species Terapon plumbeus (1,2) inquirenda. Dist.: Luzon It seems probable that this report Records:1. Vazquez-Colet and Africa involves a metacercaria occurring on the 193934, 2.1940 host's viscera which was accidently Remarks: Velasquez (1986a) noted that liberated from its cyst during dissection. intestinal infection inmanhas beenrecorded from Manila. Haplorchis yokogawai (Katsuta, 1932) Haplorchis pumilio (Looss, 1896) Looss, Chen, 1936 metacercaria (F,B) 1899 metacercaria (F,B) Syn.: Monorchotrema yokogawai Syn.: Haplorchis taihokui (Nishigori, Katsuta, 1932 Monorchotrema taikohui 1924) auctorum Location: musculature Location: musculature Hosts: Ambassis buruensis (1) Hosts: Ambassis buruensis (5) Channa striata (1) Arius manillensis (1,2,3,4,5,6,7) Gerres fllamentosus (1) Channa striata (1,6) Glossogobius guirus (1) Chanos chanos (9,10) Puntius binotatus (2) Clarias batrachus (2,3,4,5,6) Siganus javus (1) Gerres kapas (6) Terapon plumbeus (1) Liza subviridis (5) Dist: Luzon, Mindanao Rhynchorhamphus georgii (5) Records:1. Vazquez-Colet and Africa Siganus javus (8) 1939(Luzon); 2. Velasquez 1973a Terapon plumbeus (6) (Mindanao) Dist: Luzon Remarks: The first valid report of Records: 1. Garcia 1936 (-); 2. Africa Haplorchis pumilio (as H. taihokui) 1937 (-), 3. 1938a (-); 4. Africa et al. from the Philippines is that of 1937; 5. Vazquez-Colet and Africa Vazquez-Colet and Africa (1939)35. 193836, 6. 1939, 7. 1940; 8. Tubangui The reports of this species (as 1947; 9. Velasquez 1979, 10. 1984 Monorchotrema taihokui) by Garcia Remarks: In the Philippines, Haplorchis (1936) and Africa et al. (1937) are yokogawai has been associated with referred to H. yokogawai (Katsuta, human infections involving myocardial 1932), following Africa (1937, 1938a, complications and heart failure due to 1938b) and Refuerzo (1940). blockage of coronary vessels caused Haplorchis pumilio is of potential by the parasite's eggs entering the zoonotic importance in the Philippines circulatory system via the intestinal (see Velasquez 1982a). mucosa (see Africa 1937, 1938a; 35 Vazquez-Colet and Africa (1939) listed this Refuerzo 1940). Human infections species as Haplorchis taihokui in their tables 1-14, occur via ingestion of metacercariae in but summarized these records under H. pumilio in their table 15. raw or inadequately cooked fish. Piscivorous birds, and dogs and cats Haplorchis taichui (Nishigori, 1924) serve as natural definitive hosts. Chen, 1936 metacercaria (F,B) Velasquez (1982a, 1986a), Location: musculature summarizes the host and geographical Hosts: Ambassis buruensis (2) distribution of this zoonotically Arius manillensis (2) important species. Channa striata (1,3,4) The reports of Monorchotrema taikohui Puntius binotatus (3) by Garcia (1936) and Africa et al. (1937) Spratellicypris palata (3) are referred to H. yokogawai following Dist.: Luzon, Mindanao Africa (1937, 1938a, b) and Refuerzo Records: 1. Vazquez-Colet and Africa (1940). 1939 (Luzon); 2.Velasquez 1966 36 The host identification for Mugil sp. given by (Luzon), 3. 1973a (Luzon, Mindanao), Vazquez-Colet and Africa (1938) was later 4. 1973b (Luzon) (Vazquez-Colet and Africa 1940) corrected to M. Remarks: Velasquez (1982a, 1986a), dussumieri (syn. of Liza subviridis). summarizes the host and geographical Heterophyopsis expectans (Africa and distribution of this zoonotically Garcia, 1935) Tubangui and Africa, 1938 important species. metacercaria (B) Syn.: Heterophyes expectans Africa Gerres filamentosus (2) and Garcia, 1935 Glossogobius giuris (2) Location: musculature Liza subviridis (1,5) Hosts: Ambassis buruensis (2,3,4) Oxyurichthys microlepis (5) Atherina balabacensis (2) Pelates quadrilineatus (2,5) Chanos chanos (6,7) Platycephalus indicus(4,5) Gerres fllamentosus (3) Poecilia latipinna (4,5,6) G. kapas (3) Rhynchorhamphus georgii (1,2,5) Liza subviridis (2) Scatophagus argus (4,5,7) Pelates quadrilineatus (3,5) Siganus javus (2) Rhynchorhamphus georgii (2,3) Dist.: Luzon, Mindanao Siganus javus (3) Records: 1. Vazquez-Colet and Africa Terapon puta (4) 1938 (Luzon)38, 2. 1939 (Luzon), 3. mullet (1) 1940 (-); 4. Velasquez 1966 (Luzon), 5. Dist.: Luzon, Mindanao 1973a (Luzon, Mindanao), 6. 1973c Records: 1. Africa and Garcia 1937 (-); 2. (Luzon); 7. Galvez 1979 (Luzon) Vazquez-Colet and Africa 1938 Remarks: Pearson and Ow-Yang (1982) (Luzon)37, 3. 1939 (Luzon); 4. listed Procerovum varium of Velasquez 1966 (Luzon, Mindanao), 5. Velasquez (1973a) as a synonym of P. 1973a (Mindanao); 6. Regidor and calderoni. These authors also Arthur 1990 (-), 7. 1992 (Luzon) considered it likely that the 37 The host identification for Mugil sp. given by metacercariae illustrated in figures 3 Vazquez-Colet and Africa (1938) was later and 6 of Velasquez (1973c) were not (Vazquez-Colet and Africa 1940) corrected to M. P. calderoni. dussumieri (syn. of Liza subviridis). Africa(1938b)notedthatthisspecies Phagicola sp. Metacercaria (F &/or B) infects dogs, cats and man in the Syn: Parascocotyle sp Philippines.

Location: not given 38 The host identification for Mugil sp. given by Host: Ambassis buruensis Vazquez-Colet and Africa (1938) was later Dist: Luzon (Vazquez-Colet and Africa 1940) corrected to M. Record: Vazquez-Colet and Africa 1938 dussumieri (syn. of Liza subviridis). Procerovum varium Onji and Nishio 1916 Procerovum calderoni (Africa and metacercaria (B) Garcia, 1935) Price, 1940 metacercaria Syn.: Haplorchis sisoni Africa, 1938 (B) Procerovum sisoni (Africa, 1938) Syn.: Haplorchis calderoni(Africa and Location: musculature, fins Garcia, 1935) Hosts: Anabas testudineus (4) Monorchotrema calderoni Africa and Poecilia latipinna (4) Garcia, 1935 Terapon plumbeus (1,2,3) Procerovum varium of Velasquez, Dist.: Luzon 1973a Records: 1. Africa 1938b (-); 2. Location: musculature, base of fins Vazquez-Colet and Africa 1939, 3. Hosts: Acentrogobius janthinopterus 1940; 4. Velasquez 1966 (2,3) Remarks: Pearson and Ow-Yang (1982) Ambassis buruensis (1,2) referred Procerovum varium of Anabas testudineus (2,3,4,5) Velasquez, 1973a to P. calderoni. The Atherina balabacensis (1,3) records of Velasquez (1966) of P. Butts amboinensis (5) sisoni from two of the same hosts and Channa striata (2,4) from the same locality may thus also Chanos chanos (5) involve a misidentification of P. Eleutheronema tetradactylum (2) calderoni. Procerovum sp. (F) Liza subviridis (1,3) Location: not given Dist: Luzon Host: Puntius manalak Records: 1. Vazquez-Colet and Africa Dist.: Mindanao 193841, 2. 1939, 3. 1940 Record: Velasquez 1966 Remarks: Velasquez (1974, 1977a, 1980b) listed these records under Pygidiopsis genata Looss, 1907 Stellantchasmus amplicaecalis. . She metacercaria(B) (Velasquez 1980b) noted that this Location: [musculature] species is of zoonotic importance, Host: Liza subviridis human infections having been reported Dist.: Luzon from Luzon. Record: Vazquez-Colet and Africa The synonymy follows Pearson (1964) 193839 who noted that the status of S. falcatus in Remarks: Velasquez (1986a) included the Philippines was questionable. this species among those parasites transmissible to man. 41 The host identification for Mugil sp. given by Vazquez-Colet nd Africa (1938) was later 39The host identification for Mugil sp. given by (Vazquez-Colet and Africa 1940) orrected to M. Vazquez-Colet and Africa.(1938) was later dussumieri (syn. of Liza subviridis). (Vazquez-Colet and Africa 1940) corrected to M dussumieri (syn. of Liza subviridis). Stictodora guerreroi Garcia and Refuerzo, 1936 metacercaria (F,B) Pygidiopsis marivillai Rufuerzo and Location: fins, musculature, body cavity, Garcia, 1937 metacercaria (B) heart Location: [musculature] Hosts: Ambassis buruensis (1,2,3) Host: Liza subviridis Atherina balabacensis (1,3) Dist.: Luzon Liza subviridis (1) Record: Vazquez-Colet and Africa Ophieleotris aporos (4) 193840 Rhynchorhamphus georgii (1,2,3) Remarks: Velasquez (1986a) included Dist: Luzon this species among those Records: 1. Vazquez-Colet and Africa 40 The host identification for Mugil sp. given by 193842, 2.1939, 3. 1940; 4. Velasquez Vazquez-Colet and Africa (1938) was later (Vazquez-Colet and Africa 1940) corrected to M, 1966 dussumieri (syn. of Liza subviridis). Remarks: Velasquez (1986a) included Scaphanocephalus adamsi Tubangui, his species among those parasites 1933 metacercaria (M) transmissible to man. Location: fins, under scales 42 The host identification for Mugil sp. given by Vazquez-Colet nd Africa (1938) was later Host: Bodianus mesothorax (Vazquez-Colet and Africa 1940) orrected to M. Dist.: Luzon (aquarium) dussumieri (syn. of Liza subviridis). Record: Tubangui 1933b Stictodora manilensis Africa and Garcia, Remarks: This species was described 1935 metacercaria (F,B) from a fish which died in an aquarium Location: body cavity, fins, musculature at the Fish and Game Administration in Hosts: Ambassis buruensis (1,2,3,5) Manila. Arius manillensis (4) Stellantchasmus falcatus Onji and Atherina balabacensis (1,3) Nishio, 1915 metacercaria (B) Gerres filamentosus (2,3) Syn. Diorchitrema pseudocirrata Liza subviridis (1,3) Witenberg, 1929 Pelates quadrilineatus (2) Stellantchasmus amplicaecalis Terapon jarbua (3) Yokogawa in Katsuta, 1932 T. plumbeus (2) Location: musculature, body cavity Dist: Luzon Hosts: Anabas testudineus (2) Records: 1. Vazquez-Colet and Africa 193843, 2. 193944, 3. 1940; 4. Phyllodistomum are parasites of the Velasquez 1966, 5. 1973a ureters and urinary bladder. Remarks: Velasquez (1986a) included FAMILY MACRODEROIDIDAE this species among those parasites transmissible to man. Gauhatiana batrachii (Dayal and Gupta, 43 The host identification for Mugil sp. given by 1954) Gupta, 1955 (F) Vazquez-Colet and Africa (1938) was later Location: stomach, intestine (Vazquez-Colet and Africa 1940) corrected to M. Host: Clarias batrachus dussumieri (syn. of Liza subviridis). Dist: Luzon 44 The record of this species from Terapon plumbeus is Record: Lopez 1988 given only in Table 3 of Vazquez-Colet and Africa (1939). Remarks: Lopez (1988) suggested that this digenean has been introduced Stictodora palmifera Vazquez-Colet, from Thailand along with its host. 1943 metacercaria (B?) Location: not given FAMILY MICROPHALLIDAE Host: Sillago maculata Carneophallus brevicaeca (Africa and Dist: Philippines Garcia, 1935) Velasquez, 1975 (F) Record: Vazquez-Colet 1943 c Location: intestine Remarks: The validity of this species Hosts: Glossogobius giuris (1) requires reassessment. Velasquez unspecified fish (2) (1975a) considered it a nomen nudum. Dist: Luzon Stictodora tanayensis Velasquez, 1973 Records: 1. Velasquez 1975b; 2. Davy Metacercaria (F) and Graham 1979 (-) Location: musculature Remarks: Davy and Graham (1979) in a Host: Ophieleotris aporos lapsus calami, listed this species as Dist.: Luzon "Carneophallus breceae." Record: Velasquez 1973a This digenean is of zoonotic importance in the Philippines, human .Unidentified Heterophyidae infections being acquired via Heterophyidae gen. sp. Metacercaria (F) consumption of metacercariae in Location: musculature freshwater shrimp (Macrobrachium sp.) Host: unspecified fish (see Velasquez 1975b, 1980b, 1988). Dist.: Mindanao SUPERFAMILY ZOOGONOIDEA Record: Velasquez 1986b45 45 Velasquez (1986b) noted that Puntius amarus, P. FAMILY MONORCHIIDAE binotatus, P. disa, P. manalak and Spratellicypris palata were the species of fishes parasitized; but in this Hurleytrematoides malabonensis preliminary abstract, she did not indicate which parasite Velasquez, 1961 (M) taxa occur in individual host species. Location: intestine SUPERFAMILY PLAGIORCHlOIDEA Host: Parachaetodon ocellatus Dist.: Luzon FAMILY GORGODERIDAE Record: Velasquez 1961a Phyllodistomum sp. (F) FAMILY ZOOGONIDAE Location: [ureters, urinary bladder] Host: Clarias batrachus Deretrema (Luxitrema) philippinensis Dist.: Luzon Beverley-Burton and Early, 1982 (M) Records: Lopez 1986, 1988 Syn.: Deretrema sp. of Burn, 1980 Remarks: Lopez (1986, 1988) recorded Location: gall bladder this parasite as occurring in the host's Host: Anomalops katoptron gonads, intestine and stomach; Dist.: Mactan however, members of the genus Records: Burn 1980; Beverley-Burton and Early 1982 Monopterus albus (8) Remarks: Bray (1987) created the Oreochromis niloticus niloticus (7) subgenus Luxitrema, with Deretrema Pantodon buchholzi (8) (Luxitrema) philippinensis as Dist: Luzon, Mindanao type-species. Records: 1. Anon 1975 (Luzon); 2. The records of Burn (1980) and Guerrero and Paycana 1981b (Luzon); Beverley-Burton and Early (1982) involve 3. Guerrero 1982 (Luzon); 4. Vallejo fish of Philippine origin which were kept 1988 (Luzon); 5. Regidor and Arthur in public aquaria in the United States. 1990 (-), 6. 1992 (Mindanao); 7. Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1990 Digenea of Unknown Systematic (Luzon); 8. Lumanlan et al. 1992 Position (Luzon)47 Cercaria dorsocauda Tubangui, 1928 47 The records of Lumanlan et al. (1992) involve imported metacercaria (M) fishes which were examined in Quezon City. Location: not given CLASS MONOGENEA Host: Pomadasys argenteus Dist.: Philippines SUBCLASS POLYONCHOINEA Record: Tubangui and Francisco 1930 ORDER CAPSALIDEA (experimental) FAMILY CAPSALIDAE Unidentified Digenea Allometabenedeniella orbicularis (Gupta Digenea gen. sp. Metacercaria (F,B) and Khanna, 1975) Hussey, 1986 (M) Location: body cavity, fins, gills, Syn.: Allometabenedeniella plataxi musculature,skin Velasquez, 1982 Hosts: Carassius auratus (9) Location: gills Chanos chanos (2,4,5,6,7) Host: Platax orbicularis Epalzeorhynchos bicolor (9) Dist: Luzon E. frenatum (9) Record: Velasquez 1982b Oreochromis niloticus niloticus Remarks: The synonymy follows Hussey (3,8) (1986). unspecified fish (1) Dist.: Luzon, Panay Bendenia malaboni Velasquez, 1982 (M) Records: 1. Africa 1938a (-); 2. Anon Location: gills 1973b (Panay); 3. Natividad et al. Host: Epinephelus undulosus 1986b (Luzon); 4. Regidor and Arthur Dist.: Luzon 1986 (Luzon), 5. 1990 (-), 6. 1992 Record: Velasquez 1982b (Luzon); 7. Regidor et al. 1986 (-); 8. Caballerocotyla philippina Velasquez, Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1990 1982 (M) (Luzon); 9. Lumanlan et al. 1992 46 Location: (Luzon) Host Platax orbicularis 46 The records of Lumanlan et al. (1992) involve imported Dist.: Luzon aquarium fishes which were examined in Quezon City. Record: Velasquez 1982b Digenea gen sp. (F,M) Encotyllabe caballeroi Velasquez, 1977 Location: stomach, pyloric caeca, (M) intestine Location: gills Hosts: Channa striata (2,3) Host: Lethrinus nebulosus Chanos chanos (5,6) Dist.: Mindoro Clarias batrachus (2,3) Record: Velasquez 1977b C. macrocephalus (1) Remarks: Williams and Beverley-Burton Glossogobius giuris (4) (1989) redescribed the adults of this species from Heron Island, Australia, not yet been recorded from Philippine while Whittington and Kearn (1992) natural waters, this report involving an described the egg, oncomiracidium aquarium fish imported from Hongkong and juvenile from specimens which was examined in Quezon City. tentatively identified as E. caballeroi Unidentified Ancylodiscoidinae from the same locality. Williams and Beverley-Burton (1989) Ancylodiscoidinae gen. sp. (F) note that members of the genus Location: gills Encotyllabe attach to the papillae of the Host: Leiocassis siamensis host's pharynx, lower pharyngeal plate or Dist: Luzon (aquarium) gill arches, rather than to the gill Record: Lumanlan et al. 199248 filaments 48 This report involves an aquarium fish imported from Neobenedenia manilae Velasquez, 1982 Singapore which was examined in Quezon City. (M) SUBFAMILY AYROCEPHALINAE Location: gills Ancyrocephalus manilensis Tubangui, Host: Platax orbicularis 1931(M) Dist.: Luzon Location: gills Record: Velasquez 1982b Hosts: Anyperodon leucogrammicus Tristomella pricei (Hidalgo Escalente, Lutjanus sp. 1959) Price, 1960 (M) Siganus virgatus Location: gills Dist: Luzon (aquarium) Host: Sphyraena sp. Record: Tubangui 1931b49 Dist.: Visayan islands Remarks: The host fishes were taken Record: Velasquez 1982b from the aquarium of the Bureau of Remarks: Velasquez (1982b) notes that Science, Manila. the host may have been misidentified; 49 Tubangui (1931b) originally listed this parasite as other reports of this species have occurring on Lutianus lioglossus; however, this host involved members of the genus identification was later (Tubangui 1947) amended to Lutjanus sp. Makaira. The generic position of this species is Cichlidogyrus longicornis Paperna and unsettled. Yamaguti (1963a) considered Thurson, 1969 sensu stricto (F) the genus Tristomella Guiart, 1938 a Syn.: Cichlidogyrus longicomis synonym of Capsala Bosc, 1811, a longicomis Paperna and Thurston, decision followed by Egorova (1989); 1969 however, Pozdnyakov (1990), in his Location: gills synopsis of scombrid parasites, retains Host: Oreochromis niloticus niloticus Tristomella. Dist: Luzon, Mindanao Records: Natividad et al.1986b (Luzon); ORDER DACTYLOGYRIDEA Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1989a SUBORDER DACTYLOGYRINEA (-), 1990 (Luzon, Mindanao) Remarks: Douëllou (1993) elevated FAMILY DACTYLOGYRIDAE Cichlidogyrus longicomis gravivaginus SUBFAMILY ANCYLODISCOIDINAE Paperna and Thurston, 1969 to specific status and regarded the only Silurodiscoides sp. (F) other subspecies, C. longicornus Location: gills minus Dossou, 1982, as conspecific Host: Pangasius sutchi with C. l. longicomis. Dist.: Luzon (aquarium) This species was introduced with the Record: Lumanlan et al. 1992 importation of tilapias (see Remarks: The genus Silurodiscoides has Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1990). Cichlidogyrus sclerosus Paperna and (3,4,5,6,7,8) Thurston, 1969 (F) tilapia (2) Location: gills unspecified fish (1) Hosts: Oreochromis mossambicus (1) Dist.: Luzon O. niloticus niloticus (3,4,5,7,8) Records: 1. Davy and Graham 1979 (-); Tilapia sp. (6) 2. Guerrero 1981 (-); 3. Hopkins and unspecified fish (2) Cruz 1982; 4. Quines and Paycana Dist.: Luzon, Mindanao 1982a, 5. 1983; 6. Natividad et al. Records: 1. Duncan 1973 (Luzon); 2. 1986a50; 7. Lumanlan et al. 199251; 8. Davy and Graham 1979 (-); 3. Lopez Yambot and Lopez 1997 1986 (Luzon), 4. 1988 (Luzon); 5. 50 Material reported only as Cichlidogyrus in the abstract Natividad et al. 1986b (Luzon); 6. of Natividad et al (1986a) was noted by Natividad et al. Velasquez 1986a (Luzon); 7. (1986b) to contain C. longicornis, C. sclerosus, C. tiberianus and C. tilapiae. Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1989a 51 The record of Lumanlan et al. (1992) involves Nile (-), 8. 1990 (Luzon, Mindanao) tilapia imported from Thailand for aquaculture purposes. Remarks: This species was introduced with the importation of tilapias (see Enterogyrus cichlidarum Paperna, 1963 Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1990). (F) Although Kabata (1985) indicated that Location: stomach Cichlidogyrus sclerosus has been Host Oreochromis niloticus niloticus reported to cause severe damage to the Dist: Luzon gills of tilapia in the Philippines, we have Records:Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur found no published evidence supporting 1989a (-), 1990 this conclusion. Remarks:This species was introduced into the Philippines with the importation Cichlidogyrus tiberianus Paperna, 1960 of tilapias (see Bondad-Reantaso and (F) Arthur 1990). Location: gills Host: Oreochromis niloticus niloticus Heteronchocleidus sp. (F) Dist: Luzon, Mindanao Location: gills Records: Natividad et al. 1986b (Luzon); Host Trichogaster lalia Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1989a Dist: Luzon (aquarium) (-), 1990 (Luzon, Mindanao) Record: Lumanlan et al. 1992 Remarks: This species was introduced Remarks: This genus has not yet been with the importation of tilapias (see shown to occur in Philippine natural Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1990). waters, the above report involving an aquarium fish imported from Singapore Cichlidogyrus tilapiae Paperna, 1960 (F) which was examined in Quezon City. Location: gills Host: Oreochromis niloticus niloticus Tetrancistrum lutiani Tubangui, 1931 (M) Dist.: Luzon, Mindanao Location: gills Records: Natividad et al. 1986b (Luzon); Host: Lutjanus sp. Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1989a Dist: Luzon (aquarium) 52 (-), 1990 (Luzon, Mindanao) Record: Tubangui 1931b Remarks: This species was introduced Remarks: The host was obtained from a with the importation of tilapias (see marine aquarium at the Bureau of Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1990). Science, Manila.

Cichlidogyrus sp. (F) Location: gills Hosts: Oreochromis niloticus niloticus 52 Tubangui (1931b) originally gave the host name as and Paycana 1982a, 12. 1983; 13. Lutianus lioglossus but subsequently (Tubangui 55 1947) corrected the identification to Lutjanus sp. Kabata 1985 (-); 14. Palisoc 1988 ; 15. Lumanlan et al. 1990 (-)56, 16. 1992 Unidentified Ancyrocephalinae Remarks: Velasquez (1977a) reported Ancyrocephalinae gen sp. (F) that Dactylogyrus was responsible for Includes: Actinocleidus sp. Auctorum 20% mortalities of catfish raised at a Ancyrocephalidae gen sp. farm in Pansol, Laguna. Location: gills, buccal cavity Reports of Dactylogyrus species on Hosts: Clarias batrachus (2,3) Clarias spp. are likely misidentifications, C. macrocephalus (1) as these monogeneans do not occur on Puntius tetrazona (4) members of this genus in Southeast Asia Dist: Luzon (S.L.H. Lim, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Records: 1. Hanviriyapant 1977; 2. Lumpur, pers. comm.). Similarly, reports Lopez 1986, 3. 1988; 4. Lumanlan et of this genus on the gills of tilapias al. 199253 probably involve Cichlidogyrus spp. Remarks: According to Beverley-Burton 54 The report of Hopkins and Cruz (1982) involves a (1986), the genus Actinocleidus occurs tentative parasite identification. only on North American centrarchid 55 Palisoc (1988), in his study on disease problems at fishes. Laguna Lake, noted that Dactylogyrus was among the parasites found on tilapia, milkfish, dalag and carp; 53 The report of Lumanlan et al. (1992) involves an however, he did not indicate on which hosts individual aquarium fish imported from Hongkong which was parasite taxa were found. examined in Quezon City. 56 The reports of Lumanlan et al. (1990, 1992) involve SUBFAMILY DACTYLOGYRINAE fishes imported for aquaculture and the aquarium trade which were examined in Quezon City. Dactylogyrus sp. (F) FAMILY DIPLECTANIDAE Location: gills Hosts: Aristichthys nobilis (16) Diplectanum sp. (M) Carassius auratus (16) Location: gills C. carassius (7,9) Host: Lates calcarifer Carassius sp. (4) Dist: Philippines Clarias batrachus (9) Record: ADB/NACA 1991 C. macrocephalus (13) Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli Cyprinus carpio carpio (Yamaguti, 1938) Kritsky and (1,2,4,6,10,11, 12,16) Beverley-Burton,1986 (M) Cyprinus sp. (16) Location: [gills] Epalzeorhynchos frenatum (16) Host: Epinephelus malabaricus Mugil sp. (16) Dist: Philippines Oreochromis mossambicus (5) Record: Leong and Wong 1990 O. mossambicus x O. niloticus Remarks:Leong and Wong (1990) niloticus(5) reported this species from juvenile O. niloticus niloticus (4,5,7,8,11) grouper imported from the Philippines catfish (2) to Malaysia.They noted that high unspecified fish (3,14,15) infections may lead to disease Dist.: Luzon outbreaks in grouper cage culture. Records: 1. Anon. 1975; 2. Velasquez The taxonomy of 1977a (Luzon); 3. Davy and Graham Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli was 1979 (-); 4. Guerrero and Battad 1980; reviewed in detail by Kritsky and 5. Guerrero and Monje 1980; 6. Beverley-Burton (1986). Guerrero 1981 (-), 7. 1982; 8. Guerrero and Paycana 1981a, 9. 1981b; 10. Hopkins and Cruz 198254; 11. Quines Clarias batrachus (1) ORDER GYRODACTYLIDEA C. macrocephalus (1) FAMILY GYRODACTYLIDAE Cyprinus carpio carpio (1,3,5) Gyrodactylus niloticus Cone, Arthur and Oreochromis niloticus niloticus Bondad-Reantaso, 1995 (F) (3,4,8,9,10) Syn: Gyrodactylus sp. of Natividad, unspecified fish (2) Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur, 1986 Dist.: Luzon, Panay (partim) Records: 1. Anon. 1975 (Luzon); 2. Davy Location: skin and Graham 1979 (-); 3. Guerrero and Host: Oreochromis niloticus niloticus Battad 1980 (Luzon); 4. Guerrero and Dist: Luzon Monje 1980 (Luzon); 5. Guerrero 1981 Records: Natividad et al. 1986b; Cone et (-), 6. 1982 (Luzon); 7. Guerrero and al. 1995 Paycana 1981b (Luzon); 8. Natividad et al. 1986a (Luzon), 9. 1986b (Luzon, Remarks: Cone et al. (1995) considered 57 this species likely to be of African Panay) ; 10. Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1990 (Luzon, Panay); 11. origin, and imported with the 58 introduction of Nile tilapia. Lumanlan et al. 1992 (Luzon) 57 Some of the specimens reported as Gyrodactylus sp. Gyrodactylus plotosi Mayes and Brooks, by Natividad et al. (1986b) and Bondad-Reantaso and 1977 (M) Arthur (1990) were subsequently described as G. Location: skin niloticus and G. shariffi by Cone et al. (1995). 58 Host Plotosus lineatus The report of Lumanlan et al. (1992) involves imported goldfish examined in Quezon City. Dist: Philippines Record: Mayes and Brooks 1977 SUBCLASS OLIGONCHOINEA Remarks: This species was described ORDER MAZOCRAEIDEA from fish ofPhilippine origin which were examined in the United States. SUBORDER GASTEROCOTYLINEA Gyrodactylus shariffi Cone, Arthur and FAMILY GASTEROCOTYLIDAE Bondad-Reantaso, 1995 (B) Eyelavera typica Unnithan, 1968 (M) Syn.: Gyrodactylus sp. of Natividad, Location: gills Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur, 1986 Hosts: Rastrelliger brachysoma (partim), and of Bondad-Reantaso and R. faughni Arthur, 1990 (partim) R. kanagurta Location: skin Dist: Luzon Host: Oreochromis niloticus niloticus Record: Rohde 1989 Dist: Panay Remarks: Rohde (1989) examined Records: Natividad et al. 1986b; specimens of this monogenean from Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1990; R. brachysoma and R. kanagurta Cone et al. 1995 collected from various Philippine Remarks: Cone et al. (1995) believed localities, but did not indicate which that Nile tilapia cultured in collections contained infected hosts. brackishwater ponds acquired The specimen from R. faughni was infections of Gyrodactylus shariffi from collected at Manila. wild marine fishes, most likely mullets. SUBORDER MAZOCRAEOIDEA Gyrodactylus sp. (F,B) Location: gills, skin FAMILY MAZOCRAEIDAE Hosts: Carassius auratus (11) Kuhnia scombercolias Nasir and Fuentes C. carassius (6,7) Zambrano, 1983 (M) Carassius sp. (3) Location: gills Channa striata (1) Host: Rastelliger brachysoma Dist.: Negros 7. 1988 (Luzon)60; 8. Lio-Po and Barry Record: Rohde 1989 1988 (Panay)61; 9. ADB/NACA 1991 (-) Kuhnia sprostonae Price, 1961 (M) 59 Natividad (1986,1988) examined fishes (Channa striata, Clarias batrachus, Puntius javanicus and Location: gills Trichogaster pectoralis) from various localities around Host Rastelliger brachysoma Laguna Lake, Luzon Island, but did not indicate which Dist: Negros host species were infected with Monogenea. Record: Rohde 1989 60 The report of Natividad (1988) appears only in the abstract Pseudoanthocotyle pavlovskyi 61 The material of Lio-Po and Barry (1988) was reported Bykhovsky and Nagibina, 1954 (M) as "...perhaps a monogenean trematode..." and was Syn.: Indomazocraes jagannath listed as such in their Table XIV.l. Tripathi, 1959 CLASS CESTODA Location: gills Host: Rastrelliger faughni SUBCLASS CESTOIDEA Dist: Cebu, Luzon, Palawan SUPERORDER EUCESTODA Record: Rohde 1989 Remarks: The synonymy follows ORDER CARYOPHYLLIDEA Mamaev (1982). FAMILY LYTOCESTIDAE SUBORDER MICROCOTYLINEA Boviena serialis (Bovien, 1926) FAMILY MICROCOTYLIDAE Fuhrmann, 1931(F) Location: intestine Aspinatrium virgatarum (Tubangui, Host Clarias batrachus 1931) Yamaguti, 1963 (M) Dist: Luzon Syn.: Microcotyle virgatarum Records: Velasquez 1978; Lopez 1986, Tubangui, 1931 1988 Location: gills Remarks:Lopez (1988) believed that this Host: Siganus virgatus cestode was introduced along with Dist: Luzon (aquarium) importations of walking catfish. Record: Tubangui 1931b Remarks:The host fish was taken from Lytocestus birmanicus Lynsdale, 1956 the aquarium of the Bureau of Science, (F) Manila. Location: alimentary canal Host: Clarias batrachus Unidentified Monogenea Dist: Philippines Monogenea gen. spp. (F,B) Record: Velasquez 1978 Location: gills, skin Lytocestus sp. (F) Hosts: Chanos chanos (1,2) Location: [intestine] Clarias batrachus (3,5) Host unspecified fish Cyprinus carpio carpio (5) Dist.: Philippines Oreochromis mossambicus (3) Record: Davy and Graham 1979 Scatophagus argus (8) Tilapia zillii (3) Unidentified Caryophyllidea catfish (4) Caryophyllidea gen sp. (F) grouper (9) Location: not given unspecified fish (6,7) Host: Clarias batrachus Dist.: Luzon, Panay Dist: Philippines Records: 1. Anon 1973a (Panay), 2. Record: Velasquez 1982c 1973b (Panay), 3. 1975 (Luzon); 4. Velasquez 1977a (Luzon); 5. Kabata 1985 (-); 6. Natividad 1986 (Luzon)59, 64 The record of Lumanlan et al. (1992) involves bighead ORDER PROTEOCEPHALIDEA carp imported from Thailand for aquaculture which were examined in Quezon City. In a preliminary abstract in FAMILY PROTEOCEPHALIDAE which the host was not given, this material was mentioned only as belonging to the genus Gangesia sp. (F) Bothriocephalus (Lumanlan et al 1990). Location: intestine Bothriocephalus travassosi Tubangui, Host: Clarias macrocephalus 1938 (M?) Dist: Luzon Location: intestine Record: Hanviriyapant 1977 Host Anguilla marmorata Proteocephalus sp. (F) Dist: Leyte Includes: Proteocephalid larvae of Record: Tubangui 1938 Lopez 1979, 1986 Bothriocephalus sp. (F) Location: intestine Includes: Bothriocephalidae gen sp.of Hosts: Glossogobius giuris (2,3,4) Velasquez, 1976a unspecified fish (1) Location: intestine Dist: Luzon Host Glossogobius giuris Records:1. Davy and Graham 1979 (-); 62 63 Dist: Luzon 2. Lopez 1979 , 3. 1986, 4.1988 Records: Velasquez 1976a (-), 1978 (-), Remarks: Reports of Proteocephalus 1982c (-); Lopez 1979, 1986,198865 from the buccal cavity, esophagus and Remarks:Reports of Bothriocephalus stomach are considered to be the from the esophagus and stomach are result of post-mortem migration. considered to be the result of 62 Material reported as "proteocephalid larvae" by Lopez post-mortem migration. (1979, 1986) was subsequently listed as Proteocephalis [sic] larva by Lopez (1988). 65 The record of Lopez (1988) appears only in her abstract 63 The report of Lopez (1988) appears only in her abstract FAMILY DIPHYLLOBOTHRIIDAE ORDER PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA Ligula sp. Plerocercoid (F) FAMILY BOTHRIOCEPHALIDAE Location: [body cavity] Host: Nematabramis verecundus Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Dist: Mindanao Yamaguti, 1934 (F) Records: Velasquez 1986a (-), 1988 Location: intestine Remarks: Velasquez (1986a,1988) Hosts: Aristichthys nobilis (1,3,4,5) considered Ligula sp. to be the most Ctenopharyngodon idella (1,2,3) pathogenic cestode found in Philippine Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (1,3) fishes. Dist: Luzon Records: 1. Velasquez 1978, 2. 1982c; 3. ORDER TETRAPHYLLIDEA Natividad 1987 (-); 4. Lumanlan et al. Tetraphyllidea of Uncertain 64 1990, 5.1992 Taxonomic Position Remarks: Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, the Asian fish Scolex pleuronectis O. F. Müller, 1788 tapeworm, is a well known pathogen of plerocercoid (M) cyprinid fishes which was probably Syn.: Scolex polymorphus Rudolphi, introduced into the Philippines with the 1819 importation of Chinese carps for Location: intestine aquaculture (see Lumanlan et al. Host: Chanos chanos 1992). Velasquez (1978) reported that Dist.: Mindanao this cestode caused epizootics in carp Records: Regidor and Arthur 1990 (-), finger/lings reared at the SEAFDEC 1992 Binañgonan Experimental Station. Remarks: This genus is a collective grouping for tetraphyllidean SUBCLASS ADENOPHOREA plerocercoids whose generic affinities ORDER ENOPLIDA are unknown. SUPERFAMILY TRICHUROIDEA ORDER TRYPANORHYNCHA FAMILY CAPILLARIIDAE FAMILY OTOBOTHRIIDAE Aonchotheca philippinensis (Chitwood, Otobothrium penetrans Linton, 1907 Velasquez and Salazar, 1968) Moravec, Plerocercoid (M) 1982 larva (B) Location: musculature Syn.: Capillaria philippinensis Hosts: Hyporhamphus dussumieri (1,2) Chitwood, Velasquez and Salazar, Platybelone sp. (1,2) 1968 Tylosurus acus acus (1,2) Location: mucosa of digestive tract, liver T. crocodilus crocodilus (1,2) Hosts: Ambassis miops (1,2,4,5) Dist.: Visayan islands Chonophorus melanocephalus (5) Records: 1. Palm et al. 1993; 2. Petersen Eleotris melanosoma (1,2,4,5) et al. 1993 Hypseleotris bipartita (2,3,4,5) Remarks: In the above studies, host Poecilia reticulata (3,4,5) specimens were purchased from Sicyopterus sp. (4,5) fishermen and markets on the islands Dist: Luzon of Cebu, Mactan and Leyte. Although Records: 1. Cabrera et al. 196968; 2. the exact origin of individual host Cross et al. 197269, 3. 1978; 4. Cross species was not determined, all fish and Bhaibulaya 198370; 5. Cross and were noted to be from the Visayan Basaca-Sevilla 199171 Sea. Remarks: Human intestinal capillariasis Unidentified Cestoda caused by Aonchotheca philippinensis is an important zoonotic disease Cestoda gen sp. (F,M) endemic in coastal areas of northern Includes: Unidentified tapeworms Luzon, with cases also having been Location: intestine reported from Bohol, Leyte and Hosts: Channa striata (3,4) northeastern Mindanao, (see Cross Clarias batrachus (1,3,4) and Bhaibulaya 1983, Cross 1990, Epinephelus malabaricus (6) 1992; Eduardo 1991, Cross and Glossogobius giuris (2) Basaca-Sevilla 1989, 1991). Small Trichogaster pectoralis (3,4,5) brackishwater fishes serve as Dist.: Luzon intermediate hosts, while migratory Records: 1. Anon 1975; 2. Lopez 197966; piscivorous birds are considered the 3. Guerrero and Paycana 1981b; 4. natural definitive hosts. Human Guerrero 1982; 5. Llobrera 1987; 6. infections, related to the local custom Leong and Wong 1990 (-)67 of eating raw fish, may result in Remarks: Records of tapeworms from fatalities if untreated. the buccal cavity, esophagus and Moravec (1982) transferred this stomach are considered to result from species to Aonchotheca Lopez-Neyra, post-mortem migration. 1947. More recently, Anderson (1992), in 66 The report of Lopez (1979) was given as "cysticercoid a lapsus calami, placed it in the genus larvae." Calodium (R.C. Anderson, University of 67 Leong and Wong (1990) reported unidentified Guelph, pers. comm.). metacestodes in juvenile grouper imported to Malaysia from the Philippines. 68 The records of Cabrera et al. (1969) are based on the finding of eggs only. PHYLUM NEMATHELMINTHES 69 Cross et al. (1972) reported finding Apogon sp. CLASS NEMATODA naturally infected with a larval capillariid which was in all probability Anochotheca philippinensis.These authors Also see Velasquez (1972), who were also able to infect Apogon sp., Eleotris melanosoma and Ambassis commersoni reported Anisakis-type larvae from 12 experimentally. Their identification of Apogon sp. was species of marine fish (see listings under later corrected to Hypeselotris bipartita (Cross et al. Anisakidae gen sp.). 1978), while A. commersoni was later corrected to A. miops (Cross and Bhaibulaya 1983). (Hypeselotris bipartita, Ambassis miops and Chonophorus melanocephalus) collected from natural 70 The records of Cross and Bhaibulaya (1983) are waters. based on experimental infections. 72 71 The records of Jueco et al. (1971) from shortfin scad Cross and Basaca-Sevilla (1991) established (Decapterus macrosoma) and bigeye scad (Selar experimental infections in six species of fish obtained crumenopthalmus) were for fish purchased from Manila from lagoons in northern Luzon. They also isolated markets; other records given by these authors are based Capillaria-like larvae in three of these species on the unpublished records of Dr. C.C. Velasquez and SUBCLASS SECERNENTEA do not include collection localities. 73 Petersen et al (1993) examined fish purchased from ORDER ASCARIDIDA fishermen and local markets on the islands of Cebu, Mactan and Leyte; however, the exact origin of individual SUPERFAMELY ASCARIDOIDEA host species was not given. FAMILY ANISAKIDAE Contracaecum sp. Larva (F) Anisakis sp. Larva (M) Location: wall of pyloric caeca and Location: body cavity, mesenteries, intestine musculature, viscera Host: Clarias macrocephalus Hosts: Acanthopagrus berda (2) Dist: Luzon Caesio lunaris (4) Record: Hanviriyapant 1977 Carangoides armatus (2) Remarks: Also see Velasquez (1972), Caranx sp. (4) who reported Contracaecum-type Decapterus macrosoma (2,3,4) larvae from 38 species of marine fish Decapterus sp. (4) (see listings under Anisakidae gen Euthynnus affinis (2,4) sp.). Lutjanus vitta (2,4) Raphidascaris sp. Larva (M) Mene maculata (2,4) Location: not given Muraenesox cinereus (5) Host: Epinephelus malabaricus Platax orbicularis (1) Dist.: Philippines Sardinella albella (4) Record: Leong and Wong 1990 Scomberomorus commerson (4) Remarks:This report is based on a Selar crumenophthalmus (3,4) finding in juvenile grouper imported to Selaroides leptolepsis (1,4) Malaysia from the Philippines. Sphyraena langsar (4) Also see Velasquez (1972), who Stolephorus sp. (2,4) reported Raphidascaris-type larvae from Terapon puta (2) seven species of marine fish (see listings Dist: Luzon, Visayan islands under Anisakidae gen sp). Records: 1. Velasquez 1966 (Luzon), 2. Terranova sp. Larva (M) 1974 (-), 3. Cabrera 1968 (-); 4. Jueco Location: viscera et al. 1971 (Luzon)72; 5. Petersen et al. Host: unspecified fish 1993 (Visayan islands)73 Dist.: Palawan Remarks: Anisakiasis represents a Record: Schmidt and Kuntz 1969 potential human health threat in the Remarks: Schmidt and Kuntz (1969) Philippines due to the widespread reported that larval Terranova were habit of eating raw or lightly marinated present in nearly every fish examined fish. Although Anisakis is common in but did not specify the species local marine fish, to date, no human infected. infections have been reported. As the taxonomy of the Anisakinae has undergone considerable change since Trichiurus lepturus the above report, the generic assignment "boloan" of these larvae requires verification. "igat" Dist: Luzon, Mindoro, Panay Unidentified Anisakidae Record: Velasquez 1972 Anisakidae gen. sp. Larva (M) Remarks: Velasquez (1972), in her Includes: Anisalrinae gen. sp. of survey of anisakine larvae in marine Velasquez, 1972 fishes sold at markets in Manila and Location: musculature, viscera vicinity, classified the larvae found into Hosts: Acanthopagrus berda the following types: "Anisakis-type", Acanthurus sp. "Contracaecum-type", Alectis sp. "Porrocaecum-type", Amblygaster sirm "Amplicaecum-typs", Apogon ellioti "Multicaecum-typs", Caesio lunaris "Raphidascaris-type" and "ascarid" Carangoides armatus larvae. Caranx sp. SUPERFAMILY SEURATOIDEA Decapterus sp. Eleutheronema tetradactylum FAMILY CUCULLANIDAE Epinephelus sp. Cucullanus lutjani Schmidt and Kuntz, Euthynnus qffinis 1969 (M) Gerres filamentosus Location: intestine Lactarius lactarius Hosts: Gymnocranius griseus Leiognathus equulus Lutjanus gibbus Leiognathus sp. Dist.: Palawan Lutjanus malabaricus Record: Schmidt and Kuntz 1969 L vitta Megalaspis cordyla Oceanicucullanus pacifica Schmidt and Mene maculata Kuntz, 1969 (F) Muraenesox cinereus Location: intestine Nemipterus sp. Host: Puntius binotatus Ototithes ruber Dist: Palawan Oxyurichthys microlepis Record: Schmidt and Kuntz 1969 Pennahia anea Remarks: Schmidt and Kuntz (1969) Pinjalo pinjalo characterized the genus Poecilia latipinna Oceanicucullanus as containing Priacanthus tqyenus parasites of marine fishes. However, Psettodes erumei the host fish from which their new Rastrelliger brachysoma genus and species was described, R. kanagurta purchased at a public market, was Sardinella albella actually a freshwater cyprinid (see S. longiceps Mohsin and Ambak 1983). Saurida tumbil Arya (1991) reduced Scatophagus argus Oceanicucullanus to a subgenus of Scomberomorus commerson Indocucullanus; however, Moravec and Selar crumenophthalmus Scholz (1991) retained it as an Selaroides leptolepsis independent genus. Sphyraena langsar Unidentified Ascaridida Stolephorus sp. Synaptura sorsogonensis Ascaridida gen sp. Larva (F) Terapon jarbua Location: buccal cavity, intestine, stomach Gazza minuta Hosts: Clarias macrocephalus (1) Leiognathus sp. Glossogobius giuris (2,3) Terapon puta Dist: Luzon Dist: Luzon, Mindoro Records: 1. Hanviriyapant 1977; 2. Record: Velasquez 1980a Lopez 197974, 3. 198875 Camallanus sp. (F,M) 74 Lopez (1979) initially (p. 86) listed ascarid larva from Includes: Zeylanema philippinensis the stomach and intestine of Glossogobius giuris, but then (p. 98) gave the location as the buccal cavity and Velasquez, 1966 nomen nudum intestine. The same material was listed as being from the Location: intestine intestine by Lopez (1988). Hosts: Apogon ellioti (1) 75 The record of Lopez (1988) appears only in her Channa striata (3,4,5) abstract unspecified fish (2) ORDER SPIRURIDA Dist: Luzon Records: 1. Velasquez 1966 (-); 2. Davy SUPERFAMILY CAMALLANOIDEA and Graham 1979 (-); 3. Hopkins and FAMILY CAMALLANIDAE Cruz 198276; 4. Quines and Paycana 1982b, 5. 1983 Camallanus (Zeylanema) anabantis Remarks: Velasquez (1966, Table 1) Pearse, 1933 (F) included the name Zeylanema Syn.: Zeylanema anabantis (Pearse, philippinensis among a listing of new 1933) species of helminths described by her Location: intestine from Philippine fishes; however, as the Host: Anabas testudineus species was never described nor Dist: Luzon illustrated, the name must be regarded Record: Velasquez 1966, 1980a as a nomen nudum. Remarks: Moravec and Scholz (1991) The records from snakehead probably considered Zeylanema a subgenus of involve Neocamallanus ophicephali. Camallanus. 76 The record of Hopkins and Cruz (1982) involves a Camallanus (Camallanus) carangis tentative parasite identification. Olsen, 1954 (M) Neocamallanus ophicephali (Pearse, Location: [intestine] 1933) Moravec and Sey, 1988 (F) Host: Caranx sp. Syn.: Camallanus ophicephali Pearse, Dist: Luzon 1933 Record: Velasquez 1966 Location: stomach, pyloric caeca, Camallanus (Camallanus) marinus intestine Schmidt and Kuntz, 1969 (M) Hosts: Channa striata (1,2,5,6,7,8) Location: intestine Clarias macrocephalus (3) Hosts: Atule mate unspecified fish (4) Cymbacephalus Dist.: Luzon nematophthalmus Records: 1. Velasquez 1966, 2. 1980a; Gazza minuta 3. Haviriyapant 1977; 4. Davy and Trichiurus lepturus Graham 1979 (-); 5. Calhoun 1981; 6. Dist: Palawan Boromthanarat 1982; 7. Lopez 1986, Record: Schmidt and Kuntz 1969 8. 1988 Remarks: The life cycle of Camallanus (Camallanus) paracarangis Neocamallanus ophicephali in the Velasquez, 1980 (M) Philippines has been studied by Location: intestine Calhoun (1981), who found that a Hosts: Arius sp. single intermediate host, a copepod, Caranx sp. was necessary for its completion. Haviriyapant (1977) considered this nematode. Clarias macrocephalus a possible Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) paratenic host for this nematode, as philippinensis (Velasquez, 1980) n comb. she did not find mature specimens. (M) Boromthanarat (1982) regarded the Syn.: Spirocamallanus philippinensis pyloric caeca and anterior intestine to be Velasquez, 1980 the typical location for this nematode. Location: stomach, intestine Various authors have considered the Hosts: Acanthopagrus berda genus Neocamallanus Ali, 1957 a Pennahia anea synonym of Camallanus Railliet and Sillago sihama Henry, 1915. We follow Moravec and Dist: Luzon Sey (1988) in considering it valid. These Record: Velasquez 1980a authors list as junior synonyms many species described from freshwater fishes Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) (particularly Channidae) of South and spiralis Baylis, 1923 (M) Southeast Asia. Syn.: Spirocamallanus spiralis (Baylis, 1923) Procamallanus (Procamallanus) clarius Location: [stomach, intestine] Ali, 1957 (F) Hosts: Acanthopagrus berda Location: stomach, intestine Acanthurus sp. Host: Clarias batrachus Nemipterus sp. Dist.: Luzon Platycephalus indicus Records: Velasquez 1986a (-), 1988 (-); Tylosurus sp. Lopez 1986, 1988; Natividad 1987 (-); Dist: Luzon Quines and Fernandez 1986 Record: Velasquez 1966 Remarks: Lopez (1988) suggested that Procamallanus clarius was introduced Procamallanus sp. (F,M) along with the importation of walking Location: stomach catfish. Hosts: Clarias macrocephalus (1) Siganus canaliculatus (3) Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) S. spinus (3) guttatusi Andrade-Salas, Pineda-Lopez unspecified fish (2) and Garcia-Magaña, 1994 (M) Dist: Luzon, Palawan Syn.: Spirocamallanus philippinensis Records:1. Anon 1975 (Luzon); 2. Davy Machida and Taki, 1985 and Graham 1979 (-); 3. Schmidt and nec Spirocamallanus philippinensis Kuntz 1969 (Palawan) Velasquez, 1980 Location: intestine Unidentified Host: Siganus guttatus Camallanidae gen. sp. (F) Dist: Panay Location: intestine Record: Machida and Taki 1985 Host: unspecified fish Remarks: As the name used by Machida Dist: Mindanao and Taki (1985) was preoccupied, Record: Velasquez 1986b77 Andrade-Salas et al. (1994) renamed 77 their species Procamallanus guttatusi. Velasquez (1986b) noted that Puntius amarus, P. binotatus, P. disa, P. manalak and Spratellicypris palata We follow Moravec and Sey (1988) in were parasitized by heterophyiids, strigeids and considering Spirocamallanus Olsen, camallanids, but in this short abstract, she did not indicate which parasite taxa occurred in individual host 1952 a subgenus of Procamallanus species. Baylis, 1923. Machida and Taki (1985) noted that morbidity and death in captive rabbitfish were associated with heavy infection by Dist: Luzon SUPERFAMELY DRACUNCULOIDEA Records: 1. Africa et al. 193679, 2. 1937 FAMILY PHILOMETRIDAE (-); 3. Refuerzo and Garcia 1938 80 Philometra lateolabracis Yamaguti, 1935 (Luzon -experimental?) ; 4. (M) Vazquez-Colet 1943b (-); 5. Velasquez Location: body cavity 1974 (-), 6. Davy and Graham 1979 (-) Hosts: Cephalopholis sonnerati Remarks: Gnathostoma spinigerum is of Pseudorhombus javanicus zoonotic importance in the Philippines Dist: Palawan (see Eduardo 1991). Life cycle studies Record: Schmidt and Kuntz 1969 conducted in the Philippines by Africa et al. (1936, 1937) and Rufuerzo and Philometra robusta Moravec, Möller and Garcia (1938) have confirmed that Heeger, 1992 (M) copepods act as first intermediate Location: body cavity hosts, fish as second intermediate Host: Arothron mappa hosts, and mammals such as cats and Dist: Tawi-Tawi dogs, as final hosts. When larvae from Record: Moravec et al. 1992 fish are ingested by humans, they may Remarks:As noted by Moravec et al. undergo migrations to the skin, visceral (1992), this extremely large nematode linings, mucous membranes, eye or (females may be up to 45 cm in length) brain, producing "creeping eruptions" probably impairs the swimming ability (Velasquez 1974). of its host making it more susceptible 79 Larval gnathostomes reported by Africa et al. (1936, to predation 1937) were presumed to be Gnathostoma spinigerum, Tawi-Tawi Island is in the Sulu and adults of this nematode were recovered from a cat Archipelago. experimentally fed these larvae (Africa et al. 1937). 80 Refuerzo and Garcia (1938) found single infections in Philometra sp. (F,M) Clarias 'batrachus andAnabas testudineus Location: musculature, palate experimentally exposed to infected copepods.However, they were uncertain as to whether these larvae were the Hosts: Clarias batrachus (1,2) result of natural or experimental infection. Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus (3) SUPERFAMILY HABRONEMATOIDEA Dist: Luzon, Visayan islands FAMILY CYSTIDICOLIDAE Records:1. Lopez 1986 (Luzon), 2. 1988 Ascarophis beryx Kataitseva, 1979 (M) (Luzon); 3. Petersen et al. 1993 78 Location: stomach (Visayan islands) Host: Beryx splendens 78 Petersen et al (1993) examined fish purchased from Dist: Philippines fishermen and local markets on the islands of Cebu, Mactan and Leyte but did not give the exact origin of Record: Kataitseva 1979b individual host species. Remarks: As the name used by SUPERFAMILY Kataitseva (1979b) for her new species GNATHOSTOMATOIDEA of Ascarophis from Beryx splendens from the Philippine Sea was given only FAMILY GNATHOSTOMATIDAE in the Cyrillic alphabet, we have Gnathostoma spinigerum Owen, 1836 transliterated it into the Latin alphabet. larva (F) Ascarophis erythrichthys Kataitseva, Location: musculature, visceral linings 1981 (M) Hosts: Anabas testudineus (3,5) Location: stomach, body cavity Channa striata (1) Host: Dipterygonotus balteatus Clarias batrachus (3) Dist: Philippines Glossogobius giuris (1,2) Record: Kataitseva 1981 Terapon plumbeus (1) Remarks: As the name used by unspecified fish (4,6) Kataitseva (1981) for her new species Clarias batrachus (4,5) of Ascarophis from Erythrichthys C. macrocephalus (6) leucogrammicus (syn. of Hypseleotris bipartita (10) Dipterygonotus balteatus) from the Monopterus albus (11) Philippine Sea was given only in the Mugil sp.(ll) Cyrillic alphabet, we have Muraenesox cinereus (1) transliterated it into the Latin alphabet. Pantodon buchholzi (11) Siganus guttatus (7) Metabronema magnum (Taylor, 1925) Sphaerichthys osphromenoides Yorke and Maplestone, 1926 (M) (11) Syn.: Metabronema caranxi Tubangui Terapon jarbua (1) and Masiluñgan, 1938 Trichogaster pectoralis (7) Location: abdominal cavity unspecified fish (3) Host: Gnathanodon speciosus Dist: Luzon, Palawan, Panay Dist.: Luzon Records: 1. Velasquez 1972 (Luzon); 2. Record: Tubangui and Masiluñgan 1938 Anon. 1975 (Luzon); 3. Cross et Remarks: The synonymy follows al.1978 (Luzon)81; 4. Guerrero and Rasheed (1966). Paycana 1981b (Luzon); 5. Guerrero Metabronema polymixia Kataitseva, 1982 (Luzon); 6. Kabata 1985 (-); 7. 1979 (M) Llobrera 1987 (Luzon, Panay); 8. Location: stomach Regidor and Arthur 1990 (-), 9. 1992 Host: Polymixia japonica (Luzon, Palawan); 10. Cross and Dist: Philippines Basaca-Sevilla 1991 (Luzon); 11. Record: Kataitseva 1979a Lumanlan et al. 1992 (Luzon)82 Remarks: As the name used by 81 Cross et al. (1978) and Cross and Basaca-Sevilla Kataitseva (1979a) for her new species (1991) reported Capillaria-like larvae from fishes of Metabronema from Polymixia examined on Luzon Island. It was not known if these larvae were C. philippinensis (syn. of Anochotheca japonica from the Philippine Sea was philippinensis). given only in the Cyrillic alphabet, we 82 The records of Lumanlan et al. (1992) involve fishes have transliterated it into the Latin imported for aquaculture and the aquarium fish trade alphabet The generic assignment of M. which were examined in Quezon City. polymixia requires reassessment; PHYLUM ACANTHOCEPHALA possibly it is an Ascarophis. CLASS PALAEACANTHOCEPHALA Spinitectus palawanensis Schmidt and Kuntz, 1969 (M) ORDER ECHINORHYNCHIDA Location: intestine FAMILY CAVISOMIDAE Host: Euthynnus affinis Dist: Palawan Cavisoma magnus (Southwell, 1927) Record: Schmidt and Kuntz 1969 Van Cleave, 1931 (M) Location: intestine Unidentified Nematoda Host: Chanos chanos Nematoda gen sp. adult and larva Dist: Mindanao (F,B,M) Records: Regidor and Arthur 1990 (-), Location: gills, intestine, intestinal 1992; Arthur et al. 1995 wall, musculature, stomach Remarks: Arthur et al. (1995) Hosts: Ambassis miops (10) redescribed C. magnus from Philippine Aristichthys nobilis (11) sabalo. They considered the reports of Channa striata (2,4,5) unidentified acanthocephalans from Chanos chanos (8,9) adult milkfish by Velasquez (1976a, Chonophorus melanocephalus 1976b, 1977a,1979),which were later (10) referredto Acanthocephalus sp. by Velasquez (1984, 1986a, 1988), as Location: not given likely pertaining to this species. Host: unspecified fish Dist.: Philippines Filisoma rizalinum Tubangui and Record: Davy and Graham 1979 Masiluñgan, 1946 (M) Remarks:Davy and Graham (1979) in Location: intestine their Appendix 1, listed the genus Hosts: Scatophagus argus (1) Acanthosentis as occurring in the unspecified fish (2) Philippines. This report requires Dist.: Luzon substantiation. Records: 1. Tubangui and Masiluñgan 1946; 2. Velasquez 1988 Pallisentis cleatus (Van Cleave, 1928) Harada,1935 (F) FAMILY DIPLOSENTIDAE Syn: Neosentis cleatus Van Cleave, Diplosentis amphacanthi Tubangui and 1928 Masiluñgan, 1937 (M) Location: intestine Location: intestine Host: Monopterus albus Host: Siganus canaliculatus Dist: Luzon (tank-held) Dist: Mindanao Record: Lumanlan et al. 1992 Record: Tubangui and Masiluñgan 1937 Remarks: This report involves swamp FAMILY ECHINORHYNCHIDAE eel, examined in Quezon City, which were imported from China for re-export Acanthocephalus sp. (F,M) to Taiwan. This acanthocephalan has Includes: Acanthocephala of not been shown to occur in natural Velasquez, 1976,1977, 1979 waters of the Philippines. Location: intestine Hosts: Chanos chanos (1,2,3,4,5,6,7) ORDER NEOECHINORHYNCHIDA Clarias macrocephalus (8) FAMILY NEOECHINORHYNCHIDAE Dist: Luzon, Mindoro Neoechinorhynchus octonucleatus Records: 1. Velasquez 1976a (-), 2. Tubangui, 1933 (F) 1976b (-), 3. 1977a (-), 4. 1979 (Luzon, Location: intestine Mindoro), 5. 1984 (Luzon, Mindoro), 6. Hosts: Terapon plumbeus (1) 1986a (Luzon, Mindoro), 7. 1988 unspecified fish (2) (Luzon, Mindoro); 8. Hanviriyapant Dist: Luzon 1977 (Luzon) Records: 1. Tubangui 1933a83; 2. Remarks: Material from adult milkfish Velasquez 1988 reported only as unidentified acanthocephalans by Velasquez 83 Tubangui (1933a) gave the host as "'ayuñgan' (?Therapon argenteus)” and later (Tubangui 1947) listed (1976a, 1976b, 1977a, 1979) was it as this species. subsequently assigned to Acanthocephalus sp. (Velasquez Unidentified Acanthocephala 1984, 1986a, 1988). Arthur et al. Acanthocephalà gen. sp. (F,M) (1995) believed that these reports Location: intestine probably involve Cavisoma magnus. Hosts: Leiocassis siamensis (2) CLASS EOACANTHOCEPHALA Scatophagus argus (1) Dist: Luzon (aquarium) ORDER GYRACANTHOCEPHALA Records: 1. Velasquez 1976b (-); 2. 84 FAMILY QUADRIGYRIDAE Lumanlan et al. 1992 84 The record of Lumanlan et al. (1992) involves an aquarium fish imported from Singapore which was examined in Quezon City. Acanthogyrus sp. (?) Syn: Acanthosentis sp. ORDER ARGULOIDEA PHYLUM ANNELIDA FAMILY ARGULIDAE CLASS HIRUDINEA Argulus indicus Weber, 1892 (F) ORDER GNATHOBDELLIDA Location: skin FAMILY PISCICOLIDAE Hosts: Carassius sp. (3,4) Piscicola sp. (F) Channa striata (1,2,3,4) Location: skin Oreochromis mossambicus (1,2) Hosts: Channa striata (2,3) Dist.: Luzon grouper (4,5) Records:1. Lopez 1986, 2. 1988; unspecified fish (1) 3.Velasquez 1986a (-), 4.1988 (-) Dist: Luzon Argulus japonicus Thiele, 1900 (F) Records: 1. Davy and Graham 1979 (-); Location: skin 2. Velasquez 1986a (-), 3. 1988 (-); 4. Host: Aristichthys nobilis ADB/NACA 1991 (-); 5. Distribution: Luzon Bondad-Reantaso 1992 Records: Lumanlan et al. 199086, 1992 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA Remarks: As this report involves bighead carp examined in Quezon City which CLASS PELECYPODA were imported from Taiwan and SUBCLASS PALAEAHETERODENTA Thailand for aquaculture, it is probable that this parasite has become ORDER UNIONIDA established in the Philippines. FAMILY UNIONIDAE 86 Host species and specific identity for material listed only as Argulus in the meeting abstract of Lumanlan et al Cristaria plicata (Leach, 1814) von (1990) were given in their 1992 paper. Ihering, 1892 glochidia (F) Argulus sp. (F) Includes: Unionidae gen sp. glochidia Location: skin of Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur, 1990 Hosts: Channa striata (4,8) Location: gills, skin Cyprinus carpio carpio (1,3,5) Hosts: Clarias batrachus (1,2) Tilapia sp. (6) Oreochromis niloticus niloticus (3) eel (6) Dist: Luzon 85 mullet (6) Records:1. Velasquez 1986a (-) , 2. unspecified fish (2,7) 1988 (-); 3. Bondad-Reantaso and Dist.: Luzon Arthur 1990 Records: 1. Anon 1975; 2. Davy and Remarks:This species is believed to Graham 1979 (-); 3. Guerrero 1981 (-); have been introduced with the 4. Quines and Paycana 1983; 5. importation of carp from China Lio-Po et al. (1983); 6. Kabata 1985 (-); (Bondad-Reantaso 1989). 7. Llobrera 1987; 8. Natrvidad 1988 Bondad-Reantaso (1992) referred the Remarks: Guerrero (1981) and Lio-Po et report of unidentified unionid glochidia by al. (1983) noted that Argulus has Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur (1990) to caused heavy mortalities of Japanese this species. ornamental carp, Lio-Po et al. (1983) 85 The records of Velasquez (1986a, 1988) are for reporting that about 20% of stocks experimentally infected walking catfish were lost PHYLUM ARTHROPODA CLASS CRUSTACEA SUBCLASS BRANCHIURA culture on Luzon. Unidentified Branchiura 87 Specimens reported as Lemaea sp. by Velasquez Branchiura gen sp. (B) (1979) were later (Velasquez 1984) referred to L. Location: fins cyprinacea. Host: top minnow 88 The record of Vallejo (1988) for Anabas testudineus Dist.: Panay involves an experimental infection. Record: Anon 1973b 89 The records of Lumanlan et al. (1990, 1992) involve goldfish imported from Hongkong which were examined SUBCLASS COPEPODA in Quezon City. 90 Host species and specific identity for material listed ORDER CYCLOPOIDA only as Lernaea in the meeting abstract of Lumanlan et FAMILY LERNAEIDAE al. (1990) were given in their 1992 publication. Lernaea lophiara Harding, 1950 (F) Lamproglena monodi Capart, 1944 (F) Location: head embedded in Syn: Lamproglena sp. of Yambot, 1996 musculature with body protruding Location: gills externally Host: Oreochromis niloticus niloticus Hosts: Anabas testudineus Dist.: Luzon Glossogobius giuris Records: Yambot 1996; Yambot and Dist: Luzon Lopez 1997 Record: Vallejo 198891 Remarks: This parasite appears to have entered the Philippines with the recent 91 The report of this copepod from Anabas testudineus importation of Nile tilapia from Africa involves an experimental infection. for broodstock improvement (see Lernaea sp. (F) Yambot and Lopez 1997). Location: head embedded in musculature with body protruding Lernaea cyprinacea Linnaeus, 1758 (F) externally Syn: Lernaea sp. Auctorum Hosts: Channa striata (6) Location: head embedded in eye, nostril, Cyprinus carpio carpio (1,2) musculature, with body protruding Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (2) externally Ophieleotris aporos (7) Hosts: Anabas testudineus (6) Terapon plumbeus (7) Carassius auratus (7,8) unspecified fish (3,4,5) Channa striata (6) Dist: Luzon Chanos chanos (1,2,3,5) Records: 1. Anon 1975; 2. Guerrero Glossogobius biocellatus (6) 92 1981; 3. Mines and Baluyot 1986 , 4. G. giuris (6) 93 1988; 5. Palisoc 1988 ; 6. Natividad Terapon plumbeus (6) 94 1988; 7. Vallejo 1988 unspecified fish (4) Remarks: Records of Lernaea sp. from Dist.: Luzon milkfish are referred to L. cyprinacea. Records: 1. Velasquez 197987, 2. 1986a, 92 3. 1988; 4. Davy and Graham 1979 (-); Mines and Baluyot (1986, 1988) noted a few cases of Lernaea infecting the open wounds of fish suffering from 5. Regidor and Arthur 1986; 6. Vallejo epizootic ulcerative syndrome in Laguna Lake. The fish 198888; 7. Lumanlan et al. 199089-90, 8. examined in their study included Arius manillensis, Clarias sp., Ophicephalus striatus (syn. of Channa 1992 striata), Puntius sp. and Trichogaster sp. However, the Remarks: This important pathogen is precise host(s) to which these reports pertain was not believed to have been introduced indicated. along with importation of an unknown 93 Palisoc (1988) noted that Lernaea was among the host (see Velasquez 1979). Velasquez parasites found on tilapia, milkfish, dalag and carp in Laguna Lake, but did not indicate on which hosts (1986a, 1988) noted that Lemaea individual parasite taxa were found. cyprinacea has caused great economic loss to freshwater milkfish 94 species, Cressey and Collette (1970) indicate in their The report of Vallejo (1988) was given as "Lernaea sp. host-parasite list that this host was collected at Culion of lophiara Harding." Island, off the northern tip of Palawan. ORDER POECILOSTOMATOIDA Ergasilus philippinensis Velasquez, 1951 FAMILY BOMOLOCHIDAE (F) Location: gills Bomolochus bellones Burmeister, 1835 Host Glossogobius giuris (M) Dist: Luzon Syn.: Parabomolochus bellones Record: Velasquez 1951 (Burmeister, 1835) Location: gill chamber Ergasilus rotundicorpus Jones and Hine, Hosts: Strongylura incisa 1983 (B) S. urvillii Location: gills Dist.: Luzon Host: Siganus guttatus Record: Cressey and Colette 197095 Dist: Panay Record: Jones and Hine 1983 95 The exact origin of the hosts from which the Philippine specimens examined by Cressey and Collette (1970) Ergasilus sp. (F) were taken was not given in their description of this species. However, in their host-parasite list, the material Location: [gills] from Strongylura urvillii is noted to be from Manila. Host: unspecified fish Nothobomolochus digitatus Cressey, in Dist.: Philippines Cressey and Collette, 1970 (M) Record: Davy and Graham 1979 Location: [gills] FAMILY PHYLICHTHYIDAE Hosts: Strongylura leiura S. strongylura Colobomatus goodingi Cressey and Dist: Panay Collette, 1970 (M) Record: Cressey and Collette 197096 Location: cephalic canals of head Hosts: Tylosurus acus melanotus 96 The exact origin of the hosts from which the specimens examined by Cressey and Collette (1970) were taken T. crocodilus crocodiles was not given. However, the material from Strongylura Dist.: Jolo, Luzon leiura is noted as being from Panay. Record: Cressey and Collette 197098 Nothobomolochus gibber (Shiino, 1957) 98 The exact collection locality (Jolo, Philippines) for the Vervoort, 1962 (M) specimens from Tylosurus acus melanotus is given only in the host-parasite list of Cressey and Collette (1970). Location: [gills] Jolo Island is part of the Sulu Archipelago. Hosts: Ablennes hians Tylosurus crocodilus crocodiles ORDER SIPHONOSTOMATOIDA Dist: Luzon FAMILY CALIGIDAE Record: Cressey and Collette 1970 Caligus epidemicus Hewitt, 1971 (B.M) Remarks: Yamaguti (1963b) included Location: skin this species in the genus Hosts: Chanos chanos (3,4,5,6) Pseudartacolax. Oreochromis niloticus niloticus FAMILY ERGASILIDAE (1,2,7,8) Ergasilus coleus Cressey, in Cressey Dist: Luzon, Mindanao, Panay Records: 1. Natividad et al. 1986a and Collette, 1970 (F3) 99 Location: [gills] (Luzon) , 2. 1986b (Luzon, Panay); 3. Hosts: Strongylura strongylura Regidor et al. 1986 (-); 4. Regidor and S. urvillii Arthur 1986 (Luzon, Panay), 5. 1990 Dist: Culion, Mindanao (-), 6. 1992 (Luzon, Mindanao); 7. Record: Cressey and Collette 197097 Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1989a (-), 8. 1990 (Panay) 97 Although the exact collection locality for Strongylura urvillii was not specified in the description of this new 99 Full identities for material reported only as belonging to Location: [skin] the genus Caligus in the meeting abstracts of Natividad Hosts: Tylosurus acus melanotus et al. (1986a) and Regidor et al. (1986) were provided by T. crocodilus crocodilus Natividad (1986b) and Regidor and Arthur (1986). Dist.: Leyte, Luzon Caligus patulus Wilson, 1937 (M) Record: Cressey and Collette 1970 Syn.: Caligus sp. of Laviña, 1977, 1978, and of Velasquez, 1979 Caligus sp. (B) Location: skin Location: skin Host: Chanos chanos Hosts: Mugil cephalus (1) Dist: Panay Scatophagus argus (3,4) Records: Laviña 1977, 1978; Velasquez Siganus guttatus (2) 1979, 1986a, 1988; Jones 1980 Strongylura incisa (5) Remarks: Laviña (1977, 1978) reported S. urvillii (5) this copepod to be a problem in Dist.: Panay, Verde milkfish broodstock kept in canvas Records: 1. Baticados and Quinitio 1984 tanks at the SEAFDEC research (Panay); 2. Llobrera 1987 (Panay); 3. station at Mag-aba, Pandan. Cruz 1988 (Panay); 4. Lio-Po and Barry 1988 (Panay); 5. Cressey and Jones (1980) identified Caligus sp. of 101 Laviña (1977) as C. patulus, while Collette 1970 (Verde) material reported only as "Caligue" [sic] Remarks of Caligus sp. from the gills are by Velasquez (1979) was later identified considered to result from displacement as this species in Velasquez (1984, during host capture and transport. 1986a, 1988). 101 In their text, Cressey and Collette (1970) did not specify precise collection localities; however, in their Reports of Caligus patulus from the host-parasite listing, the specimen of "Caligus sp. D" gills of milkfish are considered to result from Strongylura urvillii was noted to have originated from displacement during host collection. from Verde del Sur Island (probably Verde Island, located between Luzon and Mindoro islands). Caligus productus Dana, 1852 (M) Caligodes laciniatus (Krøyer, 1863) Syn.: Caligus mirabilis Leigh-Sharpe, Heller, 1865 (M) 1934 Location: skin, generally attached Location: skin beneath oral valve Host: Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus Hosts: Strongylura leiura Dist.: Tapul Tylosurus acus melanotus Record: Leigh-Sharpe 1934 T. crocodilus crocodilus Remarks:The location for this record, Dist: Philippines given as Kapul Island by Leigh-Sharpe Record: Cressey and Collette 1970 (1934), is probably Tapul Island, Sulu Archipelago. Unidentified Caligidae The synonomy follows Cressey (1991). Caligidae gen sp. (M) Caligus robustus Bassett-Smith, 1898 Location: [skin] (M) Host: Dischistodus fasciatus Location: [skin] Dist.: Sanguisiapo Hosts: Alectis sp. Record: Leigh-Sharpe 1934 Caranx sexfasciatus Remarks:SanguisiapoIsland is in the Dist.: Philippines Sulu Archipelago. Record: Cressey 1991100 100 Cressey (1991) gave the hosts and localities as "...Philippines and Celebes: Caranx sexfasciatus, Alectis species..." Caligus tylosuri (Rangnekar, 1956) Pillai, 1961(M) Pennella sagitta (Linnaeus, 1768) Oken, FAMILY HATSCHEKIIDAE 1816 (M) Hatschekia tennis (Heller, 1865) Wilson, Syn: Lerneopenna brachiata Blainville, 1922 (M) 1822 Syn: Clavella tennis Heller, 1865 Location: head embedded in Location: [gills] musculature with body protruding Host: Monocentris sp. externally Dist.: Luzon Host: Arothron manilensis Record: Heller 1865102 Dist: Luzon 102 Hell4er (1865) indicates that his material originated Record: Blainville 1822 from Manila (Luzon Island) only in the table summarizing the geographic distribution of individual species (p. 262). Unidentified Copepoda FAMILY LERNANTHROPIDAE Copepoda gen sp. (F) Location: gills Lernanthropus belones Krøyer, 1863 (M) Host Aristichthys nobilis Location: [gills] Dist: Philippines Hosts: Strongylura incisa Record: Lumanlan et al. 1992104 S. strongylur 104 Dist.: Philippines This report involves bighead carp imported from Taiwan for aquaculture which were examined in Quezon Record: Cressey and Collette 1970 City. Lernanthropus musca Blainville, 1822 SUBCLASS MALACOSTRACA (M) ORDER ISOPODA Location: skin Host: Arothron manilensis SUBORDER FLABELLIFERA Dist: Luzon Alitropus typicus Edwards, 1840 (F,B) Record: Blainville 1822 Syn.: Rocinela typicus (Edwards, Lernanthropus tylosuri Richiardi, 1880 1840) (M) Location: [gill cavity, skin] Location: [gills] Hosts: Chanos chanos (1,2,3,4) Hosts: Ablennes hians Oreochromis niloticus niloticus (6) Strongylura leiura unspecified fish (5) S. urvillii Dist.: Luzon, Panay Tylosurus acus melanotus Records: 1. Velasquez 1977a (Panay), 2. T. crocodilus crocodilus 1979 (Panay), 3. 1986a (Panay), 4. T. punctulatus 1988 (Panay); 5. Davy and Graham Dist: Culion, Luzon 1979 (-)105; 6. Del Mundo et al. 1996 Record: Cressey and Collette 1970103 (Luzon) 103 The exact origin of the hosts from which the Philippine Remarks: Velasquez (1977a, 1986a, specimens examined by Cressey and Collette (1970) 1988) noted that mass infestation of were taken was not given in their description of this milkfish by Alitropus typicus caused species. However, in their host-parasite list, the material from Strongylura urvillii is noted to be from Culion Island great mortalities in Iloilo fishponds in (located off northern Palawan), while that from Tylosurus 1968. More recently, Del Mundo et al. punctulatus was from Culion and Luzon islands. (1996) reported that Nile tilapia FAMILY PENNELLIDAE cultured in net-cages at Talisay, Bantangas suffered mortalities of Lernaeenicus sp. (M) 40-80% due to this isopod, while only Location: base of pectoral fin 5% of juvenile tilapia reared at Taal Host Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus Lake survived infection. Dist: Luzon Although Velasquez (1979, 1984), in a Record: Cressey and Collette 1970 rather ambiguous fashion, initially mentioned the genus Ichthyoxenous, as snapper (1,2) well as Rocinella typicus, she Dist.: Bubuan, Jolo subsequently (Velasquez 1986a, 1988) Records: 1. Richardson 1910 (Bubuan); referred only to R. typicus as the cause of 2. Williams and Bunkley-Williams 1992 milkfish mortalities. (Bubuan, Jolo) 105 In their Appendix 1, Davy and Graham (1979) Remarks: Bubuan and Jolo islands are in incorrectly gave the name of this species as "Rocinela the Sulu Archipelago. typhus". Richardson (1910) reported this FAMILY CYMOTHOIDAE species as Renocila ovata from the tail of an unidentified snapper. Her specimen Anilocra dimidiata Bleeker, 1857 (M) was among those used by Williams and Location: nuchal region Bunkley-Williams (1992) to describe R. Host: Scolopsis sp. richardsonae. They noted that the Dist.: Bohol, Burias, Luzon specimens from Jolo Island were Record: Richardson 1910 probably from the long-barbel goatfish, Remarks: Burias Island is located off Parupeneus macronema.107 Original southwestern Luzon Island. information accompanying this material Cymothoa eremita (Brünnich, 1783) gave the host as Pseudupeneus Fabricius, 1793 (M) macronema (a synonym of Parupeneus Syn.: Cymothoa stromatei Bleeker, macronema) 1857 The synonymy follows Williams and Location: mouth, skin Bunkley-Williams (1992). Hosts: Xyrichtys sp. 107 Although Williams and Bunkley-Williams (1992) noted unspecified fish that this host may not occur in Philippine waters, Froese Dist.: Bubuan, Panay and Pauly (1996) list it as being native. Record: Richardson 1910 FAMILY GNATHIIDAE Remarks: The synonomy follows Trilles Gnathiidae gen. sp. Larva (F,B) (1991). Location: buccal cavity The specimens from Bubuan Island Hosts: Chanos chanos (2,3,4,5) were noted to have been taken from a Oreochromis niloticus niloticus (1) barracuda-like fish. Dist.: Luzon Elthusa propinqua (Richardson, 1904) Records: 1. Natividad et al. 1986b; 2. Bruce, 1990 (M) Regidor et al. 1986 (-); 3. Regidor and Syn.: Livoneca propinqua Richardson, Arthur 1986, 4. 1990 (-), 5.1992 1904 Remarks: Although these isopods were Location: [gills] listed as occurring on the skin and gills, Host: unspecified fish their true location is probably the Dist.: Sombrero buccal cavity (F. Rafi, Canadian Record: Richardson 1910106 Museum of Nature, Ottawa, pers. Remarks: The synonomy follows Bruce comm.). (1990). Sombrero Island is located off Unidentified Isopods Maricaban, Batangas, Luzon Island. 106 Richardson (1910) noted that this species was Isopoda gen. sp.(F,B) collected from a macrurid fish. Location: buccal cavity, gills, skin Renocila richardsonae Williams and Hosts: Chanos chanos (1,2) Bunkley-Williams, 1992 (M) Scatophagus argus (3) Syn.: Renocila ovata of Richardson, Dist.: Luzon, Panay 1910 Records: 1. Ronquillo and Caces-Borja Location: skin 1968 (Luzon); 2. Anon 1973b (Panay); Hosts: Parupeneus macronema (2) 3. Lio-Po and Barry 1988 (Panay) Remarks: Ronquillo and Caces-Borja (1968) ambiguously noted that other fishes such as Gerres, eels, slipmouths, mullets, tilapia, gobies and tarpons were also infected with isopodsKabata (1985) listed thse same hosts when discussing Alitropus typicus. HOST-PARASITE LIST having an Indo-Pacific distribution, but CLASS ACTINOPTERYGII not reported from the Philippines. ORDER OSTEOGLOSSIFORMES However, Herre (1953) listed it as SUBORDER OSTEOGLOSSOIDEI occurring in the country. FAMILY PANTODONT1DAE Anguilla celebensis Celebes longfin Kaup eel Pantodon freshwater butterflyfish Status: native (-) buchholzi Environment: fresh water, brackish Peters (-) water, marine Status: exotic Microspora Environment: fresh water Pleistophora anguillarum (-) Myxozoa Remarks: The Celebes longfin eel is Myxidium sp. (Luzon - aquarium) catadromous. Digenea Digenea gen. sp. (Luzon - aquarium) Anguilla marmorata giant mottled eel Nematoda Quoy and Gaimard igat, palos Nematoda gen. sp. (Luzon - Syn.: Anguilla mauritiana Bennett aquarium) Status: native Remarks: Native to Africa, this aquarium Environment: fresh water, brackish species does not occur in Philippine water, marine Digenea natural waters. 108 Galactosomum anguillarum ORDER ELOPIFORMES metacercaria? (Leyte) Cestoda FAMILY MEGALOPIDAE Bothriocephalus travassosi (Leyte) Megalops IndoPacific tarpon Remarks: The giant mottled eel is cyprinoides catadromous.

(Broussonet) buan-buan 108 Status: native Species inquirenda. Environment: marine, brackish water, Anguilla sp. eel fresh water Status: unknown igat Digenea Environment: fresh water, brackish Transversotrema patialense (Luzon) water, marine Remarks: A catadromous species; adults Ciliophora are only found at sea, while young Ichthyophthirius sp. (Luzon) inhabit river mouths,inner bays and mangrove forests (Froese and Pauly "eel"or"igat" 1996). Status: unknown Environment: fresh water, brackish ORDER ANGUILLIFORMES water, marine SUBORDER ANGUILLOIDEI Nematoda Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) FAMILY ANGUILLIDAE Branchiura Anguilla bicolor paciflca Schmidt (-) Argulus sp. (-) Status: native (-) SUBORDER CONGEROIDEI Environment: fresh water, brackish water, marine FAMILY MURAENESOCIDAE

Microspora Muraenesox daggertooth pike Pleistophora anguillarum (-) cinereus conger Remarks: This catadromous species was (Forsskäl) pindanga noted by Froese and Pauly (1996) as Status: native Sardinella longiceps Indian oil sardine Environment: marine, brackish water, Valenciennes tamban110 occasionally fresh water Status: exotic? Nematoda Environment: marine Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) Nematoda Anisakis sp. larva (Visayan islands) Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) Nematoda gen. sp. (Luzon) Remarks: The above record may involve Remarks: This marine species is a host misidentification. Froese and reported also to occur in estuaries and Pauly (1996) note that the range of this sometimes fresh water. species probably does not extend into Philippine waters and that records from ORDER CLUPEIFORMES the Philippines likely pertain to the Bali FAMILY CLUPEIDAE sardinella (S. lemuru Bleeker). Amblygaster sirm spotted 110 Additional Tagalog common names include "tamban (Walbaum) sardinella siya" and "turay." Syn.: Sardinella sirm tambang bato, FAMILY ENGRAULIDAE (Walbaum) tonsoy Stolephorus Commerson's Status: native commerson anchovy Environment: marine 111 (Lacépède) dilis Nematoda Status: native Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) Environment: marine, brackish water Anodontostoma chacunda Digenea chacunda gizzard shad Hexangium sigani (Palawan) (Hamilton) kabasi 111 Additional Tagalog common names include "bulinao," Status: native "matalos" and "tuwankang." Environment: marine, brackish water Stolephorus sp. anchovy Digenea Status: native dilis Gyliauchen papillatus (Palawan) Environment: marine Transversotrema patialense (Luzon) Nematoda Herlklotsichthys blacksaddle Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) dispilonotus herring Anisakis sp. larva (Luzon) (Bleeker) tambang-bato ORDER GONORYNCHIFORMES Syn.: Harengula dispilonotus Bleeker Status: native FAMILY CHANIDAE Environment: marine Chanos chanos milkfish Digenea (Forsskäl) Aphanurus stossichi (Palawan) Status: native bangos112 Sardinella albella white sardinella Environment: marine, brackish water (Valenciennes) bagasbas, Ciliophora halobaybay109 Ambiphyra sp. (-) Syn.: Sardinella perforata (Cantor) Apiosoma sp. (Luzon) Status: native Riboscyphidia sp. Environment: marine (Luzon, Mindanao, Panay) Nematoda Trichodina sp. Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) (Luzon, Mindanao, Palawan, Panay) Anisakis sp. larva (Luzon) ?Trichodinella sp. (Luzon) Tripartiella sp. (Luzon) 109 Additional Tagalog common names include "lapid" Mastigophora and "tambang lapid." Cryptobia branchialis (Luzon) Cryptobia sp. (Luzon) Aristichthys nobilis bighead carp Dinoflagellida gen. sp. (Panay) (Richardson) Myxozoa Status: exotic (-) Ceratomyxa sp. (Luzon) Environment: fresh water Leptotheca sp. (Luzon) Ciliophora Digenea Apiosoma sp. (Luzon) Digenea gen. sp. Metacercaria Chilodonella sp. (Luzon) (Luzon, Panay) Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Luzon) Digenea gen. sp. (Mindanao) Trichodina heterodentata (Luzon) Genolinea awa (Mindanao) T. nigra (Luzon) Haplorchis yokogawai metacercaria T. nobillis (Luzon) (Luzon) Trichodina sp. (Luzon) Heterophyopsis expectans Trichodinella epizootica (Luzon) metacercaria (Luzon) Tripartiella tilapiae (Luzon) Isorchis parvus (Luzon) Mastigophora Posthodiplostomum grayi Cryptobia sp. (Luzon) metacercaria (-) Ichthyobodo sp. (Luzon) Procerovum calderoni metacercaria Myxozoa (Luzon &/or Mindanao) Myxidium sp. (Luzon) Transversotrema patialense (Luzon) Monogenea Monogenea Dactylogyrus sp. (Luzon) Monogenea gen. sp. (Panay) Cestoda Cestoda Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Scolex pleuronectis plerocercoid (Luzon) (Mindanao) Nematoda Nematoda Nematoda gen. sp. (Luzon) Nematoda gen. sp. (Luzon, Palawan) Branchiura Acanthocephala Argulus japonicus (Luzon) Acanthocephalus sp. (Luzon, Copepoda Mindoro) Copepoda gen. sp. (-) Cavisoma magnus (Mindanao) Remarks: Native to China and eastern Copepoda Siberia, this species was imported Caligus epidemicus (Luzon, from Taiwan in 1968 for aquaculture. It Mindanao, Panay) is maintained only through artificial C. patulus (Panay) reproduction (Froese and Pauly 1996). Lernaea cyprinacea (Luzon) Carassius auratus goldfish Isopoda (Linnaeus) Alitropus typicus (Panay) Status: exotic (-) Gnathiidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) Environment: fresh water Isopoda gen. sp. (Luzon, Panay) Apicomplexa Remarks:A marine species entering Goussia carpelli (Luzon - aquarium) rivers and lakes (Herre 1953), milkfish Ciliophora are also cultured in freshwater pens on Apiosoma sp. (Luzon - aquarium) Luzon Island. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Luzon - 112 Additional Tagalog common names include "banglis," aquarium) "bangris," "garongin," "hatirin," "lumulukso," "kawag-kawag" and "sabalo." Trichodina reticulata (Luzon - aquarium) ORDER CYPRINIFORMES Trichodina sp. (Luzon - aquarium) FAMILY CYPRINIDAE Trichodinella epizootica (Luzon - aquarium)

Mastigophora Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) mrigal Cryptobia sp. (Luzon - aquarium) Syn.: Cirrhina mrigala (-) Ichthyobodo sp. (Luzon - aquarium) Valenciennes Myxozoa Status: exotic Myxobolus pavlovskii (Luzon Environment: fresh water -aquarium) Ciliophora Myxobolus sp. (Luzon - aquarium) Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Luzon) Digenea Mastigophora Digenea gen. sp.metacercaria (Luzon Cryptobia sp. (Luzon) - aquarium) Remarks: Native to South Asia, mrigal Monogenea were introduced from India in 1967 for Dactylogyrus sp. (Luzon - aquarium) culture and are maintained only by Gyrodactylus sp. (Luzon - aquarium) artificial reproduction (Froese and Copepoda Pauly 1996). Lernaea cyprinacea (Luzon - Ctenopharyngodon idella grass carp aquarium) (Valenciennes) (-) Remarks: Native to central Asia and Status: exotic China, goldfish were introduced for Environment: fresh water culture for the aquarium fish trade . Ciliophora Herre (1953) noted that this species Trichodina acuta (Luzon) has become established in the T. heterodentata (Luzon) Trinidad River, near Bagio, Luzon T. kupermani (Luzon) Island, as a result of stocking by a T. nigra (Luzon) Japanese gardener. T. nobillis (Luzon) Carassius carassius crucian carp Trichodinella epizootica (Luzon) (Linnaeus) Tripartiella tilapiae (Luzon) Status: exotic (-) Myxozoa Environment: freshwater Chloromyxum ellipticum (Luzon) Ciliophora Myxidium sp. (Luzon) Chilodonella sp. (Luzon) Myxobolus artus (Luzon) Epistylis sp. (Luzon) Cestoda Trichodina sp. (Luzon) Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Digenea (Luzon) Digenea gen. sp. (Luzon) Remarks: Native to China and eastern Monogenea Siberia, grass carp were imported from Dactylogyrus sp. (Luzon) China in 1964 for aquaculture and are Gyrodactylus sp. (Luzon) maintained only by artificial breeding Remarks: Crucian carp were introduced (Froese and Pauly 1996). into the natural waters of the Cyprinus carpio carpio common carp Philippines in 1964 via importation Linnaeus from Japan (Froese and Pauly 1996). Syn.: Cyprinus carpio karpa113 Carassius sp. (-) Linnaeus Status: exotic (-) Status: exotic Environment: fresh water Environment: fresh water Monogenea Ciliophora Dactylogyrus sp. (Luzon) Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Luzon) Gyrodactylus sp. (Luzon) Trichodina acuta (Luzon) Branchiura T. heterodentata (Luzon) Argulus indicus (-) T. mutabilis (Luzon) T. nigra (Luzon) T. nobillis (Luzon) Epalzeorhynchos rainbow Trichodina sp. (Luzon) frenatum Trichodinella carpi (Luzon) (Fowler) sharkminnow T. epizootica (Luzon) Syn.: (-) Trichodinella sp. (Luzon) LabeofrenatusFcmler Myxozoa Status: exotic Myxobolus artus (Luzon) Environment: fresh water M. koi (Luzon) Ciliophora M. pavlovskii (Luzon) Chilodonella sp. (Luzon - aquarium) Thelohanellus nikolskii (Luzon) Trichodina sp. (Luzon - aquarium) Digenea Mastigophora Clinostomidae gen. sp. (-) Cryptobia sp. (Luzon - aquarium) Monogenea Digenea Dactylogyrus sp. (Luzon) Digenea gen. sp. Metacercaria Gyrodactylus sp. (Luzon) (Luzon - aquarium) Monogenea gen. sp. (-) Monogenea Branchiura Dactylogyrus sp. (Luzon - aquarium) Argulus sp. (Luzon) Remarks: Native to Thailand and Copepoda adjacent countries, this aquarium Lernaea sp. (Luzon) species does not occur in Philippine Remarks: Common carp, first introduced natural waters. into the Philippines in 1910 and 1915 Hypophíhalmichthys silver carp from China and Hongkong, are now molitrix widely distributed in natural waters (Valenciennes) (-) (Froese and Pauly 1996). Status: exotic 113 The common name comes from the Visayan dialec Environment: fresh water Cyprinus sp. Japanese ornamental Myxozoa carp, Myxobolus ellipsoides (Luzon) Status: exotic fancy carp M. pavlovskii (Luzon) Habitat: fresh (-) Cestada water Bothrtocephalus acheilognathi Ciliophora (Luzon) Trichodina sp. (Luzon - aquarium) Copepoda Mastigophora Lernaea sp. (Luzon) Ichthyobodo sp. (Luzon - aquarium) Remarks: Native to China and eastern Monogenea Siberia, silver carp were introduced in Dactylogyrus sp. (Luzon - aquarium) 1964 and 1968 firom China and Taiwan for aquaculture. Populations Epalzeorhynchos bicolor redtail are maintained only by artificial sharkminnow reproduction (Froese and Pauly 1996). (Smith) (-) Syn.: Labeo bicolor Smith Mylopharyngodon blackcarp Status: exotic piceus Environment: fresh water (Richardson) (-) Digenea Status: exotic Digenea gen. sp. Metacercaria Environment: fresh water (Luzon - aquarium) Mastigophora Remarks: Native to Thailand, this Cryptobia sp. (Luzon) aquarium species does not occur in Ichthyobodo sp. (Luzon) Philippine natural waters. Myxozoa Myxobolus sp. (Luzon) Remarks: Native to East Asia, black carp Remarks: A Southeast Asían species were recently introduced for occurring from Myanmar to Borneo, aquaculture purposes. the Sumatra barb does not occur in the natural waters of the Philippines. Nematabramis (-) verecundas Herré Rasbora kalochroma clown rasbora Status: native (-) (Bleeker) Environment: fresh water Status: exotic (-) Cestoda Environment: fresh water Lígula sp. plerocercoid (Mindanao) Ciliophora Remarks:This cyprinid is endemic to Apiosoma sp. (Luzon - aquarium) Lanao Province, Mindanao (Froese Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Luzon - and Pauly 1996). aquarium) Trichodina sp. (Luzon - aquarium) Puntius binotatus spotted barb Remarks: Native to the Malay Peninsula, (Valenciennes) Sumatra and Borneo, this aquarium Status: native pait fish does not occur in Philippine natural Environment: fresh water waters. Digenea Didymozoidae gen. sp. (Palawan)114 Spratellicypris narrow barb116 Haplorchis pumilio metacercaria palata (Herre) (Mindanao) Syn.: Puntius palata manobud, palata117 H. taichui metacercaria (Luzon &/or (Herre) Mindanao) Status: native Nematoda Environment: fresh water Oceanicucullcmus pacifica (Palawan) Digenea 114 Possible host misidentilication. Haplorchis taichui metacercaria 115 (Mindanao) Puntius manalak giant barb Remarks: The narrow barb is endemic to (Herré) Lake Lanao, Dansalan, Mindanao Status: native manalak Island (Froese and Pauly 1996). Environment: fresh water 116 The English common name is provided by Herre and Digenea Umali (1948). Procerovum sp. metacercaria 117 The common names come from the Maranao, Salmal (Mindanao) and Tao Sug dialects. Remarks:The giant barb is endemic to Lake Lanao, Mindanao (Froese and Tanichthys albonubes white cloud Pauly 1996). Lin Status: exotic mountain minnow 115 The English common ñame is provided by Herré and Umali (1948) Environment: fresh (-) water Puntius tetrazona Sumatra barb Mastigophora (Bleeker) Cryptobia sp. (Luzon - aquarium) Syn.: Capoeta (-) Ciliophora tetrazona Bleeker Trichodina sp. (Luzon - aquarium) Status: exotic Remarks: NativetosouthernChina,this Environment: fresh water aquarium species does not occur in Ciliophora Philippine natural waters. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Luzon - aquarium) Monogenea Ancyrocephalinae gen. sp. (Luzon - aquarium) FAMILY COBITIDAE Trichodina sp. (Luzon - aquarium) Mastigophora Acanthophthalmus half banded Cryptobia sp. (Luzon - aquarium) semicinctus loach Remarks: Native to northern South Fraser-Bunner118 (-) America, this aquarium fish does not Status: exotic occur in Philippine natural waters. Environment: fresh water Mastigophora ORDER SILURIFORMES Trypanosoma sp. (Luzon - aquarium) FAMILY BAGRIDAE Remarks:NativetoIndonesia,Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand, this tropical Leiocassis siamensis Asian bumblebee aquarium fish does not occur in catfish Philippine natural waters. Regan (-) Some authorities consider Status: exotic Acanthophthalmus semicinctus a Environment: fresh water synonym of A. kuhlii (Valenciennes) Mastigophora (Eschmeyer et al. 1996). Hexamita sp. (Luzon - aquarium) 118 The spelling of the genus name follows Eschmeyer et Myxozoa al. (1996). Chloromyxum sp. (Luzon - aquarium) Monogenea Botia macracanthus clown loach Ancylodiscoidinae gen. sp. (Luzon - (Bleeker) aquarium) Status: exotic (-) Acanthocephala Environment: fresh water Acanthocephala gen. sp. (Luzon - Ciliophora aquarium) Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Luzon - Remarks: Native to Laos, Thailand and aquarium) Cambodia, this aquarium fish does not Myxozoa occur in Philippine natural waters. Chloromyxum sp. (Luzon - aquarium) Remarks:Native to Sumatra and Borneo, FAMILY PANGASIIDAE this aquarium species does not occur Pangasius sutchi sutchi catfish in Philippine natural waters. Fowler ORDER CHARACIFORMES Status: exotic (-) Environment: fresh water FAMILY CHARACIDAE Ciliophora Moenkhausia collettii Collett's Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Luzon - Steindachner tetra aquarium) Status: exotic (-) Trichodina sp. (Luzon - aquarium) Habitat: fresh water Mastigophora Ciliophora Cryptobia sp. (Luzon - aquarium) Apiosoma sp. (Luzon - aquarium) Monogenea Remarks:An aquarium fish native to Silurodiscoides sp. (Luzon - South America,Collett's tetra doesnot aquarium) occur in Philippine natural waters. Remarks: Native to the Mekong River Paracheirodon simulans green neon area of Southeast Asia, the sutchi (Gery) tetra catfish was imported from Thailand in Status: exotic (-) 1978 for aquaculture. It is maintained, Environment: fresh water by artificial reproduction and has not Ciliophora become established in natural waters Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Luzon - (Froese and Pauly 1996). aquarium) FAMILY CLARIIDAE Digenea Clinostomidae gen. sp. (-) Clarias batrachus walking catfish Clinostomoides brieni metacercaria (Linnaeus) (Luzon) Status: native hito119 Digenea gen. sp. (Luzon) Environment: fresh water Orientocreadium batrachoides Myxozoa metacercaria (Luzon - experimental) Henneguya sp. (Luzon) O. batrachoides (Luzon) Myxobolus sp. (Luzon) Monogenea Digenea Ancyrocephalinae gen. sp. (Luzon) Clinostomoides brieni metacercaria ?Dactylogyrus sp. (-) (Luzon) Gyrodactylus sp. (Luzon) Digenea gen. sp. (Luzon) Cestoda Gauhatiana batrachii (Luzon) Gangesia sp. (Luzon) Haplorchis yokogawai metacercaria Nematoda (Luzon) Ascaridida gen. sp. larva (Luzon) Neodiplostomum sp. metacercaria Contracaecum sp. larva (Luzon) (Luzon) Nematoda gen. sp. (-) Opegaster minima (Luzon) Neocamallanus ophicephali (Luzon) Orientocreadium batrachoides Procamallanus sp. (Luzon) (Luzon) Acanthocephala Phyllodistomum sp. (Luzon) Acanthocephalus sp. (Luzon) Posthodiplostomum grayi metacercaria (-) "catfish" Monogenea Monogenea Ancyrocephalinae gen. sp. (Luzon) Dactylogyrus sp. (Luzon) ?Dactylogyrus sp. (Luzon) Monogenea gen. sp. (Luzon) Gyrodactylus sp. (Luzon) FAMILY ARIIDAE Monogenea gen. sp. (Luzon) Cestoda Arius manillensis Manila catfish120 Boviena serialis (Luzon) (Valenciennes) Manila kanduli Caryophyllidea gen. sp. (-) Status: native Cestoda gen. sp. (Luzon) Environment: fresh water Lytocestus birmanicus (-) Digenea Nematoda Haplorchis taichui metacercaria Gnathostoma spinigerum larva (Luzon) (Luzon - experimental?) H. yokogawai metacercaria (Luzon) Nematoda gen. sp. (Luzon) Neodiplostomum sp. metacercaria Philometra sp. (Luzon) (Luzon) Procamallanus (Procamallanus) Opegaster minima (Luzon) clarius (Luzon) Posthodiplostomum grayi Mollusca metacercaria (-) Cristaria plicata (-) Stictodora manilensis metacercaria 119 Additional Tagalog common names include "hitong (Luzon) batukan" and "pantat" Remarks:The Manila catfish is not listed by Froese and Pauly (1996).According Clarias freshwater catfish to Herre (1953), it is known only from macrocephalus the area of Luzon Island around (Günther) (-) Manila. Status: native 120 Environment: fresh water The English common name is provided by Herre (19S3).

Arius sp. sea catfish Status: native kalaso, uting bondo Status: native kanduli Environment: marine Environment: fresh water, brackish Nematoda water, marine Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) Nematoda ORDER ATHERINIFORMES Camallanus (Camallanus) paracarangis (Luzon &/or Mindoro) FAMILY ATHERINIDAE Netuma thalassina giant catfish Atherina balabacensis silverside122 (Riippell) Seale Syn.: Arius thalassinus kanduling-dagat Syn.: Hepsetia guno (Rüppell) balabacensis Seale Status: native Status: native Environment: marine Environment: fresh water; brackish Digenea water, marine Elongoparorchis pneumatis Digenea (Palawan) Centrocestus sp. metacercaria Monodhelmis torpedinis (Luzon) (Luzon) Remarks: The status of this species in Heterophyopsis expectans the Philippines requires metacercaria (Luzon) clarification.Although Herre (1953) Procerovum calderoni metacercaria noted it to be the commonest (Luzon) Philippine ariid catfish,Froeseand Stictodora guerreroi metacercaria Pauly (1996) reported that it does not (Luzon) occur in Philippine waters. S. manilensis metacercaria (Luzon) Remarks: This species is not listed by FAMILY PLOTOSIDAE Froese and Pauly (1996); the host Plotosus lineatus striped eel catfish synonymy follows Eschmeyer et al. (Thunberg) (1996). 121 Syn.: Plotosus kanduli 122 The English common name is provided by Herre and anguillaris (Bloch) Umali (1948). Status: native ORDER CYPRINODONTIFORMES Environment: marine Myxozoa FAMILY POECILIIDAE Coccomyxa hoffmani (-) Poecilia latipinna (Lesueur) sailfin molly Septemcapsula yasunagai (-) Syn.: Mollienesia latipinna bubuntis Monogenea Lesueur Gyrodactylus plotosi (-) Status: exotic Remarks: According to Herre (1953), Environment: fresh water, brackish water plotosids are marine stinging catfishes Digenea which sometimes enter estuaries and Procerovum calderoni metacercaria rivers. (Luzon, Mindanao?) 121 Additional Tagalog common names include "i-ito," P. varium metacercaria (Luzon) "patuna" and "sumbilang." Transversotrema patialense (Luzon) ORDER AULOPIFORMES Nematoda Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) SUBORDER ALEPISAUROIDEI Remarks: According to Natividad (1987), FAMILY SYNODONTIDAE Poecilia latipinna was introduced from Hawaii in 1914, while Froese and Saurida tumbil greater lizardfish Pauly (1996) record it as having been (Bloch) introduced from Mexico (year unknown) for mosquito control. It is (Valenciennes) now self-sustaining in natural waters. Status: native kambabalo The synonymy is provided by Environment: marine, brackish water Eschmeyer et al. (1996). Copepoda Lernanthropus tylosuri (-) Poecilia reticulata Peters guppy Nothobomolochus gibber (Luzon) Status: exotic (-) Environment: fresh water Platybelone sp. needlefish Mastigophora Status: native (-) Cryptobia sp. (Luzon-aquarium) Environment: marine Nematoda Cestoda Aonchotheca philippinensis larva Otobothrium penetrans plerocercoid (Luzon) (Visayan islands) Remarks:A South American species Strongylura incisa reef needlefish introduced from Hawaii in 1905 for (Valenciennes) doal mosquito control, the guppy is now Status: native found throughout the country (Froese Environment: marine and Pauly 1996). Copepoda Xiphophorus southern platyfish Bomolochus bellones (Luzon) maculatus Caligus sp. (Verde) (Günther) (-) Lernanthropus belones (-) Status: exotic Strongylura leiura banded Environment: fresh water (Bleeker) needlefish Ciliophora Status: native haba, kambabalo Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Luzon - Environment: marine, brackish water aquarium) Copepoda Mastigophora Caligodes laciniatus (-) Hexamita sp. (Luzon - aquarium) Lernanthropus tylosuri (-) Remarks: Native toCentralAmerica,this Nothobomolochus digitatus (Panay) aquarium species is not known to occur in Philippine natural waters. Strongylura spottail needlefish strongylura Xiphophorus sp. swordtail (van Hasselt) batalay, hamalit Status: exotic (-) Status: native Environment: fresh water Environment: marine, brackish water Ciliophora Copepoda Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Luzon - Ergasilus coleus (Mindanao) aquarium) Lernanthropus belones (-) "top minnow" Nothobomolochus digitatus (Panay) Status: exotic Remarks: Found in coastal areas and Environment: fresh water lagoons and occasionally entering Ciliophora fresh water. Trichodina sp. (Panay) Strongylura urvillii needlefish Branchiura (Valenciennes) Branchiura gen. sp. (Panay) Status: native (-) ORDER BELONIFORMES Environment: marine, brackish water Copepoda SUBORDER EXOCOETOIDEI Bomolochus bellones (Luzon) FAMILY BELONIDAE Caligus sp. (Verde) Ablennes hians flat needlefish Ergasilus coleus (Culion) Lernanthropus tylosuri (Culion Island) Tylosurus sp. needlefish Status: native balo, batalay, doal Tylosurus acus acus agujon needlefish -Environment: marine (Lacépède) (-) Nematoda Syn.: Tylosurus acus (Lacépède) Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) Status: native spiralis (Luzon) Environment: marine Cestoda FAMILY HEMIRAMPHIDAE Otobothrium penetrans plerocercoid Hyporhamphus Dussumier's (Visayan islands) dussumieri halfbeak Tylosurus acus agujon needlefish (Valenciennes) (-) melanotus Syn.: Hemiramphus dussumieri (Bleeker) (-) Valenciennes Status: native Status: native Environment: marine Environment: marine Copepoda Digenea Caligodes laciniatus (-) Centrocestus caninus metacercaria Caligus tylosuri (Leyte, Luzon) (Luzon) Colobomatus goodingi (Jolo) Cestoda Lernanthropus tylosuri (-) Otobothrium penetrans plerocercoid (Visayan islands) Tylosurus crocodilus hound Remarks: The synonymy follows crocodilus needlefish Eschmeyer et al. (1996), who note that (Peron and Lesueur) doal this species has been considered a Syn.: Tylosurus crocodilus (Peron and synonym of H. afflnis (Günther). Lesueur) Status: native Rhynchorhamphus long billed Environment: marine georgii halfbeak Microspora (Valenciennes) buging Microsporidia gen. sp. (Visayan Syn.: Hemiramphus georgii islands) Valenciennes Cestoda Status: native Otobothrium penetrans plerocercoid Environment: marine (Visayan islands) Digenea Nematoda Haplorchis yokogawai metacercaria Philometra sp. (Visayan islands) (Luzon) Copepoda Heterophyopsis expectans Caligodes laciniatus (-) metacercaria (Luzon) Caligus tylosuri (Leyte, Luzon) Procerovum calderoni metacercaria Colobomatus goodingi (Luzon) (Luzon) Lernaeenicus sp. (Luzon) Stictodora guerreroi metacercaria Lernanthropus tylosuri (-) (Luzon) Nothobomolochus gibber (Luzon) Transversotrema patialense (Luzon) Tylosurus punctulatus needlefish ORDER BERYCIFORMES (Günther) SUBORDER BERCOIDEI Status: native (-) Environment: marine FAMILY MONOCENTRIDAE Copepoda Monocentris sp. pine cone fish Lernanthropus tylosuri (Culion, Status: native (-) Luzon) Environment: marine Copepoda FAMILY SYNBRANCHIDAE Hatschekia tenuis (Luzon) Monopterus albus (Zouiev) swamp eel FAMILY ANOMALOPIDAE Status: native (-) Environment: fresh water Anomalops splitfrn flashlightfish Mastigophora katoptron Trypanosoma sp. (Luzon - tank held) (Bleeker) (-) Digenea Status: native Digenea gen. sp. (Luzon - tank held) Environment: marine Nematoda Digenea Nematoda gen. sp. (Luzon - tank Deretrema (Luxitrema) philippinensis held) (Mactan) Acanthocephala FAMILY BERYCIDAE Pallisentis cleatus (Luzon - tank held) Beryx splendens slender alfonsino Remarks: Herre (1953) noted that this Lowe species is rare in the Philippines.All Status: native (-) parasitological records involve fish Environment: marine imported from China for shipment to Nematoda Taiwan. Ascarophis beryx (-) ORDER SCORPAENIFORMES FAMILY HOLOCENTRIDAE SUBORDER PLATYCEPHALOIDEI Neoniphon sammara sammara FAMILY PLATYCEPHALIDAE squirrelfish Cymbacephalus fringe-eyed (Forsskäl) baga-baga nematophthalmus Syn.: Holocentrus sammara (Günther) flathead (Forsskäl) Syn.: Thysanophrys (-) Status: native nematophthalmus Environment: marine (Günther) Digenea Status: native Hexangium sigani (-) Environment: marine Sargocentron violet squirrelfish Nematoda violaceum Camallanus (Camallanus) marinus (Bleeker) baga-baga (Palawan) Syn.: Holocentrus violaceus (Bleeker) Remarks: This species is not listed in Status: native Froese and Pauly (1996); the Environment: marine synonymy follows Eschmeyer et al. Digenea (1996). Helicometra nasae (Palawan) Platycephalus indicus Indian flathead SUBORDER POLYMIXIOIDEI (Linnaeus) sunog FAMILY POLYMIXI1DAE Status: native Environment: marine, brackish water Polymixia japonica Günther (-) Digenea Status: native (-) Procerovum calderoni metacercaria Environment: marine (Luzon) Nematoda Nematoda Metabronema polymixia (-) Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) ORDER SYNBRANCHIFORMES spiralis (Luzon) Remarks:Juveniles have been taken in fresh water. ORDER PERCIFORMES S. manilensis metacercaria (Luzon) Remarks:The lañgaray occurs in SUBORDER PERCOIDEI mangrove forests and lower reaches of FAMILY CENTROPOMIDAE freshwater streams. Lates calcarifer (Bloch) barramundi Ambassis miops flag-tailed glass Status: native apahap123 Günther fish Environment: fresh water, brackish Syn.: Ambassis bagsang124 water, marine commersoni auctorum Ciliophora Status: native Trichodinidae gen. sp. (-) Environment: marine, brackish water, Digenea fresh water Erilepturus hamati (Luzon) Nematoda Lecithochirium sp. (-) Aonchotheca philippinensis larva Prosorhynchus luzonicus (Luzon) (Luzon) Pseudometadena celebesensis Nematoda gen. sp. (Luzon) (Luzon) Remarks:This species iscommonly found Pseudometadena sp. (-) in brackish waters, such as in river Transversotrema patialense (Luzon) mouths and near mangroves. Monogenea 124 The local common name is from the Ilokano dialect Diplectanum sp. (-) Remarks: A diadromous species, FAMILY SERRANIDAE barramundi inhabit rivers before Anyperodon slender returning to estuaries to spawn. leucogrammicus grouper 125 123 Additional Tagalog common names include "katuyot" (Valenciennes) lapu-lapu and "matang pusa." Status: native FAMILY AMBASSIDAE Environment: marine Monogenea Ambassis buruensis (-) Ancyrocephalus manilensis (Luzon - Bleeker aquarium) Status: native lañgaray 125 Additional Tagalog common names include "kigting," Environment: marine, brackish water, "lubo" and "sigapo." fresh water Digenea Cephalopholis tomato hind Centrocestus sp. metacercaria sonnerati (Luzon) (Valenciennes) lapu-lapu Cercarioides sp. metacercaria Status: native (Luzon) Environment: marine Haplorchis pumilio metacercaria Nematoda (Luzon) Philometra lateolabracis (Palawan) H. taichui metacercaria (Luzon) Epinephelus bleekeri duskytail H. yokogawai metacercaria (Luzon) (Vaillant) grouper Heterophyopsis expectans Status: native lapu-lapu metacercaria (Luzon) Environment: marine Phagicola sp. metacercaria (Luzon) Digenea Procerovum calderoni metacercaria Prosorhynchus mcintoshi (Luzon) metacercaria (Luzon) Prosorhynchus paracrucibulus P. mcintoshi (Luzon) metacercaria (Luzon) Stictodora guerreroi metacercaria Epinephelus malabar grouper (Luzon) malabaricus (Bloch and Schneider) lapu-lapu Status: native Azygia pristipomai (-) Environment: marine, brackish water Didymozoidae gen. sp. (Visayan Digenea islands)128 Erilepturus hamati (-) Stictodora manilensis metacercaria Prosorhynchus pacificus (-) (Luzon) Monogenea Torticaecum nipponicum (Luzon)129 Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli Nematoda (-) Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) Cestoda Nematoda gen. sp. (Luzon) Cestoda gen sp. (-) Remarks: A marine species entering Nematoda rivers. Raphidascaris sp. larva (-) 127 Additional Tagalog common names include "bungao," Epinephelus wavy-lined "gagaong," "gunggong" and "tutot" 128 undulosus grouper Possible incorrect host listing. (Quoy and Gaimard) lapu-lapu126 129 Possible incorrect host listing. Status: native Terapon plumbeus (Kner) silver Environment: marine perch130 Monogenea Syn.: Terapon argenteus ayuñgin Bendenia malaboni (Luzon) auctorum 126 AdditionalTagalogcommonnamesinclude"abo-abo," Status: native "buluan" and "puol." Environment: fresh water Epinephelus sp. grouper Digenea Status: native lapu-lapu Azygia pristipomai (Luzon) Environment: marine Centrocestus caninus metacercaria Nematoda (Luzon) Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) Echinochasmus novalichesensis (Luzon) "grouper" Haplorchis pumilio metacercaria Monogenea (Luzon) Monogenea gen. sp. (-) H. yokogawai metacercaria (Luzon) Hirudinea Neodiplostomum sp. metacercaria ?Piscicola sp. (Luzon) (Luzon) FAMILY TERAPONTIDAE Opegaster minima (Luzon) Procerovum varium metacercaria Pelates quadrilineatus fourlined (Luzon)131 (Bloch) terapon Posthodiplostomum grayi Status:native agaak, babansi metacercaria (-) Environment: brackish water, marine Stictodora manilensis metacercaria Digenea (Luzon) Heterophyopsis expectans Transversotrema patialense (Luzon) metacercaria (Luzon, Mindanao) Nematoda Procerovum calderoni metacercaria Gnathostoma spinigerum larva (Luzon, Mindanao?) (Luzon) Stictodora manilensis metacercaria Acanthocephala (Luzon) Neoechinorynchus octonucleatus Terapon jarbua jarbua terapon (Luzon) (Forsskäl) Copepoda Status: native bagaong127 Lernaea cyprinacea (Luzon) Environment: marine, brackish water Lernaea sp. (Luzon) Digenea Remarks:Some of the above records appeared under the name Terapon (-)133 argenteus, a synonym of Mesopristes 133 Possible nomen nudum. elongatus, a species occurring only in East Africa (Froese and Pauly 1996). Sillago sihama silver sillago The ayuñgin is endemic to Luzon (Forsskäl) Island. Status: native asohos Environment: marine, brackish water, 130 The English common name is provided by Herre and Umali (1948). fresh water Digenea 131 Possible parasite misidentification. Rhipidocotyle eggletoni metacercaria Terapon puta small-scaled (Luzon) (Cuvier) terapon Torticaecum nipponicum (Luzon) Status: native babansi, dukuson Nematoda Environment: marine, brackish water Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) Digenea philippinensis (Luzon) Heterophyopsis expectans Remarks: Herre (1953) notes that the metacercaria (Mindanao) sillaginids are marine fishes; Froese Nematoda and Pauly (1996) list the silver sillago Anisakis sp. larva (-) as also occurring in fresh and brackish Camallanus(Camallanus) waters. paracarangis (Luzon &/or Mindoro) FAMILY LACTARIIDAE FAMILY PRIACANTHIDAE Lactarius lactarius false trevally Priacanthus purple-spotted bigeye (Bloch and Schneider) pagapa134 tayenus Status: native Richardson bisugong china Environment: marine Status: native Nematoda Environment: marine Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) Nematoda Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon, 134 Other Tagalog common names include "algudon," "pelyan" and "rigudon." Panay) FAMILY CARANGIDAE FAMILY APOGONIDAE Alectis sp. threadfish135 Apogon ellioti Day flag-in cardinalfish Status: native pampanog puti Syn.: Apogonichthys dangat132 Environment: marine ellioti (Day) Nematoda Status: native Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) Environment: marine Copepoda Nematoda Caligus robustus (-) Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Panay) 135 Camallanus sp. (-) The English common name is provided by Herre and Umali (1948). 132 Additional Tagalog common names include "langaray" and "suga." Atule mate (Cuvier) yellowtail scad FAMILY SILLAGINIDAE Syn.: Caranx qffinis talakitok Sillago maculata trumpeter sillago Rüppell Quoy and Guimard asohos Status: native Status: native Environment: marine, brackish water Environment: marine, brackish water Digenea Digenea ?Lecithocladium angustiovum Stictodora palmifera metacercaria (Palawan) Nematoda Nematoda Camallanus (Camallanus) marinus Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) (Palawan) Anisákis sp. larva (Luzon) Carangoides armatus longfin trevally 138 The English common ñame is provided by Herré (Rüppell) (1953). Syn.: Caranx armatus lawayan, Gnathanodon golden trevally (Rüppell) palatikat speciosus Status: native (Forsskal) garapeche139 Environment: marine, brackish water Syn.: Caranx speciosus (Forsskal) Nematoda Status: native Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) Environment: marine Anisakis sp. larva (-) Nematoda Remarks:The longfin trevally is a marine Metabronema magnum (Luzon) species whose juveniles may enter 139 AdditionalTagalogcommonñamesinclude"banlog," estuaries. "malapandong dilau," "talingan" and "talakitok." Caranx sexfasciatus bigeye trevally Megalaspis cordyla torpedo scad Quoy and Gaimard malipito, muslo136 (Linnaeus) 140 Status: native Status: native oriles Environment: marine Environment: marine Digenea Copepoda Bucephalus fragilis (Luzon) Caligus robustus (-) Lecithocladium megalaspis

136 (Luzon) Nematoda Other Tagalog common names include "mamsa," "pinkit" and "simbad." Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) 140 Caranx sp. cavalla137 AdditionalTaglalogcommonñamesinclude"atulay," "bakutut," "balangoan," "malaguno" and "pak-an." Status: native talakitok Environment: marine Parastromateus black pomfret Digenea niger (Bloch) Alcicornis cirrudiscoides (Luzon) Syn.: Apolectus duhay, pámpano Bucephalus various (Luzon) niger (Bloch) Prosogonotrema bilabiatum (Luzon) Status: native Nematoda Environment: marine Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) Digenea Anisakis sp. larva (Luzon) Lecithocladium apolecti (Luzon) Camallanus (Camallanus) carangis Scomberoides lysan doublespotted (Luzon) queenfish Camallanus (Camallanus) (Forsskal) dorado141 paracarangis (Luzon &/or Mindoro) Status: native 137 The English common name is provided by Herre and Environment: marine, brackish water Umali (1948). Digenea Decapterus shortfin scad Erilepturus lemeriensis (Luzon) macrosoma Bleeker 141 Additional Tagalog common ñames include "atulay," Status: native galunggong "dularo," "lapis," "malaguno," "palean," "pipikan," Environment: marine "talang-talang," "talang-talapya," "talapya," "talipa" and "talupak." Nematoda 142 Anísalas sp. larva (-) Scomberoides sp. leatherjacket 138 Status: native dorado Decapterus sp. scad Environment: marine, brackish water Status: native galongong Digenea Environment: marine Erilepturus lemeriensis (Luzon) 142 The English common ñame is provided by Herré Status: native motambo, sapsap (1953). Environment: marine, brackish water Selar bigeye scad Digenea crumenophthalmus Elongoparorchis pneumatis (Bloch) (Palawan) Status: native matangbaka143 Rhipidocotyle eggletoni metacercaria Environment: marine (Luzon) Microspora Nematoda Microsporidia gen. sp. (Visayan Camallanus (Camallanus) marinus islands) (Palawan) Nematoda C. (Camallanus) paracarangis (Luzon Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) &/or Mindoro) Anisákis sp. larva (Luzon) Leiognathus equulus common 143 (Forsskäl) ponyfish AdditionalTagalogcommonñamesinclude"bunutan,""ma 145 puao" and "tingin." Status: native lawayakan Environment: marine, brackish water Selaroides yellowstripe scad Nematoda leptolepsis (Cuvier) Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) Status: native alay-salay batang, 145 salay-salay Additional Tagalog common names include "malaway" and "sapsap." Environment: marine 146 Nematoda Leiognathus sp. slipmouth Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) Status: native sapsap, tambong Anisákis sp. larva (Luzon) Environment: marine, brackish water Digenea Seriolina blackbanded Bucephalusleognathi (Luzon) nigrofasciata trevally Nematoda (Rüppell) lapis Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon, Syn.: Serióla nigrofasciata Rüppell Mindoro) Status: native Camallanus (Camallanus) Environment: marine paracarangis (Luzon &/or Mindoro) Digenea Remarks: Herre (1953) notes the Bucephalus paraheterotentaculatus members of thegenus Leiognathus are (Luzon) marine fishes, some species entering Remarks: The synonymy follows Herré fresh water. (1953). 146 The English common name is provided by Herre and FAMILY MENID AE Umali (1948).

Mene maculata moonfish FAMLY LUTJANIDAE (Bloch and Schneider) Lutjanus bohar two-spot red 144 (Forsskäl) snapper Status: native hiwas 147 Environment: marine, brackish water Syn.: Lutjanus bambangon Nematoda rangus (Cuvier) Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) Status: native Anisákis sp. larva (Luzon) Environment: marine Digenea 144 Additional Tagalog common ñames include "chabita,""sapatero," "tabas" and "tsabita." Stephanostomum casum (Palawan) 147 Additional Tagalog common names include FAMILY LEIOGNATHIDAE "matangal" and "maya-maya." Gazza minuta (Bloch) toothpony Lutjanus fulviflamma blackspot (Forsskäl) snapper Lutjanus sp. snapper Status: native bambangon148 Status: native bambañgin, Environment: marine maya-maya Digenea Environment: marine Paracryptogonimus manilensis Digenea (Palawan) Paracryptogonimus acanthostomus P. orientalis (Palawan) (Luzon) Remarks: Froese and Pauly (1996) note P. apharei (Luzon) that this species is sometimes found in Pseudallacanthochasmus mangrove estuaries and in the lower grandispinus (Luzon) reaches of freshwater streams. Monogenea 148 Additional Tagalog common names include "bitilla" Ancyrocephalus manilensis (Luzon - and "maya-maya." aquarium) Lutjanus gibbus humpback Tetrancistrum lutiani (Luzon - (Forsskäl) snapper aquarium) Status: native bambangon149 Pinjalo pinjalo (Bleeker) pinjalo Environment: marine Status: native sulid Digenea Environment: marine Hamacreadium lethrini (Palawan) Nematoda Nematoda Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) Cucullanus lutjani (Palawan) FAMILY CAESIONIDAE 149 Additional Tagalog common names include "alsis," "dapak" and "maya-maya." Caesio cuning redbelly yellowtail Lutjanus malabar blood (Bloch) fusilier malabaricus snapper Syn: Caesio dalagang bukid, (Bloch and maya-maya150 erythrogaster Cuvier lapid Schneider) Status: native Syn.: Lutjanus dodecacanthus Environment: marine (Bleeker) Digenea Status: native Hexangium sigani (-) Environment: marine Caesio lunaris lunar fusilier Nematoda Cuvier Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) Status: native dalagang bukid, 150 Additional Tagalog common names include "dapak" morong and "pulahan." Environment: marine Lutjanus vitta brownstripe red Nematoda snapper Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) (Quoy and dayang-dayang151 Anisakis sp. larva (Luzon) Gaimard) Dipterygonotus mottled fusilier Status: native balteatus Environment: marine (Valenciennes) dalagang bukid Digenea Syn.: Erythrichthys leucogrammicus Paracryptogonimus manilensis (Bleeker) (Luzon) Status: native Nematoda Environment: marine Anisakidae gen. sp. Larva (Luzon, Nematoda Mindoro) Ascarophis erythrichthys (-) Anisakis sp. larva (Luzon) Remarks: Herre (1953) listed 151 Additional Tagalog common names include Erythrichthys leucogrammicus as a "bambañgin" and "maya-maya." synonym of Dipterygonotus FAMILY SPARIDAE leucogrammicus Bleeker, Froese and Acanthopagrus berda picnic Pauly (1996) listed D. leucogrammicus (Forsskäl) seabream as a synonym of D. balteatus. Syn.: Sparus berda bakoko153 FAMILY GERREIDAE Forsskäl Status: native Gerres filamentosus whipfin Environment: marine, brackish water, Cuvier silver-biddy fresh water Status: native malakapas, Digenea manobon Prosorhynchus crucibulum Environment: fresh water, brackish metacercaria (Luzon) water, marine Nematoda Digenea Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) Haplorchis pumilio metacercaria Anisakis sp. larva (-) (Luzon) Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) Heterophyopsis expectans philippinensis (Luzon) metacercaria (Luzon) P. (Spirocamallanus) spiralis (Luzon) Procerovum calderoni metacercaria Remarks: The picnic seabream is a (Luzon) marine and estuarine species which Stictodora manilensis metacercaria may enter fresh water. (Luzon) Nematoda 153 Additional Tagalog common names include "bakokong moro" and "gaud-gaud." Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) FAMILY LETHRINIDAE Gerres kapas Singapore Bleeker silver-biddy Gymnocranius grey large-eye Status: native malakapas griseus bream Environment: marine (Temminck and bitilya, kutambal Digenea Schlegel) Haplorchis yokogawai metacercaria Status: native (Luzon) Environment: marine Heterophyopsis expectans Digenea metacercaria (Luzon) Propycnadenoides philippinensis (Palawan) FAMILY HAEMULIDAE Nematoda Pomadasys argenteus silver grunt Cucullams lutjani (Palawan) (Forsskäl) Lethrinus longñn emperor Syn.: Pomadasyshasta ikuran152 erythropterus (Bloch) Valenciennes bitilya Pristipoma hasta Syn.: Lethrinus hypselopterus Bleeker (Bloch) Status: native Status: native Environment marine Environment: marine, brackish water Digenea Digenea Hamacreadium lethrini (Palawan) Aephnidiogenes barbarus (Palawan) Azygia pristipomai (Luzon) Lethrinus nebulosas spangled emperor Cercaria dorsocauda metacercaria (-) (Forsskül) Neochasmus microvatus (Luzon) Status: native bitilya Opegaster minima (Luzon) Environment: marine 152 Additional Tagalog common names include "aguot" Monogenea and "ibalay." Encotyllabe caballeroi (Mindoro) FAMILY NEMIPTERIDAE Environment: marine Digenea Nemipterus sp. bisugo154 Paropecoelus palawanensis Status: native bisugo (Palawan) Environment: marine Microspora Parupeneus indicus Indian goatfish Microsporidia gen. sp. (Visayan (Shaw) islands) Status: native saramulyete Nematoda Environment marine Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) Digenea Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) Paropecoelus palawanensis spiralis (Luzon) (Palawan) 154 The EngUsh eommon ñame is providsd by Parupeneus long-barbel goatfish Herré and Umali (1948). macronema Scolopsis sp. (-) (Lacépéde) (-) Status: native (-) Status: native Environment: marine Environment marine Isopoda Isopoda Anilocra dimidiata (Bohol, Burias, Renocila richardsonae (Jólo) Luzon) FAMILY EPHIPPIDAE FAMILY SCIAENIDAE Platax orbicularis batfish (Forsskál) Otolithes ruber tiger-toothed 155 croaker Status: native bayang (Bloch and alakaak Environment: marine, brackish water Schneider) Monogenea Status: native Allometabenedeniella orbicularis Environment marine, brackish water (Luzon) Nematoda Caballerocotyla philippina (Luzon) Anisakidae gea sp. larva (Luzon) Neobenedenia manilae (Luzon) Remarks:The tiger-tooth croaker is a Nematoda marine species which entere river Anísalas sp. larva (Luzon) 155 mouths(Herré 1953). Additional Tagalog conunon ñames include "daitoog gobin and "darapugan." Pemahia anea greyfin croaker (Bloch) FAMILY SCATOPHAGIDAE Syn.: alakaak Scatophagus argus spotted scat Pseudosdaena (Linnaeus) anea (Bloch) Status: native kikiro, kitang Status: native Environment: marine Environment marine Ciliophora Nematoda Trichodina sp. (Panay) Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) Mastigophora Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) Amyloodinium sp. (Panay) philippinensis (Luzon) Microspora FAMILY MULLIDAE Microsporidia gen. sp. (Panay) Digenea Parupeneus dash-and-dot Procerovum calderoni metacercaria barberinus goatfish (Luzon) (Lacépéde) saramulyete Transversotrema patialense (Luzon) Status: native Waretrema piscícola (Luzon) Monogenea Orientocreadium batrachoides Monogenea gen. sp. (Panay) metacercaria (Luzon - experimental) Nematoda Transversotrema patialense (Luzon) Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) Monogenea Acanthocephala Cichlidogyrus sclerosus (Luzon) Acanthocephala gen. sp. (-) Dactylogyrus sp. (Luzon) Filisoma rizalinum (Luzon) Monogenea gen. sp. (Luzon) Copepoda Branchiura Caligus sp. (Panay) Argulus indicas (Luzon) Isopoda Remarks: Native to southern África, Isopoda gen. sp. (Panay) Mossambique tilapia were introduced Remarks: Juveniles are found in firesh from Thailand for aquaculture in 1950 and brackish water. and are now found throughout the country (Froese and Pauly 1996). A FAMILY CHAETODONTIDAE freshwater species, this fish can be Chaetodon coliare redtail butterflyfish reared under hypersaline conditions. Bloch Oreochromis hybrid tilapia, Status: native (-) mossambicus Environment: marine (Peters) Myxozoa x Oreochromis red tilapia Pentacapsula muscularis (-) niloticus Parachaetodon sixspine butterflyfish niloticus (Linnaeus) (-) ocellatus Status: exotic (Cuvier) ikuran, paru-paru Environment: freshwater Status: native Ciliophora Environment: marine Ichthyophthirius sp. (Luzon) Digenea Trichodina sp. (Luzon) Hurleytrematoides malabonensis Mastigophora (Luzon) Oodinidae gen. sp. (Luzon) Paraayptogonimus manilensis Monogenea (Luzon) Dactylogyrus sp. (Luzon) FAMELY CICHLIDAE Remarks:Natividad (1987) noted that the red tilapia was introduced during the Oreochromis Mossambique 1950s or 60s. mossarñbicus tilapia (Peters) (-) Oreochromis Nile tilapia Syn.: Tilapia mossambica (Peters) niloticus niloticus Status: exotic (Linnaeus) pla-pla, tilapia Environment: firesh water; brackish Syn.: Tilapia ni lo tica (Linnaeus) water, marine Status: exotic Ciliophora Environment: fresh water, brackish water Epistylis sp. (Luzon) Ciliophora Ichthyophthirius sp. (Luzon) Apiosoma sp. (Luzon, Mindano, Trichodina compacta (Luzon) Panay) T. heterodentata (Luzon) Epistylis sp. (Luzon) Trichodina sp. (Luzon) Ichthyophthirius sp. (Luzon) Trichodinella sp. (Luzon) Trichodina centrostrigata (Luzon, Mastigophora Mindanao) Oodinidae gen. sp. (Luzon) T. compacta (Luzon) Digenea T. heterodentata (Luzon, Mindanao, Palawan) T. siluri (Luzon)156 Ciliophora T. velasquezae (Panay) Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Luzon - Trichodina sp. (Luzon, Panay) aquarium) Trichodinidae gen. sp. (Luzon) Remarks: An African cichlid, this Tripartiella spatula (Luzon, Panay) aquarium fish does not occur in the T. tilapiae (Panay) natural waters of the Philippines. Mastigophora 157 The English common name is provided by Axelrod et Cryptobia branchialis (Luzon, al. (1989). Mindanao, Palawan, Panay) Tilapia zillii (Gervais) redbelly tilapia Oodinidae gen. sp. (Luzon) Status: exotic (-) Digenea Environment: fresh water, brackish water Digenea gen. sp. metacercaria Ciliophora (Luzon) Trichodina compacta (Luzon) Digenea gen. sp. (Luzon) T. heterodentata (Luzon) Transversotrema patialense (Luzon, Trichodina sp. (Luzon) Palawan, Panay) Trichodinella sp. (Luzon) Monogenea Tripartiella tilapiae (Luzon) Cichlidogyrus longicornis (Luzon, Mastigophora Mindanao) Kinetoplastida gen. sp. (Luzon) C. sclerosus (Luzon, Mindanao) Monogenea C. tiberianus (Luzon, Mindanao) Monogenea gen. sp. (Luzon) C. tilapiae (Luzon, Mindanao) Remarks: An African cichlid, the redbelly Cichlidogyrus sp. (Luzon) tilapia Dactylogyrus sp. (Luzon) wasintroducedin1973fromIsraelfor Enterogyrus cichlidarum (Luzon) aquaculture (Froese and Pauly Gyrodactylus niloticus (Luzon) 1996).It has probably not established G. shariffi (Panay) in native waters. Gyrodactylus sp. (Luzon, Panay) Mollusca Tilapia sp. tilapia Cristaria plicata (Luzon) Status: exotic Copepoda Environment: fresh water Caligus epidemicus (Luzon, Panay) Digenea Lamproglena monodi (Luzon) Transversotrema patialense (Luzon) Isopoda Monogenea Alitropis typicus (Luzon) Cichlidogyrus sclerosus (Luzon) Gnathiidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) Branchiura Remarks: Native to Africa, the Nile tilapia Argulus sp. (-) was introduced in 1970 and 1973 from "tilapia", "colored tilapia" Thailand and Israel (Froese and Pauly Status: exotic 1996). Stocks occurring in natural Environment: fresh water waters are not pure, having interbred Ciliophora extensively with Oreochromis Trichodina sp. (Luzon) mossambicus (see Macaranas et al. Digenea 1986). Transversotrema patialense (Luzon) 156 Tentative parasite identification. Monogenea Petrochromis plain mouth Cichlidogyrus sp. (-) orthognathus FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE Matthes petrochromis157 Status: exotic (-) Dischistodus banded damsel Environment: fresh water fasciatus (Cuvier) Syn.: Pomacentrus (-) Environment: fresh water, brackish fasciatus Cuvier water; marine Status: native Ciliophora Environment: marine Apiosoma sp. (Luzon) Copepoda Chilodonella sp. (Luzon) Caligidae gen. sp. (Sanguisiapo) Trichodina sp. (Luzon) Digenea SUBORDER MUGILOIDEI Transversotrema patialense (Luzon) FAMILY MUGILIDAE Monogenea Liza subvirtáis greenback mullet Dactylogyrus sp. (Luzon) (Valenciennes) Nematoda Syn.: Mugil banak Nematoda gen. sp. (Luzon) dussumieri "mullet," "banak," "talilong" Valenciennes Status: native Status: native Environment: fresh water, brackish Environment: fresh water, brackish water, marine water, marine Digenea Digenea Heterophyopsis expectans Haplorchis yokogawai metacercaria metacercaria (-) (Luzon) Branchiura Heterophyopsis expectans Argulus sp. (-) metacercaria (Luzon) SUBORDER POLYNEMOIDEI Procerovum calderoni metacercaria (Luzon, Mindanao?) FAMILY POLYNEMIDAE Pygidiopsis genata metacercaria Eleutheronema fourfinger threadfin (Luzon) tetradactylum P. marivillai metacercaria (Luzon) (Shaw) bikaw, mamali Stellantchasmus falcatus Status: native metacercaria (Luzon) Environment: marine, brackish water Stictodora guerreroi metacercaria Digenea (Luzon) Procerovum calderoni metacercaria S. manilensis metacercaria (Luzon) (Luzon) Mugil cephalus flathead mullet Nematoda Linnaeus Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) Status: native aligasin, banak, Remarks: Fourfinger threadfin also enter talilong rivers. Environment: fresh water, brackish SUBORDER LABROIDEI water, marine Mastigophora FAMILY LABRIDAE Amyloodinium ocellatum (Panay) Bodianus splitlevel hogfish Digenea mesothorax Carassotrema philippimnse (Mactan, (Bloch and (-) Palawan) Schneider) Copepoda Syn.: Lepidaplois mesothorax (Bloch Caligus sp. (Panay) and Schneider) Remarks: The flathead mullet is an Status: native anadromous species. Environment: marine Mugil sp. mullet Digenea Status: native banak Scaphanocephalus adamsi metacercaria (Luzon - aquarium) Environment: freshwater, brackish water, marine Cheilio inermis cigar wrasse Digenea (Forsskál) Procerovum calderoni metacercaria Status: native (-) (Luzon &/or Mindanao) Environment: marine Digenea 159 Addhional Tagalog common ñames include Tcaple" Lecithophyllum cheilionis (Palawan) and "susunog." Eleotris fusca dusky sleeper Choerodon orange-dotted 160 (Schneider and mulug anchorago tuskfish Forster) (Bloch) (-) Status: native Status: native Environment: brackish water, fresh water Environment: marine Digenea Digenea Torticaecum nipponicum (Palawan) Macvicaria longisaccus (Palawan) 160 The local common ñame is in from Bikolano dialect Oxycheilinus cheeklined wrasse diagrammus Eleotris broadhead melanosoma sleeper161 (Lacépéde) mulmul 162 Syn.: Cheilinus diagrammus Bleeker virot (Lacépéde) Status: native Status: native Environment: brackish water, fresh water Environment: marine Nematoda Digenea Aonchotheca philippinensis larva Transversotrema haasi (Cebú, (Luzon) Mindoro) 161 The English common ñame is provided by Srahh and Heemstra (1986). Xyrichtys sp. (-) 162 The local common ñame is from the Ilokano dialect Syn.: Iniisttus sp. (-) Status: native Hypseleotris (-) Habitat: marine bipartita Herré Isopoda Syn.: Apogon sp. bagsit, Cymothoa stromatei (Panay) auctorum Status: native maringyan163 FAMILY SCARIDAE Environment: fresh water, brackish water Scarus festivus (-) Nematoda Valenciennes Aonchotheca philippinensis larva Syn.: Scarus lúnula mulmol (Luzon) (Snyder) Nematoda gen. sp. (Luzon) Status: native 163 Herré (1953) provided the Bikol ñame "maringyan"; Environment: marine more recenüy, Cross and Basaca-Sevilla (1989) used Digenea the ñame "bagsit". Transversotrema haasi (-)158 Ophieleotris aporos snake-headed 158 Possible host misidentification. gudgeon (Bleeker) bangayngay164 SUBORDER GOBIOIDEI Syn.: Ophiocara aporos (Bleeker) FAMILY ELEOTRIDAE Status: native Environment: fresh water Butis amboinensis olive Digenea flathead-gudgeon 159 Echinochasmus novalichesensis (Bleeker) biang sunog (Luzon) Status: native Stictodora guetreroi metacercaria (Luzon) Glossogobius giuris tank goby S. tanayensis metacercaria (Luzon) (Hamilton) Copepoda Status: native biyang puti167 Lemaea sp. (Luzon) Environment: fresh water, brackish 164 Addhiona! Tagalog common ñames are "bakulihan," water, marine "dalagan," "palawan," "paluwon" and "simanwar." Digenea Azygia pristipomai (Luzon) FAMILY GOBÜDAE Cameophallus brevicaeca (Luzon) Acentrogobius brook goby165 Centrocestus caninus metacercaria janthinopterus (Luzon) (Bleeker) biang sapa Digenea gen. sp. (Luzon) Syn.: Creisson validus Jordán and Seale Echinochasmus novalichesensis (Luzon) Status: native 168 Environment: fresh water, brackish Erilepturus lemeriensis (Luzon) water, marine Haplorchis pumilio metacercaria Digenea (Luzon) Procerovum calderoni metacercaria Neochasmus microvatus (Luzon) (Luzon) Opegaster mínima (Luzon) Remarks: Herré (1953) Usted Creisson Orientocreadium batrachoides validus as a synonym of C. (Luzon) janthinopterus. Froese and Pauly Posthodiplostomum grayi (1996) list the valid ñame for this metacercaria (-) species as A centrogobius Procerovum calderoni metacercaria janthinopterus. (Luzon) Prosorhynchus crucibulum (Luzon) 165 The English common ñame is provided by Herré and Umali (1948). Cestoda Bothriocephalus sp. (Luzon) 166 Chonophorus rock goby Cestoda gen. sp. (Luzon) melanocephalus Proteocephalus sp. (Luzon) (Bleeker) biang bato Nematoda Status: native Áscaridida gen. sp. larva (Luzon) Environment: freshwater Gnathostoma spinigerum larva Nematoda (Luzon) Aonchotheca philippinensis larva Copepoda (Luzon) Ergasilus philippinensis (Luzon) Nematoda gen. sp. (Luzon) Lernaea cyprinacea (Luzon) 166 The English common ñame is provided by Herré and L. lophiara (Luzon) Umali (1948). 167 Addhional Tagalog common ñames include "bato," Glossogobius sleeper "bia" and "dapal." biocellatus 168 Possible host misidentification. (Valenciennes) biang tulog 169 Oxyurichthys long-finned goby Status: native microlepis Environment: marine, brackish water, (Bleeker) talimusak fresh water Status: native Digenea Environment: marine, brackish water Neochasmus microvatus (Luzon) Digenea Opegaster mínima (Luzon) Procerovum calderoni metacercaria Copepoda (Luzon) Lemaea cyprinacea (Luzon) Nematoda Remarks:Intertidal, entering estuaries, Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) lagoons and coastal rivers. 169 The English common ñame is provided by Herré and Syn.: Teuthis concaténala Umali (1948). (Valenciennes) Sicyopterus sp. (-) Status: native Status: native ipon170 Environment: marine, brackish water Environment: brackish water Ciliophora Nematoda Trichodina sp. (Panay) Aonchotheca philippinensis larva Digenea (Luzon) Hemiurus sigani (-) 170 The local ñame is from the Ilokano dialect Hexangium sigani (Samar) Nematoda SUBORDER ACANTHUROIDEI Nematoda gen. sp. (Panay) Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) FAMILY SIGAMDAE guttatusi (Panay) Siganus argenteus streamlined Copepoda spinefoot Ergasilus rotundicorpus (Panay) (Quoy and Gaimard) barangan, samaral Caligus sp. (Panay) Syn.: Teuthis rostrata (Valenciennes) Siganusjavus streaked spinefoot Status: native (Linnaeus) Environment: marine Syn.: Teuthisjavus barangan, samaral Digenea Linnaeus Hemiurus sigani (-) Amphacanthus Hexangium sigani (Luzon) javus (Linnaeus) Remarks: Velasquez (1974, 1975a) Status: native Usted Teuthis rostrata as a synonym of Environment: marine, brackish water Siganus fuscescens. Digenea Siganus white-spotted Haplorchis pumilio metacercaría canaliculatus spinefoot (Luzon) (Park) barangan, samaral H. yokogawai metacercaria (Luzon) Syn.: Siganus oramin (Bloch and Heterophyopsis expectans Schneider) Amphacanthus oramin metacercaria (Luzon) Bloch and Schneider Hexangium sigani (Luzon) Status: native Procerovum calderoni metacercaria Environment: marine (Luzon) Digenea Siganus spinus little spinefoot Hexangium sigani (Palawan) (Linnaeus) Nematoda Syn.: Siganus barangan, samaral Procamallanus sp. (Palawan) striolatus (Günther) Acanthocephala Status: native Diplosentis amphacanthi (Mindanao) Environment: marine Siganus fuscescens mottled spinefoot Digenea (Houttuyn) barangan, samaral Hemiurus sigani (Palawan) Status: native Hexangium sigani ((Palawan) Environment: marine Nematoda Digenea Procamallanus sp. (Palawan) Gyliauchen papillatus(-) Siganus virgatus barhead spinefoot Hexangium sigani (-) (Valenciennes) barangan Siganus guttatus orange-spotted Syn.: Teuthis virgata (Valenciennes) spinefoot Status: native (Bloch) barangan, samaral Environment: marine, brackish water Monogenea Status: native bakwak171 Ancyrocephalus manilensis (Luzon - Environment: marine aquarium) Digenea Aspinatrium virgatarum (Luzon - Hexangium leptosomum (Palawan) aquarium) 171 The common ñame comes from the Visayan dialect Remarks: This species has been reported to enter fresh water. Naso vlamingii bignose unicornfish (Valenciennes) isdang ilong Siganus sp. (-) Status: native Status: native samaral Environment: marine Environment: marine, brackish water Digenea Microspora Cleptodiscus bulbosus (Mactan) Microsporidia gen. sp. (Visayan Lecithocladium chingi (Mactan) islands) Preptetos caballeroi (Mactan) Digenea Prosorchiopsis aluterae (Mactan) Hexangium sigani (-) SUBORDER SPHYRAENOIDEI FAMILY ACANTHUMDAE FAMILY SPHYRAENIDAE Acanthurus lineatus lined surgeonfísh (Linneaus) Sphyraenajello pickhandle Status: native indangan, labahita Cuvier barracuda Environment: marine Status: native asugon, tursilyo Digenea Environment: marine Megasolena acanthuri (-) Digenea Pseudopecoeloides carangis Acanthurus convict surgeonfish (Palawan) triostegus Sphyraena langsar langsar (Linnaeus) indangan, labahita 172 Status: native Bleeker barracuda Environment: marine Status: native dumbusan, tursilyo Digenea Environment: marine Hysterolecitha acanthuri (Samar) Digenea Prosorhynchoides philippinorum Acanthurus sp. (-) (Luzon) Syn.: Teuthis sp. samaral Nematoda Status: native Anisakidae gen. sp. (Luzon) Environment: marine Anisólas sp. larva (Luzon) Nematoda Remarks: The taxonomic status of this Anisakidae gen. sp. Larva (Luzon, species is questionable (E.Capulí, Mindoro) ICLARM, Manila, pers. comm.). Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) spiralis (Luzon) 172 The English common ñame is provided by Herré (1953). Naso hexacanthus sleek unicornfish (Bleeker) Sphyraena sp. barracuda Status: native isdangilong Status: native tursilyo Environment: marine Environment:marine Digenea Digenea Lecithocladium chingi (Mactan) Didymozoon bravohollisae (Luzon) Prosogonotrema bilabiatum (Mactan) Monogenea Tristomella pricei (Visayan islands)173

Naso unicornis bluespine 173 Possible host misidentification. (Forsskal) unicornfish SUBORDER SCOMBROIDEI FAMILY TRICHIURIDAE Environment: marine Trichiurus lepturus largehead hairtail Monogenea Linnaeus Eyelavera typica (Luzon) Syn.: Trichiurus espada174 Pseudoanthocotyle pavlovskyi (Cebú, haumela (Forsskal) Luzon, Palawan) Status: native 177 The common ñame comes from the Visayan dialect Environment: marine, brackish water Digenea Rastrelliger Indian mackerel kanagurta (Cuvier) Plerurus digitatus (Palawan) 178 Nematoda Syn.: Rastrelliger alumahan Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) chrysozonus Camallanus (Camallanus) marinus (Rüppell) (Palawan) Status: native Environment: marine 174 Addhional Tagalog common ñames ¡nclude "laying" and "pinka." Digenea Lecithocladium angustiovum (Luzon, FAMILY SCOMBRIDAE Visayan islands) Euthynnus qffinis kawakawa Monogenea (Cantor) Eyelavera typica (Luzon) Syn.: Euthunnus Katsarita175 Nematoda yaito Kishinouye Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Panay) Status: native 178 Additional Tagalog common ñames include Environment: marine "hasa-hasa" and "lumahan." Digenea Scomberomorus narrow-barred Didymozoidae gen. sp. (Palawan) commerson Lecithochirium magnaporum (Lacépéde) Spanish mackerel (Palawan) Status: native tanguigue179 Prosorhyncoides sibi (Palawan) Environment: marine Nematoda Nematoda Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) Anisakis sp. larva (Luzon) Anísalas sp. larva (Luzon) Spinitectus palawanensis (Palawan) 179 Additional Tagalog common names include 175 Additional Tagalog common ñames include "katsot," "maladyong," "tangigi" and "tangingü." "katsoreta," "kucharíta," "tulingangputi" and "tuliñgan." SUBORDER ANABANTOIDEI Rastrelliger short mackerel brachysoma FAMILY ANABANTTDAE 176 (Bleeker) alumahan Anabas testudineus climbing perch Status: native (Bloch) Environment: marine, brackish water Status: native liwalo180 Monogenea Environment: brackish water, fresh water Eyelavera typica (Luzon) Digenea Kuhnia scombercolias (Negros) Centrocestus caninus metacercaria K. sprostonae (Negros) (Luzon) Nematoda Clinostomidae gen. sp. (-) Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Panay) Procerovum calderoni metacercaria 176 Additional Tagalog common ñames include (Luzon) "nasa-basa" and "kabalyas." ?P. varium metacercaria (Luzon) Rastrelliger faughni island mackerel Stellantchasmus falcatus Matsui metacercaria (Luzon) Status: native bulao-bulao177 Nematoda Camallanus (Zeylanemá) anabantis Island in 1938 (Herré 1953). (Luzon) Trichogaster three spot gourami Gnathostoma spinigerum larva (-) trichopterus Copepoda (Pallas) (-) Lernaea cyprinacea (Luzon) Status: exotic L. lophiara (Luzon - experimental) Environment: fresh water 180 Additional Tagalog common names include Ciliophora "martiniko," "puyo" and "tímkan." Trichodina heterodentata (Luzon) FAMILY BELONTUDAE Remarks: Three spot gourami are Sphaerichthys chocolate gourami self-reproducing in Philippine natural osphromenoides waters. They were recorded as being Canestrini (-) introduced from Borneo into a cráter Status: exotic lake on Cagayan Sulu Island, Sulu Environment: fresh water Province prior to 1909, with a Nematoda subsequent introduction from Thailand Nematoda gen. sp. (Luzon - occurring in 1938 (see Herré 1953). aquarium) SUBORDER CHANNOIDEI Remarks: Native to Malaysia and FAMILY CHANNIDAE Indonesia, this aquarium species does not occur in Philippine natural waters. Channa striata snakehead murrel (Bloch) Trichogaster lalia dwarf gourami Syn.: Ophicephalus dalag181 (Harnilton) striatus Bloch Syn.: Colisa lalia (-) Status: native (Hamilton) Environment: firesh water Status: exotic Apicomplexa Environment: fresh water Sporozoa gen. sp. (-) Monogenea Ciliophora Heteronchocleidus sp. (Luzon - Apiosoma sp. (Luzon) aquarium) Chilodomlla sp. (Luzon) Digenea Epistylis sp. (Luzon) Ascocotyle sp. Metacercaria (Luzon - Trichodina sp. (Luzon) aquarium) Digenea Remarks: Native to South Asia, this Centrocestus caninus metacercaria aquarium species does not occur in (Luzon) Philippine natural waters. Clinostomoides brieni metacercaria Trichogaster snakeskin gourami (Luzon) pectoralis Clinostomum complanatum (Regan) guraming Siam metacercaria (Luzon) Status: exotic C. philippinensis metacercaria Environment: fresh water (Luzon, Mindanao) Ciliophora Clinostomum sp. metacercaria Trichodina sp. (Luzon) (Luzon) Cestada Clinostomidae gen. sp. (-) Cestoda gea sp. (Luzon Digenea gen. sp. (Luzon) Nematoda Diplostomulum sp. metacercaria Nematoda gen. sp. (Luzon) (Luzon) Remarks:Snakeskin gourami are native Euclinostomum multicaecum to ThailandandIndo-China.Theywere metacercaria (Luzon) introduced from Bangkok to Luzon Haplorchis pumilio metacercaria (Luzon) Digenea H. taichui metacercaria (Luzon, Prosorhynchus longus (Luzon) Mindanao?) Rhipidocotyle laruei (Luzon) H. yokogawai metacercaria (Luzon) Nematoda Neodiplostomum sp. metacercaria Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) (Luzon) 182AdditionalTagalogcommonñamesinelude"dalapang Opegaster mínima (Luzon) tangkao" and "kalangkao." Posihodiplostomum grayi SUBORDER PLEURONECTOIDEI metacercaria (-) Posthodiplostomum sp. metacercaria FAMILY PARALICHTHYIDAE (-) Pseudorhombus Javan flounder Procerovum calderoni metacercaria javanicus (Luzon) (Bleeker) dapa Monogenea Status: native Gyrodactylus sp. (Luzon) Environment: marine Cestada Nematoda Cestoda gen. sp. (Luzon) Philometra lateolabracis (Palawan) Nematoda Camallanus sp. (Luzon) FAMILY SOLEIDAE Gnathostoma spinigerum larva Synaptura (-) (Luzon) sorsogonensis Nematoda gen. sp. (Luzon) Evermann and Neocamallanus ophicephali (Luzon) Seale Hirudinea Status: native dapa Piscícola sp. (-) Environment: marine Branchiura Digenea Argulus indicas (Luzon) Didymozoidae gen. sp. (Luzon) Argulus sp. (Luzon) Nematoda Copepoda Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) Lernaea cyprínacea (Luzon) Lernaea sp. (Luzon) ORDER TETRAODONTIFORMES Remarks: Froese and Pauly (1996) SUBORDER BALISTOIDEI noted that the snakehead murrel was introduced (source and year unknown) FAMILY BALISTIDAE for aquaculture purposes. Herré Pseudóbaíistes yellowmargin (1953), however, indicates that this flavimarginatus species is native to the Philippines, (Rüppell) triggerfish occurring in almost all freshwater lakes Syn: Balistes papakol and streams throughout the country. flavimarginatus 181 Additional Tagalog common ñames inelude "bakule," Rüppell "bulig," "bimdaki"and "bundalag." Status: native ORDER PLEURONECTIFORMES Environment: marine Copepoda SUBORDER PSETTOIDEI Caligus productus (Tapul) FAMILY PSETTODroAE SUBORDER TETRAODONTOIDEI Psettodes erumei Indian spiny turbot FAMILY TETRAODONTIDAE (Bloch and dapa182 Schneider) Arothron manilensis narrow-lined puffer Status: native (deProcé) (-) Environment: marine Syn.: Tetrodon manilensis de Procé Status: native Dactylogyrus sp. (Luzon) Environment: marine, brackish water Gyrodactylus sp. (-) Copepoda Monogenea gen. sp. (Luzon) Lernanthropus musca (Luzon) Cestoda Penella sagitta (Luzon) Lytocestus sp. (-) Proteocephalus sp. (-) Arothron mappa map puffer Acanthocephala (Lesson) Acanthogyrus sp. (-) Status: native (-) Filisoma rizalinum (Luzon) Environment: marine Neoechinorhynchus octonucleatus Nematoda (Luzon) Philometra robusta (Tawi-Tawi) Nematoda FISHES OF ÜNCERTAIN TAXONOMIC Camallanidae gen. sp. (Mindanao) AFFINITY Camallanus sp. (-) "boloan" Gnathostoma spinigerum larva (-) Nematoda Neocamallanus ophicephali (-) Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) Nematoda gen. sp. (Luzon) Procamallanus sp. (-) "snapper" Terranova gen. sp. (Palawan) Isopoda Hirudinea Renocila richardsonae (Bubuan) Piscícola sp. (-) "fish" Branchiura Ciliophora Argulus sp. (Luzon) Epistylis sp. (-) Copepoda Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (-) Ergasilus sp. (-) Tríchodina acuta (-) Lernaea cyprinacea (-) T. heterodentata (-) Lernaea sp. (Luzon) Trichodina sp. (Luzon) Isopoda Trichodinella carpí (-) Alitropus typicus (-) Mastigophora Cymothoa eremita (Bubuan) Cryptobia sp. (-) Elthusa propinqua (Sombrero) Ichthyobodo sp. 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Acanthocephala gen sp. 42 Bodonidae 5 Acanthocephala gen sp. Auctorum Bomolochidae 44 see Acanthocephalus sp. Bomolochus bellones 44 Acanthocephalus sp. 41 Bothriocephalidae 34 Acanthocolpidae 23 Bothriocephalidae gen sp. Auctorum Acanthogyrus sp. 42 see Bothriocephalus sp. Acanthosentis sp. Bothriocephalus acheilognathi 34 see Acanthogyrus sp. Bothriocephalus sp. 34 Actinocleidus sp. Auctorum Bothriocephalus travassosi 34 see Ancyrocephalinae gen sp. Boviena serialis 33 Aephnidiogenes barbarus 23 Brachadena cheilionis Alcicornis cirrudiscoides 15 see Lecithophyllum cheilionis Alitropus typicus 47 Branchiura gen sp. 43 Allocreadiidae 21 Bucephalidae 15 Allometabenedeniella orbicularis 29 Bucephaloides philippinorum Allometabenedeniella plataxi see Prosorhynchoides philippinorum see Allometabenedeniella orbicularis Bucephaloides sibi Ambiphyra sp. 8 see Prosorhynchoides sibi Amyloodinium ocellatum 5 Bucephalus fragilis 15 Amyloodinium sp. 5 Bucephalus leognathi 15 Ancylodiscoidinae gen. sp. 30 Bucephalus paraheterotentaculatus 15 Ancyrocephalidae gen sp. Bucephalus pseudovaricus see Ancyrocephalinae gen sp. see Bucephalus varicus Ancyrocephalinae gen sp. 31 Bucephalus varicus 15 Ancyrocephalus manilensis 30 Bunocotylidae 17 Angiodictyidae 21 Caballerocotyla philippina 29 Anilocra dimidiata 47 Caligidae 45 Anisakidae 36 Caligidae gen sp. 46 Anisakidae gen Sp. 37 Caligodes laciniatus 46 Anisakinae gen sp. Auctorum Caligus epidemicus 45 see Anisakidae gen sp. Caligus mirabilis Anisakis sp. 36 see Caligus productus Aonchotheca philippinensis 35 Caligus patulus 45 Aphanurus stossichi 17 Caligus productus 45 Apiosoma sp. 8 Caligus robustus 45 Argulidae 43 Caligus sp. 45 Argulus indicus 43 Caligus sp. Auctorum Argulus japonicus 43 see Caligus patulus Argulus sp. 43 Caligus tylosuri 45 Ascaridida gen sp. 37 Camallanidae 38 Ascarophis beryx 40 Camallanidae gen sp. 39 Ascarophis erythrichthys 40 Camallanus (Camallanus) carangis 38 Ascocotyle sp. 24 Camallanus (Camallanus) marinus 38 Aspinatrium virgatarum 33 Camallanus (Camallanus) paracarangis Atractotrematidae 20 38 Azygia pristipomai 17 Camallanus ophicephali Azygiidae 17 see Neocamallanus ophicephali Bendenia malaboni 29 Camallanus sp. 38 Camallanus (Zeylanema) anabantis 38 Cryptogonimidae 23 Capillaria philippinensis Cucullanidae 37 see Aonchotheca philippinensis Cucullanus lutjani 37 Capillariidae 35 Cymothoa eremita 47 Capsalidae 29 Cymothoa stromatei Carassotrema philippinense 21 see Cymothoa eremita Carneophallus brevicaeca 28 Cymothoidae 47 Caryophyllidea gen. sp. 34 Cystidicolidae 40 Cavisoma magnus 41 Dactylogyridae 29 Cavisomidae 41 Dactylogyrus sp. 31 Centrocestus caninus 24 Deretrema (Luxitrema) philippinensis 28 Centrocestus sp. 24 Deretrema sp. Auctorum Ceratomyxa sp. 13 see Deretrema (Luxitrema) Ceratomyxidae 13 philippinensis Cercaria dorsocauda 28 Dictysarcidae 17 Cercarioides sp. 24 Didymozoidae 17 Cestoda gen sp. 35 Didymozoidae gen. sp. 18 Chilodonella sp. 7 Didymozoon bravohollisae 17 Chilodonellidae 7 Digenea gen. sp. 28 Chloromyxidae 13 Dinoflagellida gen sp. 5 Chloromyxum ellipticum 13 Diorchitrema pseudocirrata Chloromyxum sp. 13 see Stellantchasmus falcatus Cichlidogyrus longicornis 30 Diphyllobothriidae 34 Cichlidogyrus longicornis longicornis Diplectanidae 32 see Cichlidogyrus longicornis Diplectanum sp. 32 Cichlidogyrus sclerosus 30 Diplosentidae 41 Cichlidogyrus sp. 30 Diplosentis amphacanthi 41 Cichlidogyrus tiberianus 30 Diplostomatidae 14 Cichlidogyrus tilapiae 30 Diplostomulum sp. 14 Clavella tenuis see Hatschekia tenuis Echinochasmus novalichesensis 20 Cleptodiscus bulbosus 21 Echinorhynchidae 41 Clinostomidae 13 Echinostomatidae 20 Clinostomidae gen. sp. 14 Ectenurus lemeriensis Clinostomoides brieni 13 see Erilepturus lemeriensis Clinostomum complanatum 14 Eimeria carpelli Clinostomum dalagi see Goussia carpelli see Clinostomum complanatum Eimeriidae 6 Clinostomum ophicephali Elongoparorchis pneumatis 17 see Clinostomoides brieni Elthusa propinqua 47 Clinostomum philippinensis 14 Encotyllabe caballeroi 29 Clinostomum sp. 14 Enterogyrus cichlidarum 31 Coccomyxa hoffmani 12 Epistylididae 8 Colobomatus goodingi 45 Epistylis sp. 8 Contracaecum sp. 36 Ergasilidae 44 Copepoda gen sp. 46 Ergasilus coleus 44 Castia sp. Ergasilus philippinensis 44 see lchthyobodo sp. Ergasilus rotundicorpus 44 Cristaria plicata 42 Ergasilus sp. 44 Cryptobia branchialis 5 Erilepturus hamati 18 Cryptobia sp. 6 Erilepturus lemeriensis 18 Euclinostomum multicaecum 14 Heterophyopsis expectans 25 Eyelavera typica 32 Heterosporis anguillarum 7 Hexamita sp. 6 Fellodistomidae 17 Hexamitidae 6 Filisoma rizalinum 41 Hexangium affinum Galactosomum anguillarum 24 see Hexangium sigani Gangesia sp. 34 Hexangium leptosomum 21 Gasterocotylidae 32 Hexangium secundum Gauhatiana batrachii 28 see Hexangium sigani Genolinea awa 17 Hexangium sigani 21 Glugeidae 7 Hurleytrematoides malabonensis 28 Gnathiidae 47 Hysterolecitha acanthuri 19 Gnathiidae gen. sp. 47 Ichthyobodo sp. 6 Gnathostoma spinigerum 40 Ichthyophthiriidae 7 Gnathostomatidae 40 Ichthyophthirius multifiliis 7 Gorgoderidae 27 Ichthyophthirius sp. 8 Goussia carpelli 6 Indomazocraes jagannath Gyliauchenidae 22 see Pseudoanthocotyle pavlovskyi Gyliauchen papillatus 23 Isopoda gen. sp. 48 Gyrodactylidae 32 Isorchis parvus 20 Gyrodactylus niloticus 32 Gyrodactylus plotosi 32 Kinetoplastida gen. sp. 6 Gyrodactylus shariffi 32 Kuhnia scombercolias 33 Gyrodactylus sp. 32 Kuhnia sprostonae 33 Gyrodactylus sp. Auctorum Lamproglena monodi 43 see Gyrodactylus niloticus Lamproglena sp. Auctorum see Gyrodactylus shariffi see Lamproglena monodi Hamacreadium lethrini 22 Lecithasteridae 19 Haplorchis anguillarum Lecithochirium magnaporum 19 see Galactosomum anguillarum Lecithochirium neopacificus Haplorchis calderoni see Erilepturus hamati see Procerovum calderoni Lecithochirium sp.19 Haplorchis pumilio 24 Lecithocladium angustiovum 18 Haplorchis sisoni Lecithocladium apolecti 18 see Procerovum varium Lecithocladium chingi 19 Haplorchis taichui 25 Lecithocladium megalaspis 19 Haplorchis taihokui Lecithocladium neopaciflcum see Haplorchis pumilio see Erilepturus hamati Haplorchis yokogawai 25 Lecithophyllum cheilionis 19 Hatschekia tenuis 46 Lepocreadiidae 23 Hatschekiidae 46 Leptotheca sp. 13 Helicometra nasae 22 Lernaea cyprinacea 43 Hemiuridae 18 Lernaea lophiara 44 Hemiurus sigani 19 Lernaea sp. 44 Henneguya sp. 12 Lernaea sp. Auctorum Heteronchocleidus sp. 31 see Lemaea cyprinacea Heterophyes expectans Lernaeenicus sp. 46 see Heterophyopsis expectans Lernaeidae 43 Heterophyidae 24 Lernanthropidae 46 Heterophyidae gen. sp. 27 Lernanthropus belones 46 Lernanthropus musca 46 Neidhartia mcintoshi Lernanthropus tylosuri 46 see Prosorhynchus mcintoshi Lerneopenna brachiata Nematoda gen sp. 40 see Pennella sagitta Neobenedenia manilae 29 Ligula sp. 34 Neocamallanus ophicephali 38 Livoneca propinqua Neochasmus microvatus 23 see Elthusa propinqua Neodiplostomum larai Lytocestidae 33 see Posthodiplostomum grayi Lytocestus birmanicus 34 Neodiplostomum sp. 15 Lytocestus sp. 34 Neoechinorhynchidae 42 Neoechinorhynchus octonucleatus 42 Macroderoididae 28 Neosentis cleatus Macvicaria longisaccus 22 see Pallisentis cleatus Mazocraeidae 33 Nothobomolochus digitatus 44 Megasolena acanthuri 21 Nothobomolochus gibber 44 Metabronema caranxi see Metabronema magnum Oceanicucullanus pacifica 37 Metabronema magnum 40 Oodinidae 5 Metabronema polymixia 40 Oodinidae gen. sp. 5 Metadena apharei Oodinium sp. Auctorum see Paracryptogonimus apharei see Oodinidae gen sp. Metadena microvata Opecoelidae 22 see Neochasmus microvatus Opecoelus minimus Microcotyle virgatarum see Opegaster minima see Aspinatrium virgatarum Opecoelus palawanensis Microcotylidae 33 see Paropecoelus palawanensis Microlistrum sp. Opecoelus sp. Auctorum see Cercarioides sp. see Opegaster minima Microphallidae 28 Opegaster minima 22 Microsporidia gen sp. 7 Orientocreadium batrachoides 21 Monodhelmis philippinensis Otobothriidae 35 see Monodhelmis torpedinis Otobothrium penetrans 35 Monodhelmis torpedinis 17 Pallisentis cleatus 42 Monogenea gen sp. 33 Parabomolochus bellones Monorchiidae 28 see Bomolochus bellones Monorchotrema calderoni Paracryptogonimus acanthostomus 23 see Procerovum calderoni Paracryptogonimus apharei 23 Monorchotrema taikohui auctorum Paracryptogonimus manilensis 23 see Haplorchis yokogawai Paracryptogonimus orientalis 23 Monorchotrema yokogawai Paramphistomidae 21 see Haplorchis yokogawai Paraplerurus sauridae Myxidiidae 12 see Plerurus digitatus Myxidium sp. 12 Parascocotyle sp. Myxobolidae 12 see Phagicola sp. Myxobolus artus 12 Paropecoelus palawanensis 22 Myxobolus ellipsoides 12 Pelorohelmins palawanensis Myxobolus koi 12 see Elongoparorchis pneumatis Myxobolus pavlovskii 12 Pennella sagitta 46 Myxobolus sp. 12 Pennellidae 46 Myxosoma sp. Pentacapsula muscularis 13 see Myxobolus sp. Pentacapsulidae 13 Phagicola sp. 26 Pseudallacanthochasmus grandispinus Philometra lateolabracis 39 24 Philometra robusta 39 Pseudoanthocotyle pavlovskyi 33 Philometra sp. 39 Pseudobunocotyla awa Philometridae 39 see Genolinea awa Phylichthyidae 45 Pseudometadena celebesensis 24 Phyllodistomum sp. 27 Pseudometadena sp. 24 Piscicola sp. 42 Pseudopecoeloides carangis 22 Piscicolidae 42 Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli 32 Plagioporus (Plagioporus) longisaccus Pygidiopsis genata 26 see Macvicaria longisaccus Pygidiopsis marivillai 26 Pleistophora anguillarum Quadrigyridae 41 see Heterosporis anguillarum Plerurus digitatus 19 Raphidascaris sp. 36 Posthodiplostomum grayi 14 Renocila ovata auctorum Posthodiplostomum sp. 14 see Renocila richardsonae Preptetos caballeroi 23 Renocila richardsonae 47 Procamallanus (Procamallanus) clonus Rhipidocotyle eggletoni 16 38 Rhipidocotyle laruei 16 Procamallanus sp. 39 Riboscyphidia sp. 8 Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) Rocinela typicus guttatusi 39 see Alitropus typicus Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) Scaphanocephalus adamsi 26 philippinensis 39 Scolex pleuronectis 35 Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) Scolex polymorphus spiralis 39 see Scolex pleuronectis Procerovum calderoni 26 Scyphidia sp. Auctorum Procerovum sisoni see Riboscyphidia sp. see Procerovum varium Scyphidiidae 8 Procerovum sp. 26 Septemcapsula yasunagai 13 Procerovum varium 26 Septemcapsulidae 13 Procerovum varium auctorum Silurodiscoides sp. 29 see Procerovum calderoni Spinitectus palawanensis 40 Propycnadenoides philippinensis 22 Spirocamallanus philippinensis Prosogonotrema bilabiatum 19 see Procamallanus Prosogonotrema carangi (Spirocamallanus) guttatusi see Prosogonotrema bilabiatum see Procamallanus Prosogonotrematidae 19 (Spirocamallanus) philippinensis Prosorchiopsis aluterae 20 Spirocamallanus spiralis Prosorhynchoides philippinorum 15 see Procamallanus Prosorhynchoides sibi 16 (Spirocamallanus) spiralis Prosorhynchus crucibulum 16 Sporozoa gen sp. 6 Prosorhynchus longus 16 Stamnosoma formosanum Prosorhynchus luzonicus 16 see Centrocestus caninus Prosorhynchus mcintoshi 16 Stamnosoma sp. Prosorhynchus pacificus 16 see Centrocestus sp. Prosorhynchus paracrucibulus 16 Stellantchasmus amplicaecalis Prosorhynchus triangularis see Stellantchasmus falcatus see Prosorhynchus crucibulum Stellantchasmus falcatus 27 Proteocephalidae 34 Stenopera rectisaccus Proteocephalus sp. 34 see Helicometra nasae Unionidae 42 Stephanostomum casum 23 Unionidae gen. sp. Auctorum Stictodora guerreroi 27 see Cristaria plicata Stictodora manilensis 27 Waretrema piscicola 21 Stictodora palmifera 27 Waretrematidae 21 Stictodora tanayensis 27 Strigeidae 15 Zeylanema anabantis Strigeidae gen. sp. 15 see Camallanus (Zeylanemo) anabantis Terranova sp. 36 Zeylanema philippinensis Tetrancistrum lutiani 31 see Camallanus sp. Thelohanellus nikolskii 12 Zoogotiidae 28 Torticaecum nipponicum 17 Transversotrema haasi 20 Transversotrema laruei see Transversotrema patialense Transversotrema patialense 20 Transversotrematidae 20 Trichodina acuta 8 Trichodina acuta auctorum see Trichodina compacta Trichodina centrostrigata 8 Trichodina compacta 9 Trichodina heterodentata 9 Trichodina kupermani 9 Trichodina mutabilis 9 Trichodina nigra 9 Trichodina nobillis 9 Trichodina reticulata 10 Trichodina siluri 10 Trichodina sp. 10 Trichodina velasquezae 10 Trichodnella acuta see Trichodina acuta Trichodinella carpi 10 Trichodinella epizootica 11 Trichodtnella heterodentata see Trichodina heterodentata Trichodinella sp. 11 Trichodinella tilapiae see Tripartiella tilapiae Trichodinidae 8 Trichodinidae gen. sp. 11 Tripartiella clavodonta see Tripartiella spatula Tripartiella sp. 11 Tripartiella spatula 11 Tripartiella tilapiae 11 Tristomella pricei 29 Trypanosoma sp. 5 Trypanosomatidae 5 HOST INDEX

Ablennes hians 58 Bagridae 55 Acanthopagrus berda 66 Batistes flavimarginatus Acanthophthalmus semicinctus 55 see Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus Acanthuridae 73 Balistidae 77 Acanthurus lineatus 73 "banak" 70 Acanthurus sp. 73 Belonidae 58 Acanthurus triostegus 73 Belontiidae 75 Acentrogobius janthinopterus 71 Berycidae 60 Alectis sp. 63 Beryx splendens 60 Ambassidae 61 Bodianus mesothorax 70 Ambassis buruensis 61 "boloan" 77 Ambassis commersoni auctorum Botia macracanthus 55 see Ambassis miops Butts amboinensis 71 Ambassis miops 61 Caesio cuning 66 Amblygaster sirm 51 Caesio erythrogaster Amphacanthus oramin see Caesio cuning see Siganus canaliculatus Caesio lunaris 66 Anabantidae 75 Caesionidae 66 Anabas testudineus 75 Capoeta tetrazona Anguilla bicolor pacifica 50 see Puntius tetrazona Anguilla celebensis 50 Carangidae 63 Anguilla marmorata 50 Carangoides armatus 63 Anguilla mauritiana Caranx qffinis see Anguilla marmorata see Atule mate Anguilla sp. 50 Caranx armatus Anguillidae 50 see Carangoides armatus Anodontostoma chacunda 51 Caranx sexfasciatus 63 Anomalopidae 59 Caranx sp. 63 Anomalops katoptron 60 Caranx speciosus Anyperodon leucogrammicus 61 see Gnathanodon speciosus Apogon ellioti 63 Carassius auratus 52 Apogon sp. Auctorum Carassius carassius 52 see Hypseleotris bipartita Carassius sp. 53 Apogonichthys ellioti "catfish" 56 see Apogon ellioti Centropomidae 61 Apogonidae 62 Cephalopholis sonnerati 61 Apolectus nige Chaetodon collare 68 see Parastromateus niger Chaetodontidae 68 Ariidae 56 Chanidae 51 Aristichthys nobilis 52 Channa striata 75 Arius manillensis 57 Channidae 75 Arius sp. 57 Chanos chanos 51 Arius thallassinus Characidae 55 see Netuma thalassina Cheilinus diagrammus Arothron manilensis 77 see Oxycheilinus diagrammus Arothron mappa 11 Cheilio inermis 70 Atherina balabacensis 57 Choerodon anchorago 70 Atherinidae 57 Chonophorus melanocephalus 71 Atule mate 63 Cichlidae 68 Glossogobius giuris 72 Cirrhina mrigala Gnathanodon speciosus 64 see Cirrhinus mrigala Gobiidae 71 Cirrhinus mrigala 53 "grouper" 62 Clarias batrachus 56 Gymnocranius griseus 66 Clarias macrocephalus 56 Haemulidae 66 Clariidae 56 Harengula dispilonotus Clupeidae 51 see Herklotsichthys dispilonotus Cobitidae 55 Hemiramphidae 59 Colisa lalia Hemiramphus dussumieri see Trichogaster lalia see Hyporhamphus dussumieri "colored tilapia" 69 Hemiramphus georgii Creisson validus see Rhynchorhamphus georgii see Acentrogobius janthinopterus Hepsetia balabacensis Ctenopharyngodon idella 53 see Atherina balabacensis Cymbacephalus nematophthalmus 60 Herklotsichthys dispilonotus 51 Cyprinidae 52 Holocentridae 60 Cyprinus carpio Holocentrus sammara see Cyprinus carpio carpio see Neoniphon sammara Cyprinus carpio carpio 53 Holocentrus violaceus Cyprinus sp. 53 see Sargocentron violaceum Decapterus macrosoma 64 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix 54 Decapterus sp. 64 Hyporhamphus dussumieri 59 Dipterygonotus balteatus 66 Hypseleotris bipartita 71 Dischistodus fasciatus 69 "igat 50 "eel" 50 Iniistius sp. Eleotridae 71 see Xyrichtys sp. Eleotris fusca 71 Labeo bicolor Eleotris melanosoma 71 see Epalzeorhynchos bicolor Eleutheronema tetradactylum 70 Labeo frenatus Engraulidae 51 see Epalzeorhynchos frenatum Epalzeorhynchos bicolor 53 Labridae 70 Epalzeorhynchos frenatum 54 Lactariidae 63 Ephippidae 67 Lactarius lactarius 63 Epinephelus bleekeri 61 Lates calcarifer 61 Epinephelus malabaricus 61 Leiocassis siamensis 55 Epinephelus sp. 62 Leiognathidae 64 Epinephelus undulosus 61 Leiognathus equulus 65 Erythrichthys leucogrammicus Leiognathus sp. 65 see Dipterygonotus balteatus Lepidaplois mesothorax Euthynnus affinis 74 see Bodianus mesothorax Euthunnus yaito Lethrinidae 66 see Euthynnus affinis Lethrinus erythropterus 67 "fish" 77 Lethrinus hypselopterus see Lethrinus erythropterus Gazza minuta 65 Lethrinus nebulosus 67 Gerreidae 66 Liza subviridis 70 Gerres filamentosus 66 Lutjanidae 65 Gerres kapas 66 Lutjanus bohar 65 Glossogobius biocellatus 72 Lutjanus dodecacanthus Oxyurichthys microlepis 72 see Lutjanus malabaricus Pangasiidae 56 Lutjanus fulviflamma 65 Pangasius sutchi 56 Lutjanus gibbus 65 Pantodon buchholzi 50 Lutjanus malabaricus 65 Pantodontidae 50 Lutjanus rangus Parachaetodon ocellatus 68 see Lutjanus bohar Paracheirodon simulans 55 Lutjanus sp. 65 Paralichthyidae 76 Lutjanus vitta 65 Parastromateus niger 64 Megalaspis cordyla 64 Parupeneus barberinus 67 Megalopidae 50 Parupeneus indicus 67 Megalops cyprinoides 50 Parupeneus macronema 67 Mene maculata 64 Pelates quadrilineatus 62 Menidae 64 Pennahia anea 67 Moenkhausia collettii 55 Petrochromis orthognathus 69 Mollienesia latipinna Pinjalo pinjalo 66 see Poecilia latipinna Platax orbicularis 67 Monocentridae 59 Platybelone sp. 58 Monocentris sp. 59 Platycephalidae 60 Monopterus albus 60 Platycephalus indicus 60 Mugil cephalus 70 Plotosidae 57 Mugil dussumieri Plotosus anguillaris see Liza subviridis see Plotosus lineatus Mugil sp. 70 Plotosus lineatus 57 Mugilidae 70 Poecilia latipinna 57 "mullet" 70 Poecilia reticulata 58 Mullidae 67 Poeciliidae 57 Muraenesocidae 50 Polymixia japonica 60 Muraenesox cinereus 50 Polymixiidae 60 Mylopharyngodon piceus 54 Polynemidae 70 Pomacentridae 69 Naso hexacanthus 73 Pomacentrus fasciatus Naso unicornis 73 see Dischistodus fasciatus Naso vlamingii 73 Pomadasys argenteus 66 Nematabramis verecundus 54 Pomadasys hasta Nemipteridae 67 see Pomadasys argenteus Nemipterus sp. 67 Priacanthidae 62 Neoniphon sammara 60 Priacanthus tayenus 62 Netuma thalassina 57 Pristipoma hasta Ophicephalus striatus see Pomadasys argenteus see Channa striata Psettodes erumei 76 Ophieleotris aporos 71 Psettodidae 76 Ophiocara aporos Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus 77 see Ophieleotris aporos Pseudorhombus javanicus 16 Oreochromis mossambicus 68 Pseudosciaena anea Oreochromis mossambicus x O. niloticus see Pennahia anea 68 Puntius binotatus 54 Oreochromis niloticus niloticus 68 Puntius manalak 54 Otolithes ruber 67 Puntius palata Oxycheilinus diagrammus 70 see Spratellicypris palata Puntius tetrazona 54 Sillago sihama 63 "snapper" 77 Rasbora kalochroma 54 Soleidae 76 Rastrelliger brachysoma 74 Sparidae 66 Rastrelliger chrysozonus Sparus berda see Rastrelliger kanagurta see Acanthopagrus berda Rastrelliger faughni 74 Sphaerichthys osphromenoides 75 Rastrelliger kanagurta 74 Sphyraena jello 74 Rhynchorhamphus georgii 59 Sphyraena langsar 74 Sardinella albella 51 Sphyraena sp. 74 Sardinella longiceps 51 Sphyraenidae 74 Sardinella perforata Spratellicypris palata 55 see Sardinella albella Stolephorus commerson 51 Sardinella sirm Stolephorus sp. 51 see Amblygaster sirm Strongylura incisa 58 Sargocentron violaceum 60 Strongylura leiura 58 Saurida tumbil 57 Strongylura strongylura 58 Scaridae 71 Strongylura urvillii 58 Scarus festivus 71 Synaptura sorsogonensis 76 Scarus lunula Synbranchidae 60 see Scarus festivus Synodontidae 57 Scatophagidae 68 "talilong" 70 Scatophagus argus 68 Tanichthys albonubes 55 Sciaenidae 67 Terapon argenteus auctorum Scolopsis sp. 67 see Terapon plumbeus Scomberoides lysan 64 Terapon jarbua 62 Scomberoides sp. 64 Terapon plumbeus 62 Scomberomorus commerson 75 Terapon puta 62 Scombridae 74 Terapontidae 62 Selar crumenophthalmus 64 Tetrodon manilensis Selaroides leptolepsis 64 see Arothron manilensis Seriola nigrofasciata Tetraodontidae 77 see Seriolina nigrofasciata Teuthis concatenata Seriolina nigrofasciata 64 see Siganus guttatus Serranidae 61 Teuthis javus Sicyopterus sp. 72 see Siganus javus Siganidae 72 Teuthis rostrata Siganus argenteus 72 see Siganus argenteus Siganus canaliculatus 72 Teuthis sp. Siganus fuscescens 72 see Acanthurus sp. Siganus guttatus 72 Teuthis virgata Siganus javus 73 see Siganus virgatus Siganus oramin Thysanophrys nematophthalmus see Siganus canaliculatus see Cymbacephalus Siganus sp. 73 nematophthalmus Siganus spinus 73 "tilapia" 69 Siganus striolatus Tilapia mossambica see Siganus spinus see Oreochromis mossambicus Siganus virgatus 73 Tilapia nilotica Sillaginidae 63 see Oreochromis niloticus niloticus Sillago maculata 63 Tilapia sp. 69 See Tylosurus acus acus Tilapia zillii 69 Tylosurus acus acus 59 "top minnow" 58 Tylosurus acus melanotus 59 Trichiuridae 74 Tylosurus crocodilus Trichiurus haumela see Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus see Trichiurus lepturus Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus 59 Trichiurus lepturus 74 Tylosurus punctulatus 59 Trichogaster lalia 75 Tylosurus sp. 59 Trichogaster pectoralis 75 Xiphophorus maculatus 58 Trichogaster trichopterus 75 Xiphophorus sp. 58 Tylosurus acus Xyrichtys sp. 71

Filename: W6598E.rtf Directory: \\extftp01\EXT-FTP\GI\Data\GILW\Incoming\Vishal\V08-2006\PDF\W659 8E Template: C:\Documents and Settings\ianiri\Application Data\Microsoft\Templates\Normal.dot Title: Subject: Author: Dilip Keywords: Comments: Creation Date: 6/13/2006 12:40 PM Change Number: 1,396 Last Saved On: 7/7/2006 9:05 PM Last Saved By: Dilip Total Editing Time: 2,096 Minutes Last Printed On: 2/16/2007 3:54 PM As of Last Complete Printing Number of Pages: 118 Number of Words: 38,742 (approx.) Number of Characters: 247,954 (approx.)