Vol. 2, No.3 Issued by Northern California Committee on 1542 Grove Street, San Francisco, California MARY-LOUISE HOOPER, EDITOR ~4 "FRIENDS OF LUTHULI," PUBLISHER INDEPENDENCE FOR by ABDEL CHANDERLI (permanent U.N. representative for Algeria) After more than 130 years of physical and moral mately fifty percent of the population presently suffering under colonialist domination, Algeria unemployed will find jobs, the average Algerian has at last acceded to independence. But politi­ will enjoy normal consumption habits, and the cal independence is not an end in itself--it is nation will benefit from the exploitation of her only a step towards a social and economic rev­ vast reserves of energy and mineral resources. olution without which the political revolution Education must be arabized, teachers must be will have been in vain. The War of National recruited, schools must be built. In the long Liberation knew only one hero- -the Algerian run, Algerians of all social conditions will have people- -whose discipline and spirit of sacrifice the opportunity to attend classes conducted in have earned the admiration of the whole . , where they will be trained to participate Algerian leaders now face the gigantic task, and effectively in the economic and political life of the moral imperative, of lifting their people out their country, and where they will gain a re­ of humiliating poverty and enforced ignorance newed sense of pride in their cultural heritage . into the modern age. In the immediate future, as practically all The amelioration of social and economic con- _ schoolteachers were Europeans, Algeria must ditions in Algeria implies the eradication of the find 10, 000 teachers before the reopening of legacy of 130 years of the French "civilizing classes in September. This lack of teachers, mission". together with the lack of school facilities, make Ninety percent of the economy was monopolized education a crucial problem in the new Algeria. by Europeans, while poverty was widespread For Algeria , 1 USt begin to train her own techni­ among Moslems. A sheepskin on a mud floor, cians, civil servants, doctors, , as just enough calories for bare subsistence- -this well as teachers, to fill the vacuum resulting is the lot of vast numbers of Algerians today. from the defection of the Europeans. .Eighty percent of the population is illiterate. Algeria must undertake a vast program of re­ Schools were built in the cities, where the major­ construction of private lodgings, schools, public ity of Europeans lived, while the countryside buildings, hospitals, and roads. Shanty towns suffered from a lack of educational facilities. must disappear, to be replaced by modern, hy­ The teaching of Arabic is virtually unknown in gienic dwellings within the reach of the average Algeria. A Moslem child, who spoke Arabic at peasant and workingman. home, was expected to adapt himself to classes More than three million Algerians are return­ taught in the . Moreover, the ing from refugee camps and from French re­ schools disseminated French culture only, thus settlement camps. Their plight is one of the separating the Moslem from his own heritage. most tragic of recent times. The Algerian The country has been ravaged by French mili­ people is grateful to those friendly governments tary operations and recent 0. A. S. . and international organizations which have aided Entire villages, schools, hospitals, administra­ the refugees during past years. But the problem tive buildings, and roads have been destroyed. of displaced persons is far from solved. These Millions of homeless ·Algerians are returning unfortunate people, who have sacrificed so much from refugee camps in and for the liberation of their country, must be re­ and from French resettlement camps., Durmg integrated into national society, and allowed the the revolutionary struggle, the French army means of living a decent life in their homeland. attempted to deprive the freedom fighters of their The task is enormous, but the outlook is far chief support- -the population--by creating from bleak. The prospects for Algeria are ex­ "forbidden zones" in the interior of Algeria and hilerating. Algeria will accomplish her goals by directing reprisals against villages suspected. through ~the tireless efforts of her own people, of aiding the nationalist forces. l;'.Ris policy lecl together with the technical and financial assist­ to an exodus of at least 300, 000 Afgerians, of ance and the moral support of those friendly whom fifty percent are children under fifteen peoples and governments who recognize Algeria years of age. as the hope for the underdeveloped nations of the A NEW ALGERIA: The Algerian people must world . The Algerian people cannot be character­ regain control of their economy so that they can ized by the cliches applied to other newly-inde­ proceed with the work of agrarian reform and pendent nations. The Algerian experience has industrialization. As more than 75% of the pop­ been unique, and Algerians will solve their prob­ ulation till the land, agrarian reform is the key lems in a unique manner . The courage and ten­ to the economic and social revolution. And it acity of the Algerian people during the long strug­ is the basis for an industrial revolution, for the gle for independence inspire faith that Algeria · problem of rural must be solved will succeed in realizing that profound revolution before the long process of industrialization can in her economic and social life which will permit be successful. Land must be reapportioned, her people to enjoy true freedom . The battle for new methods of cultivation applied, and normal political independence has been won- -the strug­ schools established to educate the peasantry to gle for economic and social freedom is about to the ways of modern . The approxi- begin. MOROCCAN SKETCH by ELEANOR KNIGHT

As its name in Arabic signifies, Morocco is are reports of quiet Morocco-Mauretanian ne­ the far W~st of the . Along an At­ gotiations which would link these two neighbors lantic frontage of a thousand miles are Casa­ by a mutually satisfactory agreement. Assur­ blanca with a million inhabitants, and smaller ances have been given of a rectification of the cities including -Sale and . The Algero-Moroccan boundary when both countries .name Morocco, long used by foreigners, is were free, which they now are. from the Almoravid capital, Marrakech, found­ The Franco- of 1954-62 placed ed in 1062 by the . Most of the serious burdens upon Morocco, including the historic Moroccan has been detached, arrival of some 150, 000 refugees, the added but the country has a band of desert in the cost of guarding the frontier, the withholding South. On the east is Algeria, the artificial of promised French assistance because of frontier being drawn where the Sahara approach­ Morocco's public a~owal of the Algerian cause, es the Mediterranean beyond the and varied other ~islocations. which guarded Morocco's independence for U.S. military ba es, begun in 1951, now pre­ twelve centuries. As defined by colonial ex­ sent problems of re·conversion. Evacuation is pansion, Morocco now covers about 175,000 supposed to be complete by the end of 1963. square miles. A population of 11, 598, 700 ac­ The ultra -modern Strategic Air Force base for cording to the 1960 census, should now slightly jets, at Nouasseur near , is needed exceed 12, 000, 000. for a commercial airport, but the usefulness of Morocco became a protectorate- -a colony the other bases is questionable. American com­ with a facade of indigenous government- -in 1912. munities, living apart in their own suburban ruled nine-tenths of the for forty­ style, have not been an unmixed blessing to the four years, sub-letting a small part to , host country, or to their own. until independence and unity were restored in Mother Nature dealt Morocco an unkind blow 1956. Initially, French colonization here was in March 1960, destroying by an earthquake the unique, due to the character of the first Resi­ beautiful city of Agadir, a winter tourist resort dent-General, Marshal Lyautey. He sought to with an important fishing industry. About 15, 000 prevent large-scale European and people were killed and 50, 000 made homeless, direct rule on the Algerian model, and definite­ in Agadir and villages for miles around. ly thought of self-rule as a long-run outcome. The death of Mohammed V in February 1961 Morocco was saved many of the tribulations of was an incalculable loss. Rulers with his wis­ its neighbors by Lyautey's planning and by an dom and integrity have appeared from time to old treaty position which prevented complete time, but few have had the love and respect that absorption. The shortness of alien rule also he did. He was the unifying force, an organic helps explain the relatively small percentage part of a Morocco maturing to independence. of Europeans (about 5% in 19 56 ) and that of His promise of a constitution by the end of 1962 arable land owned by them (about 10% ) . In de­ has been endorsed by Hassan II, his son and pendent Morocco owns most of the mineral re­ sucessor, but 1962 is ticking toward a close. sources because the protectorate authorities The need for closer North African unity has formed state -owned mining companies to cir­ not been in doubt since the second world war. cumvent the open door provisions of old treaties. Plans for a federation, including Algeria, Tunisia The deposits have made particularly and , were sketched at Tangier in 1958. heavy contributions to the budget . The intention has remained firm, but a definite French 's last-ditch campaign be­ form could not be worked out until all of the gan in 1950. In 1953, the was carried countries were free. Morocco is also a member off into French captivity and replaced by a pup­ of a Casabla,nca group including , , pet. This was the signal for armed resistance and the United Arab . This Far and boycotts which eventually restored Moroccan is conscious of being West, Arab and also independence as well as the dynasty, March 2, African. It needs and wants to be neutral to the 1956. great power blocs. Like other newly independent Morocco's problems today are largely the her­ nations, it associates its subnormal economic de­ itage of foreign domination. Shortages of train­ velopment with foreign domination and tends to be ed administrators and teachers reflect the fail­ wary of blocs such as the Common Market which ure of the protectorate to provide schooling. could be used to perpetuate unequal relationships. Primary school population has quadrupled since independence, but quality has been sacrificed somewhat for numbers. A satellite economy (geared to supplement that of France ) has strug­ LO·NG ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE gled toward industrialization to meet the needs of an independent people, self-managing as well 2000 BC-200 BC Phoenician -Carthaginian Oc­ as self-ruling. A centralized, top-heavy, French­ cupation style administration, never intended for conver­ 146 BC-400 AD Roman Rule sion into a government, has been reorganized 400-600 Vandal and Byzantine Rule about as fast as could be expected. 600-1400 (in Tunisia and Algeria) Arab Rule Boundary questions remain unsettled. From 1400-1800 (Tunisia and Algeria) Turkish Rule southern Algeria, France had encroached pro­ 1830 French Occupation of Algeria gressively on Moroccan . Deals with 1880 French Occupation of Tunisia Spain enabled that country to do likewise. Boundary questions left open in 1956 are still open, France having declined invitations to dis­ 600-1912 Morocco - Arab Rule cussion. The French swiftly recognized are­ 1912 Spanish-French Protectorate (Morocco) public of , carved out of French­ 1954 Rebellion in Algeria held territory and rich in minerals exploited 1955 Rebellion in Morocco by European companies. This was the homeland 1956 Independence for Morocco of the Almoravids, and at least part of it had 1957 Independence for Tunisia been Moroccan since the 11th century. There 1962 Independence for Algeria MAGHRIB UNITY: DIM PROSPECTS by Dr. FAYEZ SAYEGH

Professions of dedication to the objective of thus far may have some merit. The suspen­ Maghrib unity continue to be voiced in North Af­ sion of the movement towards Maghrib unity rica. But actions, which always speak louder is real, .and assertions to the contrary--un­ than words, do not appear to be animated by that less they are meant to refer to a remote dedication . Are the professions mere lip-ser­ ideal--are deceptive; the afore-mentioned vice? developments which have occurred since This question acquires special urgency today. 1958 may have set the stage for such suspen­ For four years after the Tangier Conference of sion; but the decisive factor is something April 1958, in which the agreement to establish else. The causes which have relegated a Maghrib federation was proclaimed, the idea Maghrib unity to the background are the same was generally accepted that that objective would as those which have had similar effects up­ have to await the attainment by Algeria of its in­ on Arab unity as a whole, the Maghrib situ­ dependence. But Algerian independence has now ation being a particular instance of the lar­ become a reality, and yet the goal of Maghrib ger Arab situation. unity appears to be as remote today as it was The Arab World, including the Maghrib, is while the Algerian War of Independence was at its the scene of a great revolutionary upheaval. height. A deadly confrontation goes on between the The cynic has an easy explanation for this patent forces of drastic change and the forces bent disparity between pledge and performance. He on preserving the status quo. will aver that all those pious affirmations of frat­ This confrontation, it is true, has been go­ ernal bonds, and all those professions of solemn ing on for more than a decade; but it is also determination to translate those bonds into polit­ true that it has recently moved to a new ical reality once Algeria became free, were just height of earnestness and acquired a new another manifestation of a classic pattern of polit­ pattern. ical deceit. Until recently, the struggle between the Loyal apologists and sympathizers, on the other two forces was waged within each country. hand, may try to find explanations, justifications While the outcome of the struggle, inside and perhaps excuses. "The proclamation of the each country, did have some repercussions goal of Maghrib unity at Tangier," they will say, outside its borders, its direct impact was "was predicated on certain assumptions which upon the destiny of the country itself. In have been destroyed or overtaken by events since fact, from late 1958 until 1961, the Arab 1958. The sincere desire for unity was in fact states were fairly successful in containing there; but then -unforeseen obstacles have since their internal struggles to such an extent arisen to confound the will." In particular, three that a relationship of "co-existence" was es­ such developments will be suggested by those who tablished. Different Arab regimes with di­ subscribe to this thesis. vergent orientations managed, on the whole, First: The Tangier Conference was held while to maintain working relationships with one independent Tunisia and independent Morocco were another, to abstain from interference in the only two years old. Algerian independence was internal struggles of one another, and to pur­ expected to be attained shortly. The three coun­ sue common policies with respect to some tries were assumed to be able to embark upon common Arab problems. Under those cir­ their joint venture before the sense of separate-· cumstances, even the managed ness had a chance to jell into a formidable barrier to plod along and to perform some of its to cohesion. But as Algeria 1 s independence was functions. But all this has now come to an delayed by more than four years, the two other end. The advent of socialism in the U.A.R. Maghrib states proceeded with their respective in mid-1961 shook the complacence of the programs of national reconstruction along separ­ static, feudal monarchies of the Arab East ate paths. By the time Algeria became in depend­ to their very foundations, and brought the ent, Morocco and Tunisia had had six years of period of precarious and short-lived Arab self-establishment. At the formative, initial stage co -existence to a close. The anti-socialist of independent existence, six years of "moroccan­ monarchies lost no time in mounting their ization" or "tunisification" can- -and did- -consti­ counter-offensive. Events followed in rapid tute a serious obstacle to "maghribization" which succession: the secession of from the had been neither envisaged nor reckoned with at U. A. R. in September 1961; the abortive, Tangier. . Jordanian-supported coup in in De­ Secondly: The years of forcible postponement of cember 1961; coups and counter-coups in unification have presented some opportunities and Syria in the spring of 1962; the paralysis of inducements for divergent orientation .. Morocco the Arab League in ; the coup and Tunisia have drifted _apart in matters p~rtain­ _ d~ tatJn in Septembe -- 1962; and -t:he _,.._ irig to (e.g., ' ), the Arab split of the Arab World right down the mid­ World, Africa, and the . dle over the question of recognition of differ­ Thirdly: The enthusiasm for unity as an Arab ent Yemeni regimes, and the threatened national goal, which was in the air as the delegates open military confrontation, in and over of the Maghrib States met at Tangier and which un­ Yemen, between the U.A.R. and the Saudi­ doubtedly generated corresponding enthusiasm for Jordanian Royal Entente. Maghrib unity, has been considerably dampened in In the Maghrib States, similar internal con­ the meantime. The three political unions which frontation has been, and is, taking place in had been created in the Arab East in the few weeks Morocco and Algeria. While these struggles preceding the Tangier Conference have all been have not--at least thus far- -overflown State­ liquidated. Such setbacks in the Arab East could boundaries, as they have in the Arab East, not fail to convey to the leader·s of the Arab West yet the mutual responsiveness amongst the the counsel of greater caution in matters pertain­ forces of revolution throughout the area, and ing to political unity. the corresponding responsiveness among the 1 .... In this writer s opinion, both the cynic and the guardians of the status quo, constitutes the charitable sympathizer are guilty of over-simpli­ first phase of a regional confrontation be- fication, although each of the arguments advanced . (over) tween the two, and conspires against trust it is beginning to mean in Yemen ) pitting the among regimes, thus abolishing the most el­ armed forces of Arab governments against one ementary conditions for inter-governmental another. harmony and inter-state unity. In such a revolutionary period, a dynamic form The current, post-coexistence phase of Arab of unity--unity in struggle- -will supplant the national life presages a period of intensified static, institutional concept of unity hitherto as­ turbulence in which the revolutionary struggle sociated with this word in the Arab mind. In­ will go on without truce or respite. From all stitutionalized political unity among the Arab the evidence at hand, it appears that the immin­ (and, a fortiori, among the Maghrib) States will ent. period--at the threshold of which the Arab continue to be the ultimate, long-range objective; East already stands, and from which the Maghrib but the immediate future offers little opportunity is not remote- -will have the following character­ and less hope for any form of unity other than istics: Nothing less than "Arab socialism" and that of a united revolutionary force and a united "Republicanism" will satisfy the revolutionary reactionary force confronting one another bellig­ forces; The struggle for republicanism and so­ erently throughout the area across political fron­ cialism will appear to be more imperative than tiers. As long as the Arab Revolution remains the promotion of harmony or unity among diver­ only partially triumphant, the path to Arab (or gent Arab regimes; and, The struggle will over­ Maghrib) unity appears destined to pass through flow political frontiers even if that means (as exacerbated disunity.

Assembly. (The African:white ratio inpop­ LIBYA ulation is about thirteen:one .) The basis on by KATHRYN REAP which England agreed to the new Constitu - tion is its Declaration of Rights, aimed at eliminating racial inequality. Certain ad­ A little country, unified only because of the vances toward this goal have been made by monarch's prestige and the seat of combat from the Prime Minister, Sir E,dgar Whitehead. the time of the Phoenicians until World War II, However, Garfield Todd, in recently test­ has been found in the last seven years to contain ifying before the U. N. , has provided evi­ some of the world's richest oil fields. dence that every right defined in the Decla­ The independent of Libya is the ration of Rights is being systematically vi­ site of investments totaling over 1, 000, 000 dol­ olated. Sir Edgar is in the difficult posi­ lars by some 21 oil companies. The peak of the tion of attempting to walk a tight-rope be­ profits expected will not be attained until around tween the white supremacist Dominion Par­ 1965, but already the revenue is being channeled ty and the African People's through the Libyan Development Council for use Union of Joshua Nkomo. Unfortunately,_ Sir on roads, and communications. Edgar leans to paternalism and a stiffening Since 1951, Libya has been an independent fed­ unwillingness to allow adequate African re­ eration of three provinces governed by King presentation in government. Nkomo there­ Idrissel Senussi. Previously there had been no fore refuses to deal with him. such thing in Libya as a national consciousness, As a result of Sir Edgar's intransigence and the fear had been expressed that the prov­ and England's unwillingness to reopen nego­ inces, , , and tiations, Nkomo has taken his case to the would split up on the monarchs death. Since the U. N. Committee of Se;venteen on Colonial­ discovery of oil, however, Libyans have begun ism. As the Committee can only operate to feel that there is a reason for the existence of within the framework of bringing peace to the country as a whole, and the result has been an area of war or potential war, occasion­ a revived interest in nationalism. King Idrissel, al violence is one of ZAPU 's political gam­ following the trend, has encouraged the feeling bits. Sir Edgar's retaliation has been to of "Libya for the Libyans" by passing a series declare ZAPU illigal, to arrest its leader­ of laws designed to prevent foreigners from own­ ship, including Nkomo, and to threaten the ing land or taking jobs away from skilled natives. extension of the death penalty to crimes of One facet of this spirit of nationalism is resent­ "sedition" under which ZAPU leadership ment toward American economic interests in Libya was arrested. and the American base there. This feeling is Underlying African political unrest is the shared by other nations of the African block be­ great economic and social disparity between cause economic interference seems li)re a hold­ white and African in Southern Rhodesia. over from , and bases r:.~ptesent a Poverty is the lot of the African; his aver­ threat to the cherished neutrality of (i;e new na­ age urban wage is six pounds sterling a tions. month, while a white averages ninety pounds. The discovery of oil in Libya naturally will in­ Land is extremely scarce to an African be­ crease her importance in the African bloc of na­ cause of the Land Apportionment Act, yet tions, but she had already begun to take her place white immigrants are attracted by "unex­ as a responsible nation in the bloc by the signifi­ plaited Crown Lands." One hundred thir­ cant welfare and financial aid she rendered to teen pounds sterling in government funds is Algeria during the war. allocated for the education of each white child each year; eight pounds for each ­ can. The result is a vicious circle of no SOUTHERN RHODESIA money, no education, no emQloyment, po­ by HARLAN ROBINSON litical unrest, and back to no money. Southern Rhodesia appears to be heading for a blood-bath which can be averted only Tension in Southern Rhodesia is rapidly by Sir Edgar's calling a new Constitutional approaching the snapping point. The focus Convention. Time is short, yet Sir Edgar of present conflict is the new Constitution, cannot call a convention until after the next which allows only fifteen guaranteed Afri­ election, to be held sometime in the next can seats in the sixty-five seat Legislative few months.

/. THE UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC TODAY by T AHSEEN M. BASHEER

The United Arab Republic is the political name policy of "positive non -alignment". Above all, which composes today the geographical land of these ideological formulations try to assert . Situated on the North Eastern corner of the following principles: Africa, it represents the land-bridge between Asia, ( 1) Every member of the country is a "Cit­ Africa, and the Mediterranean; for while the bulk izen", having equal rights with all other cit­ of the country lies on the banks of the , the izens. He is not a member of a tribe or of a area of the Sinai to the East of the Suez Canal lies class, but a member of a nation that affords in Asia. him equal rights and equal opportunities be­ It is difficult to summarize briefly the unfold­ fore the law. This social equality is equally ment of world history that took place on the human extended to the women of our country. Now stage of Egypt. Suffice it in this context to recall their role is not limited to being wives and some major historical developments that shed some mothers, but rather they extend their paten­ light on the developments of the United Arab Repub­ tialities to whatever height they can achieve. lic today, and can help us in understanding the The cabinet of the United Arab Republic in­ trends of recent history in this part of the world. eludes a lady Minister of Social Affairs, and In this age of nationalism and national liberation a worker who became the Minister of Labor. one should not lose sight of the fact that since Mina ( 2 ) "Arab nationalism" means that the coun­ the First unified Upper and Lower Egypt into one tries that conceive of themselves to be Arab, country, the first "State" in the world was created should endeavor to attain their independence many thousands of years before Christ; and since and should seek to achieve bonds of unity; and that time, history went on uninterrupted, with its instead of the small unviable partitions that ups and downs, turning page after page of human were parcelled out by colonial rivalry, they record on the banks of the Nile. When Christ was should forge together a more stable society a young boy, he took refuge with Mary from per­ and should follow the trend of world unity · secution in to a little village in the out­ through regional unification. skirts of . Egypt became one of the early ( 3) "Arab sdcialism" provides the general countries to become Christian, and the Egyptian guide-lines for our social and economic pol­ Coptic Church is one of the oldest churches in icy which are as follows: Christiandom. A new chapter was ushered in with (a ) The resources of the country should the spread of from the heart of the Asian be fully utilized to the benefit of all the citi­ Peninsula to the Egyptian shores and from there to zens, and equal economic and social oppor­ North Africa. Islam became the main cultural in­ tunities should be given to all citizens. fluence that forged bonds of unity based on belief (b) The problem of social classes should in the one God and equality of man before God. be resolved not by struggle and strife, but Cairo with its AL-AZHAR University became the rather by class harmony. This has been a­ intellectual center of Moslem teachings, and there chieved through the land reform program the philosophy of all was studied and trans­ limiting land ownership to one hundred acres mitted through Arabic writing to Europe creating and giving the landless small plots of land. the era of Rennaissance in that continent. From ( 4 ) While maintaining the right of private these waves of history modern life in Egypt was ownership, we took economic measures to shaped and no understanding of modern develop­ safeguard our citizens against exploitation; ment in our country can be fully comprehended and twenty-five percent of the profits of every without a deep insight in our history. enterprise is given to those who labor in it, Out of centuries of stagnation under Ottoman rule, whether they are managers or workers. the creative power of the country was seeped away, ( 5) The policy of "positive non-alignment" and the productive capacity was stemmed by the means that we pursue an independent foreign tide of isolation and oppression. Modern Egypt was policy that is committed to the principles of reborn through the encounter with Europe. Europe the Charter, and we refuse to -came in the form of Anglo-French rivalry to domin­ be blindly commited to one power grdup or an­ ate the routes to as an extension of European other in the bi-polar power struggle today. colonial expansion in the ninteenth century. But Instead, we endeavor to find ways and means Europe brought with it, aside from colonialism in to resolve the world power struggle through the political sphere, the seeds of modern science the Asian-African nations playing a positive and technology in the social and economic life. It role in reaching world harmony, by making a also brought the values of the French Revolution, major contribution to the of the the English parliamentary system, and the lessons countries of Asia and Africa, and by insisting of the experiment of the AmeriGa.,n Revolution, in­ on a policy of peaceful co -existence between traducing the liberal tradition that contributed to varying social systems . We retain to our­ the reawakening of the Arab people in the Middle selves the right to mold our de~tiny the w~y East, and to the revolution against nsing exploita­ we see fit; and above all, we maintain the nee­ tion in Asia and Africa, as well as other countries. essary conditions to safeguard world peace by From these historical experiences a new ideology refusing to accept foreign bases, expanding is emerging. It is an ideology rooted in our tradi­ the area of nuclear free zones, and endeavor­ tion, stemming out of our experiences. It is our ing to help the big powers reach an agreement response to the challenge of life in mid-twentieth on disarmament. century. It is our endeavor to join the human cara­ The United Arab Republic is one of the rare van again as a creative force, trying on one hand to countries in the world where there is no maintain the values cherished in our long history, problem of race and color coming out of and proven time and again, and on the other hand to many races and colors. As Mr. David Du live according to the dictates of the world today and Bois said about Cairo: the potentialities of the world tomorrow. This ide­ To suddenly find myself in Cairo where ology takes many forms and is expressed in many as a person of color I am one among labels, but in essence it is an ideology of awakening. three million persons of color, where In the political field we call it "Arab nationalism"; the color of a man's skin has no more in the economic field we call it "Arab socialism"; or no less significance than how that in the international field it expresses itself in the (over) color contributes to that person's phy­ in 1960 in which he said: sical appearance, or to identify his Our people felt that they had missed place of origin; to find myself sudden­ the era of steam and the era of electri­ ly in an atmosphere completely free city, and they feel that they are almost of any distinction or privilege based missing the era of atomic energy with on color is suddenly to find myself in all its unlimited potentialities. Hence· a society of civilized human beings for the people's determination to achieve whom the brotherhood of man is a liv­ their economic independence; hence ing reality. their resolute drive in the fields of ag­ In conclusiOn, let me quote from President ricultural and industrial development Nas.ser's speech before the United Nations and of social equality.

TUNISIA by MARY LOUISE HOOPER

Tunisia, in Arabic "the green land", is a love­ al competition or even rivalries". Even more ly: country; of gently r.olling hills, dusty-green explicit was a statement ma·de in : "We groves, and rugged coa.st line dotted with must consider a. reversal of alliances." (N.Y. ruins of Roman rule and the three preceeding Times, . 7 /28/61) Carthagil).ian civilizations. Geographically it T~E U.S. ~ND TUNISIA: In. the cri­ is the s:rnallest country of North Africa, with a s1s, the h<~pds of the United States were by no population of 4~ million people, increasing by mean~ cle'i:n. Fearful to offend France,. we . 3% every year. abstamed m. the U.N. resolution which sup­ French domination lasted from 1880 to 1957,. ported Tunisia's sovereign rights. The ques­ leaving the usual fruit of foreign rule: a back­ tion to. ponder now is: will .our present read­ ward, agricultural economy, geared to that of iness to give economic aid to the Three Year the former colonial power . Plan help to. restore· genuine friendliness in TUNISIAN AID TO ALGERIA: Since independ­ our relations with Tunisia or will our gifts-­ ence, Tunisia's own development has been slow­ of necessity accepted- -be received warily and ed down by her continued and significant as sis­ with the silent conviction that they are offered tance to the fighting Algerians, which aid in­ only as a practical link in the· 'cold war' strat­ eluded at.least partial support of some 150, 000 egy of the U.S.? refugees within her borders, fr~e school facili­ And, if aid should be so given and so receiv­ ties for 800 Algerian high school and university ed, will the strategy really succeed? students, and hospitality to the Provisional Gov­ ernment of Aleria (GPRA). ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: Relieved, since Algerian ,independence, of,this severe economic ALGERIAN NEWS BRIEFS strain, Tunisia is now inaugurating a "Three Year Plan" to invest $636, 000, 000 in internal development: the first phase of a 13 year pro­ The U.N. welcomed Algeria on Oct. 8, '62, je<;t, costing .two billion dollars. The United as its 109th member-the 31st from Africa. Its admission was jointly proposed by 34 States has agreed to help finance this program~ hopefully with cooperation of other 'Western' states, including France, and the French nations. Development of industry, exploitation Foreign Minister was among those who paid of mineral resources, and modernization of ag­ tribute in welcome speeches. riculture are particularly urgent in Tunisia be­ cause of the phenomenal birth rate, mentioned Algerian Premier Ben Bella, following the earlier. admission of his country to the U.N., was A ten million dollar "trade and barter" agree­ greeted on the White House lawn by President ment has been made with Poland, and the USSR Kennedy and a 21 gun salute. It was the first has also shown intere~t in financing certain de­ time, at least during this presidential regime, velopment projects, but U.S. governmental aid that the traditional military ceremony of has so far been the largest, totally about greeting for a Head of State has been perform- $170, 000, 000 from 1957 to mid '61. ed at the White House. · TUNISIA AND THE WEST: Of all North Afri­ ca, Tunisia has been since independence the Algeria's Premier , in his most 'West-friendly', partly because of the af­ maiden speech at the UN, pronounced as ex­ finity with European culture implanted by sev­ pected his new country's non -alignment pol­ eral generations of French education- -in those icy. · Stating also that Algeria's primary aim fortunate enough to receive an education! - is to help eliminate colonialism, he mention­ but mainly because the Tunisian economy has ed specifically Portuguese , the Fed­ continued to be almost entirely dependent on eration of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, and French trade and subsidies. South . ' A progressive weakening, however, of emo­ tional and cultural ties to France has taken ,------~-l place, due to French atrocities during the Al­ I PLEASE SEND ME gerian war and, closer home, incidents such I I as the 1958 bombing of Sakiet-sidi-Youseff, I "Let My People Go", autobiography 1 which resulted in the deaths of 72 Tunisian of civilians. France's brutal response, in July I Albert J. Luthuli I 1961, to Bourguiba 's attempt to force them out I I of the great Bizerte naval base (result: at I I enclose check 0 for $4. 00 1 least 1300 Tunisian dead) destroyed the last 1 mop.ey ·order 0 1 pro-Western attitudes, and caused Tunisia's alignment with the "neutrals" at the Belgrade I Signed: (please print) I Conference. President Bourguiba spoke there I Name I of the advantages of "non -committedness", ~ Address j and of his decision to "profit from internation- L-~~--~ ------~ WINDOW ON AFRIC./ by ELAINE HALEY sesed these countries until World War I. Aft~r the war, the two countries became trus­ · The so-called independence for Africans in the teeship under the administration of Transkei is being finalized without their con­ . Both European nations had ruled sent. Africa Digest ( 8-62) reports that Mr. through the Tutsi overlords. This system Young, Secretary for the Bantu Administration broke down in 1959 when the Hutus attacked told African leaders that it was "useless to dis­ the Watusi. cuss any Constitution for the Transkei other Ruanda's Hutu party emerged victorious in than that already approved by the Government 1961 over the Watusis and established a repub­ ... and that there would be no concessions." lic. , however, is controlled by Watusi. Quite naturally, attempts by Pando chiefs fail­ The only sign of unity between the political ed to change the composition of the proposed leaders is in their recent. agreement to form Legislative Assembly, less than one-half of a Council of Economic Union to maintain order whom are to be elected. A meeting of 900 Tern.,. in the operation of common services. Its sue­ bus completely rejected the Constitution. cess will depend greatly on the UN official ap­ . The entire process of Constitution making pointed Secretary:.General of the Economic has occured under "" con­ Council'. . ditions. No opposition to the Government's The economy of these countries is keyed to plan has been allowed, except under the pen­ coffee anl( ~s dependent on the world market; alty of arrest for subservision and indefinite . . . coffee ... is facing the worst imprisonment without trial. One chief has "unfortunlt~ly been described as "being forced to sign the crisis of over-production in 30 years." (Manchester Guardian, 8-16-62) Constitution which has been "adopted", as the The Belgians have left behind few trained Africa Digest concludes, with "few absentions." men or educational facilities for the indigenous population. There are only 26 University grad­ RUANDA and BURUNDI uates in the two countries and only a minimal These two newly independent and overcrowd­ amount more have even the equivalent of. a ed nations are faced by political disunity, econ­ high school diploma. The figure is not likely omic instability, and lack of education. to improve in the near future. The outlook Political problems stem from a long-stand­ for Ruanda and Burundi is indefinite. It ap­ ing feudal relationship between Hutu tribes, pears that they will need outside aid, not only ( 84% of the population) and the ruling Tutsi or to progress, but also to maintain themselves . Watusi, 15% of the population. pos-

U.S. HELPS AFRICA

ALGERIA U.S, aid in Algeria has taken several forms. U.S. aid in Nigerfa is endeavoring to for­ An urgently needed 12 -man medical team, mulate a systematic curriculum of continued headed by Dr. George Leroy, ·has gone to aid education at the· University of Nigeria, to some 1200 patients hospitalized near . further train people currently occupied in AFL-CIO Presid~nt George Meany has en'- · business, education, government, and polit­ dorsed a program of direct U.S. labor aid to ical leadership. Chief advisor-consultant, Algerian workers to form a trade union organ­ Dr. E. V. Svenson, Associate Director of ization. While visiting the U.S. in June, Ali­ The University of California Extension at Los Y ahia, Secretary of the Algerian General Angeles, has proposed a National Training Worker's Union (UGTA) learned that the mil­ Laboratory to provide complete courses in lion member New York City Central Labor National Leadership. Council had undertaken a fund raising program Svenson is prepared to do all in his power to for benefit of Algerian workers, to aid them launch the project successfully. to adjust from a state of war to productive in­ dtistry. It may be several years before UGTA can be come self-supporting due to the neces­ sity of organizing and educating its members to the responsibility of new independence. · and DAHOMEY-

-..:..;. ...IheJJ-.-S. N-at-ion-a-l ~ armers Union has es -­ tablished training programs in Uganda and Dahomey to illustrate the advantages of co­ OR T, The American Organization for Re­ ,operative farming in Africa. Agricultural habilitation Through Training, and US AID, Agency for International Development, have specialists will be s·ent to botlf countries for arranged a two-year, $1. 1 million contract a month and will discuss findings with re­ to establish, this Fall, a technical school in ports of project officers who have spent two Guinea. The Senate Congressional Record years in each country working with African of 25 July reports that the "school. .. is the farmers and agricultural experts. first of its kind in Guinea and ... eventually A cycle of droughts, succeeded by heavy ... will have a capacity of 200 students to floods, makes both countries' economic pros­ furnish approximately 20 instructors or fore­ pects very insecure. Many Africans are men each year for industry. " The money close to starvation. Hopefully, the U.S. received from the AID contract, will provide backed "Agriculture Cooperation Leadership salaries for instructors and meet the initial Training" program can mitigate some of cost of construction and procurement of nee­ these problems in the establishment of co­ essary vocational equipment ... operative agricultural programs. BOOK REVIEW ardise the South Africa of tomorrow by preci­ by MARYE MYERS pitating violence today." This is a book to be read by everyone will­ Like Albert Schweitzer, another renowned ing to look at the world situation without a world figure who makes Africa his home, mask of conceit, willing to see in it some im­ Albert John Luthuli represents the conscience plications of our own society, willing to as­ of the world. Citizen of South Africa, once sume personal responsibility to set right Chief of his native tribe, more recently re­ wrongs for which we are, all of us together, cipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, Luthuli is accountable. LET MY PEOPLE GO, by known and recognized around the world for Albert Luthuli. McGraw-Hill. 256pp. $5.50 the leadership of his people against the un­ speakable atrocities of the South African Government in demanding the establishment PROGRESS of ANGOLA CAMPAIGN of apartheid. LET MY PEOPLE GO is a chronological rec­ The campaign of the American Committee ollection of the events of his life leading up on Africa for Emergency Relief to Angola has to the five-year ban in 1959 and prior to the sent over $15, 000 worth of medicines into winning of the Nobel Peace Prize. It is also the African-held northern area. These have .tn honest evaluation of his political philoso­ been mostly a~·V o-malarial drugs and anti­ phy. As the reader turns the pages he be­ biotics, greatl~ needed by the two million comes more and more involved in the person­ Africans, depj:-~ ved of all medical services al tragedy of the author. He is made aware since forced the exodus of the mis­ of the stature of the man, of his all-encom­ sionaries, more than a year ago. passing patriotism, "his profound concern A Canadian doctor, Dr. Ian Gilchrist, is for South Africans, invariably men of all willing to go for ERA to the Congo and into races, of his appreciation of the teeming cit­ Angola, beginning his service probably on ies, the farms, the crowded reserves and January first. He is the son of a missionary the look of the land, and of his love for Moth­ still working in Angola, and has spent part er Africa and her troubled peoples. " of his life there. ACOA is now looking for Luthuli graphically points out the problems funds to send Dr. Gilchrist, and also to pro­ besetting his people. Not the least is the vide him with an ambulance. They present­ propagation of the Bantustan scheme, which ly have some $7, 800 on hand toward these completely seals off the African from the rest needs. of the population. "In the end Bantustans be­ The West Representative, during come destitute reservoirs of cheap labour, four months work in Southern California, lec­ to be kept in order to discipline city workers tured on Angola 14 times, and showed the who might dare to demand higher wages ... NBC documentary film, "Angola, Journey To To us Bantustan means the home of disease a War", 8 times, for an incomplete financial and miserable poverty, the place where we return of $1557.17 in cash and $750 in drug shall be swept into heaps in order to rot, the donations- -a total of $2, 307. 17 to date, with dumping ground of 'undesirable elements, ' five groups not yet heard from. delinquents, criminals created especially in towns and cities by the system ... It is a huge deceit. I am not a man given to threats. ACTION AGAINST APARTHEID But when my people see the magnitude of this On December lOth, Human Rights Day, the bluff, as indeed they are seeing it, the docile American Committee on Africa is organiz­ people with whom the Government is now ing country-wide meetings and demonstra­ dealing will change beyond recognition. The tions against the South African policy of lie is too big. You cannot fool all the people "apartheid". all the time. " South Africa is the most modern, most high­ Reading this book, the huge wonder is that ly industrialized country of Africa, with by the "docile people" have not already risen far the greatest number of educated Africans, in uncontrolled anger against their oppres­ capable of assuming the reins of government sors. It is only because Luthuli and other rightfully theirs. leaders like him believe in the principle of It is a·lso the country where 12 million non­ non -violent resistance. Luthu'li is a Chris­ Whites are held in rigid 'police-state' control tian, but one with a much needed measure of by 3 million fear-ridden, racially prejudiced righteous indignation. He believes that the Whites. reformation for which he is working will Mild U.N. resolutions against apartheid in come about more easily and without unnec­ the past have been ignored by the Afrikaner essary bloodshed if the entire world will rec­ government. The latest dictatorial step has nize the immorality of the South African pos­ placed 102 citizens, white and black, on a ition and exert an economic boycott of South "muzzled" list, whose statements, spoken or African products and capital investment. written, may not be published or repeated, Having watched the fluctuations of personal under severe penalties. "Homes into prisons" power and influence it is only natural to be is an even more repressive measure just skeptical of the unmitigated loyalty of the taken against three outstanding freedom fight ­ vast majority of Africans to the principle of ers- -one white, one African and one Indian-­ non -violence. It is hoped that world pubhc using the new device of "house arrest". opinion may exert enough influence on the GQvernment of South Africa to bring it to its ON DECEMBER lOth the American Commit­ SE?nses and let Luthuli vs peaceful method of tee on Africa asks you to: change prevail. "We mean to cling to meth­ Hold meetings and demonstrations against ods such as this, to non -violence, and we apartheid. mean increasingly to use these weapons even Urge your church, lodge or union to observe against such tyrants as South Africa's pre­ this day of protest. sent Government. This is not only a ques­ Urge the U.S. government to support economic tion of morality. As long as our patienc.e SaiiCtions against South Africa- -as requested can be made to hold out, we shall not jeop- ·" · by the majority of her people. j!_ .