A.G. Singh (2015) Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(1): 111-118 DOI: 10.3126/ijasbt.v3i1.12220

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A.G. Singh (2015) Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(1): 111-118 DOI: 10.3126/ijasbt.v3i1.12220

Research Article

SURVEY OF SOME MEDICINALLY IMPORTANT LEAFY VEGETABLES IN OF WESTERN Anant Gopal Singh* Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Multiple Campus, Butwal, Nepal *Email for correspondence: [email protected], Abstract Green leafy vegetable is a major source of vitamins and micronutrients for people using only vegetarian diets rich in carbohydrates. In remote rural settlements where vegetable cultivation is not practiced and market supplies are, not organized, local inhabitants depend on indigenous vegetables, both cultivated in agricultural fields or kitchen gardens and wild for enriching the diversity of food. Knowledge of such food is part of traditional knowledge, which is largely transmitted through participation of individuals of households. The purpose of this study was to documentation of plants used as vegetables by the people of Rupandehi district of Lumbini zone of western Nepal. This paper revealed total 51 plant species belong to 45 genera under 32 Families of vascular plants. Out of 32families, 24 families belong to dicot, 4 families to monocot and 4 families belong to ferns. Key words: Green leafy vegetable; Rupandehi; Lumbini zone; Terai

were consumed as vegetables (Manandhar, 2002). Most of Introduction them however, are regarded underutilized or neglected. Leafy vegetable also called greens, vegetable greens; a leafy green or salad green are plant leaves eaten as vegetable, There is no culture on the earth that has made use of plants sometime accompanies by tender petioles and shoots. Leafy for their physical, emotional and spiritual needs of the vegetables often come from short-lived herbaceous plant human life. Plants form an integral part of any society, any such as Amaranths and Spinach. Woody plants whose time. Use of plants as food, clothes, fodder, medicine, leaves can be eaten as vegetable includes Bauhinia, Ficus, timber etc. by man is since time immemorial. In remote Moringa and so on hold an important place in well-balanced rural societies where vegetable cultivation is not practiced diets. and market is not available for local inhabitants, they should be dependent on locally available plants those can used as Leafy vegetables are mainly consumed for their nutritional vegetables. Ethnic people from various tribes have been values without much consideration for their medicinal started domesticating wild edible and useful plants by trial importance. There are several varieties of these leafy and error method. That was the base of modern agricultural vegetables either in the wild state or under cultivation in practices and related research (Prescott & Prescott, 1990, rural areas. Many thousands of wild species of plant provide Scherrer et al., 2005 and Bussmann et al., 2006). important sources of protein, fats, vitamins, and minerals. This is especially true for both the poorest and the riches Consumption of green vegetables is a chief source of socio-economic groups of the people (Akhtar 2001; vitamins and micronutrients for those who are vegetarian. ICIMOD 2010; Aryal 2010). Knowledge of these edible plants is part of their traditional knowledge, which is usually transmitted by elders to Nepal is situated on the southern slopes of central younger and by participation of individuals in collection of 2 Himalayas and occupies a total area 147,181 km and its vegetable plants. Now a days, human vegetable great biodiversity is associated with the exceptional consumption is based on rather very limited number of diversity of topography, climate and agroecological crops, but in many parts of the world the use of wild plants conditions. In Nepal, between 5800 (Hara and Williams is very common (Bussmann & Sharon, 2006; Kunwar et al., 1979, Hara et al.., 1978, 1982) and 6500 species of 2006; Cavender, 2006 and Pieroni et al., 2007) flowering plants (WCMC 1994) have been estimated, about 1500, of which are considered useful (Manandhar, 2002). Cultivating and gathering indigenous vegetables for both Out of these, 651 species are economically useful including self-consumption and sale are still very common in Nepal, 440 species of wild food plants. About 200 plant species particularly in remote areas. Increased use of traditional

This paper can be downloaded online at http://ijasbt.org & http://nepjol.info/index.php/IJASBT A.G. Singh (2015) Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(1): 111-118 vegetables can contribute to enhance people’s health and mm. The history on the utilization of the plant resources in standard of living as well as the economic and social status Nepal dates back to the work of Banerji (1955). In this of the food producers themselves. During food scarcity study, he documented the various food and medicinal plants periods, people from urban and rural communities heavily of eastern Nepal. After his work, some workers continued depend on gathering these vegetables from their natural the ethnobotanical study in the 60's and 70's (Dobremez, habitats (Manandhar, 1982). Besides gathering vegetables 1976; Pandey, 1964). The reports on uses of plants by from the wild, their cultivation in home-gardens plays an different Nepalese ethnic groups have been recorded only important role towards household food and nutritional onwards 80's (Coburn, 1984; Bhattarai, 1989, 1990, 1991, security. 1992, 1993; Joshi and Edington, 1990; Manandhar 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993a,b, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999; Mueller- Vegetables are the edible plants or plant parts such as roots, Boeker, 1993; Pohle, 1990; Shrestha, 1985; Shrestha and rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, stems, leaves, flowers or non sweet Pradhan, 1986, Panthi and Chaudhary 2003, Joshi 2008; fruits; eaten with the main course of meal either as salted- Bhattarai et al.., 2009; Singh et al.., 2011 & 2012a and b). spiced-cooked recipe or as dessert and salads. They impart These reports documented the information of uses of plant variety of flavor and test to the diet, making it more resources. appetizing and relishing. Now a day, vegetables constitute an important part of the daily diet of millions of people all Study Area over the globe than ever before (Pandey 2008). The Terai is Rupandehi district is situated in the Western Development a flat and valuable agricultural land in the southern Nepal. Region of Nepal between 270 20’00” to 270 47’25” N It lies at an altitude of 60–300m between the Indian border latitude and 83012’16” to 83038’7” E longitude with an area and outer foothills of Siwaliks and Churia, where over 48% of 1360 km2 (CBS, 2011). The average temperature ranges of Nepal population live (CBS 2011). The region is heavily in between 120 C to 420 C and average annual rainfall is traversed by the major river systems of the country. The soil 1391mm. It is surrounded by Nawalparasi district from east, of the region is a part of alluvial-Gangetic plains including Kapilvastu district from west, hilly districts of Palpa and the Bhabar region and the alluvial fans of the Siwaliks. It Arghakhanchi from north and Mahrajganj district of Uttar exhibits the tropical type of climate. The temperature of the Pradesh (India) from south. The east, west and north sides study area ranges in between 12oC- 42oC during the coldest of the district have high potentiality of plants of month (December-January) and the hottest month (June– ethnobotanical importance like plants used as vegetable and July).The annual precipitation ranges from 1,000 to 2,500 cure of different disease.

Fig. 1: Location of Rupandehi in map of Nepal (DDC, Rupandehi)

This paper can be downloaded online at http://ijasbt.org & http://nepjol.info/index.php/IJASBT A.G. Singh (2015) Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(1): 111-118 The total population of this district is 708419 (District family Amaranthaceae, 3 from Brassicaceae, Profile of Rupandehi, 2010) Brahmin, Magar, Tharu, Chenopodiaceae respectively and 2 from Apiaceae, Muslim, Yadav, Chettry, Kewat, Chamar, Gurung,Newar, Liliaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Capparaceae, Kami, Teli, Kurmi, Koiri, Damai, Sonar, Thakuri are the Polygonaceae, and Ophioglossaceae. Local name of the major communities living in the district. Author visited plants given by local people are compared with the book villages and cities of Rupandehi district situated near the ‘Dictionary of Nepalese Plant Names ‘written by Shrestha foothills of Churia like Butwal municipality, Gajedi, (1998). Out of 32 families’ 24 families belonging to dicots, Rudrapur, Dudhraksh, Saljhandi, Parroha, Semlar, Motipur 4 to monocots and 4 to ferns (Fig. 2). The majority of and Village Development Committees. The study collected plant species were 35 herbs, 4 shrubs, 5 trees, 4 areas are inhabited by Brahmin, Thakuri, Chettry and ethnic climbers, 2 runners and 1 creeper (Fig. 3). communities like Magar, Gurung and Tharu. 30 24 Materials and methods 25 The present study was undertaken in and around the main 20 city and villages situated near the churia hills of Rupandehi 15 district in the month of June to April 2011-12. During data 10 collection many thirty-five professional people, villagers 4 4 etc., who involved in collection and cultivation of wild 5 plants which were used as vegetables are interviewing by 0 preparing a semi structured questionnaire. The professional Dicots Monocot Ferns people determined the local names and traditional uses of plants. The informations obtained were crosschecked with Fig. 2: Number of families belonging to classes of vascular the users. The voucher specimens were identified with the plants help of relevant taxonomic literature viz., Hara et al.. (1978, 2 1 1979 and 1982), Sharma (1999) and herbarium specimens 4 of Butwal Multiple Campus Tribhuvan University, Butwal, Nepal. 5 Results and Discussion The study provides important evidence about traditional 4 knowledge and diversity of wild leafy vegetables. The study area is floristically rich and includes useful wild leafy 35 vegetable species. The present study show 51 wild leafy vegetable species belonging to 45 genera of 32 families tabulated with botanical name, local name, family, habitat Fig. 3: Forms of the collected plants and medicinal uses (Table 1). A maximum of 7 plants from Table 1: Details of plants studied Name of the plants and Local Form of Parts Season of S.N. Ethnomedicinal Family Name the plants used availability Importance Alternanthera sessilis (L.)DC. Saranchi 1. Herb Leaf April-July Diarrhoea & Skin diseases Amaranthaceae Sag Amaranthus caudatus L., 2. Latte Sag Herb Leaf April-Aug Stomachache, Piles Amaranthaceae Amaranthus lividus L., 3. Lude Sag Herb Leaf April- Aug Liver disorders, anaemia Amaranthaceae. Amaranthus spinosus L., 4. Ban Lude Herb Leaf April-Aug Liver disorders Amaranthaceae. Amaranthus tricolor L., 5. Rato Latte Herb Leaf April-Aug Antipyretic, Piles, Amaranthaceae. Gastritis Amaranthus viridis L., 6. Lude Sag Herb Leaf April-Aug Decoction is used in Amaranthaceae. toothache, Piles

This paper can be downloaded online at http://ijasbt.org & http://nepjol.info/index.php/IJASBT A.G. Singh (2015) Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(1): 111-118 Table 1: Details of plants studied Name of the plants and Local Form of Parts Season of S.N. Ethnomedicinal Family Name the plants used availability Importance Angallis arvensis L., 7. Armale Herb Leaf Dec-Mar Diuretic, liver & kidney Primulaceae problems Anethum sowa L. (Dill), 8. Saunf Sag Herb Leaf Jan-July Digestive and Respiratory Apiaceae disorders Asparagus racemosus Willd., Tender 9. Kurilo Herb Feb-July Diuretic, Cardiac dropsy, Liliaceae Shoot & Chronic gout Bacopa monnieri Tender 10. Khole Sag Herb Feb-March Dysentery, Nervous (L.)Pennell., Scrophulariaceae Shoot disorders 11. Basella alba L. Basellaceae Poi Sag Climber Leaf June-Aug Diuretic, & Appetizer. Bauhinia variegata L. Tender 12. Koiralo Tree April-Sept Stomach disorders Fabaceae Shoot Tender 13. Bidens pilosa L., Asteraceae Kuro Herb May-June Fresh leaf paste applied Shoot on wound Blumea lacera (Burm. f.) DC Tender 14. Kurkure Herb May-June Liver tonic, Bronchitis Asteraceae Shoot Boerhavia diffusa L., Tender 15. Punarnava Herb June-Aug Gonorrhoea, hepatopathy. Nyctaginaceae Shoot Botrychium lanuginosum 16. Wall. ex. Hook & Grev. Jaluko Herb Shoot May- July Bodyache Ophioglossaceae Capsella bursa pastoris (L.) 17. Torighans Herb Leaf Jan-April Control bleeding from cut Medikus Brassicaceae & wound

18. Cassia tora L., Fabaceae Tapre Herb Leaf July-Aug Typhoid fever, Dysentery, Leaf paste on skin disease Celosia argentea L., 19. Sirvari Sag Herb Leaf Aug-Dec Diuretic, Cough, Blood Amaranthaceae purification Centella asiatica (L.)Urb. Ghod 20. Herb Leaf Feb-April Diuretic, cardiotonic Apiaceae Tapre Chenopodium album L., Tender 21. Bethe Herb Jan-April Anthelmintic. Chenopodiaceae Shoot Chenopodium gandhium Tender 22. Kalo Bethe Herb Aug-Nov Gastritis, Antipyretic Buch-Ham. Chenopodiaceae Shoot Cleome viscose L., 23. Ban Methi Herb Leaf Aug-Oct Muscular swellings, Capparaceae Cough, Fever Colocasia esculenta (L.) Tender 24. Karkalo Herb Aug-Oct Earache Schott, Araceae Shoot Commelina paludosa Bl., Tender 25. Kane Sag Herb April-Sept Digestive disorders Commelinaceae Shoot

This paper can be downloaded online at http://ijasbt.org & http://nepjol.info/index.php/IJASBT A.G. Singh (2015) Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(1): 111-118 Table 1: Details of plants studied Name of the plants and Local Form of Parts Season of S.N. Ethnomedicinal Family Name the plants used availability Importance Corchorus acutangulus 26. Nalu Shrub Leaf June-Aug Overcome anemic disease Tiliaceae Crateva unilocularis Buch.- Tender 27. Siplikan Tree Feb-April Expel kidney stones, Ham., Capparaceae Soot diabetes Cucurbita maxima Duchesne Tender 28. Pharsi Climber April-Oct Cooling effect, stomachic Cucurbitaceae Shoot Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Tender Throughout 29. Nees & Arn. ex. Munro, Tamabans Shrub Cooling, Inflammation in Shoot the year stomach Poaceae. Diplazium esculantum 30. (Retz.) Sw.ex. Schrader, Pani Neuro Herb Leaf May-July Digestive disorders Woodsiaceae Dryoanthyrium boryanum Kalo 31. Herb Leaf Aug-Oct Stomach disorders (Willd.) Ching. Aspidiaceae. Neuro Fagopyrum esculentum 32. Phapar Herb Leaf May-June Tonic, alternative food. Moench., Polygonaceae. Ficus lacor Buch.-Ham., 33. Kavro Tree leaf May-June Blood purifier Moraceae.

34. Ficus rumphii Bl. Moraceae Pakar Tree Leaf May-June Blood purifier, Stomach disorders. Holarrhena pubescens Wall. 35. Indra jau Shrub Leaf May-June Antidysenteric ex. G. Don. Apocynaceae. Ipomea aquatica Forssk. Kerunga Tender 36. Runner May-Sept Nerve tonic, Liver & Convolvulaceae. Sag Shoot digestive problems

Lepidium sativum L., Tender Liver tonic, Syphilis, 37. Chamsur Herb Dec-Feb bleeding piles, asthma, & Brassicaceae Shoot cough. Leucas cephalotes (Roth) 38. Gumma Herb Leaf March-June Digestive disorders, Spreng. Lamiaceae. Toothache Lygodium japonicum Janai 39. Climber Leaf May-June Gout, Muscular sprains (Thunb.) Sw., Schizaeaceae Lahara Mentha spicata (L.), Spreng. Tender Throughout 40. Pudina Creepers Cooling effect, gastro- Lamiaceae Shoot the year intestinal disorders Moringa oleifera Lam., Shital Young 41. Tree March-June Leaf poultice in glandular Moringaceae Chini leaf swelling Murraya koenigii (L.)Spreng. 42. Karry Patta Shrub Leaf Feb-June Stomach disorders & Rutaceae. vomiting Ophioglossum petiolatum 43. Jibre Sag Herb Leaf Feb-April Check bleeding from Hook., Ophioglossaceae. nose.

This paper can be downloaded online at http://ijasbt.org & http://nepjol.info/index.php/IJASBT A.G. Singh (2015) Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(1): 111-118 Table 1: Details of plants studied Name of the plants and Local Form of Parts Season of S.N. Ethnomedicinal Family Name the plants used availability Importance Oxalis corniculata L., Chari 44. Herb Leaf April-Oct Burning sensation and Oxalidaceae. amilo hemorrhoids Portulaca oleracea L., 45. Nundhiki Herb Leaf May-Oct Urinary trouble, Diuretic Portulacaceae. Rorippa nasturtium- Tender 46. aquaticum (L.) Hayek, Sim Sag Runner Oct-Feb General Tonic Shoot Brassicaceae. Rumex nepalensis Spreng. 47. Halhale Herb Leaf Feb-March Laxative, Stomachache Polygonaceae Kuku 48. Smilax aspera L., Liliaceae Climber Leaf May-June Gastritis diano Solanum nigrum L., 49. Kali gedi Herb Leaf May-June Digestive disorders, Solanaceae diuretic Spinacea oleracea L., Gobre Tender 50. Herb Aug-Dec Diuretic & antibacterial Chenopodiaceae palungo Shoot Tender Throughout 51. Urtica dioca L., Urticaceae Sisnu Herb Diabetes, diuretic, & anti- shoot the year rheumatic

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