DOCSLIB.ORG

Leeds Thesis Template

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Leeds Thesis Template Super-resolution light microscopy studies of the organisation and architecture of the hepatitis C virus RNA replication complex Christopher Paul Bartlett Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds Astbury Centre for Structural Biology School of Molecular and Cellular Biology September 2016 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own, except where work which has formed part of jointly-authored publications has been included. The contribution of the candidate and the other authors to this work has been explicitly indicated below. The candidate confirms that appropriate credit has been given within the thesis where reference has been made to the work of others. Chapter 4 within this thesis has been based on work from a jointly-authored publication: Mohl, B.-P., Bartlett, C., Mankouri, J., Harris, M. (2016). Early events in the generation of autophagosomes are required for the formation of membrane structures involved in hepatitis C virus genome replication. Journal of General Virology. DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000387. - Dr B.-P. Mohl performed experiments for figures 1, 2, 3, 4a, 6 and 7 and co-authored the paper. - C. Bartlett performed experiments for figures 4b-c, 5 and 8 and co-authored the paper. - Dr J. Mankouri provided supervision and co-authored the paper. - Prof. M. Harris provided supervision and co-authored the paper. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. 2016 The University of Leeds Christopher Paul Bartlett The right of Christopher Paul Bartlett to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. i ii Acknowledgements I would like to firstly thank my supervisors Prof. Mark Harris and Prof. Michelle Peckham for their continued expertise, advice, enthusiasm and support throughout the last four years. Secondly, to all members past and present of the Harris and Peckham research groups who have always provided helpful discussion as well as a lively and enjoyable workplace. In particular, thanks to Jamel Mankouri, Douglas Ross-Thriepland and Joe Lattimer for thought provoking ideas and taking my mind off science from time to time. A special thanks to Alistair Curd and Dmitry Ushakov who managed to teach a biologist some physics. I would also like to thanks all my friends and family for their continued support, especially during the more frustrating times, A special mention to Anne-Marie for her constant enthusiasm and the continued supply of cups of tea! Finally, I would like to thank the Wellcome Trust for funding, without which this project would never have developed. iii iv Abstract Hepatitis C virus causes a chronic infection in ~3% of the world’s population and is a leading cause of liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that persists in ~85% of infections. Viral genome replication occurs within a specialised membranous compartment, termed replication factories. This provides an environment suitable for the production of infectious virus, and correct formation and maintenance is critical for virus replication. The process is coordinated by the non-structural proteins in a macromolecular protein assembly, but the precise mechanisms of biogenesis and protein organisation within replication factories are unknown. New super-resolution light microscopy approaches allow resolutions of tens of nanometres, 10-fold higher than standard wide-field or confocal microscopy. The goal of this research was to use these techniques to determine the organisation and architecture of proteins within replication factories. Super-resolution imaging revealed clusters of viral proteins that were equivalent to the diffraction limited puncta observed by wide-field microscopy. A detailed analysis of protein clusters identified significant differences in size and organisation between the non-structural proteins NS3 and NS5A with a defined minimum distance to the cluster centroid. Additional investigations into the functions of NS5A revealed altered cluster phenotypes with both pharmacological inhibition and mutants defective in phosphorylation. A number of strategies were also explored to facilitate fluorescence labelling of viral components in replication factories. In parallel, investigations into the biogenesis of replication factories were explored by characterising interactions between hepatitis C virus and autophagy. This study identified a requirement of HCV replication for early steps in the formation of autophagosomes. The findings from this research are the first descriptions using super-resolution microscopy to understand the hepatitis C virus replication complex and provide insight into the organisation and architecture of the non-structural proteins during infection. v vi Table of Contents Chapter 1 - Introduction ....................................................................................... 1 1.1 Hepatitis C virus ....................................................................................... 3 1.1.1 Identification and classification ...................................................... 3 1.1.2 Epidemiology and transmission .................................................... 5 1.1.3 Pathology ..................................................................................... 6 1.1.4 HCV therapies .............................................................................. 9 1.2 Molecular biology ................................................................................... 13 1.2.1 Genome organisation ................................................................. 13 1.2.2 Virion architecture ....................................................................... 14 1.2.3 HCV entry ................................................................................... 16 1.2.4 Polyprotein translation ................................................................ 19 1.2.5 Genome replication ..................................................................... 20 1.2.6 Assembly and release ................................................................ 21 1.3 Individual HCV proteins .......................................................................... 24 1.3.1 Core – nucleocapsid protein ....................................................... 24 1.3.2 E1 and E2 – envelope glycoproteins ........................................... 24 1.3.3 p7 – viroporin .............................................................................. 25 1.3.4 NS2 – autoprotease .................................................................... 25 1.3.5 NS3/4A – protease/helicase ....................................................... 25 1.3.6 NS4B – transmembrane protein .................................................. 26 1.3.7 NS5A – multifunctional phosphoprotein ...................................... 26 1.3.7.1 Structure of NS5A ........................................................... 26 1.3.7.2 Roles of NS5A during HCV infection ............................... 27 1.3.7.3 Interaction partners ......................................................... 30 1.3.7.4 Phosphorylation of NS5A ................................................ 33 1.3.7.5 NS5A as a target for direct acting antivirals ..................... 34 1.3.8 NS5B – RNA-dependent RNA polymerase ................................. 35 1.4 HCV replication complex ........................................................................ 36 1.4.1 HCV membrane rearrangements ................................................ 36 1.4.2 Formation of double membrane vesicles .................................... 38 1.4.3 HCV replication factory composition ........................................... 39 vii 1.5 Light microscopy ..................................................................................... 42 1.5.1 History of light microscopy .......................................................... 42 1.5.2 Diffraction in light microscopy ...................................................... 42 1.5.3 Extending the optical image resolution ........................................ 44 1.5.4 Breaking the diffraction limit ........................................................ 45 1.5.4.1 Localisation microscopy ................................................... 47 1.5.4.1.1 Principle ................................................................................... 47 1.5.4.1.2 Multi-colour and three dimensional super-resolution imaging ... 48 1.5.4.1.3 Resolution in SMLM ................................................................. 50 1.6 Aims and objectives ................................................................................ 55 Chapter 3 - Materials and Methods .................................................................... 57 3.1 General materials ................................................................................... 59 3.1.1 Bacterial strains .......................................................................... 59 3.1.2 Mammalian cell lines ................................................................... 59 3.1.3 Antibodies – Primary ................................................................... 60 3.1.4 Secondary antibodies and fluorescent reagents .......................... 61 3.1.5 SGR and virus constructs ...........................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pinochle & Bezique
    Pinochle & Bezique by MeggieSoft Games User Guide Copyright © MeggieSoft Games 1996-2004 Pinochle & Bezique Copyright ® 1996-2005 MeggieSoft Games All rights reserved. No parts of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means - graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems - without the written permission of the publisher. Products that are referred to in this document may be either trademarks and/or registered trademarks of the respective owners. The publisher and the author make no claim to these trademarks. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this document, the publisher and the author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of information contained in this document or from the use of programs and source code that may accompany it. In no event shall the publisher and the author be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damage caused or alleged to have been caused directly or indirectly by this document. Printed: February 2006 Special thanks to: Publisher All the users who contributed to the development of Pinochle & MeggieSoft Games Bezique by making suggestions, requesting features, and pointing out errors. Contents I Table of Contents Part I Introduction 6 1 MeggieSoft.. .Games............ .Software............... .License............. ...................................................................................... 6 2 Other MeggieSoft............ ..Games..........
    [Show full text]
  • January 2020 Expenditures
    Bonneville Joint School District #93 January 2020 Expenditures Ck Date Ck# Invoice Vendor Description Total City State 1/28/2020 82203 634 A & B Productions Class of 2020 500.00 Idaho Falls ID 1/29/2020 226299 33718 A-1 Pest Control Property Services 248.00 Idaho Falls ID 1/15/2020 225975 December 2019 (504) AA Kinetic Physical Therapy 504 Elementary Services 105.00 Idaho Falls ID 1/15/2020 225975 December 2019 AA Kinetic Physical Therapy Professional & Technical Services 3,963.75 Idaho Falls ID 01/17/2020 0 . Abbott, Julia Mary Gross Payroll 5,266.67 Idaho Falls ID 01/17/2020 0 . Abney, Stephanie Nicole Gross Payroll 424.91 Idaho Falls ID 1/28/2020 0 6033-1/20-04 Abracadabras - Credit Card Vendor Supplies 77.00 Credit Card Vendor credit card vendor 1/28/2020 0 0400-1/20-03 Abracadabras - Credit Card Vendor Supplies 149.57 Credit Card Vendor credit card vendor 1/28/2020 0 5936-1/20-01 Abracadabras - Credit Card Vendor Supplies 348.40 Credit Card Vendor credit card vendor 1/15/2020 225976 20317 AC&S LLC Trans Shop Materials & Parts 85 192.76 Idaho Falls ID 1/8/2020 1841 46510 Ace Hardware Discretionary 93.71 Pocatello ID 1/15/2020 225977 046548 Ace Hardware Supplies 3.59 Pocatello ID 1/15/2020 225977 46680 Ace Hardware Supplies 11.58 Pocatello ID 1/15/2020 225977 046529 Ace Hardware Supplies 90.72 Pocatello ID 1/22/2020 226130 46749 Ace Hardware Supplies 11.57 Pocatello ID 1/28/2020 0 0486-1/20-10 Ace Hardware Classroom - 3rd 2.59 Pocatello ID 1/28/2020 0 4667-1/20-01 Ace Hardware Supplies 13.48 Pocatello ID 1/28/2020 0 6249-1/20-05 Ace Hardware Supplies 39.64 Pocatello ID 01/17/2020 0 .
    [Show full text]
  • The Penguin Book of Card Games
    PENGUIN BOOKS The Penguin Book of Card Games A former language-teacher and technical journalist, David Parlett began freelancing in 1975 as a games inventor and author of books on games, a field in which he has built up an impressive international reputation. He is an accredited consultant on gaming terminology to the Oxford English Dictionary and regularly advises on the staging of card games in films and television productions. His many books include The Oxford History of Board Games, The Oxford History of Card Games, The Penguin Book of Word Games, The Penguin Book of Card Games and the The Penguin Book of Patience. His board game Hare and Tortoise has been in print since 1974, was the first ever winner of the prestigious German Game of the Year Award in 1979, and has recently appeared in a new edition. His website at http://www.davpar.com is a rich source of information about games and other interests. David Parlett is a native of south London, where he still resides with his wife Barbara. The Penguin Book of Card Games David Parlett PENGUIN BOOKS PENGUIN BOOKS Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USA Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4P 2Y3 (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.) Penguin Ireland, 25 St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd) Penguin Group (Australia) Ltd, 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia
    [Show full text]
  • Who's for Euchre? by SCOTT CORBETT Some of the Old Card Games Woxdd Baj^E Today ^S Players,, Including Canasta Fanatics
    51 Who's for Euchre? By SCOTT CORBETT Some of the old card games woxdd baj^e today ^s players,, including canasta fanatics T'S been years since I've played any card and cards dealt in batches of two or three fall with Pebbley, Wyo. games except bridge, poker, samba (a form of a plop. First you get poor shuffling because of Sir: I canasta), canasta (a form of stupidity) and too few cards, and then instead of a nice one-card- Just because a smartalec like you does not know Zioncheck. In looking through a book of card at-a-time deal as in bridge you get plop plop, plop anybody who plays euchre does not mean that games, I find that in my time I have played 14 dif­ plop. That's in two-handed euchre, of course. In thousands of intelligent Americans are not playing ferent games, the others being gin rummy with my three-handed euchre you get plop plop plop, plop it and enjoying it every day of their life. Only last' wife, cribbage with a roommate, seven-up with plop plop. week the Pebbley Auction Euchre Club of this three grade-school playmates, Michigan with The only hope I see for euchre is in auction city conducted a Large for which all tickets were neighbors, Russian bank with my mother-in-law, euchre for eight people, which calls for a 60-card sold out well in advance, prizes were donated by montebank, blackjack and faro with two elderly pack with 11 and 12 spots included.
    [Show full text]
  • Pinochle-Rules.Pdf
    Pinochle From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Pinochle (sometimes pinocle, or penuchle) is a trick-taking Pinochle game typically for two, three or four players and played with a 48 card deck. Derived from the card game bezique, players score points by trick-taking and also by forming combinations of cards into melds. It is thus considered part of a "trick-and- meld" category which also includes a cousin, belote. Each hand is played in three phases: bidding, melds, and tricks. In some areas of the United States, such as Oklahoma and Texas, thumb wrestling is often referred to as "pinochle". [citation needed] The two games, however, are not related. The jack of diamonds and the queen of spades are Contents the "pinochle" meld of pinochle. 1 History Type Trick-taking 2 The deck Players 4 in partnerships or 3 3 Dealing individually, variants exist for 2- 4 The auction 6 or 8 players 5 Passing cards 6 Melding Skills required Strategy 7 Playing tricks Social skills 8 Scoring tricks Teamwork 9 Game variations 9.1 Two-handed Pinochle Card counting 9.2 Three-handed Pinochle Cards 48 (double 24 card deck) or 80 9.3 Cutthroat Pinochle (quadruple 20 card deck) 9.4 Four-handed Pinochle 9.5 Five-handed and larger Pinochle Deck Anglo-American 9.6 Check Pinochle 9.7 Double-deck Pinochle Play Clockwise 9.8 Racehorse Pinochle Card rank A 10 K Q J 9 9.9 Double-deck Pinochle for eight players (highest to 10 See also lowest) 11 References 12 External links Playing time 1 to 5 hours Random chance Medium History Related games Pinochle derives from the game bezique.
    [Show full text]
  • A Sampling of Card Games
    A Sampling of Card Games Todd W. Neller Introduction • Classifications of Card Games • A small, diverse, simple sample of card games using the standard (“French”) 52-card deck: – Trick-Taking: Oh Hell! – Shedding: President – Collecting: Gin Rummy – Patience/Solitaire: Double Freecell Card Game Classifications • Classification of card games is difficult, but grouping by objective/mechanism clarifies similarities and differences. • Best references: – http://www.pagat.com/ by John McLeod (1800+ games) – “The Penguin Book of Card Games” by David Parlett (250+) Parlett’s Classification • Trick-Taking (or Trick-Avoiding) Games: – Plain-Trick Games: aim for maximum tricks or ≥/= bid tricks • E.g. Bridge, Whist, Solo Whist, Euchre, Hearts*, Piquet – Point-Trick Games: aim for maximum points from cards in won tricks • E.g. Pitch, Skat, Pinochle, Klabberjass, Tarot games *While hearts is more properly a point-trick game, many in its family have plain-trick scoring elements. Piquet is another fusion of scoring involving both tricks and cards. Parlett’s Classification (cont.) • Card-Taking Games – Catch-and-collect Games (e.g. GOPS), Fishing Games (e.g. Scopa) • Adding-Up Games (e.g. Cribbage) • Shedding Games – First-one-out wins (Stops (e.g. Newmarket), Eights (e.g. Crazy 8’s, Uno), Eleusis, Climbing (e.g. President), last-one-in loses (e.g. Durak) • Collecting Games – Forming sets (“melds”) for discarding/going out (e.g. Gin Rummy) or for scoring (e.g. Canasta) • Ordering Games, i.e. Competitive Patience/Solitaire – e.g. Racing Demon (a.k.a. Race/Double Canfield), Poker Squares • Vying Games – Claiming (implicitly via bets) that you have the best hand (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • The Expert at the Card Table
    The Expert at the Card Table Main Contents Professional S. W. Erdnase's Secrets S.W. Erdnase's The Expert at the Card Table Technical Terms The ExpertThe Classic at Treatise the on Card CardManipulation Table Legerdemain The original text and illustrations of this book are in the public domain Card Tricks This .html edition is © 2000 José Antonio González This .html edition may be freely copied and distributed with the sole condition that the distribution be restricted to magicians This version isEnter hosted at eBook www.heartsandnines.com [1 Contents Previous | Next PREFACE INTRODUCTION PROFESSIONAL SECRETS ● Hold-Outs ● Prepared Cards ● Confederacy ● Two Methods of Shuffling ● Primary Accomplishments ● Possibilities of the "Blind" ● Uniformity of Action ● Deportment ● Display of Ability ● Greatest Single Accomplisment ● Effect of Suspicion ● Acquiring the Art ● Importance of Detail TECHNICAL TERMS ERDNASE SYSTEM OF BLIND SHUFFLES POSITION FOR SHUFFLE BLIND SHUFFLES ● To Retain Top Stock ● To Retain Top Stock and Shuffle Whole Deck ● To Retain the Bottom Stock and Shuffle Whole Deck ERDNASE SYSTEM OF BLIND RIFFLES AND CUTS BLIND RIFFLES ● To Retain the Top Stock ● To Retain the Bottom Stock Contents BLIND CUTS ● To Retain Bottom Stock--Top Losing One Card ● To Retain the Complete Stock ● To Retain the Top Stock ● To Retain the Bottom Stock ● To Retain Bottom Stock. Riffle 2 and Cut 4 FANCY BLIND CUTS ● To Retain the Complete Stock-1 ● To Retain the Complete Stock-2 FANCY TRUE CUT--ONE-HANDED TO INDICATE THE LOCATION FOR THE CUT ● This
    [Show full text]
  • German Whist
    German Whist by MeggieSoft Games User Guide Copyright © MeggieSoft Games 2003-2004 German Whist Copyright ® 2003-2005 MeggieSoft Games All rights reserved. No parts of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means - graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems - without the written permission of the publisher. Products that are referred to in this document may be either trademarks and/or registered trademarks of the respective owners. The publisher and the author make no claim to these trademarks. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this document, the publisher and the author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of information contained in this document or from the use of programs and source code that may accompany it. In no event shall the publisher and the author be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damage caused or alleged to have been caused directly or indirectly by this document. Printed: February 2006 Special thanks to: Publisher All the users who contributed to the development of German Whist MeggieSoft Games. by making suggestions, requesting features, and pointing out errors. Contents I Table of Contents Part I Introduction 5 1 MeggieSoft.. .Games............ .Software............... .License............. ...................................................................................... 5 2 Other MeggieSoft............ ..Games........... ........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Piquet: the Game and Its Artifacts
    Piquet: the game and its artifacts by Tony Hall iquet may be the oldest card game which is still played today with origins going back to early 16th Century. And yet, the cards and paraphernalia designed for the P game are relatively rare, or misunderstood, compared with those for other games such as whist, bezique and cribbage. Alongside my substantial collections of materials for these other three games1, I have amassed a modest collection of books, markers and boxed sets for Piquet which is the subject of this brief essay. Part of the explanation for the relative ignorance of the game may lie in the description of Piquet by Basil Dalton writing in 1921 when he said: “Enthusiasts would certainly claim that it is the finest card game for two players; but, though a first favourite with all classes in France, and a “craze” with the “Bucks” of the Regency period in England, it has never become popular here in the sense in which “Cribbage” and “Nap” are popular.”2 In 1873, Henry Jones (“Cavendish”) published the first edition of “Cavendish on Whist”. My copy, here, is the 9th edition published by De La Rue in 1899. However, a lot happened between 1873 and 1899. According to subsequent writers on the subject, it was this book from Cavendish which reintroduced and popularised Piquet in Britain, being the first to do so since Hoyle’s Treatise on the subject in 1744. It was Cavendish who encouraged the Portland & Turf Clubs to draw up a Code of Laws which was reproduced in full in his 1873 book as a prelude to his scholarly analysis of the origins of the game and treatise on how to play.
    [Show full text]
  • 20 Card Games
    20 CARD GAMES LIST OF CONTENTS Whist/Bridge family English Short Whist Oh Hell Hearts Poker Rummy games Rummy Canasta Piquet Five-card family Ecarté Five Hundred Bézique Auction Pinochle Banking games Pontoon Patience games Beleaguered Castle Belle Lucie (Fan) Canfield (UK: Demon) Klondike (UK: Canfield) Miss Milligan Salic Law Spider Sultan ENGLISH SHORT WHIST 4 players 1 pack (52) CARDS Standard 52-card pack, ranking AKQJT98765432. DEAL Thirteen each, one at a time and face down. The last (52nd) card is turned face up to determine a trump suit before being taken up into dealer’s hand. OBJECT Players sitting opposite each other are partners. A rubber is won by the first side to win two games. A game is won by the first side to win 5 points, which may take one or several deals. The object of play is to win a majority of the 13 tricks, i.e., seven or more. A partnership scores 1 point for every trick it takes in excess of six (6 tricks constitute a book; those in excess are called odd tricks). Points are also scored for honours, these being the AKQ and J of trumps. A side scores 4 points for holding four honours or 2 for holding any three, but these are not credited until the hands have been played out, and must therefore be remembered. PLAY The player at dealer’s left leads to the first trick. Others in turn must follow suit if possible, otherwise may trump or renounce ad lib. The trick is won by the highest card of the suit led, or by the highest trump if any are played.
    [Show full text]
  • OFFICIAL ENTRY LIST of 89Th RACE of the 24 HOURS of LE MANS
    LISTE OFFICIELLE DES ENGAGÉS* DE LA 89 ème ÉDITION DES 24 HEURES DU MANS avant le warm-up OFFICIAL ENTRY LIST OF 89 th RACE OF THE 24 HOURS OF LE MANS before the warm-up 2021 RÉDACTION : InfosCourse La situa on sanitaire actuelle nous a mis dans l'incapacité d'obtenir toutes les informa ons habituelles *Sous réserve de la décision du Collège des Commissaires Spor fs 1 RICHARD MILLE RACING TEAM InfosCourse Palmarès au Mans : 1 Participation de Villota Motorsport 11 21° F3 Europe Open /Dallara CALDERON Tatiana Florida Winter Series /Tatuus F308 West Tec 20 13°(9°LM P2) /Oreca 07 Team (Floersch, Visser) FA10B ( 1 vict , 1 MT) 6° Star Mazda /Star Pro Gibson Richard Mille Racing 13 F3 Europe FIA /Dallara F312 Juncos Racing (2 pod) Palmarès international : Double R Racing 10 10° Star Mazda /Star Pro 21 FIA WEC LMP2 /Oreca 07 18 16° GP3 Series /Dallara F3 Europe Open /Dallara Juncos Racing Richard Mille (5° 6H Spa, 6° GP3-16 Jenzer Motorsport F312 EmiliodeVillotta 1° Endurance COL /Kia 8H Algarve, 5° 6H Monza) 17 14° WS Formula V8 3.5 /Dal- 20° F3 Masters Zandvoort Picanto Superformula JAP /Dallara lara FR35-12 RP Motorsport /Dallara F312 Double R 09 2° Radical European Masters SF19 Drago Corse (13° Fuji, (5°&3° Bahrein) Racing Series /Radical SR5 Hope 17° Suzuka) 18° GP3 Series /Dallara 7° F3 GB /Dallara F312 Pole Vision Racing ( 1 vict , 9 COL 20 59° IMSA GTD /Lamborghini GP3-16 DAMS Double R Racing (1 pod) pod) Huracan Gear Racing Power 16 9° Euroformula Open /Dallara 12° Toyota Racing Series 08 2° Endurance COL /Kia (16° 24H Daytona) F312
    [Show full text]
  • PENCHANT Jonathan Kandell
    PENCHANT Jonathan Kandell Introduction Penchant is a skillful two-person card game invented in 1893 by “Jack Sharpe” (pseudonym of John Smith McTear) but lost to history. It was described without attribution in R.F. Foster’s Hoyle’s of 1897 and reprinted in some subsequent editions.1 Unlike its surviving cousins in the “marriage” family, Pinochle and Bezique, Penchant uses a single piquet deck. Its unique scoring, method of setting trump, and the addition of blocking add extra dimensions of skill to the basic bezique framework. Considering its age, Penchant plays surprisingly modern. McTear was a British game expert who wrote for the journal Notes & Queries (a sort of reddit of its day). His critique of the then-emerging game of Bridge in The Gentleman magazine was widely discussed. McTear’s love of whist can be seen in Penchant’s scoring. The Deck, Setup A 32 card piquet deck, 7 through A. From an ordinary deck remove the 2s through 6s. The cards rank 7 (low), 8, 9, 10, J, Q, K, A (high).2 1 Jack Smarte, Penchant: A Game for Two Players. Mucie & Sons. London: 1893. Robert F. Foster, Foster’s Complete Hoyle. Frederick A. Stokes, New York:1897. 2 Note that in Penchant the10 is ranked between J and 9, not A, 10, K as in the rest of the “A-10” or “marriage” card game family. Six cards are dealt to each player, the remaining twenty cards constitute the stock. Goal The object of Penchant is to score the most points in four rounds of play.
    [Show full text]