6 X 10. Three Lines .P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84323-2 - The Cambridge History of Jewish Philosophy: From Antiquity through the Seventeenth Century Steven Nadler and T. M. Rudavsky Index More information

INDEX

AbnerofBurgos,685–691, 693 Alguades, R. Meir, 748, 783 Abrabanel, Don Isaac, 111, 695, 771, 782 alkatkhasis, 228 Christian humanism for, 113 Almagest (Ptolemy), 310, 317, 344 on creation, 674 Almohads, 538 on Garden of Eden parable, 112–113 Almosnino, Moses, 755–760, 766–767 on miracles, 674–675 Kabbalah and, 757–758 naturalism for, 113 on virtue, 759 on omnipotence of God, 672–676 Altmann, Alexander, 134, 157 Active Intellect, 107, 275, 297, 368, 499, 509, 511, 638, Anatoli, R. Jacob, 102, 110, 546, 780, 782 640–641 Ancient Questions Concerning the Bible, 481 cosmology and, 357 al-Andalus¯ı, Sa¯ ëid, 531 Gersonides on, 106, 360, 742–743 Andreas, Antonius, 83 happiness and, 638, 742–743 Angel of Camerino, 81 knowledge and, 469, 473 angels, 97 Maimonides on, 32, 732–733 De Anima (Gundisalvi), 81 matter and, 274 anthropomorphism, 139, 142 miracles and, 383 anthropopathism, 139, 142 ad¯ab (sociocultural program), 722–723 Aphorisms of Moses (Maimonides), 75 Ad¯abal-falasifa¯ (Ibn Yishaq),¯ 726 Aphorisms of the Statesman (al-Far¯ ab¯ ¯ı), 735, 775, adibs, 722 781 affirmations, 175 Apology (Socrates), 23 Afiya, Aharon, 755 apophatic mysticism, 123–124, 136–148 Agathon, 659, 661 Neoplatonism and, 123 Agent Intellect,see Active Intellect Aqiba (Rabbi), 661, 676, 677, 679, 680, 681, 687, 691, Airs, Waters, and Places (Hippocrates), 319 699 Akedat Isaac (Arama), 782 Aquinas, Thomas, 2, 63, 81, 82, 83, 202, 426, 547, 548, Albalag, Isaac, 740 740, 748, 755 on omnipotence of God, 665–667 Arabic Albertus Magnus, 63, 81, 548, 755, 773, 783 Aristotelian influences on, 233 Albo, Joseph, 406, 409–411, 695, 771, 772, 782 astrology and, 317–318 The Alchemy of Happiness (al-Ghazal¯ ¯ı), 728 astronomy and, 317 Aldabi, Meir, 443 cosmological works in, 327–347, 357 Alemanno, Yohanan, 751–753, 755, 780, 782, grammar/lexicography for, 232–233 785 Ibn Tibbon on spread of, 41 Alexander of Alessandria, 81 in Islamic philosophy, 39, 525–538 Alexander of Aphrodisias, 314–317, 414, 438, 467, 525, language origins for, 232–234 540, 546, 550, 660, 730 meteorologic works in, 445–447 on the soul, 550–551 as multilingual, 233 Unmoved Mover for, 314, 316 scientific culture, 317–325 Alexandrian Judaism, 43 Aramaic, 39 Alfonso of Vallododid, 685. see also Abner of Arama, Isaac, 440, 695–699, 751, 782 Burgos Argument from Admissibility, 664

887

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84323-2 - The Cambridge History of Jewish Philosophy: From Antiquity through the Seventeenth Century Steven Nadler and T. M. Rudavsky Index More information

888 Index

Aristotelianism, 189 instrumentalism and, 359 anti-Aristotelianism, 549–555 Islamic philosophy and, 327–347 Crescas and, 213–215, 420–423 Jewish philosophy and, 325–326 doctrines of the proposition and, 167 Maimonides on, 338–347 Islamic philosophy and, 40, 367–368 motion of planets and, 311, 355 Jewish philosophy and, 502–519, 530–538 Planetary Hypotheses and, 311 language influenced by, 264 Saadia Gaon on, 327–328 models of modality under, 181–182 Tetrabiblos and, 311, 312 philosophy and, 440–444 atomism, 401–402, 414–416 practical philosophy and, 707 Augustine, 774 Aristotle, 2, 20, 22, 31, 50, 61, 73, 78, 81, 82, 83, 96, 131, Averroes, 63, 78, 81, 82, 83, 101, 169, 182, 414, 525, 168, 169, 170, 173, 204–206, 239, 245, 306, 320, 541–542, 546, 547, 550, 748, 773, 775, 781 321, 366, 395, 396, 398, 400, 412–413, 434–447, on cosmology, 320–322 525, 539–540, 550, 562, 582, 661, 669, 690, 708, Averroism, 82 722, 730, 731, 738, 772, 773, 775 Avicenna, 54, 81, 125, 525, 540–541, 550, 678 on astronomy, 304–310 on existence of God, 582–584 on creation, 601 metaphysics for, 323 on divinity, 24 Azriel of Gerona, 124 eternity for, 405 ethics for, 707–708 al-Baghd¯ad¯ı, Abu¯ al-Barakat,¯ 55, 537 on God’s existence, 562 Bar H. iyya, Abraham, 58, 60, 74, 327, 330, 332, 348, 727 on happiness, 710 on astronomy, 330–333 hylomorphism and, 272, 282 h.okhmat ha-h.izzayon, 331 necessitarianism and, 340 Barker, Ernest, 772 on immortality, 25–26 Barlaam and Joasaph, 539 on infinity, 400–403, 408–409 bar Sheshet, Jacob, 439 on matter, 277–278 al-Bas.ri, Ammar,¯ 53 on monotheism, 27 De Beatitudine Animae, 81 on natural phenomena, 27 Beh.inat ha-Dat (del Medigo), 770, 785 on nobility, 24 bellettrie, 445 prime matter for, 282–284 Ben Abraham, Levi, 80, 102, 110, 118, 244, 440 Prime Mover for, 19, 24–25, 27 Ben Abuya, Elisha, 131, 142 on rationality, 708–709 Ben Adi, Christian Yahya, 530 theory of forms and, 271–272 Ben Asher, Bahya, 111 time as concept for, 395–396 Ben Daniel of Rome, Judah ben Moses, 81, 548–549 Unmoved Mover for, 306–307 Ben David, Anan, 526 Arte della Guerra (Machiavelli), 786 Ben David YomTov Bonjorn, Jacob, 326 Asharites, 632–634 Ben Dosi, R. Haninah, 365 ashrei (happiness), 711 Ben Gershom,Levi. see Gersonides astrology Ben Hayyim, Levi ben Abraham, 333 Arabic and, 317–318 Ben Hofni Gaon, Samuel, 88 Ibn Ezra on, 346 Ben Hyrkanos, R. Eliezer, 365 Maimonides on, 344–345 Ben Isaac, R. Solomon, 91 astronomy, 208–210. See also Ptolemy Ben Joseph,Saadia. see Saadia Gaon Almagest and, 310 Ben Judah, Samuel, 540, 739, 748, 781, 783 ancient terms for, 359 Ben Kalonymus, Kalonymus, 440 Arabic history with, 317 Ben Maimon, Moses, see Maimonides Aristotle and, 304–310 Ben Meir, R. Samuel, 91 Bar Hiyya on, 330–333 Ben Moses Halevi, Isaac, 245. see also Profiat Duran Greek history with, 304–317, 355 Ben Neriah, Baruch, 507 h.okhmat ha-h.izzayon as discipline of, 331 Ben Rabbi Judah, Joseph, 202 Ibn Daud on, 334 Ben Salomon, Nissim, 66 Ibn Ezra on, 333–338, 348 Ben Samuel, Hillel. see Hillel of Verona Ibn Gabirol on, 328–330 Ben Shealtiel H. en, Zerah. yah ben Isaac, 540, 546

Index 889

Ben Shelomoh, Gershom, of Arles, 79, 80, 441 Book on Pure Good (Proclus), 46. See also Elements of Ben Shem Tov, Isaac, 542 Theology Ben Solomon, Gershom, 541, 542, 544 Book on the Rewards of the Soul (Hillel ben Samuel), 81 Beraita deMa asehë Bereshit, 158 Book on Urine (Israeli), 528 Bertinoro, Obadiah, 661 The Book of Doctrines and Beliefs (Saadia Gaon), 45, 92, Bibago, Abraham, 83, 440 219, 327, 368, 402, 428–429, 488, 490, 492, 526– The Bible. See also Torah 527, 538, 573, 574, 625, 627, 655, 662, 771, 776, Book of Deuteronomy, 712 781 Book of Genesis, 21 evil as concept in, 625 Book of Job, 619–621 ex nihilo in, 369 Book of Psalms, 713 happiness as concept in, 723 Cain and Abel parable in, 103 place as concept in, 417–418 Garden of Eden parable in, 96, 103, 112–113 punishment in, 627 happiness in, 711–717 The Book of Tradition (Ibn Daud), 533 Ibn Paquda commentary on, 41 The Book on Spirit and Soul (Israeli), 67, 68, 529, 530 miracles in, 363–364 Bradwardine, Thomas, 613 philosophical interpretations of, 88–94, 115 b reishitì (in the beginning), 278, 392 Song of Songs in, 101, 274–276 Brethren of Purity (encyclopedia), 725 Wisdom stratum in, 711 Bundle of Silver (Ibn Kaspi), 172, 183 Bonet, Nicole, 613 Buridan, Jean, 178, 755 Book of Beliefs Accepted on Faith and Rationally Established Burley, Walter, 63, 755 Convictions (Saadia Gaon), 488 Bustan¯ al-uqul¯ (al-Fayyumi), 537 Book of Creation, 48, 121, 128, 458 Saadia Gaon on, 132, 492 Cain and Abel, as parable, 103 Book of Deﬁnitions (Israeli), 66–67, 414, 491, 542 Categories (Aristotle), 412 Neoplatonism and, 528–529 De Causis, 81 Book of Degrees (Ibn Falaquera), 782 causi sui (cause of itself ), 591 Book of Delights (Ibn Zabara), 445 chance, as concept, 656 Book of Elegance of the Language of the Hebrews (Saadia Chaplet of Grace (Levi ben Abraham), 80 Gaon), 234, 235 Chapter on the Elements (Israeli), 67, 414, 483, 529 Book of Elements (Israeli), 67, 414, 485, 539 The Chapters of Rabbi Eliezer, 284 Book of Fevers (Israeli), 528 choice, 680 Book of Gardens (al-Qirqisan¯ ¯ı), 65 moral responsibility and, 699 Book of Knowledge (Maimonides), 338–339, 345, 457, 477, Christian humanism, 113 478, 582 Christianity Book of Lights and Watching Towers (al-Qirqisan¯ ¯ı), 65 politics and, 769, 774 Book of Roots (Albo), 771, 782 Torah and, 91, 116 Book of Substances (Israeli), 67, 414, 529 Civitas Dei (Augustine), 774 Book of the Apple (Plato), 525, 539 Code of Jewish Law (Maimonides), 510, 779 Book of the Art of Calculation (Gersonides), 78 cognitive mysticism, 122 Book of the Correct Syllogism (Gersonides), 77, 176–178, Cohen, Hermann, 226 182–183 Commentary (Avicenna), 54 Book of the Kazar (Halevi), 70–71, 371, 385. See also Commentary on Ecclesiastes (Ibn Tibbon, Samuel), 439 Kuzari (Halevi) Commentary on Plato’s Republic (Averroes), 773, 775, 781 miracles in, 374–375 Commentary on the Bible (Abrabanel), 771 “Occidental version” of, 71 Commentary on the Mishnah (Maimonides), 75, 376, 510, “Oriental version” of, 71 522, 663, 665, 731, 770 Book of the Roots of Hebrew Poesy (Saadia Gaon), Commentary on the Prior Analytics (Gersonides), 182 234 communion, with God, 163–164 Book of Theodicy (Saadia Gaon), 627 conatus, 301 Book of Theology (Aristotle), 204–206 Condemnations of 1277, 419, 432 Book of Unity (al-Maturidi),¯ 51 continuum, as concept. See also inﬁnity Book on Microcosm (Ibn Tzaddiq), 72 for Maimonides, 419 Book on Nutrition (Israeli), 528 Contra Aristotelem (Philoponus), 400, 401

890 Index

cosmology, 207–211, 302. See also astrology; astronomy; on providence, 645 metaphysics on scholastic philosophy, 211–216 Active Intellect and, 357 as soft determinist, 693 in Arabic works, 327–347, 357 space as concept for, 419–421, 423 astrology and, 317–318 in textual traditions, for Jewish philosophy, 79–80 Averroes on, 320–322 time as concept for, 406–409 in Book of Knowledge, 338–339 Curley, Edwin, 618 Gersonides on, 310, 348 Cynics, 710, 715 in Hebrew works, 333–338, 348–354, 357 Ibn Daud on, 360 Davidson, H., 526 Ibn Falaquera on, 357 de ah,ë 458–459 Maimonides on, 339–347, 360 De Aeternitate Mundi (Philo of Alexandria), 400 matter and, 308–309 De Anima (Aristotle), 525, 550, 730 metaphysics and, 323–325 De Caelo (Aristotle), 78, 395, 400 natural philosophy and, 318–322 declarative statements, 168–172 necessitarianism and, 340 The Deeds of God (Abrabanel), 674 Cratylus (Plato), 240 De Generatione et Corruptione (Aristotle), 321 creation, as doctrine, 599–617. De Intellectu (Alexander of Aphrodisias), 540, 546 Abrabanel on, 674 De Interpretatione (Aristotle), 169, 170, 173, 239 Aristotle on, 601 critique of, 174–175 b reishitì in, 278, 392 divine omniscience in, 388–389 Crescas on, 613–614 Law of the Excluded Middle in, 389 emanation and, 603–606 Sea-Fight Paradox in, 389 emanation within, 278 The Deliverance From Error (al-Ghazal¯ ¯ı), 129 eternity within, 278 del Medigo, Elijah, 82, 770, 785 ex aliquo as part of, 278, 279, 281 Demiurge. See also creation, as doctrine ex nihilo as part of, 21, 36, 128, 278, 279, 280 creation in time in, 21–22 Gersonides on, 349, 612–613, 683 for Plato, 20–23, 30 Halevi on, 607 demonstration, types of, 163 Ibn Gabirol on, 606–607 philosophic, 219–220 Ibn Paquda on, 608–609 resistance to, in knowledge, 465–466 within Judaism, 32 De otë ha-Filosoﬁm (Ibn Falaquera), 443, 544 within Kalam¯ , 609 Derashot al ha-Torah (Ibn Shem Tov, Joseph), 782 Ma asehë Bereshit in, 20 De Regimine Principum (Giles of Rome), 783 Maimonides on, 403–404, 609–612 derekh eretz, 715 matter in, 278–279 de Rossi, Azariah, 113 monotheism and, 599–600 Descartes, Rene,´ 216, 423 Philo of Alexandria on, 600–602 construction of concepts for, 477 Plato on, 22 on natural philosophy, 216–218 Saadia Gaon on, 602–603 De Scientiis (Gundisalvi), 69 scientiﬁc accounts in, 349 De Substantia Orbis (Averroes), 81, 82 Spinoza on, 615–617 Deus sive Natura (Spinoza), 646 in time, 21–22, 36, 38 devequt, 163. see also communion, with God Crescas, H. asdai, 25, 63, 77, 391, 406, 407, 421, 552–553, Dialogue on the Soul, 539 555, 584, 613, 645, 681, 682, 691, 699 Die hebraeischen Ubersetzungen¨ des Mittelalters und die Juden Aristotelianism and, 213–215, 420–423 als Dolmetscher (Steinschneider), 62 criticisms of, 695–699 Discourse on Method (Descartes), 216 on creation, 613–614 Discourse on the Status of Jews in Venice (Luzzatto), 786–787 on divine omniscience, 391–392 disjunctive syllogisms, 213 on happiness, 745–748 divine form, 372–373 on initial instant, 407–408 divine knowledge, Maimonides on, 143–147, 162 on omnipotence of God, 670–672 divine law, 790–806 on omniscience of God, 691–699 human v., 792 on prime matter, 283 Maimonides on, 792–804

Index 891

philosophy and, 803 The Epistle on the Possibility of Conjunction with the Active Spinoza on, 804–806 Intellect (Averroes), 542, 546 theory of forms and, 797 Epitome (Averroes), 169 divine omniscience, 388–392 Erigena, John Scotus, 150 Crescas on, 391–392 An Essay on Choice (Narboni), 690 in De Interpretatione, 388–389 eternity, 278 Gersonides on, 390–391 for Plotinus, 397 Ibn Daud on, 390–391 ethics logical fatalism and, 388 for Aristotle, 707–708 Maimonides on, 389–390 nature v., in Jewish philosophy, 2 divinity Ethics (Aristotle), 738 for Aristotle, 24 happiness as concept in, 762 in Greek philosophy, 23 Ethics (Spinoza), 26, 590–591, 592, 646, 649, 806 Maimonides on, 35 Euclidean geometry, 217 doctrine of accommodation, 140, 144 eudaimonia, 763. see also happiness doctrines of the proposition, 167–185. See also negations Eudoxus of Cnidos, 304 affirmations in, 175 Eustratius, 755 Aristotelianism and, 167 evil, as concept, 625, 655 divisions within, 172–185 categories of, 629–631 Gersonides on, 174 Gersonides on, 638, 642–644 modality within, 178–185 Maimonides on, 628–637 negations in, 175 ex aliquo (creationfromsomething),278, 279, 281 plain propositions within, 177 Gersonides on, 281–284 private propositions within, 177 Ibn Ezra on, 281–284 quality of, 175–178 The Exalted Faith (Ibn Daud), 62, 72–73, 195, 205, 219, retractive propositions within, 177 533, 534, 539, 541, 553, 730, 777 temporal aspects of, 169–170 exegesis, for Jewish philosophy, 100–110 Donnolo, Shabetai, 291 ex nihilo (creation from nothing), 21, 36, 128, 278, 279, Drori, Rina, 56 280 dualism, knowledge v. faith and, 455–456 Saadia Gaon on, 369 Dux Neutrorum (Maimonides), 77 celestial matter from, 280 Nahmanides on, 280 ein-sofì , 124, 151, 297–298 terrestrial matter from, 280 Elements of Theology (Proclus), 46 Explanation of the Foreign Terms in the Guide of the emanation, theory of, 278 Perplexed (Ibn Tibbon, Samuel), 168 creation and, 603–606 Ezer ha-Dat (Pollegar), 770 Maimonides on, 33 Ezra (high priest), 199 Empedocles, 131 Judaism and, as father of, 199 Emunah Ramah (Ibn Daud), 390 encyclopedias, for philosophy, 543–544 faith, 477 Brethren of Purity, 725 de ahë and, 458–459 De otë ha-Filosofim, 443 dualism and, 455–456 Midrash ha-H. okhmah, 183 knowledge v., in Jewish philosophy, 369–371, 454– Ruah. H. en, 259 455, 457–463 Sha arì ha-Shamayim, 443 Saadia Gaon on, 369–371 Enneads (Plotinus), 29, 46, 49, 397, 415, 525, 580 falasifa¯ (philosophers), 580–589, 610–611 Enrique IV (King), 749 falsafa movement, 581 Enumeration of the Sciences (al-Far¯ ab¯ ¯ı), 69, 540, 722, al-Far¯ ab¯ ¯ı, 44, 69, 259, 319, 525, 535, 540, 678, 722, 730, 738 735, 738, 775, 781 Epicureans, 2, 189, 710 metaphysics for, 323 Epistle in Opposition to Astrology (Maimonides), 347 on signification, 253–255 Epistle of Farewell and Governance of the Solitary (Ibn B¯ajja), fatalism, divine omniscience and, 388 545, 775, 781 al-Fayyumi, Netanel, 537 Epistle of Resurrection of the Dead (Maimonides), 376, 665 fear, of God, 137–138, 158, 163

892 Index

First principle, God as, 28–31, 33, 35 time as concept for, 405–406 causality of, 32–33 Torah interpretation by, 105–109 Fons Vitae (Ibn Gabirol), 55, 68, 286–288, 292, 300, 606, Geschichte der Juden (Graetz), 136 727 (see also Mekkor H. ayyim Source of Life) al-Ghazal¯ ¯ı, Abu Hamid, 128–130, 169, 172, 179, 183, forms, theory of, 24, 605, 798–799 540, 545, 546, 553, 581, 611, 666, 728 Aristotle and, 271–272 Giles of Rome, 63, 81, 548, 783 disjunctive syllogisms in, 213 The Glory of God (Aquinas), 82 divine law and, 797 Gnostics, 30 emanation and, 603–604 God negative matter and, 270–272 Aristotle on, 562 Foundation of Awe and the Secret of the Torah (Ibn Ezra), Avicenna on, 582–584 281 as causi sui, 591 The Foundations in Reason and the Tower of Faith (Bar communion with, 163–164 Hiyya), 60, 74 as Demiurge, for Plato, 20–23 Frederick II (King), 79 existence of, 561–595 Freud, Sigmund, 226 as first principle, for Plotinus, 28–31, 33, 35 Freudenthal, Gad, 291, 448 Halevi on, 562 knowledge and, 125, 145 Galen, 189, 525, 539 language as cause of, 248–249 Gamaliel (Rabbi), 21 Logos and, 567–569, 577, 596 Garden of Eden, as parable, 96 Maimonides on, 137–138, 158, 163, 220–221, 561, Abrabanel on, 112–113 563, 579–589 Adam and Eve in, 103 Muslim philosophy and, logic arguments for, 194, Gersonides on, 684 197–198 Ibn Ezra, Abraham, on, 117 omnipotence of, 660–676 Garden of the Wise (Israeli), 68 omniscience of, 676–699 TheGateofHeavens(ben Solomon), 79, 80, 441, 542, 544 personality and, 34–36 Generation and Corruption (Aristotle), 434 Philo of Alexandria on, 561, 562, 563, 564–572 Geonim, 88 philosophy and, 125, 127 Gerard of Cremona, 66, 70 Plato on, 562 Gersonides, 5, 21, 25, 63, 77, 78, 105, 107, 170, 176–178, Plotinus on, 562 182–183, 205, 207, 208, 221, 244, 310, 333, 349, as Prime Mover, for Aristotle, 19, 24–25, 27 391, 419, 471, 472, 477, 545, 549–552, 612, 681, Saadia Gaon on, 193–195, 563, 572–579 682. See also Wars of the Lord semantic statements about, 202–207 on Active Intellect, 106, 360, 742–743 signification and, 256–259 on cosmology, 207–211, 310, 348–354 Spinoza on, 561, 589–595 on creation, 349, 612–613, 683 Themistius on, 562, 587 on divine omniscience, 390–391, 681–685 in Timaeus, existence of, 565, 567, 568, 569 on evil, as concept, 638, 642–644 Goitein, Shlomo Dov, 52 on ex aliquo, 281–284 Goodman, Martin, 714 on Garden of Eden parable, 684 Graetz, Heinrich, 136 on happiness, 739–745, 766 Greek philosophy. see philosophy, Greek on intelligibles, 170–171 Grounding Element, 300–301 on knowledge, 471–474, 476 Guide of the Perplexed (Maimonides), 2, 41–42, 62, 75–77, on matter, 274–277 95, 97, 98, 99, 176, 238, 272, 360, 377, 389, 438, on miracles, 379–384, 387, 667–668, 700–701 464, 502, 535, 536–537, 581–582, 771, 777, 793 on omnipotence of God, 667–669, 670 cosmology in, 339–347 political disinterest of, 480 creation theories in, 403–404 on propositions, 174 evil as concept in, 628 on providence, 637–645 knowledge in, 466–467 on rational uncertainty, 219–225 omnipotence of God in, 663, 665 on scientific probability, 221–223 prophecy in, 143 on Song of Songs, 274–276 translations of, 101 in textual traditions, for Jewish philosophy, 77–79 virtue in, 733

Index 893

GuideofthePerplexedoftheTime(Krochmal), 787 rabbis on, 713–717 Guide to the Duties of the Heart (Ibn Paquda), 41, 70, 538, Saadia Gaon on, 723–725 608, 729 Spinoza on, 760–762 Guide to the Guide (Ibn Falaquera), 76, 80 al-Harizi, Judah, 76, 539 Gundisalvi, Domingo, 66, 68, 69, 81 Harvey, Steven, 163 Gundissalinus, Dominicus, 533, 541, 547 Harvey, Ze ev,ì 164 Guttmann, Julius, 3, 152, 385, 688, 774 Hasidei Ashkanaz, 291 Hayy b. Yaqzan¯ (Ibn Tufayl), 545, 781 Habillo, Eli, 83 Hebrew Hadot, Pierre, 716 cosmological works in, 333–338, 348–354, 357 Hai ha-Olamimë (Alemanno), 782, 785 meteorology and, translations of, 437–439 halakha (practice of Jewish law), 121, 769 as model language, 249 halakhic works, 1 time in, 393 of Maimonides, 1 works on logic in, 167–168 Halevi, Judah, 1, 25, 35, 70–71, 124, 125, 148, 196, 198, Hebrew Scholasticism, 82 337, 371, 389, 436, 492–493, 502, 518, 531–532, Hebrew Scotism, 83 533, 538, 540, 581, 771, 776.(See also Kuzari) Hebrew Thomism, 81, 82 on creation, 607 Heikhalot (kabbalist literature), 121 divine attributes for, 133, 136 Hermann the German, 748 divine form, 372–373 H. esheq Shelomo (Alemanno), 752 divine order for, 495 Hillel of Verona, 81, 244, 541, 542, 547–548, 740 division of philosophy for, 125 Hippocrates, 319, 525 on God’s existence, 562 Hispanus, Johannes, 68 inner eye, 134, 156–157, 500 Hiwi of Balkh, 481 kabbalists’ influenced by, 151–152 h.okhmat ha-h.izzayon (astronomical discipline), 331 language and, 235–236 Honi the Circle Maker, 365 on miracles, 371–374, 375, 386, 499 Husik, Isaac, 3 on perception of world, 134–135 hylomorphism, 272, 282 philosophy critique by, 130–131 on prophecy, 133–134, 148–149, 157 Ibn Ab¯ıS.a ì¯ıd al-Maus.il¯ı, 64 on prophets, 496 Ibn Adë ¯ı, Yahya,¯ 53, 64 on revelatory mysticism, 124–136 Ibn al-Aflah¯ı, 50 on Tetragrammaton, 135, 153 Ibn al-Bit.riq, Yah.ya, 438, 448 theory of seven climates for, 373–374 Ibn Bajja,¯ 50, 63, 541, 730, 750, 775, 781 happiness, 652, 707–762 Ibn Cardinal, Judah, 71 Active Intellect and, 638, 742–743 Ibn Daud, Abraham, 40, 50, 62, 72–73, 74, 195, 205, 219, Alemanno on, 751–755 228, 333, 390, 436, 526, 533–534, 539, 541, 553, Almosnino on, 755–760 730, 777 Aristotle on, 710, 762 on astronomy, 334 ashrei as, 711 on cosmology, 360 biblical conceptions of, 711–717 on divine omniscience, 390–391 Crescas on, 745–748 on Oral Law, 195–201 Gersonides on, 739–745 on philosophic demonstration, 219–220 in Greek philosophy, 707–711 Ibn Ezra, Abraham, 2, 21, 58, 63, 75, 251, 269, 281, Ibn Falaquera on, 738–739 327–355 Ibn Gabirol on, 726–727 on astrology, 346 Ibn Kaspi on, 738–739 on astronomy, 333–338, 348 Ibn Paquda on, 728–730 divine division for, 281 Ibn Shem Tov, Joseph, on, 748–751 on ex aliquo, 281–284 in Islamic philosophy, 763 on Garden of Eden parable, 117 in Jewish philosophy, 711–717, 763 on miracles, 380, 381 Maimonides on, 730–737 Torah interpretation by, 88–92, 95, 100, 116, Philo of Alexandria on, 717–721 117 purification of the soul and, 725–730 Ibn Ezra, Moses, 66, 67, 68, 73–74, 529, 538, 606

894 Index

Ibn Falaquera, Shem Tov, 68, 76, 79, 80, 240, 327, 357, Ibn Tufayl, 541, 545, 752, 766, 781 441, 540, 544, 606, 781, 782 Ibn Tzaddiq, Joseph, 72, 74, 436, 529, 539, 727 cosmology for, 357 Ibn Tzartza, Samuel, 111, 440 on happiness, 738–739 Ibn Ya ish,ì Baruch, 82 Ibn Gabirol, Solomon, 40, 53, 54, 55, 62, 68, 71, 72, 77, Ibn Yishaq,¯ Hunain, 726 123, 219, 286–288, 291, 292, 300, 327, 328, 333, Ibn Zabara, Josef, 445 415–416, 432, 448, 529, 533, 538, 606, 726, 727. See Idel, Moshe, 158 also Source of Life; Fons Vitae idolatry on astronomy, 328–330 anthropomorphism as, 139, 142 on creation, 606–607 anthropopathism as, 139, 142 Grounding Element for, 300–301 Maimonides on, 138–140, 159, 504, 795–796, on happiness/virtue, 726–727 799 in textual traditions, for Jewish philosophy, 68–70 ovdeyì kokhavim and, 229 Ibn Hasan, Yequtiel, 726 Plato on, 795–796 Ibn H. asdai, Abraham, 67, 288, 414, 539 as star worship, 138–139 Ibn H. asdai’s Neoplatonist (Ibn H. asdai), 414 Illuminationism, 537 Ibn Hayyuj, Judah, 90 imagination Ibn Hazm, 662 functions of, 140–142 Ibn Hunayn,¯ Ishaq,¯ 722 Maimonides on, 141 Ibn Jannah, Jonah, 90 mind v., 475–476 Ibn Kammuna,¯ 537 rationality and, 140 Ibn Kaspi, Joseph, 105, 172, 183, 244, 739, 782, 783 for Spinoza, 518 on happiness, 738–739 Torah and, 140–142 on miracles, 379, 386 imitatio dei, 23 Ibn Labi, Salomon, 72 Immanuel of Rome, 782 Ibn Latif, Isaac, 781 Immediate Commentary on the Physics (Averroes), 414 Ibn Masarra, Muhammad, 48 Improvement of Psychic Dispositions (Ibn Gabirol), 529, Ibn Matqa, Judah ben Solomon ha-Kohen, 79–80, 183, 538 245, 441, 443, 444, 446, 543, 546 Improvement of the Moral Qualities (Ibn Gabirol), 726 Ibn Motot, Samuel, 72 Incoherence of the Philosophers (al-Ghazal¯ ¯ı), 553 Ibn Paquda, Bah.ya, 25, 40, 41, 50, 70, 123, 529, 538, 608, inference, 461–462 729, 730 inﬁnity bible commentary by, 41 Aristotle on, 400–403, 408–409 on creation, 608–609 Philoponus on, 429 happiness as concept for, 728–730 Saadia Gaon on, 402–403 Talmud commentary by, 41 Spinoza on, 424 Ibn Rushd, Abu¯ I-Walë ¯ıd Muhammad. see Averroes initial instant, 407–408 Ibn Sahula, 445 inner eye, 156–157, 500 Ibn Samëan¯ Ibn ‘Irs, Bi˘sr, 64 inner senses, 125 Ibn Shem Tov, Isaac, 82, 546 instrumentalism, Maimonides and, 359 Ibn Shem Tov, Joseph, 82, 540, 542, 546, 748, 780, intellect, 484, 485, 486 782 Active, 107, 275, 297, 368, 469, 473, 499, 509, 511, on happiness, 748–751 638, 640–641, 742–743 Ibn Shem Tov, Shem Tov, 82, 546 Logos as, 567–569, 577, 596, 602 Ibn Shim on,ì Joseph, 50, 537 intellectual science, 461, 477 Ibn Shim on,ì Judah, 58, 537 intelligibles, 170–171, 238 Ibn Tamim, Dunash, 436 Intentions of the Philosophers (al-Ghazal¯ ¯ı), 169, 172, 179, Ibn Tibbon, Judah, 41, 42, 71, 477, 538, 781 183, 540, 545, 546, 666 on spread of Arabic language, 41 Introduction to Logic, 189 Ibn Tibbon, Moses, 67, 101, 118, 167, 168, 440, 540, introvertive mysticism, 122 542, 781 intuition, 146–147, 163 Ibn Tibbon, Samuel, 50, 76, 101, 168, 438–440, 441, Islamic medieval culture, 39 445, 539, 541, 543, 584, 780, 781 Jewish communities in, 46 on miracles, 379 language development and, 232–234 translations under, 101 politics and, 769–771

Index 895

Islam, philosophy of, 39–58, 525–538. See also Kalam¯ resurrection as dogma of, 665 Arabic language as part of, 39 time and, conceptions of, 393–394 Aristotelianism’s influence on, 40 Judeo-Arabic (language), 39 Aristotelians and, 367–368 astronomy and, 327–347, 357 Kabbalah, 121 etymology of, 46–47 Almosnino and, 757–758 happiness as concept in, 763 Book of Creation and, 48, 121 history of, 525–526 definition of, 149 Jewish philosophy and, 40, 41–43, 47, 49–54, 721–737 divine language in, 230–231 Kalam¯ and, 27, 40, 44, 572, 580 ein-sofë and, 124, 151, 297–298 matter creation within, 272–273 halakha under, 121 medieval, 43 Heikhalot and, 121 metaphors/methodology in, 54–57 historical critique of, 150 meteorologic works in, 445–447 negative theology’s influence on, 150–151 miracles in, 366–368 sefirot as part of, 124 Muhammad’s prophecy in, 52–53 Shi urì Qomah and, 122 Muslim language influenced by, 53–54 Zohar in, 121 Mu tazilahë and, 40, 47, 51 kabbalists, 119 Neoplatonism’s influence on, 40, 49 Halevi’s influence on, 151–152 Sha riaì and, 769 Heikhalot for, 121 symbiosis as part of, 54 Nahmanides, 136–137 translation movement for, 46, 57–58 Kalam¯ (Islamic scholastic theology), 27, 40, 44, 572, Israel, theory of seven climates for, 373–374 580 Israeli, Isaac, 40, 50, 64, 66–67, 68, 123, 287–288, 327, Argument from Admissibility under, 664 368, 414, 483–487, 491, 525, 528–529, 530, 542. See atomism in, 401–402 also Book of Definitions creation within, 609 on atomism, 414–415 Jewish, 44, 50–51, 487–492 on bliss of paradise, 725 Mutakallim and, 609–610 intellect for, 484, 485, 486 Mutazilites and, 655 in textual traditions, for Jewish philosophy, 65–68 occasionalism, 469, 478 on omniscience of God, 677, 678 Jacob’s staff, 229 unlikeness doctrine in, 586 Jacobus, Faber Stapulensis, 755 Kant, Immanuel, 711 Jerusalem (Mendelssohn), 771 Kaplan, Lawrence, 160 Jewish Kalam¯ , 44, 50–51, 487–492 Karaism, 527 Jewish mysticism. see mysticism, Jewish Karaite (school of theology), 45, 46, 56–57 Jewish Neoplatonism, 528–529 Jewish followers of, 51 in Spain, 529–530 on Torah interpretation, 88 John of Aragon, II, 613 Kellner, Menachem, 477 John of Jandun, 63 Keter Malkhut (Ibn Gabirol), 291, 292, 328, 448, 727 Joshua (Rabbi), 365 Kevod (divine glory), 417 Judaism Kevod Elohim (Ibn Shem Tov, Joseph), 748, 782 Alexandrian, 43 Kimhi, R. David, 101, 116 calendars and, 394 al-Kind¯ı, 317–318, 335, 483, 525, 528 creation theories in, 32 al-Kirmani,¯ 48 as divine religion, 136 Kitab¯ al-Aman¯ at¯ wa l-ìItiqì ad¯ at.¯ See The Book of Doctrines Ezra and, as father of, 199 and Beliefs halakha under, 121, 769 Klatzkin, Jacob, 477 Jewish philosophy and, 2–3, 4 Klibansky, Reymond, 771 Law of Moses in, 3 knowledge, 453–454, 479–480. See also reason miracles in, 364–365, 376 Agent Intellect and, 469, 473 Mishneh Torah and, 192–193 combining faculties and, 126 Oral Law under, 46 correct tradition as principle of, 462 politics and, 769–771, 774–777 divine, 143–147 rabbinic, 195 dualism and, 455–456

896 Index

knowledge (cont.) Lear, Jonathan, 793 epistemology for, 456–457 legal uncertainty, 223–225 faith v., in Jewish philosophy, 369–371, 454–455, Legum Allegoriae (Philo of Alexandria), 399 457–463 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, on theodicy, 620–621 four causes of disagreements with, 467–468 Leone-Ebreo ( Judah Abrabanel) 615 Gersonides on, 471–474, 476, 477 Le Plessis, Philippe, 755 God and, 125, 145 Leqah. To v, 89 inference as principle of, 461–462 Letter on Astrology (Maimonides), 360 intellectual science as principle of, 461, 477 Letter on the Decree, 690 Maimonides on, 463–471, 731–732 Liber de Causis (Proclus), 366 natural desires for, 470–471 Liber de Natura et Origine Animae (Albertus Magnus), 548 resistance to demonstration and, 465–466 libraries, Jewish philosophical works in, 61 Saadia Gaon on, four sources for, 132–133 Life of Moses (Philo of Alexandria), 770 sensation as principle of, 460 Light of the Lord (Crescas). See also Orì ha-Shem, 77, 421, Spinoza on, 474–476 553, 613, 691 successive acquisition of, 460–462 Livyat H. en (Levi ben Abraham), 102, 440 al-Konstantini, Hanokh, 542 Lobel, Diana, 164 Kraemer, Joel, 40 logic Krochmal, Nahman, 787 case studies in, 190–225 Kuzari (Halevi), 70–71, 124, 125, 196, 436, 493, 518, demonstrative, 189 531–532, 538, 540, 771, 776. see also Book of the literary works on, 167–172 Khazar in premodern Jewish philosophy, 188–190 of Stoics, 189 Lambin, Denys, 756 Treatise on the Art of Logic, 167 language. See also Arabic; Hebrew truth tables in, 190 Arabic, 39, 232–234 Logical Questions (Averroes), 182 Aramaic, 39 Logical Terms (Maimonides), 171, 178 Aristotelianism’s influence on, 264 Logica Parva (PaulofVenice),172 divine, 230–231 Logos (intellect), 567–569, 577, 596, 602 four causes of, 247–249 Long Commentary (Averroes), 78, 83 God as cause of, 248–249 love, of God, 137–138, 158, 163 Halevi and, 235–236 Lowin, Shari, 164 Hebrew, 167–168, 249 Luzzatto, Simone, 784, 786–787 Judeo–Arabic, 39 Maimonides and, 236–244 Ma amarì be-Shelemut ha-Nefesh (Narboni), 546 meaning and, 230–262 Ma amarì Yiqqavu ha-Mayim (Ibn Tibbon, Samuel), 101, Muslim, Islamic philosophy’s influence on, 53–54 439, 441 ontological issues within, 261 ma asehë Bereshit (Account of the Creation), 20 origin of, 232–253 Ma asehë Efod (Profiat Duran), 245 peshat for, 232 ma asehë Merkaba (Account of Ezekiel’s Chariot), 20, 96, polysemy and, 259–262 109, 158, 285, 345 r¯ıqem¯ and, 300 Ma ëaseh Nissim (Nissim of Marseilles), 102, 380 Saadia Gaon and, 234–235 Maat (order of the universe), 763 science and, 228, 246–247 Machiavelli, Nicola, 786 signification and, 253–259 Mahut ha-Nefesh, 540 three parts of, for Profiat Duran, 251 Maimonides, Moses, 4, 20, 25, 40, 42, 48, 50, 53, 54, law of miracles, 251, 667–668 71, 75, 121, 123, 124, 128, 137, 138, 148, 158, 167, Law of Moses, 3, 572, 721, 736 171, 178, 192–193, 202, 223, 237, 238, 272, 314, law of noncontradiction, 660, 662, 664 326, 338–339, 345, 347, 360, 376, 377, 389, 438, law of the excluded middle, 389 453, 455, 458, 464, 477, 478, 502, 510, 522, 526, Laws (Plato), 525, 561, 772, 807 534–537, 538, 581–582, 663, 665, 731, 733, 770, Laws of Ethical Dispositions (Maimonides), 536 771, 775, 777, 779, 792, 793, 795. See also Book of Laws of Foundation of the Torah (Maimonides), 137, 138 Knowledge; Guide of the Perplexed; Mishneh Torah Laws of Repentance (Maimonides), 137, 138 on Active Intellect, 32, 732–733

Index 897

on angels, 97 truth tables and, 191–193 apophatic mysticism for, 136–147 virtue for, 733–734 on astrology, 344–345 welfare of the soul for, 144 on astronomy, 338–347 Malmad ha-Talmidim (Anatoli), 102, 782 on communion with God, 163–164 Manekin, Charles, 685, 691 on continuum as concept, 419 Mantinus, Jacob, 785 on cosmology, 360 Mantua Text, 288 on creation, 609–612 Marot Elohim (al-Konstantini), 542 disciples of, 100–101 al-Mas udi,ì¯ 52 on divine law, 792–804 mathematical philosophy, 216–219 on divine omniscience, 143–147, 162, 389–390 Euclidean geometry and, 217 on divinity, 35 matter, 269, 270. See also negative matter; positive on emanation, 33 matter on equivocality, 227 Active Intellect and, 274 on evil, as concept, 628–631, 636–637 Aristotle on, 277–278, 282–284, 308–309 external speech for, 238–241 celestial v. terrestrial, 269, 280 on God, 137–138, 158, 163, 220–221, 561, 563, cosmology and, 308–309 579–589 in creation contexts, 278–279 halakhic works of, 1 Crescas on, 283 on happiness, 730–737 Gersonides on, 274–277 on human choice, 680 within Islamic philosophy, 272–273 on idolatry, 138–140, 159, 504, 795–796, 799 Jewish philosophy and, contexts within, 284–286 on imagination, 141 Maimonides on, 273–274, 283–284 inner speech for, 240–244 negative, 270 instrumentalism and, 359 neutral, 282–284 on intuition, 146–147, 163 Philo of Alexandria on, 270, 271, 277, 296–297 on knowledge, 463–471, 731–732 Plato on, 296 language and, 236–244 Plotinus on, 270, 297 on legal uncertainty, 223–225 positive, 284–296 on ma asehë merkaba, 285 al-Maturidi,¯ 51 on matter, 273–274, 283–284 Medical Aphorisms (Maimonides), 237 on meteorology, 437–439, 448 Megillat ha-Megalleh (Bar H. iyya), 332 on miracles, 375–379, 479 Mendelssohn, Moses, 771 on Mosaic Law, 736 Meshal ha-Qadmoni (Ibn Sahula), 445 negative attribute theory of, 697 Messer Leon, Judah, 61, 83, 172, 173, 178, 180, 785 olamë ha-ba, 735–736 on De Interpretatione, 174–175 on omnipotence, 663 metaphysics on omniscience of God, 678–681 for Avicenna, 323 on particularization, 211 cosmology and, 323–325 philosophy of history for, 378–379 for al-Far¯ ab¯ ¯ı, 323 place as concept for, 418–419 for Plotinus, 323 on political nature, 778–780 psychology and, 324–325 on polysemy, 259–260, 261 sublunar physics and, 323–324 proof of God for, 220–221 Metaphysics (Aristotle), 78, 83, 205, 306, 320, 366, 396, on prophecy, 97–98, 117–118, 468–469, 502–515 398, 412, 437, 562, 582, 690 on providence, 632–633 meteorology, 434–447 on rationality, 149 in Arabic works, 445–447 on religious parables, 99 bellettrie and, 445 on science v. philosophy, 227–228 Hebrew translations of, 437–439 on semantic statements about God, 202–207 in Jewish philosophy, 436–437 on signiﬁcation, 254–259 Maimonides on, 437–439, 448 theory of negative attributes of, 203, 226–227 Meteorology (Aristotle), 96, 434–447 time as concept for, 403–405 Microcosm (Ibn Tzaddiq), 529, 539 Torah interpretation by, 95–97, 100, 159–161 Middle Ages, Jewish demography during, 482

898 Index

Middle Commentary (Averroes), 78, 82, 738, 748, 781 Moses of Narbonne, 245.(see Narboni) Midrash Ha-Hefetz, 272, 274 MosesofRieti,774 Midrash ha-H. okhmah (Ibn Matqa, Judah ha-Kohen), 183, Muhammad (prophet), 52–53 245, 543 Munk, Salomon, 606 meteorology in, 441, 443, 444, 446 al-Muqammas., Daud (Daniel), 44–45, 57, 64–65, midrashim works, 1, 89 327 Hellenic influences on, 90 Muslim philosophy miracles in, 364, 365 God and, logic arguments for, 194 Sefer ha-Bahir, 110 rabbinic traditions and, 197–198 miracles, 362–384 Muslims. See also Islam, philosophy of Abrabanel on, 674–675 as Neoplatonists, 46 Agent Intellect and, 383 mutakallim (practitioners of Kalam¯ ), 609–610 anthropological/metaphorical approaches to, Mu tazilahì (school of thought), 40, 47, 51 381–382 Mutazilites, 655 in The Bible, 363–364 mysticism, Jewish, 157–158 divine form in, 372–373 apophatic, 123–124, 136–148 epistemic value of, 377–379 cognitive, 122 Gersonides on, 379–384, 387, 667–668, 700–701 introvertive, 122 in Greek philosophy, 362, 366–368 Kabbalah and, 121 Halevi on, 371–375, 386, 499 philosophy and, 121, 149 Ibn Ezra on, 380, 381 Plotinus on, 123 Ibn Kaspi on, 379, 386 revelatory, 123, 124–136 Ibn Tibbon on, 379 types of, 122–124 interpretative strategies for, 380 in Islamic philosophy, 366–368 Nadler, Steven, 164 as law, 667–668 Nahmanides, 136–137 Maimonides on, 375–379, 479 on ex nihilo, 280 in midrashim, 364, 365 Narboni, Moses, 37, 81, 540, 545–546, 740, 752, 780 in Mishnah, 364, 365 on omniscience of God, 690–691 Neoplatonism and, 367 natural events, 675–676 Nissim of Marseilles on, 379, 380–381 naturalism, 111 in rabbinic tradition, 364–365 for Abrabanel, 113 Saadia Gaon on, 368–371 for Spinoza, 114–115 seminaturalistic explanation of, 382–384 natural phenomena, Aristotle on, 27 supernatural features of, 377–378 natural philosophy, cosmology and, 318–322 in Talmud, 364, 365 natural theology, 202 Mirandola, Pico della, 752 natural world, philosophy and, 127–128 Mishnah, 41, 43 nature, ethics v., in Jewish philosophy, 2 miracles in, 364, 365 al-Naz.z.am,¯ 145, 403 Mishneh Torah (Maimonides), 192–193, 202, 223, 339, necessitarianism, 340 360, 377, 453, 510, 536, 537, 582, 663, 731, 733, negations, 175 792, 793, 795 plain, 176 idolatry in, 799 predicate-retracted, 176 Mivh.ar Ha-Peninim (Ibn Gabirol), 726 negative attributes, 203, 226–227, 697 moftim, 197, 198 negative matter, 270 monotheism, 27, 31, 599–600 Plotinus on, 270, 297 moral responsibility, 699 Realm of Forms and, 270–272 Moreh De ahë (Ibn Kaspi), 739 Neoplatonism, 483–487. See also Israeli, Isaac Mosaic Law, 736 apophatic mysticism and, 123 Spinoza critique of, 805 Book of Definitions and, 528–529 Moses, 20, 114, 564–565 emanation and, 278, 603–606 Law of Moses and, 3, 572, 721, 736 Islamic philosophy influenced by, 40, 49 report of, 198 Jewish, 528–530 Moses and Monotheism (Freud), 226 miracles and, 367

Index 899

Muslim, 46 Optiks (Newton), 193 Neoplatonists, 2 Oral Law, 46 Muslims as, 46 Ibn Daud on, 195–201 perfection for, 35 Oresme, Nicole, 613, 745 neotraditionalism, 492–502 Organon (Aristotle), 168, 169 neutral matter, 282–284 Orì ha-Shem (Crescas), 391, 406, 407, 645 (see also Light of Newton, Isaac, 193 the Lord; Crescas) Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle), 82, 83, 540, 708, 722, 731, outer senses, 125–126 748, 772, 773, 775 ovdeyì kokhavim (star worshippers), 229 Nifo, Agostino, 756 Nissim of Gerona, 782 pantheism, 32 Nissim of Marseilles, 102–105, 244, 380 parables, religious on Garden of Eden parable, 103 Cain and Abel as, 103 on miracles, 379, 380–381 Garden of Eden as, 103 nobility, for Aristotle, 24 Maimonides on, 99 Nofet Zufim (Judah Messer Leon), 785 paradoxes of motion, 393, 403 nomenclature, 231. see also signification particularization, 211 passive affects, 649 occasionalism, 469, 478 Paths of Faith (Aldabi), 443 Ockham, William, 63 Paul of Venice, 63, 172, 173, 180 Odonis, Geraldus, 755 Pedro of Aragon, IV (King), 326 olamë ha-ba, 735–736 Penei Mosheh (Almosnino), 755 omnipotence, of God, 660–676 perception, 134–135 Abrabanel on, 672–676 perfection, 35 Albalag on, 665–667 The Perfection of Beauty (Judah Messer Leon), 172 Crescas on, 670–672 Perion, Joachim, 756 determination for, 671 Peripatetics, 710 finite power of humans and, 673 Perush ha-Millot ha-Zarot (Ibn Tibbon, Samuel), 543 Gersonides on, 667–669, 670 peshat (interpretive method for language), 232 Maimonides on, 663 Peter of Alessandria, 78 natural events and, 675–676 Peter of Spain, 181, 517, 806 Saadia Gaon on, 661–663 Phaedo (Plato), 22, 23, 525 omniscience, of God, 676–699 Philo of Alexandria, 1, 4, 43, 398, 399, 400, 477–478, Abner of Burgos on, 685–691 524, 661, 768, 770, 775 Crescas on, 691–699 on creation, 600–602 Gersonides on, 681–685 on God’s existence, 561, 562, 563, 564–572 Kalam¯ on, 677, 678 on happiness, 717–721 Maimonides on, 143–147, 162, 678–681 Logos for, 567–569 Saadia Gaon on, 677–678 on matter, 270, 271, 277, 296–297 scholasticism and, 703 on nomenclature, 231 theory of acquisition and, 677 place as concept for, 416–417 On Fate (Alexander of Aphrodisias), 660 principle of exegesis for, 43 On Political Governance (al-Far¯ ab¯ ¯ı), 775, 781 on providence, 622–623 On the Soul (Avicenna), 81 time as concept for, 398–400 On the Attainment of Happiness (al-Far¯ ab¯ ¯ı), 775, 781 on virtue, 718–720 On the Creation of the Cosmos according to Moses (Philo of Philoponus, John, 22, 400, 401, 402, 403, 413, 428, 575 Alexandria), 398 on infinity, 429 On the Difference Between Spirit and Soul (Qustab.L¯ uq¯ a),¯ Philosophical Anthology (Romano), 81 539 philosophy. See also Islam, philosophy of; philosophy, On the Heavens (Aristotle), 434, 669 Greek; philosophy, Jewish On the Soul (Aristotle), 437 analysis of, 125–126 De Opificio Mundi (Philo of Alexandria), 296, 399 Aristotelianism and, 440–444 The Opinions of the Philosophers (Ibn Falaquera), 79, 80, cosmology for, 154 357, 441 critiques of, 126–131

900 Index

definition of, 3 knowledge v. faith, 454–455 philosophy (cont.) Latin scholasticism in, 60–61 Descartes on, 216–218 lexicons for, 542–543 divine law and, 803 in libraries, 61 God’s role in, 125, 127 logic in, 188–190 Halevi on, division of, 125, 130–131 matter contexts within, 284–286 of history, 378–379 during medieval period, 43–46 mathematical, 216–219 meteorology in, 436–437 Muslim, 194, 197–198 during Middle Ages, 92–94 mysticism and, 121, 149 midrashim works in, 1 natural, 318–322 miracles in, 364–365, 376 as natural science, 210 in multicultural setting, 47–49 natural world and, 127–128 naturalism in, 111 practical, 126, 707 Neoplatonism and, 528–530 scholastic, 211–216 neotraditionalism and, 492–502 science v., 227–228 oral tradition of, 48 senses for, 125–126 place as concept in, 416–419 theology v., 517–518 rationality in, 1–2 philosophy, Greek, 19–36 during Renaissance, 110–114 astronomy and, 304–317, 355 Saadia Gaon on, 92–94 creation theories in, 21–22, 36, 38 scholasticism in, 546–549 divinity in, 23 space as concept in, 411 Jewish v., 19–20 in Spain, 529–530 midrashim works and, influence on, 90 textual traditions in, 60–84 miracles in, 362, 366–368 time and, conceptions of, 393–394, 397–411 prophecy as part of, 34 Torah study as part of, 25 space as concept in, 411–414 in translation movement, 47–48 systemization of, 19 virtue as concept in, 717–721 virtue/happiness in, 707–711 The Philosophy of Plato (al-Far¯ ab¯ ¯ı), 775, 781 philosophy, Jewish phronesis, 709 aggadic works in, 1 Physics (Aristotle), 50, 61, 73, 306, 396, 398, 400, allegorical interpretations of, 116, 118–119 412–413, 437, 582 Aristotelianism and, 502–519, 530–538 Pines, Shlomo, 44, 49, 50, 54, 72, 158, 163, 536 astronomy’s role in, 325–326 place, as concept bellettrie and, 445 in Jewish philosophy, 416–419 biblical interpretations of, 88–94, 115 for Maimonides, 418–419 in Christian Europe, 538, 555, 737–762 for Philo of Alexandria, 416–417 classical, 43 Saadia Gaon on, 417–418 commentaries/supercommentaries for, 545 plain negations, 176 creation contexts within, 278–279 plain propositions, 177 definition of, 1–4 Planetary Hypotheses (Ptolemy), 311 emergence of, 41–43 Plato, 2, 4, 20–23, 27, 28, 29, 33, 34, 131, 211, 240, 278, encyclopedias for, 543–544 308, 394–395, 399, 411, 412, 525, 539, 561, 570, ethics v. nature in, 2 602, 772, 773, 775, 807. See also Timaeus exegesis for, in Provence, 100–110 on creation, 22 falasifa¯ , 580–589, 610–611 Demiurge for, 20–23, 30 Greek v., 19–20 on God’s existence, 562 halakha under, 121, 769 on idolatry, 795–796 halakhic works in, 1 imitatio dei for, 23 happiness as concept within, 711–717, 763 on matter, 296 hermeneutic criterion for, 4 theory of forms for, 24, 605, 798–799 Islamic context of, 40, 41–43, 47, 49–54, 721–737 theory of the Good for, 708 Judaism claims in, 2–3, 4 time as concept for, 394–395 kabbalists and, 119 The Platonic Legacy (Rosenthal), 772

Index 901

Platonists, 189 in Greek philosophy, 34 Plotinus, 20, 22, 29, 36, 46, 49, 51, 366–367, 396, 397, Halevi on, 133–134, 148–149, 157 415, 525, 580 Maimonides on, 97–98, 117–118, 468–469, 502–515 eternity for, 397 Neoplatonism and, 483–487 God as first principle for, 28–31, 33, 35 qualifications of, 496–497 on God’s existence, 562 Spinoza on, 515–519 metaphysics for, 323 prophets, 496 on monotheism, 31 propositions. see doctrines of the proposition on mysticism, 123 providence. See also evil, as concept on negative matter, 270, 297 Active Intellect and, 638, 640–641 theory of emanation for, 28–29 Asharite theory of, 632–634 theory of forms for, 605–606 chance and, 656 time as concept for, 396–397 Crescas on, 645 Political Regimes (al-Far¯ ab¯ ¯ı), 540 Gersonides on, 637–645 politics, 768–787 Maimonides on, 632–633 Christianity and, 769, 774 Philo of Alexandria on, 622–623 Islam, 769–771 Spinoza on, 645–653, 654 Judaism and, 769–771, 774–777 virtue and, 652 Maimonides on, 778–780 prudence, as virtue, 759 Platonic philosophy for, 773–774 psychology, metaphysics and, 324–325 Politics (Aristotle), 771, 772, 773, 782 Ptolemy, 310–314, 317, 344, 352 Pollegar, Isaac, 686, 702–703, 770, 780, 782 punishment, 627 polysemy, 259–262 Pythagoras, 131 Maimonides on, 259–260, 261 Portaleone, Abraham, 786 Qara,R.Joseph,91 Posidonius, 314 Qimhi, David, 67, 70 positive matter, 284–296 al-Qirqisan¯¯ i, Ya qëub,¯ 45, 65 in Empedoclean tradition, 286–291 al-Qumis¯ ¯ı, Daniel, 45 Spinoza on, 293–296 Quod Deus Immutabilis Sit (Philo of Alexandria), 399 in Stoic theology, 291–293 Qur'an, 53 Posterior Analytics (Aristotle), 245 Qustab.L¯ uq¯ a,¯ 525, 539 practical philosophy, 126 Aristotelianism and, 707 Rabbanites, 46 rational laws in, 126 rabbis. See also philosophy, Jewish religious laws in, 126 derekh eretz for, 715 practical reason, 140 on happiness as concept, 713–717 reflective, 140 Torah for, 714–717 predicate-retracted negations, 176 rationality, 140. See also reason Prime Mover, for Aristotle, 19, 24–25, 27 Aristotle on, 708–709 The Prince and the Ascetic (Ibn H. asdai), 67, 288 in Jewish philosophy, 1–2 principle of exegesis, 43 Maimonides on, 149 Principles (Descartes), 423 practical reason as part of, 140 Prior Analytics (Aristotle), 178 uncertainty and, 219–225 private propositions, 177 rational laws, 126 probability, 221–223 rational uncertainty, 219–225 Saadia Gaon on, 624–628 reason Proclus, 22, 46, 366, 367, 483 practical, 140 Profiat Duran, 245–253 theoretical, 140 language for, 247–249, 250, 251–253 Refutation of Christianity (al-Jahiz),¯ 42 on science of language, 246–247 Regimiento de la vida (Almosnino), 756, 766–767 prophecy, 481–519 religious laws, 126 experiential dimension of, 490 religious parables. see parables, religious geography and, 497–498 Republic (Plato), 22, 28, 29, 525, 570, 772, 773, 775 Gersonides on, 477 Reshit H. okhmah (Ibn Ezra), 334

902 Index

retractive propositions, 177 The Scope of the Categories According to Logic revelatory mysticism, 123 (al-Muqammas.), 65 Halevi on, 124–136 Scot, Michael, 110 Rhetoric (Aristotle), 775 Scotus, John Duns, 83 Rigo, C., 548 sea-fight paradox, 389 Robert of Anjou (King), 78 Sefer Emunot ve-De ot.ì See Book of Doctrines and Beliefs Romano, Guida, 81 Sefer ha-Bahir (early midrashic text), 110 Rosenthal, Erwin, 772 Sefer ha-Ikkarim (Albo), 409–411, 772 Rosenzweig, Franz, 226 Sefer ha-Kuzari. See Book of the Kazar The Royal Crown (Ibn Gabirol), 54 Sefer ha-Ma alotë (ibn Falaquera), 781 Ruah. ha-Qodesh (holy spirit), 417 Sefer ha-Maskil (Spinoza), 295 Ruah. H. en (encyclopedia), 259, 444, 543 Sefer ha-Nefesh (Ibn Falaquera), 544 Rudavsky, Tamar, 164 Sefer Neveh Shalom (Shalom, Abraham), 782 Rules of the Sanctification of the [New] Moon (Maimonides), Sefer Tzurat ha-Aretz (Bar H. iyya), 330 326 Sefer Yetzirah (Saadia Gaon), 417, 526, 531–532, 606 Saadia Gaon, 1, 4, 40, 45, 50, 53, 56, 57, 88, 90, 219, Sefer Zerubbabel, 369, 385 234, 235, 291, 327, 333, 368, 385, 389, 402, 417, sefirot, 124 428–429, 455, 488, 490, 492, 524, 525, 526–527, Segni, Bernardo, 755 531–532, 538, 573, 574, 606, 627, 655, 700, 771, Select Aphorisms (al-Far¯ ab¯ ¯ı), 535, 540 776, 781. See also The Book of Doctrines and Beliefs sensation, 460 on astronomy, 327–328 the senses Book of Creation commentary by, 132, 492 inner, 125 components of Torah for, 94 outer, 125–126 on creation, 602–603 Seventh Letter (Plato), 23, 33 de ahë and, 458–459 Sforno, Obadiah, 114 on faith v. knowledge, 369–371, 457–463 Sha arë ha-Shamayyim, 443, 444, 781 four sources of knowledge for, 132–133 Shalom, Abraham, 782 on God, 193–195, 563, 572–579 Shalom, Judah, 181 on happiness, 723–725 Sha riaì (Muslim law), 769 on infinity, 402–403 Shekhinah (divine presence), 417 Jewish philosophic interpretation by, 92–94 Sheteim Asar Derashot (Nissim of Gerona), 782 language and, 234–235 Shiltei ha-Gibborim (Portaleone), 786 on miracles, 368–371 Shi urë Qomah, 122 on omnipotence, 661–663 Short Treatise (al-Far¯ ab¯ ¯ı), 259 on omniscience, 677–678 Short Treatise on God, Man, and his Well-being (Spinoza), on providence, 624–628 618 on scientific development, 459–460 signification, 253–259 speculative approach to religion for, 462–463 al-Far¯ ab¯ ¯ı on, 253–255 Sages of Talmud, 88, 89, 92, 117 God and, 256–259 scholasticism Maimonides on, 254–259 in Jewish philosophy, 546–549 Silman, Yochanan, 385 Latin, 60–61 Simha of Troyes, 270 omniscience of God and, 703 positive matter and, 291–293 Scholem, Gershom, 121 singularities, 209 Schwarzschild, Steven, 2 Sirat, Collette, 76 Schweid, Eliezer, 54 al-Siyasah¯ al-madaniyya (al-Far¯ ab¯ ¯ı), 319 Socrate (Luzzatto), 786 science Socrates, 23 Arabic culture and, development of, 317–325 Song of Soloman’s Virtues (Alemanno), 752–753 instrumentalism in, 359 Song of Songs, 101, 274–276 language and, 228, 246–247 soul philosophy v., 227–228 Alexander of Aphrodisias on, 550–551 Saadia Gaon on development of, 459–460 early eschatology on, 526–527

Index 903

happiness and, purification of from, 725–730 Supercommentary on Averroes’ Epitome of the ‘De Anima’ Themistius on, 551 (Gersonides), 471–472, 477, 682 Source of Life (Ibn Gabirol), 62, 68, 71, 77, 219, 415–416, The Support of Religion (Pollegar), 686 432, 606 symbiosis, 54 alternate versions of, 68–69. see also Fons Vitae Syriac (polemical works), 44 space, as concept, 411–425 for Crescas, 419–421, 423 Tagmulei ha-Nefesh (Hillel of Verona), 542, 547–548, Greek antecedents of, 411–414 740 Judaic antecedents of, 411 Talmud, 43. See also Torah for Spinoza, 423–425, 433 Ibn Paquda commentary by, 41 vacuums and, 424 miracles in, 364, 365 speech Sages of, 88, 89, 92, 117 external, 238–241 al Tanb¯ıh alaì Sab¯ıl al-Sa adahì (al-Far¯ ab¯ ¯ı), 722 inner, 240–244 Ten Commandments, 499 parts of, for Profiat Duran, 250 Terumat ha-Kesef (Ibn Kaspi), 739 Spinoza, Baruch, 1, 2, 26, 114–115, 295, 296, 424, 589, Tetrabiblos (Ptolemy), 311, 312 590–591, 592, 618, 646, 649, 653, 771, 787, 806. See Tetragrammaton, 256–259 also Theological-Political Treatise; Ethics Halevi on, 135, 153 conatus for, 301 textual traditions, for Jewish philosophy, 60–84 on creation, 615–617 Crescas’ works in, 79–80 on divine law, 804–806 Gersonides’ works in, 77–79 eudaimonia for, 652 Ibn Gabirol works, 68–70 on God’s existence, 561, 589–595 Israeli works in, 65–68 on happiness, 760–762 Latin scholasticism and, 60–61 imagination for, 518 in libraries, 61 on infinity, 424 philosophical sources for, 63–64 on knowledge, 474–476 variant readings in, 62–63 on mathematical philosophy, 216–219 Themistius, 414, 550, 730 mind v. imagination for, 475–476 on God’s existence, 562, 587 Mosaic Law and, 805 on the soul, 551 naturalism for, 114–115 theodicy (divine justice), 620–621. See also evil, as passive affects for, 649 concept philosophy v. theology for, 517–518 evil and, 625 positive matter for, 293–296 Gersonides on, 637–645 on prophecy, 515–519 Maimonides on, 628–637 on providence, 645–653, 654 Philo of Alexandria on, 622–623 space as concept for, 423–425, 433 punishment and, 627 on theodicy, 647–648, 654 Saadia Gaon on 624–627 transcendent immanence for, 301 Spinoza on, 647–648, 654 on vacuums, 424 Theological-Political Treatise (Spinoza), 114, 589, 653, 771, The Star of Redemption (Rosenzweig), 226 787 Steinschneider, Moritz, 62 divine law in, 804 Stern, Josef, 163 divine providence in, 648 Stern, S.M., 299 theology, philosophy v., 517–518 Stoicism, 188 Theology of Aristotle (Plotinus), 46, 49, 51, 366–367, 396, logic and, 189 525, 580. See also Enneads positive matter and, 291–293 Thesaurus Philosophicus (Klatzkin), 477 Stoics, 2, 601–602, 715 Thirteen Principles (Maimonides), 54 virtue for, 710 Timaeus (Plato), 20–23, 27, 34, 211, 278, 394–395, 399, Strauss, Leo, 44, 124, 774 411, 412, 525, 602 The Study of the Science (Ibn Matqah), 79–80 existence of God in, 565, 567, 568, 569 sublunar physics, 323–324 time, as concept Sufism, 50 for Aristotle, 395–396 Summa Theologica (Aquinas), 202 calendars and, 394

904 Index

for Crescas, 406–409 De Unitate Intellectus contra Averroim (Aquinas), deﬁnition for, 407 81 time, as concept (cont.) unlikeness doctrine, 586 for Gersonides, 405–406 Unmoved Mover, 306–307 in Greek theories of creation, 392–397 for Alexander of Aphrodisias, 314, 316 Hebrew terms for, 393 initial instant and, 407–408 vacuum, space and, 424 in Jewish philosophy, 393–394, 397–411 Vajda, Georges, 666 for Maimonides, 403–405 van Blijenbergh, Willem, 474 Paradoxes of Motion and, 393 virtue, 707–762 for Philo of Alexandria, 398–400 Almosnino on, 759 for Plato, 394–395 deontic theory for, 763 for Plotinus, 396–397 derekh eretz as, 715 rabbinical conceptions of, 393–394 in Greek philosophy, 707–711 Todrosi, Todros, 541, 781 Ibn Gabirol on, 726–727 Torah. See also divine law in Jewish philosophy, 717–721 Christianity and, 91 for Maimonides, 733–734 as corrective text, 140–143 Philo of Alexandria on, 718–720 doctrine of accommodation as part of, 140, 144 phronesis as, 709 Ibn Ezra, Abraham, on, 88–92, 95, 100, 116 providence and, 652 imagination and, 140–142 for Stoics, 710 intellectual development and, 142–143 theory of the Good and, 708 literal meanings for, 108–109 The Virtuous State (al-Far¯ ab¯ ¯ı), 775, 781 Ma asehë Bereshit in, 20 Ma asehë Merkaba in, 20, 96, 109, 285 Maimonides on, 95–97, 100, 159–161 Wars of the Lord (Gersonides), 77, 105, 107, 170, 205, midrashim in, 1, 89 208, 221, 349, 391, 405, 419, 471, 545, 550, 612, miracles in, 364–365 681 oral tradition in, 88 astronomy in, 208–210 for rabbis, 714–717 cosmology in, 348 Saadia Gaon on, 94 happiness as concept in, 741 thirteen rules within, for legal inferences, 225 prophetic knowledge in, 477 Tractatus (Peter of Spain), 181, 517, 806 providence in, 637 transcendent immanence, 301 welfare of the soul, 144 translation movement, 46, 57–58 Winston, David, 151 Jewish philosophy in, 47–48 Wolfson, Elliot, 122, 123, 134, 300 Treatise on the Art of Logic (Maimonides), 167, 168, 238, Wolfson, Harry, 151 775 Treatise of the Garden About the Metaphorical and Proper Xenophanes, 564 Senses (of the Bible) (Ibn Ezra, Moses), 66, 67, 68, 73–74 Treatise on the Intellect (al-Far¯ ab¯ ¯ı), 540 Yohanan,R., 230 Treatise on the Plurality of Forms (Bibago), 83 Treatise on the Soul (Avicenna), 125 Zeno, 189, 388 truth tables, Maimonides and, 191–193 paradoxes of motion for, 393, 403 Twenty Chapters, 44, 64 Zohar, 121 Two Questions on Soul (Averroes), 82 Zucker, Moshe, 198