On the cover

The continuous kiln of the Clayburn Brick Works was part of J.B. Millar’s plant expansion in 1911. Such a kiln consists of several inter-connected chambers which allow the heat produced in one section to pass through all of the others before going up the chimney. This chimney, the highest structure in Clayburn, was a landmark visible for many miles until it was pulled down in the 1930s. On its face is written “Clayburn 1911” in raised, buff coloured brick. PHOTOGRAPH courtesy Mrs. Lillian Ball Wilkinson story starts on page six.

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HISTORICAL NEWS Vol. 16, No.1

Letters to the Editor 4 News of the Association 5 Features Bricks and Buildings: Clayburn Company and Its Village by John D. Adams 6 Discovery: 1862 by E. Blanche Norcross 14 Alexandra Bridge by R.C. Harris 17 News and Notes 22 Reports from the Branches 23 Helping You: British Columbia Heritage Trust by Roberta J. Pazdro 25

Campbell River - Home of Growing Archival Collection 27 Bookshelf Overland from Canada to British Columbia by Thomas McMicking review by Frances M. Woodward 29 John Strange’s Journal and Narrative of the Commercial Expedition from Bombay to the Northwest Coast of America review by Freeman Tovell 30 Simon Peter Cunanoot: Trapline Outlaw by David Ricardo Williams review by Margaret Whitehead 30 “Grubstakes to Grocery Store: Supplying the Klondike, 1897-1907” by Margaret Archibald, and “St. Andrew’s Presbyterian Church, Lake Bennett, British Columbia” by Margaret Carter review by George Newell 32 W.A.C. Bennett by Rosemary Neering review by Jeff Wooley 33 Vice Regal Mansions of British Columbia by Peter Neive Cotton review by Robert A.J. McDonald 33 The Boom Years: CC. Nye’s Photographs of North Vancouver, 1905-1909 by Donald J. Bourdon. review by David Grubbe 34

Second-class mail registration number 4447.

Published fall, winter, spring, and summer by the British Columbia Historical Association, P.O. Box 1738, Victoria, V8W 2Y3. Our Charitable Donations number is 0404681-52-27. Printed by Fotoprint. Victoria, B.C.

Correspondence with editor is to be addressed to Box 1738, Victoria, V8W 2Y3.

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The B.C. Historical Association gratefully acknowledges the financial assistance of the British Columbia Heritage Trust.

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Editor: The

Editor the To J. Rhys Richardson

(Editor’s Note: Rhys is in his second term as treasurer of the British Columbia Historical Association)

The third son of teacher parents I was born in Wanganui, New Zealand, in 1910. Having com pleted secondary school I began teacher training in 1928 and then went ‘Home’ to England with my parents in 1929. There, I earned my B.Sc(Econ) degree at the London School of Economics and completed teacher training at the Institute of Education, University of London. I taught in Welwyn Garden City, Herts. until December, 1937. I left England on January 1, 1938, for Singapore as Principal of a Government Aided, English Presbyterian Mission School, teaching in English. There, I met my wife, Kathleen who was born in ‘old’ Alberni, Vancouver Island. We were away from Singapore on furlough in New Zealand, when World War II began in the Pacific. In New Zealand, I taught school in Dunedin; served as an Education Officer, R.N.Z.A.F. under the Empire Air Training Scheme; taught in Auckland; and had a year’s study at Knox Theological College, Dunedin. I returned to Singapore in February, 1946 (Kathleen and our children joined me in July) to resume my school duties there. Our second furlough fell due near the end of 1949 and we came to Canada to visit Kathleen’s family. The imposition of the sterling-dollar exchange control persuaded us to remain in The Bibliography of British Columbia Canada and I was accepted as a teacher by the 3 volumes Vancouver School Board as from january, 1950. I taught a variety of subjects at Carleton, John Strathern, Gloria: Oliver, Magee, and Lord Byng Schools, but Social NAVIGATIONS, TRAFFIQUES & DISCOVERIES, 1774-1848 Studies, especially Geography, was my main $12.00 interest. Of our five children two were born in Singa Iowther, Barbara: pore, two in Dunedin, and one in Vancouver. The LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS, 1849-1889 eldest, who has two children, lives in Wellington, $12.00 N.Z.; the next, with two children, is in Greater Edwards, Margaret & Lort, John: Vancouver; our one boy with two children lives YEARS OF GROWTH, 1900-1950 just north of Nanaimo, and the fourth and fifth live $20.00 in Victoria. available from the I achieved retirement in 1975, joined the University of Victoria Bookstore Vancouver Historical Society, and somehow, Box 2200 unexpectedly, found myself nominated as Asso Victoria, B.C. ciation Treasurer in 1981. As a teacher of the old V8W 3H6 721-8311 school I believe that any organization should be carried on “decently and in good order” with business affairs run accurately and kept up-to date. I am trying to carry out that belief.

Fall 1982 Page 5

News Historkal British Columbia 6 Page

upon trestles raised were earned the site be Dominating to rewards monetary the Knowing

brick. red of mostly were buildings plant The States.

United the south. and Scotland from primarily

imported,

the on

gardens neat with been village” English had “quaint uses high-heat other and

furnaces,

a as

1920 in described England blast from stoves, observer one fireplaces, boilers, of construction

what

and north the on plant the in dusty brick and necessary noisy bricks, Fire bricks. building

smokey,

the image: a dual with common a community red only produced had Columbia

rose base

agricultural this From River. British Fraser of the in yards brick other the 1905 Until

inundations

annual the escape to Prairie Matsqui day. present the until

existence

above

enough high was that farmland on continuing Maclure its and successes

early

company’s

by

selected

was location Its railway. the gauge in narrow factors influential most the

were clays

the

of

terminus the was The village Clayburn

Provinces Western the in deposits clay

••“1

of cent. per three series about interesting most of the “one were

clays

of

grade

average an had which the route the of Mines, part of Department Canadian the

of Keele

on

trestles

high required ravines Joseph Deep and railway. Ries Heinrich by 1910 in

described

steam

gauge narrow a As along bricks. slope western common red making for

clay gray silt

Mountain’s

Sumas

down miles a half blue- of and deposits three to access as

well as bricks, fire

about

transported

was clay the Straiton buff-coloured From making for be used could which

clay refractory miners. of deposits excellent to

access

the of

some for bunkhouse had a built It company competitors. established its over advantage

newly-formed the Here area. major the one of farmer had Company

Clayburn The

a

Straiton, Thomas of family the after Straiton Columbia. British in

manufacturer

as known

became located were brick mines the where leading the was soon Company

Clayburn

area

The

mining. underground by the mainly sible however, start, late of its spite In

Valley.

acces

was

Mountain Sumas on fireclay Fraser The the and Victoria in mainly brickyards,

company. stock a joint forming in and built, commercial in basis a regular on

onwards

1859

be

could

plant

a where mountain the base of from and the 1850’s and 1840’s the

during

Company

at

a

location at

and Mountain Sumas on Bay properties Hudson’s the by occasions rare on made

clay-bearing

assembling in been instrumental had was bricks because industry brick

province’s

Maclure

discovery his after time a the short in Within latecomer relative a was It products.

1905. clay in heavy Mountain other and bricks

manufacturing

Sumas

on

clay of seam a tested of he when off paid business the in was 1909, to 1905 from

initially

diligence His

River. 2 Fraser the and known was Abbotsford as it Company Fireclay

Vancouver

between

Prairie, Matsqui overlooking the Hazelbrae, or Company, Clayburn The

village. Clayburn

home,

boyhood his of vicinity the of in fireclay for evolution later and development initial

the

specifically

searching to century and twentieth the Company of Clayburn the of years

early the

in

years early the

in time devoted Maclure connected “Charlie” are history architectural and

industrial

Charles

John industry, brick fire a Columbia’s domestic from British of aspects noteworthy Two

Village Its and Company Clayburn

Buildings and Bricks

Adams D. John Part of the Brick Works at Clayburn, circa 1912-15

The trestle at the right brought the railway cars filled with clay from the mines directly into the covered bunkers at the plant. The tall wooden structure to the left of the trestles is the mill where the clay was ground up. Once the clay had been moulded or pressed into bricks they would be burned in kilns, some of which are indicated by the tall chimneys. Photograph courtesy Provincia’ Archives, 74616(b) which the rail cars filled with clay entered the employees to buy, on a limited basis. Here bunker. Rising above the rooftops were the properties facing the Clayburn Road were priced numerous smokestacks of the kilns from which as high as $350; those facing Armstrong Road were the black smoke of burning wet slab wood or coal as low as $200.6 often belched forth obscuring the view of the Only two brick non-residential buildings were mountains to the north of the Fraser River. ever built in Clayburn village. In 1911 a two storey The residential part of the village was arranged brick veneer store was built for the Cooper, in a grid, in contrast to the plant which appeared Seldon Company in the centre of the townsite on to be laid out in a haphazard manner. Clayburn the Clayburn Road at Wright Road. A brick Road running east and west was the principal Presbyterian church, the only known double- thoroughfare into and through the village. From walled brick structure in the community, was 1906 to 1911 permanent brick houses were built opened in 1912. along it, directly across the street from the plant. Samuel Maclure, the well-known architect, The largest house was occupied by the Plant was Charlie Maclure’s oldest brother. In 1868 as a Manager; the second largest by the company’s boy of eight he had moved to Hazelbrae with his accountant; and a series of five small brick parents and he always maintained a close bond veneered bungalows were built for the foremen. with that place and with his family. A stylistic Armstrong Road ran south of Clayburn Road, analysis of the first seven brick residences built in parallel to it. Two styles of wooden houses, locally Clayburn between 1906 and 1909 points to his referred to by the descriptive names of “white influence in their design. houses” and “red shacks”, were built after 1911 Bell-cast roofs, fenestration, shingle work, use along this road for the new and lower-ranking of texture, and interior design, including fire employees. All houses at first were company- places, hallways and lighting fixtures strongly owned and in 1909 rented for from three to five suggest his work. His penchant for utilizing vistas is dollars.5 also revealed in the arrangement of the houses After 1911 the company began developing the along Clayburn Road, with the shorter houses to “new subdivision” on the block west of the the west and the taller ones to the east, to take full existing houses by making lots available for advantage of the vista provided by the flank of

Fall 1982 Page 7

8 Page British Columbia Historical News

of producer the being

largest distinction the pany the to name its changed and reorganized

Com

Clayburn the gave soon was however, plant, Company Fireclay Vancouver 1909 the In

Clayburn the

to

The additions Columbia. British members. family

Maclure with

in

largest the day

was per 30,000 bricks of capacity interviews on based been have to

appears article

a

with

Island Anvil on plant Company’s Clay the although source, her divulge not but did

Columbia

the 1909 Until railway. gauge narrow cryptically, wrote she staff,” office the for

homes

and

the

of machinery electrification the including designed “Sam them. about items many wrote

modernized, and

expanded plant the 1911 and well family Maclure the knew

who

historian,

about until

1909

from direction Millar’s Under Valley Fraser Central a Cruikshank, Connie

Toronto. in Works late the by written note

unpublished

an of

part

Brick Valley

Don from

the

was brought Millar is That houses. Clayburn’s of

the design

in

ment

Brown

John him replace To

manager.

plant facto involve Maclure’s

Samuel

corroborating found

de and

its

secretary being

ceased and company been has reference written one

only

date To

the with

out a

falling

had have to seems Maclure west.

the from

viewed

Charlie

time At

this Limited. Company Clayburn when them behind rises which Mountain Sumas of bricks in the province. the others along Clayburn Road. Soon after Charlie Maclure left the employ of By the mid 1970’s, however, some area the Clayburn Company he founded a brick yard at residents became concerned about heritage Kilgard on the southern flank of Sumas Mountain. building preservation in the village. Under the In 1918 the Clayburn Company bought out this auspices of the M.S.A. Heritage Society the company, the Kilgard Fireclay Company. Also in Clayburn Church, long unused and then under 1918 J.B. Millar retired and George Ball was hired the control of the Clayburn Athletic Association, as Plant Manager. He had formerly been with the was reconstructed during 197778.8 Since then Berg Machinery Company of Minico, Ontario. interest in the village about heritage preservation Under his management the Clayburn Company has not manifested itself in other visible ways, operated the plants at both Clayburn and Kilgard. although some property owners have refurbished The one at Clayburn was used for the production their homes, but usually without regard for their of fire and common bricks; the one at Kilgard original character. primarily for vitrified sewer pipes. Company By 1982 only a handful of village residents housing was located at both sites. could claim any former family connection with By 1920 the decision was made to close the the Clayburn Company. Clayburn village had plant at Clayburn permanently and rely totally on taken on the visual and demographic characteris the Kilgard operation for the production of all tics of a suburb of Abbotsford, rather than of a products. The immediate reason for the change once-isolated and independent company town. was the deteriorating condition of the narrow The core of brick structures, some still with gauge railway to the village, particularly of the discernable Maclure detailing, alone bear silent trestles. Access from the clay mines to Kilgard was witness to the community’s former stature and much easier and cheaper to maintain. Soon after uniqueness. its abandonment, the plant buildings at Clayburn were razed. 1 Heinrich Ries and Joseph Keele, Canadian Geological Although the brick plant no longer existed at Survey, Memoir 24E (King’s Printer: Ottawa, 1912), p. 125 Clayburn the company-owned housing remain 2 Maclure’s father, John Maclure, had been a Royal ed. All employees who lived there, including the Engineer and later a surveyor and engineer who settled at Plant Manager, began to commute around the Matsqui in 1868. In 1905 Charlie Maclure lived in base of Sumas Mountain to Kilgard. During World Vancouvet, but members of the family still resided at War II, however, the company began to divest Hazelbrae. itself even of the houses in the village by offering Slightly different versions of the discovery are to be found them for sale to their occupants. Many houses and in: Vancouver Sun Magazine Supplement, May 20, 1950, subdivided lots were sold at this time as a result. p. 3; Sylvia Robertson, “The Discovery of Fireclay in B.C.,” in Shoulder Strap, December 1947, pp. 61-62; and “John For several years after World War II most Maclure Passes,” in AbbotsIord, Sumas and Matsqui residents of Clayburn still maintained connections News, November 2, 1955. p. 1. Clayburn Company through its various with the Interview with Mrs. Cairns, july 15, 1975. reorganizations, name changes, and partial relocation from Kilgard to Abbotsford. But Interview with Mrs. Margaret Millar Cooper, April 15, 1975. retirement, moving, or death slowly caused changes in the population and appearance of the 6 R.W.W. Reid to J.L. Plommer, CIa yburn Letterbooks, vol. village, until by the early 1970’s no one living in III, February 8. 1912, p. 5. Clayburn worked for the brick yards at Kilgard or Connie Cruikshank, handwritten, unpublished article in Abbotsford. Many structures by this time had the Cruikshank Files, MSA Museum, no date. fallen into disrepair; others had been altered The M.S.A. Heritage Society has since amalgamated with considerably, or been removed. the Matsqui-Sumas-Abbotsford Museum Society. The passing of the British Columbia Land Commission Act in 1973 resulted in some owners John D. Adams is head of the Interpretation of previously subdivided empty lots being offered Section, Heritage Conservation Branch. He has attractive prices for them. Faced with increased tax been compiling information about brick manu assessments a few owners of lots sold them to facturing in British Columbia since 1970. The developers who subsequently built infill houses CIayburn Company was the subject of his Master of Museology thesis the University of and a row of residences unsympathetic in style to for Toronto.

Fall 1982 Page 9 ______

I I II Panorama of Brick Plant and Village at Clayburn, circa 1912-15 I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II I . I I II I I I I Taken from the height of the mill building, this I I II I photograph looks south from the brick works to the village. The brick houses facing the Clayburn I I I I I I I I I I i i Road are directly opposite the plant. Behind them are the wooden “white III I houses” and “red shacks”. Across the fields in the background and out of I I I I I I I the picture would be Abbotsford. I I I I I I I I I I I I Photograph courtesy Provincial Archives, 74836(b) I I I I

I I II i I I I II I I I II I I I I I I L1 II II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I III I I I I I I I I II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I __L__I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1. I I I I L 1 View Looking East Along Clayburn Road, circa 1920 I II I I I I I I I I I take this shot the photographer stood on muddy Clayburn Road, with I I I I To I I i i the plant hidden behind bushes on the left of the picture. On the right is i I I I I the row of houses containing seven influenced by the architect Samuel I I I I I I Maclure, with the foremen’s cottages in the foregound and the I I I I Accountant’s and Plant Manager’s houses farther along Mist hangs over part of Sumas Mountain’s western flank in the background Photograph courtesy Mrs Lillian Ball Wilkinson

+

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I II 11 II I I I_ I I I I II I I I I ii Presbyterian Church at Clayburn i i I I I I I I I LI I I I I II I The church was built in 1912 and was totally recon I I I I I I structed during 1977-78. The person standing to the left of the steps is Rev. J.L. Millar, brother of Plant L I I I I Manager J.B. Millar; on the steps are Mr. and Mrs. I_ Reuben Cooper, first couple to be married in the

- church. Margaret Cooper was J.B. Millar’s daughter. In the background are some of Clayburn’s wooden I I I I I houses.

- I I I Photograph courtesy Provincial Archives, 74818. I I I I I I

I I I F I I

I I I II

• 11111111 • LIIIIIII I_j I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

FaIl 1982 Page 13 F

Discovery: 1862

August 1862. The Hecate with Governor James known in England and others to whom he had Douglas and one hundred settlers aboard enters been given letters of introduction. One of these, it Cowichan Bay on Vancouver Island. No list of that is safe to assume, was Dr. John Chapman Davie, party now exists, but its arrival is duly cairned as the elder, for it was to the log cabin he had built in marking the first official effort to settle the Cowichan that they headed on January 20. Cowichan Valley. Earlier than this, two young men “Travelled in canoe with Hunter to Shawnigan in England had already completed their plans to Castle.” Castle? Obviously he had confused his emigrate to this same valley. They were Edward geographical nomenclature and was referring to and Henry Marriner, clergyman’s sons, not yet out Cowichan Bay, and the “castle” would be a of their ‘teens. humorous reference to Sam Harris’s log John Bull “Diary commencing on leaving England for Inn. They proceeded by canoe as far as the British Columbia August 5, 1862, by frigate Bird waterways would take them, reaching Dr. Davie’s from Liverpool.” farm after eight miles through brush. With these two lines nineteen year-old Edward In spite of the brevity of his style, Edward builds Marriner recorded the beginning of the new life up for us a picture of the country and of the life he on which he was embarking. He kept his diary and his companions led in the first weeks — going, off and on, until his death by accident in shooting grouse, hunting deer, learning the skills 1884. Ten years later his eldest daughter, Mary, of cooking and baking bread on an open hearth. took up the task, and chronicled daily the events, Like so many of North Cowlchan’s early pioneers, mainly small and routine, which made up the lives they had included books in their luggage, and of the family, until within a few years of her own Edward at least, spent his evenings reading by the death in 1928. light of the fire or a tallow candle. The dry, laconic recording by father and “New church at Somenos begun to be built on daughter of the tasks, and occasionally the Saturday 14 of March 1863”. On the 18th, 19th and pleasures, which filled their days provide what is 20th, Edward worked steadily on this building (it probably an accurate picture of the average farm was all, needless to say, volunteer labour), but on family’s life as it developed through the first three- the Saturday that the job had begun he had gone quarter century of Cowichan’s history. down to Cowichan Bay, rented a scow, and gone The Bird arrived at Victoria just after Christmas. across to Saanich to bring back oxen. On December 29, the brothers rented a shanty On March 24, despite the time taken out for rather than staying at an hotel, prudently conserv such journeyings and for the building of the ing their capital. On January 7, Edward recorded Somenos meeting house, he finished his own with sober triumph that he had earned his first house and moved into it. dollar. He’d found work aboard the Bird and April 1863. Edward had his house, his oxen, continued to work on her until January 18. In his and a few simple items of land-clearing and land free time he called on friends, people he had breaking equipment. He laid down his diarist’s

Page 14 British Columbia Historical News ______------

pen and did not take it up again until April 1, 1867. from oxen to horses, from travel on foot to travel In the interim he had moved from his original on horseback, but while he went to Victoria on holding in Somenos, down to the more open this occasion by naval ship, he returned the usual lands at Cowichan Bay. Here is a sampling of his way, walking out to Saanich and so home by diary entries: canoe. “Working at the cow shed, and finished. Got He was churning butter regularly and selling it wild heifer up into shed.” at Giovanni Ordano’s store at Cowichan Bay. “April 3. Wed. Went up to meeting at The occasional business-cum-pleasure trip to Parsonage and in church held by the Bishop.” Victoria, the roof-raisings, the twice on Sunday “April 7. Went up to church at Parsonage and church services were the highlights of Edward’s to Somenos in afternoon. Holy Communion.” social life. It was a sober sort of socializing, “May 4. Rolling wheat with horse. Washing perhaps, but there is certainly no suggestion of a clothes, etc.” grim struggle for bare existence. “July 1. Mond. Churning 14 lbs and sewing.” “December 4. Inquest held over squaw. “July 2. Thurs. Fine. Putting rafters in dairy. H. Verdict against Indian. Wilful murder.” (brother Henry?) brought shake blocks up river “December 5. Murderer escaped.” with Wisdom.” The days were short now, and the rough trails “July 8. Showery. Went to Victoria on HMS that connected the scattered farms were hazard Sparrowhawk. Dougherty was drowned; fell off ous in the dark. Edward, having called for wharf.” whatever reason at a friend’s, often stayed the In four years Edward Marriner had progressed night. Similarly he often kept a neighbour for the

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Fall 1982 Page 15

Columbia British Historical News 16 Page

time.

biography.

a

Ellen,

Mary to on Our time from working presently

is rheumatism She with

is troubled he and

works.

other

and

Achievement, of goes, Women Gussie Canadian

while

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home stay to

One:

Every

Pioneers

Cowichan, of

a History Land:

service

a church

misses

Edward

Occasionally

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author the

is

She

Norcross.

Blanche

did.”

she but never

England,

to

return would

by E.

provided were diary

a pioneer’s

on notes

These

she hoped always “She me. to said time, that

at

family the

of

member

surviving

only the

Nettie,

tell? can

Who Perhaps.

died.”

have not

would

daughter,

youngest

the

Mother!”

“Poor

life.

Marriner Mr.

“perhaps

Canute, said

that,”

done

pioneer

the

for out cut

not was

her, for

unhappily

hadn’t he

“If

medicine. own by

his

prescribed

Marriner,

Gussie bread.

bakes

and

regularly,

sort the

applied

and

dressing Indian the

removed

churns

beef,

and pork

salts

still He

man. married

he

came he

When

there. get

could doctor white

to

bachelor from

status

of

change his of

spite

the

before

later

hours some been

have

would

in

little

remarkably

changed had life

Edward’s

It

medicine.

native by their

prescribed dressing

years

fourteen

nearly

of

interval

that In

of sort the

wound

head

the to

applied

They

disappeared.

have

diary

the

of

volumes some

that

houses. their

of one

into

him

taken and

road

the

suspect

to

one

leads hiatus

long the

of explanation

in

unconscious

him found had

people

his how

me

any

of

absence

the

and

diary,

his recommence

told Indian old An

head. the a in

kick

received he

Mariner

Edward

does

matter-of-factly

Thus

where to ground the him throwing bolted, team

due.” $19.75

leaving

Marriner’s Edward out was

year that

Before

$2, account on Gilmore to

Paid butter. lbs. 15

wheat.”

of lbs

up

made

and “Jan. Churned

2. 1882.

now

It is

400 $1

grinding for Drinkwater Mr. to Sent clothes.

Follett...” and King

children’s

making $2.25 for

Drinkwater Mrs.

with

service

evening

to up

went and home came

to

Sent 10. to “Jan. 1883.

come

have

we Now

bridge,

for

logs

haul to

cattle

with Alexander’s

wheat.

local

milling in

experiment lived

to up

Went

Fine.

day.

Peter’s St. “Monday, 29.

a short-

to

reference

an

interesting

is This

mill.”

June

dated

a note

with ends

come, to years many

for wheat

with Somenos

to

Drove

11. “Nov.

for entry last the and

year,

that

for diary The

wheat. to thresh

evening.” Jolly

at dinner.

Guillod

day

$1.50 per at

days four for

employed were

men

and

Wisdom

Singe,

and Lomas

Wing, parson),

Five apples. picking

or potatoes up

getting daily

(the

Reece

Mr.

Carswell, Mrs.

and Mr. evening.

work at

is

mother”

“Lac’s year, that

October In

for etc. cooking home at

Busy sun. bright Frost,

full.” in $1.87½

“Fine.

a

party.

gave

Edward

1868, 8, January On

Pd.

washing. day all Molock Mary 24th. “Tues.

cattle. to his no slave

latter. the

often most

was

1860s

the

of

farmer The

off. dried often

were

Indian, by

sometimes

friends, by

white

provided

they

fodder, of

lack for

winter, in In fact,

intervals.

is

labour the

Sometimes frequent.

become

odd at

milking

accept

to

educated been had

paid and hired

labour

regarding

entries The

pioneers the of cows The home. at his own night R.C. Harris

The First Alexandra Bridge Fraser Canyon 1863 to 1912

Early in the 1800s, the fur trade began to look to existing Indian horse road running east from in 1, the Pacific Ocean for a supply route more effective Boston Bar to the Interior.3 As shown Figure than the long overland journeys from Hudson Bay right, taken from Anderson’s map, the Hudson’s of and from Montreal then in use. Stage by stage, a Bay Company avoided the first section canyon new route was established from the west coast, up by the “Douglas Portage” which rejoined the river the Columbia and Okanagan river systems to at Spuzzum.4 Just above Spuzzum, the ferry to the Kamloops, thence northwest through British east bank was established. The upper section of the Columbia’s interior plateau to Fort Alexandria and Fraser Canyon was avoided by crossing the ridge to Fort St. James. Anderson’s River in a northeasterly direction. On Transportation studies in the Fraser Canyon Figure 1, left, the entire route from Yale is shown as began with Simon Fraser’s unexpected journey of “Old Mountain Trail’ 1808. Fraser deemed the Fraser Canyon unnavig At the start of their horse road, the Hudson’s Bay able. His opinion was officially confirmed in the fall Company established a storehouse, Fort Yale, at of 1828 by Governor George Simpson, who ran the the Indian village of Shilquel. This was favourably canyon by boat.1 Clearly, a portage, or land situated on the west bank of the Fraser River just journey was required to bypass the Fraser Canyon. below the “Falls” at the foot of the canyon. In those Just before Simpson’s descent, Fort Langley had days the “canyon” was taken as extending from been built at the head of sail navigation on the Yale to Boston Bar. Apart from being at the head of Fraser River, in anticipation of the eventual practical canoe navigation, the Shilquel site had a Oregon settlement.2 plentiful supply of salmon, a flat at the mouth of When the international boundary was set at the Yale Creek, and a gentle eddy which stilled the 49th parallel of latitude in 1846, the Hudson’s Bay river current along the bank. Its west side location, Company had to relocate their main supply line, however, necessitated the crossing to the east from the Columbia River to the lower Fraser River. bank, somewhere in the canyon. Chief Trader Alexander C. Anderson undertook a The Hudson’s Bay Company found their series of explorations between Kamloops and Fort “mountain trail’ or portage, from Fort Yale to be Langley to find a route, wholly within British unsatisfactory, due to the steep grades, the lack of territory, which would join the existing trail system feed for the pack animals, and to a lesser extent, at Kamloops. the ferry operation. In 1849, they replaced Fort Yale Anderson’s explorations resulted in the with a depot, Fort Hope, 12 miles downstream on Hudson’s Bay Company building the first horse the east bank. From Fort Hope, they built a more road up the Fraser Canyon in 1847-48 to join an successful brigade trail eastwards to Fort Colville in

FaIl 1982 Page 17 Washington Territory, and to Kamloops. crossings. This road would still have required a The Spuzzum ferry, in various configurations, bridge over the Fraser at or near Lillooet town. ran intermittently for ten years, then actively for Secondly, there was the less renowned Boston five more years, until superseded by the waggon Bar Trail from Hope, mapped by Lt. A.R. Lempriere road and the Alexandra suspension bridge of the Royal Engineers late in 1859, and shown as upstream. “New Trail”; see Fig. 2, left.5 Lempriere reported correctly that if the Cariboo Waggon Road were Gold Rush built north from Hope, a crossing in the Fraser Though restricted by the annual snows to use in Canyon would not be required. However, by this the summer only, the significance of the Old time, the revitalised route north from Yale was too Mountain Trail from Yale increased as the needs of firmly established. It is interesting to note that the the gold rush spread up the Fraer River. First it was C.P.R. followed a similar traffic pattern below the improved; then in 1860 a low-level all-season pack town of Lytton in the early 1880s, crossing from east trail was built along the banks of the Fraser; finally, to west bank at Siska. as traffic continued to increase, the government Location of the waggon road between Yale and pack trail was superseded by the famous Cariboo Boston Bar was supervised by Sgt. William McColl, Waggon Road in 1862 and 1863. The growing need R.E., with Sapper James Turnbull responsible for for an improved road up the Fraser Canyon is the field notes. Turnbull had located the horse trail evident from Douglas’ despatches to London, built two years before. beginning with Douglas to Lytton, 12 October Careful explorations were made by the Royal 1858. Engineers for the bridge site, aided by such The ferry was not suited to heavy and frequent interested citizens as the town council of Yale. Lt. waggon traffic, and Governor James Douglas, H.S. Palmer, R.E., and Sgt. McCoII produced aided, by his Chief Commissioner of Land and reports identifying three sites: Works, Col. R.C. Moody of the Royal Engineers, Near Chapmans Bar: decided it would be replaced by a bridge. a 250 ft. span suspension bridge There were two rival gold rush routes to the at Hells Gate: upper Fraser, which could have avoided the a 150 ft. span trussed timber bridge crossing in the Fraser Canyon. The prior Harrison At China Bar: Lillooet route, which by this time had been a 280 ft. span suspension bridge converted at considerable expense into a waggon The bridge site was in the end determined by the road, gradually fell into disrepute on account of estimated cost of roadbuilding along each bank to the tedious freight transfers at the several lake each site, and the space available for turning onto the bridge. The location near Chapmans Bar won. Prudently, Col. Moody had Capt. Jack Grant, E.R.,

/ > N

S

Page 18 British Columbia Historical News “the greatest road-builder of them all”, call into the sidewalks were moved outside the main cables, site on his way north to the Cariboo, for a final then disappeared. These changes apparently verification.6 The location was almost the same as justified reducing the main cables from 5½ to 5, to the 1926 bridge which can be seen today, but the 4½ inches diameter, and the rods suspending the span was 15 feet shorter, the deck was about 12 feet floorbeams from 1% to 1/8 inches diameter. lower, and the approaches to the bridge had Despite these design refinements, the bridge tighter turns. withstood its load test satisfactorily, and, with regular maintenance, gave admirable service on Suspension Bridge the main traffic artery of the country until Tenders for the suspension bridge were invited superseded by the Canadian Pacific Railway.1° in the Government Gazette of 30 October 1862. A fair set of as-built drawings was almost The contract was awarded to Joseph Trutch, who completed by 2nd Cpl. J.C. White, R.E. in August of sublet the design to A.S. Halladie of San Francisco. 1863.11 These are now in the Map Room at the The resulting bridge had massive timber towers, Provincial Archives. The bridge was often sketched each leg being framed from four 20 x 20 inch or photographed during its 25 years of active life. timbers sawn in the nearby woods. The wooden There are dozens of illustrations in local libraries floor system was supported by main cables of and archives. parallel iron wires laid up along the bank near the Interesting details of bridge maintenance may site and hauled over the gap. The floorbeams were be found in Colonial Correspondence at the hung from the cables by iron rods. Provincial Archives, and later in the printed Bedrock on the west bank was built up with a Reports of Public Works in the Sessional Papers of pier of local “granite” to get above usual high British Columbia. water. Lime for the mortar was burnt about seven Headroom under the bridge was limited by miles downstream, just below Spuzzum. wind guys angling down from the quarter points to The terms of the contract had the bridge bedrock. Road superintendent Neil Black noted financed by the contractor, who was to recover his the roots of a tree caught on a wind guy in the investment by collecting an agreed schedule of freshet of 1879, but the tree was released without tolls for seven years.8 There was no charge for foot difficulty. However, during the “1000 year” flood passengers. of 1894, the water rose 90 feet from its usual low As often happens during a contract, the water level, damaging the bridge deck. Wheeled contractor extracted some concessions from the traffic had virtually ceased with the advent of the engineer.9 The roadway was to have been 18 feet C.P.R., so thereafter the bridge was restricted to inside the handrails, but this was reduced, in stages, to 12 feet 10 inches inside the curbs. Along the way,

FaIl 1982 Page 19

Page 20 British Columbia Historical New

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4..tb Lo) t4icda nd foot traffic until road superintendent Dan 8 PABC Colonial Correspondence F959 letter 9. The 3- Sutherland cut the main cables in 1912, to protect page cgreement with Jos. W. Trutch for construction the public. of a Wire Suspension bridge. c. January 1863. During the 1920s, highway traffic in British (undated). increased to the point where the Columbia PABC Colonial Correspondence CAB 30.7i. Letter Cariboo Waggon Road was reinstated. The work book 3. Moody to Trutch; New Westr, 14 March 1863. was completed in 1926. While excavating on the Moody approves reduction in size of main cables, east bank for the anchorages of the new main p.130. cables, the ends of the original iron wire cables PABC Colonial Correspondence CAB 30.7i. Letter were found. Some short sections were cut for book 7. Moody to Colonial Secretary; Yale, 21 May souvenirs; one is held at the Provincial Museum in 1863. Comments on further changes to the bridge Victoria. design proposed by the contractor. 10 British Colonist. (Victoria) 12 September 1863, gives a detailed description of the completed bridge and its construction. 1 “Peace River. A canoe voyage from Hudson’s Bay to the Pacific by the late Sir George Simpson in 1829”. 11 PABC Map Room. Plans-3 6.1.6 gmbf R88.8.6 1863. 3 Edited with notes by Malcolm McLeod, 1872. linen tracings of Alexandra Suspension Bridge, August 1863. 2 “The History of Fort langley, 1827-96”. Mary K. Cullen 1979. National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada.

“Map of Thompson’s River District 1827 by Archibald McDonald”. H.B.Co. Archives.

“Map of a portion of the Colony of BRITISH

COLUMBIA ... Alex C. Anderson 23rd May 1867.” PABC: 615 pPC A545m.

Surveyor General of British Columbia. Plan 15T1, Roads and Trails (1859). Lempriere’s report 02 january 1860, which accompanied his sketch map, is filed in PABC Colonial Correspondence at F985a. Lempriere was promoted to Captain between preparing the map and the report.

6 PABC Colonial Correspondence CAB 30.7J. Letter book 3. Moody to Grant; Victoria, 06 April 1863. Grant to examine proposed site of suspension bridge, in passing north, p. 140. PABC. Colonial Correspondence CAB 30.7J. Letter book 3. Moody’s “Notes: 12 March 1863’ [on design details for Alexandra Suspension Bridgej. pp. 127 to 129. PABC Colonial Correspondence CAB 30.7 letter book 7. Moody to Colonial Secretary; Yale, 21 May 1863. Reports on visit to bridge under construction. The work has been placed under the supervision of Capt. R.M. Parsons, R.E. PABC Colonial Correspondence F1900. Parsons to Woodcock; New Westr., 10 july1986. Cpl. Woodcock to inspect the materials bring used in the bridge, and to bring back specimens. PABC Colonial Correspondence [File No. missing]. “Notes on condition of the Alexandra Suspension Bridge”. 05 September 1863. It. H.S. Palmer, R.D. A deficiency list prepared as the bridge neared completion.

Fall 1982 Page 21

22 British Page Columbia Historical News

Michael Halleran

—

cover). (address back BCHA inside the tary of

6250, Church, 180th Street, 4L6. V3S B.C. Surrey, secre the contact information one. forming For

$10.00 book is The available Christ from for of think you might area? Perhaps your in society

and minster Columbia. of British Metropolitan

local No cover). of on (addresses front inside

...

G.P. Retired Gower, West of Archbishop New society local your contact For information,

of by Christ Rev. Centre, Surrey Church, Most the tion.

a Century, 141 history page centennial illustrated conven annual at BCHA’s the Columbia’s history

a Through announce ter Echos of the publication British in interested and others meet to trips field

The of Westmins of the Archives New Diocese and of talks a in programme to participate tunity

province. oppor but the News Historical British Columbia

to the this the preserve of of history Mennonites to a subscription only not you receive society,

seeking their is of first and operation year actively local your joining By province. the parts of all

to

is Columbia be completing congratulated on in

societies member of is BCHA composed The

The British of Society Historical Mennonite

regularly? cal News

Histori Columbia

British and Association receive Notes Archival

Historical Columbia the not British join Why

JOIN!

W. Roff Jack —

and wives families.

and his wife sons, and and Sheridan Ernest, their

by missed many. go out Our Helen thoughts his to

Frank’s be and kindness life zest will for great

at ed Cove. Friendly

for having the Captain establish Cook Memorial

He leadership. a was responsible large in part very

for 1982. is 1, December submissions proposal

president 1977 in he where enthusiastic provided

as final are considered deadline the they received,

B.C. the Historical became Association, he

be conference Suggestions papers for will

A to delegate faithful annual of many meetings

Fraser University.

tireless in worker displays. organizing

and Robin History, Department Simon of Fisher,

Village, a Frank a was of member and board that

History, Johnston and Hugh of University Victoria;

One of the movers prime Heritage Burnaby of the

of

British Department Columbia; Alan Artibise,

society historical was years. and two for president

of McDonald, University of History, Department

He interests. active was an Burnaby the of member

R. to directed invited. be should Enquiries

technologist, historical Frank his also developed

now 1984. conference are papers for Proposals

In his as timber and in career working timber

at in the of University February Columbia British

many for television travel shows.

held be B.C. The Conference Studies third will

photography. material His camera supplied work

farm. in His to natural in interest skill his led history

at wan an early up age, a Frank

Burnaby on grew

Papers

Invites to Coming Saskatche Columbia British from

age a 72, at after brief seizures. heart of series

Conference to learn the of Burnaby, Street of passing of Frank

friends be throughout saddened province the will

Studies Historians of many Columbia B.C. his and British 1984

Street Frank

In Memoriam

Notes and News News and Notes

Reports from the Branches they were met by a welcoming committee Victoria headed by Marie Elliott who boarded the bus as resident tour guide and described the many interesting places and features on the way to At dawn on July 7 a contingent from Victoria Mayne Inn on Bennett Bay. There a lunch stop numbering 41 in all, well armed with loaded was made, with some enjoying the Inn’s hospital picnic baskets and steaming thermos jugs, ity and others seeking picnic spots nearby and on gathered at a secluded corner of the Mayfair Mall the beach not far away. and embarked on a bus headed for the Outer During the afternoon another tour on the Islands, with Mayne Island as their objective. island took place, with all disembarking at the It was a highly successful operation, the Georgina Point Lighthouse at the far end of invaders being quickly overwhelmed by the Active Pass. A pleasant hour was spent there, warmth of the Gulf Islanders’ hospitality. They talking with the friendly lighthouse keeper who skillfully retreated in the later afternoon, laden allowed those daring enough to ascend the 148 with memories, snapshots and not a few artifacts steps leading to the light chamber at the top of and souvenirs picked up as they combed the the tower. Here he explained the workings of that island. important light and described some of the history The ferry was uneventful, with many of the of the area as well as some personal experiences Victorians clustered at or near the refreshment and adventures while there. It is estimated that counter most of the way. Stops were made at 147 pictures were taken from the top of the several island landings on the way, including a lighthouse, while other members less inclined to fascinating side-trip to Montague Bay, a secluded tackle the narrow spiral staircase roamed about cove on Galiano Island, before sailing through the attractive, park-like grounds. Active Pass to the landing at Village Bay. Here The bus then took them to Miners Bay where

-

- ,_1ft?

41 Q9B//isol’/ Co1cyrivh/ JVA/VOOA A45

Fall 1982 Page 23 the Victorians were offered the choice of incarceration in the historic Plumper Pass Lockup Golden (now the Mayne Island Museum) or afternoon tea in the community hail across the road. It goes In Loving Memory of without saying that the visitors accepted both and ELLEN CAMERON thoroughly enjoyed the abundant and delicious 1907 - June 1982 tea, coffee and home-cooked delicacies provid ed by the ladies of the Gulf Island Historical First president of the Association. Golden and District There was plenty of time on this beautiful day Historical Society. to browse around, explore the museum, a nearby Assistant editor of church, a fascinating country store, to chat with “Golden Memories” (1958), the residents, visit the docks and discover what a “Kinbasket Country 1972”, and delightful place Mayne island can be. In due “Golden Memories Revised 1982”. course, however, the ferry arrived to pick up the retreating invaders and take them back to Vancouver Island. Vancouver Our sincere thanks to our Mayne Island hosts for their part in making this event such an unforgettable summer outing. Regular monthly meetings are held on the 4th

— Ted Belt Wednesday of every month in the Auditorium of the Vancouver Museum, 1100 Chestnut Street, Vancouver, B.C., commencing at 8:00 p.m. No Cowichan meetings are held in December or from June to August. The meetings generally consist of an address or presentation on some aspect of We have had a very busy and fruitful year. Our Vancouver, British Columbia or even Canadian speakers have been: AIf. Flett, Alderman of history; refreshments are served at the conclusion. Nanaimo and a member of a pioneer family of Tours, seminars and other activities are also an

Cowichan; Terry Malone and Carl Schlishting of integral part of the Society’s program - as well as the B.C. Forest Museum; Barbara Stannard, publications. President of B.C. Historical Association; Doug The Parksite 19 and Roedde House tour in June Barker, Alderman of Duncan; Jack Fleetwood, attracted an exceptionally large number of Society Historian; and Will Dobson, retired editor interested members. Robert Lemon of Randle, of the Cowichan Leader and Anglican clergyman. Iredale and Associates (consultants for the After much persuasion, we were able to realize Vancouver City Planning Department) led us our ambition of opening the Cowichan Valley through all the buildings, ending at Roedde Museum in the basement of the Duncan City Hall House for a detailed look at its potential, in part, as on August 29, 1981. It has been most successful a headquarters for the V.H.A. After the tour with over two thousand visitors. Several school refreshments were served courtesy of Mr. and classes and groups have visited as well as the Mrs. A. Bingham. delegates to the B.C.H.A. Convention. The This summer’s progress in collecting materials Museum has been shown on Channel 3 T.V. and for the Vancouver Centennial Bibliography we have had several radio broadcasts on C.K.A.Y. Project has been excellent, due in large measure The highlite of our year was the hosting of the to the enthusiastic participation of the project’s British Columbia Historical Association Annual assistants Dorryce Smelts and Cohn Preston. The Convention. The Executive Council were of initial design phase of the crucially important immeasurable help in the organization of this computer file definition is not complete and trial convention. The Directors John Cannon, Shane runs are underway. By mid-September the Davis, Dr. Gunn, Art Dawe and Eileen Beckerly programme should be debugged and ready for worked hard with the Executive to make the the inputting of records in the project’s new convention so successful. Televideo terminal. Thank you again for your help and support. The New Westminster Historical Society will be hosting the B.C. Historial Association conference

— Myrtle Haslam in early May of next year.

Page 24 British Columbia Historical News British Columbia Heritage Trust

Helping You

Roberta J. Pazdro

The AIIm Courthouse in 1981 before the AIIm Historical Society began its major restoration project.

The British Columbia Heritage Trust was societies. established by the Heritage Conservation Act of The activities of many historical societies 1977. Its mandate is “to encourage and facilitate include the production of local and regional the conservation, maintenance and restoration of histories. These publications ar eligible for grants heritage property in the province”. The Trust’s of up to $2,500 toward printing and production primary means of carrying out its goal is through costs. (The Trust does not fund research.) The seven grant programs. Three of these programs, publications generally are in the form of books or Publications Assistance Program, Building Restor pamphlets, but they may also take the form of oral ation Program, and Additional activities, have histories such as the Atnarko Valley Historical been the most beneficial to B.C.’s historical Society’s tape documentary, Man in Nature: Lester

In June 1982 the building was prepared for painting in its original colours.

Fall 1982 Page 25 Dorsey, Anahim Lake, B.C., which received a grant of $600. The Publications Assistance Program can also provide funds to assist with small displays or exhibits. The Bulkley Valley Historical Society Okanagan Society received a grant of $400 to assist with preparation of permanent photo display of the history of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. Honoured Some societies, such as the Atlin Historical Society, have initiated major building restoration The Okanagan Historical Society in Vernon has projects. These projects are eligible for grants of won an award of merit for “more than fifty years of up to 50 percent of the exterior restoration costs to publishing Okanagan history and stimulating a maximum of $50,000. A $25,000 grant was heritage preservation”. awarded to the Atlin Historical Society for The American Association for State and Local restoration of the Atlin Courthouse. When History conveyed the award at its Annual Meeting completed, the Historical Society hopes to rent a in Hartford, Connecticut in America’s most portion of the building to provide much needed prestigious competition for local history office space in the community. The Little Prairie achievement. Heritage Society has managed to save the oldest Award recipients were notified in special letters building in Chetwynd from demolition. The Little of congratulations, in the form of “History-Grams”, Prairie General Store, built in 1949, has been sent following two days of deliberations by a relocated and will be restored for use as a national selection committee. The committee, museum. Half of the moving and restoration costs composed of leaders in the history profession, have been provided for by a $13,000 grant from the reviewed more than 150 nominations in its annual Trust. deliberations. More unique projects which do not fall within The American Association for State and Local the guidelines of the Trust’s established programs History, headquartered in Nashville, Ten nessee, may be eligible forfundingthrough the Additional has given awards to local historians and historical Activities program. For example, the Nanaimo agencies since 1944. A nonprofit educational Historical Society received a grant of $1,000 in aid organization with a membership of more than of their symposium, “The Company on the Coast’ 7,500 individuals and institutions, AASLH works to which was held in the Spring, 1982. The Kootenay advance knowledge, understanding, and Lake Historical Society, in an effort to save the S.S. appreciation of local history in the United States Moyie from vandalism, applied to the Trust for and Canada. It publishes books, technical leaflets, funds to erect a fence around the vessel’s moorage History News, a monthly magazine, and holds site. The Trust awarded them a $5,500 grant. seminars, workshops, and other educational Another service provided by the Trust is a programs for professional and volunteer workers travelling photo exhibit, Conservation British in the field of state and local history. Columbia, which consists of large panels of colour photographs of heritage sites from around the province. The exhibit is available for display, free of charge, to groups such as historical societies who may wish to have the exhibit shown in a museum, library, school or other suitable location in their community. Information about Conservation British Col umbia and other Trust programs is available by contacting: British Columbia Heritage Trust Parliament Buildings Victoria, B.C. , V8V 1X4 387-3381 Roberta 1. Pazdro is Project Officer with the British ‘we Columbia Heritage Trust.

Page 26 British Columbia Historical News Campbell River - Home of Growing Archival Collection

Willows Hotel and Annex, Campbell River, B.C. 1912 Photograph #824 Campbell River & District Museum & Archives

Researchers interested in the history of North collection. Though work is still in progress much ern Vancouver Island from Black Creek north, of the backlogged material has been catalogued including surrounding islands, will be interested including cross-referenced card indexing which in the growing archival collection at the Campbell makes the material easily accessible. River Museum. The collection consists of vertical The museum began in 1959 as a small display of files of newspaper and magazine articles, a small Indian artifacts put together by a group of local manuscript collection, tape recorded interviews, collectors. Soon afterwards the Campbell River & books, maps, and an extensive photograph District Historical Society was formed to care for

Fall 1982 Page 27

28

Page British Columbia Historical News

in focus major A and ethnohistoric photographs.

tor historic of is collection special the interest Of

Contact Person: Jeanette Taylor, Cura Assistant completed.

was 12,000 photographs the on of collection work

Telephone: 287-3103 summer, This be to completed. yet collections

V9W 2C7 map and the with process, manuscript in still

Campbell B.C. River, is work This cataloguing been collection. the have

1235 Island Highway Development and Archives and Museum Project

Society Employment Youth Provincial from the grants

Campbell & District River & Museum Archives under hired staff Since 1976 permanent indexing).

and card cataloguing (registration, procedures

cataloguing and policy collection establish

to 1976 We in research. to look Committee an to forwrd Society Archives form your assisting with

the encouraged Jeanette contact week Taylor of advance. in one was collected what diversity

and bulk Those interested collection using The should the in archival to material. collect received

were The grants available by are archives Project only. appointment Initiative Local successive

of purchased. three first the 1974 when created formally in

been have and were archives works historical anthropological The documents. archival collecting

been Foundation, editions and rare of out-of-print has Society its inception Since the

Koerner recent grant Thea Leon from and the Society.

a local culture, the of Through history and museology. focus the reflect to Society accurately more

and and Coast art (Nootkan) Westcoast Salish & Archives Museum & District River Campbell

reference to Kwakiutl, has on an library emphasis changed was the of the society name 1981,

the collecting within In growing museum’s area. The project. centennial a as museum, the Canadian

quick and to vides to communities people reference house erected was a building In 1967, museum.

pro ethnography file The logging. vertical and the house to building Hall in City the provided

Island Vancouver northern the was is collection Space collection. and public the administer

1912. in Nunns settler Frederick

by a written letter there...” a From of lot drunkards such

are there as detest I a beach the which on is hotel “There

1912.

K.C.M.G., Rogers, John Sir Newfoundland, and in Vancouver

Sport From the week.” of the earnings to in waste dropping

came loggers the of many night and Saturday on building,

a separate in itself, hotel the yards from about fifty was hotel

the of bar The vicinity. the in camp logging was the the hotel

to drawback The day. a 2 dollars of sum the moderate all for

table, decent a quite and a bathroom bedrooms, furnished

well- Clean, desire. a could all sportsman is that the sea,

of yards few a within situated beautifully Hotel, “The Willows Bookshelf

in 1965 for the Champlain Society’s edition of The OVERLAND FROM CANADA TO BRITISH COL Palliser Papers, could not have been used. It is a large UMBIA. Thomas McMicking. Joanne Leduc, ed. map, however, and would have had to be folded in, or Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, put in a pocket, or perhaps printed in overlapping 1980. Pp. xl, 121, illus., $19.95 sections in appropriate places in the text. Fortunately, the Palliser map is cited so that readers can look it up Thomas McMicking’s narrative was originally for further contemporary information about the published in the New Westminster British Columbian route. in fourteen instalments between 29 November 1862 The index has some peculiarities that should be and 28 January 1863 as a continuing lettertothe editor, noted. Although the introduction and notes on Hind and was headed: are included in the index, the appendices are not. The An account of a journey overland from Canada to only entry to Stamford in the index, for example, refers British Columbia during the summer of 1862, to page two (which is an error for page one), but there embracing a general description of the country, is no reference to pages 57 and 58 of the appendices together with the various, incidents, difficulties and which contain further mention of Stamford. The dangers encountered, for circulation in the eastern lengthy “footnotes” have been indexed, but no British colonies, by Mr. Thomas McMicking, of reference is made to the page which is being Queenston, Canada West. footnoted. A reader looking for information about Now, for the first time, the narrative has been Alexander Fortune will find a reference in the index to published as a whole. Of the nine extant first-hand “71n17,” that is page 71, note 17, but he will have to accounts of the Overlanders, only two others have search the introduction to find the passage (which been published and only one is still in print and readily occurs on page xix) about Fortune to which “17” is a available. The Diary and Narrative of Richard Henry note. Alexander was published in 1973 by the Alcuin Society On the whole, little fault can be found with this who later initiated the project to publish this narrative book. The narrative is an interesting story, well written by McMicking. and well presented. It should appeal to anyone who The editor is the granddaughter of the Schuberts’ enjoys travel and adventure stories, with the added who were with the McMicking party, and who benefit of additional information in the notes for those accompanied the group who chose the Thompson who are interested in pursuing history, The illustra River route over the Fraser upon reaching Tte Jaune tions, particularly Hind’s paintings, are an attractive Cache. Mrs. Schubert had with her three small feature and, with the note about the artist, provide an children and gave birth to a fourth soon after arriving Important contribution to the historical resources of at Fort Kamloops. The editor has used family papers the province. I would highly recommend this book as and stories along with her other research. a worthy addition to anyone’s library. The preliminary pages include a sixteen-page introduction, with an additional six on “William G.R. Frances M. Woodward, the well known British Hind: the ‘Expedition Artist’,” and three more for a Columbia bibliographer, is especially interested in note on the text. The appendices include “A Note on historic maps and in the work of the Royal Engineers in the McMicking Family” and “A Note on the Trail”. British Columbia. ‘There are lengthy and informative notes, a “Selected Bibliography”, and an index. The book is well illustrated with twenty-one paintings and drawings, six in colour, by Hind who was with the Redgrave party which followed McMicking’s group, and twenty-one photographs. The only maps included are a small outline map of Canada showing the route and a sketch map based on Patricia Roy is the Book Review Editor. Copies of Palliser’s General Map showing the route as deter books for review should be sent to her c/o B.C. mined from McMicking’s notes. It is a pity that a Historical News, P.O. Box 1738, Victoria, B.C. V8W reproduction of Palliser’s map, such as the one printed 2Y3.

FaIl 1982 Page 29

Page 30 British Columbia Historical News

to

enough serious been had that 1883 of uprising the gives he others; confirm and observations Cook’s

Indian the communities; Indian with the harmony of some amplify he only does Not alike. ethnologists

comparative

in lived area the of people white the and historians to is important account written

racism,

inevitable some for Allowing Columbia. British engagingly His intelligence. and education of a man

new

the with impressed favourably was 1905, in region was Strange interest. of is journal his Nevertheless,

the

visited

who McBride, Richard Premier century. the Cook. Sound after Nootka

of

attheturn territory frontier was area Skeena The visit to European first as the him preceded Hannah

episode”. a “romantic terms what he to approach that discovered later Strange his misfortunes, to add

factual a

offers Williams writers”, earlier to available To lands. new found no and their entire investment

“not

material Using airing. more one worth was story almost lost Scott and Strange disastrous. commercially

the that

proves Gunanoot Peter Simon of and trial life was result the Yet be made. would discoveries new

the on

book Willians’ David supremely that hoped welltold?”1 also was It sovereignty. of British assertion

are they

or

information new of deal good a provides an as behind left be to embarked was unit

military

retelling

the

unless stories these re-telling for reason A ambitious. excessively was instructions

formal

good a

“Is there

asked:

Gray Morgan John Gunanoot, the by as revealed planning The their journey. ped for

Simon of

story the included that outlaws Canadian equip lavishly were crews, by professional

manned

on

book a

reviewing ago, when years Four “Experiment”, the and Cook” “Captain the ships,

named appropriately Two possible. best manner the

$12.95 in 170, expedition illus., Pp. the 1982. to equip spared was expense No

Nis, Sono Victoria: Williams. Ricardo LAW. David Archives). Provincial

B.C. by the OUT acquired been has of TRAPLINE notes his microfilm GUNANOOT: PETER SIMON

A Nootka. the of observations and perceptive astute

his and trade of conduct the of description detailed

more his in Strange complement Library, National

Scottish the by acquired recently papers, His notes.

extensive also kept General, Brigadier of the rank to

rise to later was who Walker, Alexander (One them, of

men. and ammunition supplies, furnished Company

the Moreover, Company. of official an the also

Scott, David friend his and by himself financed affair,

independent an was venture the Company, India

East the by employed was Strange Though voyage.

third Coast. Cook’s of Northwest the to publication official the Coast voyages in Spanish in interested

Northwest especially the of is fur resident, trade the of a potentialities Victoria the Tovell, Freeman

to reference by the inspired directly It was purpose.

its history. in Columbia commercial British in essentially was voyage Strange’s

interested are who all of the be shelf on world. should our of price, of corner this history the early and craft

attractive at an available now and of printer’s print out the long possible: as many as with to share wishes

so work, improtant an of he edition a loves handsome Such two has he that suspect must we project”,

given. not are a fun material” was that “introductory “this volume present to the colophon

this of sources The directions. his sailing in us on Strange’s 1941, tells publisher the as by. But to come

Quarterly, Historical Columbia the British for difficult written or print of out been have long materials which

article Howay’s F.W. and available Association; Historical widely make to be to appear would policy

Columbia British the Its of Report price. Annual Fourth economical an unusually at be purchased

the in appeared which can voyage Canada, on the and “remarks” States United the of Coast Northwest

Hosie’s John 1928; the of December, in history Commission early the to devoted bound publications,

Records Historical and Indian the before printed edition, handsomely Its venture. publishing

original the published who unique a Ayyar, as Venkatarama itself established has Press Ye Galleon

by A.V. read paper a by introduced is Journal

The voyage.

the to

relating materials main published 99012). Washington,

Fairfield,

Press, Galleon

the cover

one

under

together

brings

volume

This Ye

from ordered

be $12.00 (May

U.S.

144, illus.,

us. gives Strange what

for

be grateful can still

we

Pp. 1982,

Press, Galleon

Ye

Washington: Fairfield,

But

period.

post-contact early very in this Indian life

Howay). F.W. and Hosie John Ayyar,

Venkatarama

of

detail

more for wish will

Ethno-historians trade.

A.V. by

material

(with introductory

AMERICA.

the to

reaction Indian the

especially and

limitations,

OF

COAST

NORTHWEST

THE BOMBAY TO

and

possibilities its methods, and risks,

financing,

FROM

EXPEDITION COMMERCIAL OF THE its into insights gives He

out. carried was expedition

NARRATIVE AND JOURNAL a STRANGE’S commercial JOHN how of account subtstantial first Bookshelf Bookshelf warrant the building of a fort and the arrival of a gun conscientious law officers. He details the problems boat from Victoria was in the far if not the dim past. experienced both by the prosecution and defence Change was in the air with the 1902 proposal of the lawyers and gives insights into the workings of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway to extend its line to the legal system as it was in the early decades of the coast, the discovery of gold on the Igenika River, and century. The author briefly places his book in a wide the resultant increase in prospectors, settlers and perspective by tracing the rift in Indian/White speculators, but the affairs of the Skeena were unlikely relations in the Skeena area but he gives too much to draw nation-wide attention. emphasis to what he himself considers a non-incident This changed in 1906 when a Gitksan Indian, Simon and ignores pre-1900 problems. Peter Gunanoot, apparantly murdered two white The book has several minor but irritating flaws. men, Alex Mcintosh and Maxwell LeClair, and fled There is a marked tendency to repetition; perhaps not into the bush with his wife, children, parents, brother- trusting to his readers to remember among all the in-law Peter Himadam (also implicated in the murders) detail, Williams describes the relationship between

and Peter’s wife, Christine. The group remained Gunanoot and Peter Himadam four times — once in a hidden from the law for thirteen years. With the confused manner that obviously escaped the editor. passing of time, Gunanoot became something of a folk There are contradictions. Williams seems unsure hero and both Indians and whites concealed his whether the Indian was a folk hero and legend or a whereabouts from the law. In 1913, after arranging forgotten man; and, having established that Guna with friends for a good defense lawyer, Gunanoot noot was not the heroic figure enshrined by both the gave himself up, stood trial and was aquitted of the press and, to some extent, by other writers, he murder of Mcintosh; he did not stand trial for the sympathetically equates him with the “battle-scarred” murder of LeClair. veterans of Passchendaele. There is also an obvious Williams strips away the romantic aura with which error. When Williams argues that Ikey Moore “was other writers had surrounded the life of Gunanoot. hopelessly drunk before and after the killings” and Using a variety of sources, including legal documents, could not therefore have been responsible for the diaries, reminiscences, newspapers,and interviews, he murders, he is in error. According to an earlier draws a portrait of the Indian that is far from heroic; statement, Moore was drunk at the inquest, a good Williams’ Gunanoot was not a victim of the white twelve hours after the events. invasion. The author reveals him a someone who took But the book’s major weakness is its lack of advantage of the white man’s presence to compete footnotes. Without documentation, there is no way successfully in the white man’s world; Gunanoot was a the reader can distinguish the author’s ideas, analyses man of property and prosperity. and conclusions from those of the sources listed in the

Apparently, in either a jealous or drunken rage — bibliography or from those supplied by interviewees

one of the questions that remains unanswered — he upon whose information the author “relied heavily”. shot two men in the back, threatened to kill his wife, The comments of government officials, so crucial to shot at the child on her back and slaughtered his Williams’ thesis, could be found in public records, horses, one with a pick-axe. After retreating to the private papers or even the so often erring newspapers. bush, an environment with which he was familiar and (And newspapers when cited are not always dated.) one which, according to the author, held few fears for It is particularly important to be able to assess him, he continued to trap and, with the aid of friends, sources when the author himself seems uncertain of sell his furs. them, or when uncorroborated sources are used to Before surrendering, he secured the aid of Stuart denigrate a character. Twice, in Chapters III and VIII, Henderson, possibly the province’s best and most Williams expresses distrust of information supplied by expensive lawyer. Williams, a lawyer himself, believes, Hazelton resident Sperry Cline; yet, in Chapter VII, and he is convincing in his arguments, that the the reader is told that Cline’s account of the Indian prosecution was so inept and public sentiment so trouble “cannot be improved upon” and his strongly in favour of the Indian that, although assessment of local officials clearly influenced the Gunanoot was declared “not guilty”, the trial did not writer’s opinion of them. Williams uses the unsupport establish his innocence. Using evidence either not ed letter of Charlie Barrett as evidence that the Indian known or not presented at the trial, Williams argues Agent’s wife, Margaret Loring, had created, through

Gunanoot was guilty — although he points out that her “overheated imagination” an absurd situation. there are the unanswered questions of Simon’s According to her daughter Constance Cox — who continued protestations of innocence and Christine’s Wiliams cites, neither fully nor correctly, as one of his

deathbed — confession of LeClair’s murder and these primary sources — Mrs. Loring was a stern, reserved contradictions leave nagging doubts. individual, who, because of her calm nature and The book is highly informative on many points. dependability, was in demand as both nurse and mid Although Williams cannot entirely negate the almost wife; she travelled great distances in bitter winter comic-opera aspects of the search for the fugitives, he conditions to perform these duties.2 As Margaret does reveal the unavoidable difficulties facing Hankin, wife of Hazelton’s founder, Thomas Hankin,

Fall 1982 Page 31

Page 32

British Columbia Historical News

insights into itntand distinct interesting of aspects the religious used finished been not or building for had

Carter’s monographs. articles The valuable provide the that Andrew’s Church,” the oral St. of tradition

the history of Yukon the will welcome and Archibald’s mystery to “the article. the lays Carter explored rest in

Those interested in the Klondike and Gold Rush The are for reasons fully that taste and necessity

civilized taste.”

are not reviewed here.] successful and necessity combination frontier of

the rush, “Old but exterior, its Fort curious Carter’s in words, “a Point Site” on Lake Athabasca which

more of one gold the picturesque the remnants of also includes articles two on archaeology the of

minister, remains Sinclair, J.A. Rev. the 1899. in built It $9.60 Canada) (outside Occasional [This Papers...

throughout

third Western Canada,

Bennett’s which

Canada, 1981. $8.00 294, Pp.

illus.,

(in

Canada),

is concerned celebrated with the

fine building, church

National

Historic

Parks

and Sites Parks Branch.

Church...” part, large In “St. Andrew’s Presbyterian

British Columbia,” by Margaret Carter. Ottawa:

abandoned

church the there.

“St. Andrew’s Presbyterian Church, Bennett, Lake

the minister of 1902, demise last Bennett. In

the

Klondike, 1907”, 1897- by

Margaret and Archibald at Skagway Whitehorse, the meant River Yukon with

26:

“Grubstakes to Grocery Store: Supplying the at and Railway 1900, tidewater Yukon in linking

PAPERS IN ARCHAEOLOGY AND NO. HISTORY Pass populous White community. Completion the of

church CANADIAN ‘99 in HISTORIC ‘98, In 1900 and Bennett. a was SITES: it OCCASIONAL

a of the establishing about set possibilities location,

sensing Presbyterian minister the in Skagway, nearby

1897 and lake the navigation Yukon. the on In river

the of and White h head the at Pass trails Chilkoot and

of rush. meeting of settlement was Bennett at The the

a Bennett gold of aspect examines the different very

at Margaret Carter’s Lake on article church the

found Dawson the in region.

be to products statistics good some and and list firms

informative. most are give appendices detailed Twelve

products penetration degree the and their of market

Some brand-name observations importance the on of

Dawson of Canada. those prevalent in with rest the

prices in comparisons, example, for grocery between

rest and Canada of makes United the and States,

conditions in activities the in to Yukon business the

records.

In the addition, relates Archibald carefully family manuscript, Unpublished Sourdough”,

from these communities.

a of “Seed McLean, Eve and Constance Cox

2

observations and businessmen on the activities

of pp. 1978, 81-82

Victoria, references Vancouver will and

useful find March, Vol. Historical Review, 1, No. Canadian LIX,

1

interested Westminster, the histories fNew of in

Readers are examined n clearly and presented. Mission.

Cariboo of the author The is organisations, Whitehead retailers “inside” and wholesalers and Margaret

between transportation suppliers, developed which

questions exposes. it and response relationships these, to factors. other The

unanswerable but the for answers questions the it in of ment evolved merchandising system which the

for only not subject; definitely the definitive work on comprehensive treat provided has a Archibald

the considered be can on Gunanoot Williams’ book to were suited Klondike the situation. not

David Yet substantiated. be must sources, written Canada arrangements the in used credit generally

like sources, event; oral at the of children time the and combatted; expensive; storage difficult was and

but were who men old of memories the question to be conditions severe were distances; there weather

who those be will There inconclusive. remains “outside’. from long over They hauled be to had the

evidence the of but some guilt for case Gunanoot’s in brought products. goods Most foodstuffs were or

strong a presented Williams has continue. guilt or will for region needs little supplied stampeders’ the of

innocence Indian’s the over Gunanoot, arguments the Yukon moulded The system the developed. which

Simon of ‘‘trial’’ \‘Villiams’ In new spite of elements Gold-rush.” Several after basic Klondike the

vital. source material is immediately merchandise during and general and

of assessment nature. this of apparent contradictions provisions “examines Yukon the trade “Abstract”, in

case of

the In years. many with traded Indians for the introductory Archibald suggests the in Margaret

had death, husbands n after and her both and, before as Store” “Grubstake Grocery to Essentially,

1883 of attack threatened thorugh the had she lived rush. Bookshelf Bookshelf

services. Carter explains that, as was usual in frontier only facts and dates. communities, the church building filled a role in the Included in this biography are many well-chosen life of the community well beyond its religious quotations from Bennett’s years. These quotations functions. allow the reader to develop an accurate image of The bringing together of these two articles is a Bennett’s personality. There are also numerous bonus for the reader. Here are two separate and photographs of Bennett’s political supporters and distinct aspects of the same great event. Interestingly, adversaries. Carter points out that the railway rates charged by the The short length of the book works more as an White Pass and Yukon were “competitive” and advantage than a disadvantage if it is to be used as an therefore Bennett as a trans-shipping point declined exercise book for high school students. The length whereas Archibald argues that Dawson merchants and allows students to read the book quickly, still receive residents a repeatedly complained that the railway’s good summary of Bennett’s life and career. It also tariffs were much too high: two contrasting, yet valid, allows the book to be easily used for class discussion. viewpoints. The book’s point of view towards Bennett is Photographs are important to both articles: in definitely a positive one. In fact, I felt rather disturbed Archibald they number fifty-nine, in Carter seventy- at the amount of glorification. From this biography four. They are reproduced clearly and integrated well one can conclude that Bennett was a faultless leader. with the text. Carter provides a simple, effective map. The only mistakes that were present were those made There are a few typographical errors, minor but by Robert Sommers, the Forests Minister, and Phil irritating. The book is an unfortunate size, 21cm by Gaglardi, the Highways Minister. Personally, I feel this 2l½crn, and is inadequately bound; its size and limp is the book’s only major shortcoming. cover make it awkward to hold. The information, style of writing, photographs and length all make Rosemary Neering’s W.A.C. Bennett a George Newell, a resident of Prince Rupert, has a worthy book to be used in high schools to provide long-standing interest in the history of British average students with a basic understanding of the life Columbia and the Yukon. and political career of one of British Columbia’s most productive premiers.

Jeff Wooley is a Grade 70 student at Escuiinalt Senior Secondary School.

WA.C. BENNETT. Rosemary Neering. Don Mills: Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 1981. Pp. 63, illus. W.A.C. Bennett, by Rosemany Neering, is a short biography written for use in high schools. Contained VICE REGAL MANSIONS OF BRITISH COLUM in this book is an account of the late Mr. Bennett’s life BIA. Peter Neive Cotton. Vancouver: Elgin and political career. Publications, 1981, Pp. 118, illus., maps, $24.95 The biography commences in 1911, when Bennett was eleven years old and living in the town of Peter Neive Cotton was British Columbia’s “first Hampton, New Brunswick. This ambitions young man serious restoration architect” and was one of the first then moved to western Canada where, based in in B.C. to advocate the preservation of heritage Kelowna, B.C., he began his political career. The book buildings. While working in Victoria in 1958 as presents in a clear and easily understood fashion provincial architect in charge of interior design for the Bennett’s long political struggle to attain the role of restoration of Government House, which had been premier. His persistent nature earned him this position destroyed by fire in April 1957, Peter Cotton which he maintained for twenty years. The biography commenced to research and write the history of the concludes with Bennett’s death in 1979, six years after province’s vice regal mansions. Over the years various his party’s defeat and his own political retirement. additions and amendments were made to the original The language used in this study is simple, and the draft, but at the time of his death in 1978 Cotton’s style is quite factual, although a story line is maintained “labour-of-love” remained in manuscript form. With throughout. This style of writing is appropriate. It is the editorial help of friends and financial assistance much easier for a student to become involved in a from The British Columbia Heritage Trust, Vice Regal book that contains a story line as opposed to a book of Mansions of British Columbia has now been published

Fall 1982 Page 33

News Historical 34 Page Columbia British

p.,

pa. $12.95 iii., 229 1981. Press, Times Northern be Party Liberal the of founder Martin Fighting Peter Brock,

Terrace, valley. my

Kitimat Anderson. Elizabeth Varley,

p.

p.,

$8.25. ill., 120 Trust, a Heritage bia: 1980.71 Victoria, selectedbibliography.

1981. Editions, Sea-Lake Victoria, Lake. Elk and Bay Cordova Colum British in conservation Janice.

Heritage Bradshaw,

of history and recollections

Sea-Lake: Anne. Pearson,

p., US. $12.95 ill., 136 1981, Society, Historical xxxviii,

$6.50 ill., 1981. Oregon 6.) no. fPortland) studies (North Jackson. Pacific

College, Okanagan Kelowna, 1862. route: of trail Palmer’s Lt. Hewitt by R. by specially illustrated Hayes, Edmund edited

Arm

Bentinck North The Spittle. John and Adrian Kershaw, h world the and to Coast 1794-1796; around the Northwest

voyage remarkable Log Boit’s John the of Union: John. Boit,

p., $18.95 276 ill., & Mcintyre, 1981.

Douglas

Vancouver, frontier. the to Canadian schools public

B.C.) Vancouver,

British

the

from emigrants: Gentlemen Patrick. Dunae, Crescent, $8.00. 7850 author, Champlain the (Available form

p., 1982.138 Victoria, to Columbia in 1900. British Movement

p.

418 1981. National Press,

Temperance

Journey:

The Years Forty I. Harold

Allen,

Vancouver, & Toronto by blowaccount. a west: blow the in

Titles New

Society.

in

pictures

if One wonders vacuum. interpretive David a is Grubbe of member Historical North Shore

an in presented is mansions B.C.’s regal vice of record

visual the

In short, province. on the in structures other the of staff the of Glenbow-Alberta Calgary. Institute

exerted have

turn in might of they effect the informed facing pages. The is writer, on now Donald Bourdon,

we

are nor buildings, of architectural these character of 33 full-page pictures, on with short the explanations

the

shaped

are influences We not what told North Shore consists and Museum book The Archives.

mansions. government for, in discovered 1970, attic an to in the donated were

adopted styles architectural the or used in, materials and photographer, photographs, excellent his

building the of significance explain the historical George Nye was the professional area’s first

it does Nor drawings. and photographs historical 365 from to 1901 in 8,000 than years ten later. more

in portrayed so well Houses, B.C.’s Government fact that the population climbed of North Vancouver

of

design architectural the for account attempt to the twentieth the century. to “boom” referred The

no makes the book But Columbia’s history. material survey of the in life of district city the at and beginning

British into glimpses provide intriguing grounds Nye in a North Vancouver, satisfying book is this

and appliances interior furnishings, lighting, roofing, Using G. by photographs George late the taken

plumbing, of details for example, be informative:

occasion on may

text The reader written disappointed. $9.95 85,

paper.

the leaves end the in Mansions Vice Regal elements,

North B.C. Vancouver,

Pp.

House, 1981. Hancock

visual its of presentation successful the Despite

J.

Bourdon. Written by and compiled Donald

B.C. society. upper portion of

OF GRAPHS NORTH 909. VANCOUVER, 1905-1

of the characteristic

interior space the

use

of social

THE BOOM : CC.

PHOTO YEARS NYE’S

documenting excellent, are also floor plans mansions’

regal vice the of Reproduction superb. are interiors

:4

and exteriors of both and photographs white Black

book. the than half more fill and that photographs

drawings, maps, many qqj the in illustrated These well are

themselves. buildings the of exploration a for fuller

stage the set period, the colonial during particularly

issues, political of

descriptions and pants brief

-—

occu appointed of to backgrounds references the

at the history University British of Columbia. Short House. Government of in present 1959 the

Robert A.). McDonald teaches British Columbia completion to the period from Columbia colonial the

British in homes official lieutenant-governors’

the province’s built

heritage. and governors’ of history traces Cotton’s the book

Trust’s large goal of expanding our understanding of

movement. conservation heritage

themselves can fulfil The British Heritage Columbia B.C.’s of the founders to of a one as handsome tribute Bookshelf Bell-Irving P. 1R9 Rd., V7R Henry 3R9 1NO 5E9 3P3

3P3 ASSOCIATION V6J Seaview V9S VOR 2A6 1Y2 V9W V9W Columbia, Vancouver, 2V6 2781 1X4 1G4 Bay, 4E2 V6L V6R News): River, 1KO River, V2G V8V V8V British North V8V Nanaimo, Vancouver, News, of VOA 1HO Rd., St., Lake, Cowichan Ave., Historical Vancouver, Vancouver, VOA Campbell Victoria, Victoria, Victoria, Campbell Historical Maple B.C. Crown St., Road, St., Rd., 29th, Rd., Ave., Williams Stewart

Invermere, HISTORICAL B.C. W. Golden, with 8th Archivist, 774, Mount 4570, #2-1430 Linden Niagara Wessex W. 2875 Pinecrest Editor, Pinecrest #211-450 Box 125 Box Lieutenant-Governor 255 1241 1875 4633 involved 680 Box 1338, 680 1K7 Provincial The McCann, Weir, (not (res.) (res.) Cassidy, (res.) (bus.) (res.) (res.) (res.) Spittle, (res.) (res.) (bus.) V8N (res.) (bus.) (res.) (res.) G. Gundry, Stannard, Akrigg, Haslam, Richardson, Miller, Barnett, D. Stevenson, Barnett, Bovey, Carrington, Honour, Rhys Helen 288-8606 Ruth 287-8097 342-9562 Winnifred

John COLUMBIA Ruth Maureen Victoria, 387-3621 477-6283 Myrtle 287-8097 John 748-8397 Frances Tom 383-3446 Naomi 733-1897 387-3623 J. 385-6353 344-6447 Leonard Barbara 736-4431 754-6195 His Anne 392-4356

Committee

Committees: of News Committee: Assistance President: Patron:

President: BRITISH Trails: President: Committee: Names Historical Vice Officio: Vice Publications Policy B.C. Place

Historic Chairmen Ex Past-President: Members-at-Large Treasurer: Secretary: 2nd

President: Officers 1st Honorary

Honorary THE — —

I C? 0 C C? cL) C CC? C? I CN w C

C?

C?C? 8 “Dc.? E I.. C

C?C co .— I•C1 -C. (M, .. I C? . —‘—

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