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Unarmored Dinoflagellates Present During a Bloom of Ceratoperidinium

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Unarmored Dinoflagellates Present During a Bloom of Ceratoperidinium Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía Vol. 49, Nº3: 577-587, diciembre 2014 DOI 10.4067/S0718-19572014000300014 RESEARCH NOTE Unarmored dinoflagellates present during a bloom of Ceratoperidinium falcatum in Bahía de La Paz, Gulf of California Dinoflagelados desnudos presentes durante un florecimiento de Ceratoperidinium falcatum en Bahía de La Paz, Golfo de California Ismael Gárate-Lizárraga1 1Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Departamento de Plancton y Ecología Marina, Apartado postal 592, La Paz, B.C.S. 23000, México. [email protected] Abstract.- During a sampling on 16-17 January 2013 in the southwest part of Bahía de La Paz, a moderate bloom of the dinoflagellate Ceratoperidinium falcatum was detected. Its abundance varied from 11,200 to 145,400 cells L–1 during this period in seawater temperature at 23°C and salinity of 35.42. The specimens were solitary cells. Few two-celled chains were observed. Young cells were relatively small, 30-70 m long; 17-36 m wide, from ovately elongate to fusiform. Mature individuals were 40-190 m long and 20-36 m wide. Including C. falcatum, 21 species belonging to 5 orders of unarmored dinoflagellates were identified during this bloom. Four species are new records for the Gulf of California and three are new records for the Pacific coast of Mexico. Key words: Unarmored dinoflagellates, proliferation, Ceratoperidinium falcatum, Gulf of California INTRODUCTION Microalgae proliferations are frequent and periodic La Paz. Composition of naked dinoflagellate species throughout the year in Bahía de La Paz in the southwestern during this proliferation is given. part of the Gulf of California (Gárate-Lizárraga et al. 2001, 2006). The majority of red tides along both coast zones of MATERIALS AND METHODS the gulf have been produced by dinoflagellate species Bahía de La Paz is the largest bay on the east side of Baja (Cortés-Altamirano 2002, Gárate-Lizárraga et al. 2001, 2006) California Peninsula. The bay constantly exchanges water and proliferations of naked dinoflagellates are common with the Gulf of California through a wide northern and a (Cortés-Altamirano 2002, Gárate-Lizárraga et al. 2004a). southern opening (Gómez-Valdés et al. 2003). The main Noctiluca scintillans, Gymnodinium catenatum, northern channel is wide and deep (up to 300 m), while Gyrodinium instriatum, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, C. the southern mouth is shallow and associated with a fulvescens, Katodinium glaucum and Amphidinium shallow basin about 10 m deep. There is a shallow lagoon, carterae are the most common blooming species recorded the Ensenada of La Paz, connected to the bay by a narrow in Bahía de La Paz (Gárate-Lizárraga 2012, Gárate-Lizárraga inlet (1.2 km wide) with an average depth of 7 m. As part et al. 2001, 2004a, 2006, 2009). of a continuing toxic or noxious microalgae monitoring The unarmored dinoflagellates comprise several orders program, phytoplankton bottle samples were collected which lack cellulose plates, but have a membranous outer monthly at one fixed sampling station in the bay (Fig. 1; covering of small vesicles (Hallegraeff et al. 2010). Main station 1, 24°21’N, 110°31’W) and another one in the unarmored dinoflagellates orders reported in Bahía de La mouth of the lagoon (Fig. 1; station 2, 24.23°N; 110.34°W). Paz are: Gymnodiniales, Brachidiniales, Noctilucales and Phytoplankton samples were collected into plastic flasks, Actiniscales. Most studies of Gymnodiniales have been fixed with Lugol’s solution and later preserved with 4% focused on the species responsible for harmful algal formalin. Identification and cell counts were made in 5 ml blooms, which are abundant in coastal waters of the Gulf settling chambers and the cells were studied under an of California (Cortés-Altamirano 2002, Gárate-Lizárraga inverted Carl Zeiss phase-contrast microscope (Utermöhl et al. 2001, 2009; Gárate-Lizárraga 2012, 2014). This report 1958). Both surface and vertical tows from 15 m depth describes the first proliferation of Ceratoperidinium were made with a phytoplankton 20 m mesh net. A falcatum (Kofoid et Swezy) Reñé et de Salas in Bahía de portion of each sample was immediately fixed with acid Vol. 49, Nº 3, 2014 577 Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía Figure 1. Map of the study area indicating sampling stations for microalgae monitoring in Bahía de La Paz / Mapa del área de estudio indicando las estaciones de monitoreo de microalgas en la Bahía de La Paz Lugol’s solution and later preserved in 4% formalin. Live antapical) are present at least during some life-cycle phytoplankton samples were used to properly identify stages (Figs. 2G-L). According to Konovalova (2003), C. some uncommon species also found in the bottle samples. falcatum has about 9 developmental stages in its life cycle. Sea surface temperature was measured with a bucket Five life stages were observed during this event (Figs. thermometer (Kahlsico International, El Cajon, CA, USA). 2A-L), coinciding with Konovalova (2003) and also Salinity was measured with a refractometer (Model STX3, reported by Gárate-Lizárraga et al. (2010) in Bahía de La Vee Gee Scientific, Kirkland, WA). An Olympus CH2 Paz. compound microscope was used to measure cells. A Unarmored dinoflagellates abundance varied from digital Konus camera (8.1 MP) recorded images. 29,000 to 193,000 cells L–1. Abundances of C. falcatum during this event were moderate (11,200-145,400 cells –1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION L ). Gárate-Lizárraga et al. (2009) reported C. falcatum in Bahía de La Paz ranging from 1000-2000 cells L–1. Alonso- Ceratoperidinium falcatum was the main responsible Rodríguez et al. (2010) reported very low densities of C. species in the proliferation detected at the mouth of Bahía falcatum: 603 cells L–1 from Islas Marietas and 1672 cells de La Paz on 16-17 January 2013. Seawater temperature L–1 in Bahía Banderas. This species is well distributed was 23°C and salinity was 35.42. The specimens were along the Pacific coast of Mexico (Gárate-Lizárraga et al. solitary cells (Figs. 2A-L). Few two-celled chains were 2007, 2010; Maciel-Baltazar & Hernández-Becerril 2013). observed. Young cells were solitary, relatively small, 30- Including C. falcatum, a total of 21 species belonging to 70 m long, 17-36 m wide, from ovately elongate to 5 orders of naked dinoflagellates were identified during fusiform (Figs. 2A-D). Mature individuals were 40-190 this bloom (Table 1; Figs. 2-3). The most representative m long and 20-36 m wide (n= 30). Some mature order was Gymnodiniales with 14 species (Table 1). specimens had ‘article cells’ (Figs. 2J-K), which are more Gymnodinium gelbum, Gyrodinium lachryma, and differentiated and the apex is thickened, matching those Takayama tasmanica are new records for the Pacific coast observed by Konovalova (2003). It is likely that these of Mexico. Achradina pulchra, Gyrodinium acutum, ‘cells’ bear generative functions of the mother sporont Karenia bicuneiformis and Pronoctiluca spinifera are organism (Konovalova 2003). These ‘article cells’ can be new records for the Gulf of California. The measurements observed in live specimens, (Fig. 2J) but also in fixed and regional distribution data for each species are given cells (Figs. 2K-L). Retractile appendices (both apical and and the species are alphabetically arranged. 578 Gárate-Lizárraga Unarmored dinoflagellates in a Ceratoperidinium falcatum bloom Figure 2. Micrographs of different stages in the life cycle stages of Ceratoperidinium falcatum in Bahía de La Paz. A-F) Immature specimens at the stage of hyaline cysts; G-L) Mature specimens; J) A dividing mature specimen of C. falcatum; K-L) Two specimens of C. falcatum fixed in Lugol’s solution. Arrows indicate well-diferentiated articulate cells with generative functions of the mother sporont / Microfotografías de diferentes estadios del ciclo de vida de Ceratoperidinium falcatum encontrados en Bahía de La Paz. A-F) Especímenes inmaduros en estado de quistes hialinos; G-L) Especímenes maduros; J) Un espécimen maduro de C. falcatum dividiéndose; K-L) Dos especímenes maduros de C. falcatum fijados con Lugol. Las flechas indican células articuladas bien diferenciadas que tienen funciones generativas del esporonte madre Vol. 49, Nº 3, 2014 579 Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía Figure 3. Light microphotographs of unarmored dinoflagellates detected during the proliferation of Ceratoperidinium falcatum in Bahía de La Paz. A) Achradina pulchra, B) Actiniscus pentasterias, C) Akashiwo sanguinea, D) Two-celled chain of Balechina coerulea, E) Cochlodinium fulvescens, F) Hyaline cyst of Cochlodinium pirum, G) Gymnodinium catenatum, H) Gymnodinium gelbum, I) Gymnodinium gracile, J) Gyrodinium acutum, K) Gyrodinium lachryma, L) Gyrodinium rubrum, M) Gyrodinium spirale, N) Karenia bicuneiformis, O) Two cells of Lepidodinium chlorophorum, P) Noctiluca scintillans, Q) Two-celled chain of Polykrikos hartmannii, R) Pronoctiluca spinifera, S) Immature specimen of Spatulodinium pseudonoctiluca, T) Takayama tasmanica / Microfotografías de luz de dinoflagelados desnudos detectados durante la proliferación de Ceratoperidinium falcatum en la Bahía de La Paz. A) Achradina pulchra, B) Actiniscus pentasterias, C) Akashiwo sanguinea, D) Cadena de dos células de Balechina coerulea, E) Cochlodinium fulvescens, F) Quiste hialino de Cochlodinium pirum, G) Gymnodinium catenatum, H) Gymnodinium gelbum, I) Gymnodinium gracile, J) Gyrodinium acutum, K) Gyrodinium lachryma, L) Gyrodinium rubrum, M) Gyrodinium spirale, N) Karenia
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