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Home , Aeolipile, Ctesibius, Hero of Alexandria

International Journal of Pure and Applied Volume 120 No. 6 2018, 4153-4161 ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ Special Issue http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/

MODIFICATION OF HERON

Ch. Vijay Anil Dai* Department of , A.G & S.G.S College of Arts and Sciences, Vuyyuru-521165, A.P, [email protected] T.Anjaneyulu Department of Physics, Narasaraopeta Engineering College, Narasaraopet-522601, A.P, [email protected] K. Suresh Department of Physics, VSR & NVR College of Arts and Sciences, Tenali, A.P T. Niranjan Kumar Department of Physics, A.M.A.L College, Anakapalle, A.P June 21, 2018

Abstract In this manuscript, proposed research on internal combustion engine is discussed (Theoretical only). The objective of this project is to develop new internal combustion engine is based on the principle of Aeolipile. Torque is produced by jets in the exiting aeolipile but in internal combustion engine model torque is

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produced by exhaust gases from multiple nozzles.The development of this model results in, low emissions which lead to establishing a path for renewable hydrogen based fuel utilization. It can operate on many hydrogen-containing fuels, hydrocarbons, sodium, etc. It allows specific markets to utilize hydrogen economically and painlessly. The word “engine”[1] was derived from Old Frenchengin, from the Latiningeniumthe root of the word ingenious. Pre-industrial weapons of war, such as catapults, trebuchets and battering rams, were called “siege ”, and knowledge of how to construct them were often treated as military secrets. The word “gin”, as in “cotton gin”, is short for “engine”. Most mechanical devices invented during the industrial revolution were described as enginesthe being a notable example. In modern usage, the term engine typically describes devices, like steam engines and internal combustion engines, that burn or otherwise consume fuel to perform mechanical work by exerting a torque or linear force (usually in the form of thrust). Examples of engines which exert a torque include the familiar automobile gasoline and diesel engines, as well as turbo shafts. Examples of engines which produce thrust include turbofans and rockets. In 250BC, Greek, compressed air engineer [3](“father of pneumatics.”) is attributed to have invented the steam spinning device; which is often assigned as being the world’s first prototype steam engine.In the 1st century A.D.Heron of describedaeolipile in his Pneumatica. The aeolipile was a hollow sphere mounted on stand free to rotate, so that it could turn on a pair of hollow tubes that provided steam to the sphere from a cauldron. The steam escaped from the sphere from one or more bent tubes projecting from its equator, causing the sphere to revolve. The aeolipile is the first known device to transform steam into rotary motion. Like many other of the time that demonstrated basic mechanical principles, it was simply regarded as a curiosity or a toy and was not used for any practical purpose. The name derived from the Greek words “aeolos” and “pila”

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translates to “the ball of Aeolus”; Aeolus being the Greek god of the wind.His consisted of a reservoir with a heat source located underneath, and copper tubing extended upwards from this, acting as the pivot for a rotating sphere. To the outside of the sphere, two nozzles were created from tubing bent out from the surface of this sphere, making an L-shape. The principle behind the machine relied upon steam from the heated water rising through the copper tubing into the sphere. This steam escaped through the nozzles at high speed, generating thrust according to Newton’s 2nd and 3rd laws of motion (This experiment shows one of the basic principles of physics, that for every action, there must be an equal and opposite action, and this simple principle lies at the root of modern society. Combustion engines, , lawn sprinklers, and rockets are just some of the machines relying upon the principles shown by Heron.), causing the sphere to rotate on its axis.Simpler versions of Herons aeolipile dispensed with the boiler and simply heated the water in the sphere (a new invention that depended more on the mechanical interaction of heat and water); this was much easier to build but would not operate for long before the water boiled away. When the nozzles, pointing in different directions, produce forces along different lines of action perpendicular to the axis of the bearings, the thrusts combine to result in a rotational moment (mechanical couple), or torque, causing the vessel to spin about its axis. Aerodynamic drag and frictional forces in the bearings build up quickly with increasing rotational speed (rpm) and consume the accelerating torque, eventually canceling it and achieving a steady state speed[2]. Keywords: Aeolipile- internal combustion engine- Ignition chamber- nozzles

1 Drawbacks

Because it was just a toy of curiosity. So there were no businessmen waiting for the next big idea with which to take the world by storm. In fact, that concept didn’t exist, as hard as that

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may be to believe.The state of metallurgy also would have restricted the maximum pressure that could be built up.Theaeolipile obviously contributed to these developments - but it had to wait for subsidiary developments (eg. valves or high-energy fuel and safe ways of using it) to come along.

1. The Aeolipile sucked energy, useless as a source of energy. It just spun around for a short period and would have been impossible to run say factory.

2. The very idea of self powered machines is far more complex than it seems, it involves a revolution in thinking about the nature of reality and Rome was not there yet. For them power had to come from nature, animals or men.

3. Rome had plenty of slaves to provide cheap power for manufacture.( There was no need for “automation” to eliminate labor, because with slave labour cheap and readily available).

4. Roman view of power involved the exploitation of other humans and animals, not only did they not develop steam power, they tended not to use water or wind power. Even their ships, which would use wind power allow used oars men. We tend to think of power coming from machines, we have developed a concept of power over the world via technology; Rome did not have that idea.

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5. After Heron’s death, the device was long forgotten but in 1577 it was reinvented by Taqu al-Din who was an engineer, astronomer and a philosopher.

6. A replica of Heron’s steam engine was later produced and with an extremely low pressure of 1.8 pounds per square inch, it managed to rotate 1500 rounds a minute.

2 History

(C.30-70 AD) - Hero describes the first documented steam-powered device, aeolipile. 1769 - James Watt patents his first improved steam engine. 1877 - Nikolaus Otto patents a four-stroke internal combustion engine 1892 - Rudolf Diesel patents the Diesel engine 1954 - Felix Wankel creates the first working Wankel engine.

3 Description

Modern Aeolipile consists of a hollow cylinder with nozzles (nozzles were made from tubing bent out from the surface of this cylinder, making an L-shape.) fitted on its outer curved surface [Fig.1]. The bottom of the hollow cylinder is closed. The upper surface of the cylinder is fitted with a bearing for free rotation of the cylinder. The cylinder and the bearing are fixed by a cap with a large hole at the centre of the cap to accommodate another cylinder which acts as an arm to hold entire structure to a supporting frame[Fig.3]. The second cylinder is also made hollow, but the bottom surface is left without drilling, with some thickness and its diameter (bottom of the second cylinder) is larger than the diameter of the second cylinder. Two holes are drilled in the bottom surface of the second cylinder; one hole is for fuel and air mixture in the required ratio probably from gasoline carburetor with pressure and second is for spark plug. For the second cylinder, outer curved surface is grooved so that the entire structure can be attached to any frame by a suitable size nut [Fig.2].

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4 Working

When air and fuel (gas or liquid spray) are pumped into the first cylinder, they are mixed inside the cylinder. Gasoline is ignited within this enclosed chamberby the spark plug. The gas inside the chamber expands and gushes out through the multiple nozzles producing a Torque which rotates the cylinder[Fig.1]. Torque is the force being exerted on the nozzle. This is expressed by the formula:

τ = r F = rF sin(r, F ) | × | Where r is the length between the opposite nozzles across the cylinder, F is the Thrust applied on it, and r F is the vector cross product. Torque is measured typically× either in newton-metres (N.m, SI units) or in foot-pounds(ft.lb, imperial units).The between r and F is 90◦. So, τ = r F ∗ Pressure If P is the pressure inside the ignition chamber, V is the volume of the ignition chamber

P.V = (F/A). (V) = (F/A).(A*L) = F*L = W = E Where P = Force / F = force, A = circular area of the cylindrical ignition chamber V = volume of the cylindrical ignition chamber ,L = length of the cylindrical ignition chamber, W = work done, E = energy

P = E/V From the above formula, pressure inside the chamber can be calculated.

Thrust

F = m ve + (Pe Po) Ae F = ma∗= m v −t = (∗m t) v And m = rAx, Ax∗ =volume÷ , ÷ρ=density=mass∗ per unit volume Then (m t) = (ρAx t) = rAvx t = v So F = (m÷ t) v = (÷ρAv) v ÷ ÷ ∗ ∗ 6

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F=ρAv2

Figure 1: Combustion Chamber

Figure 2: Top view of second Cylinder

5 Conclusion

In this palimpsest, proposed research on Aeolipile internal combustion engine is discussed theoretically. The objective of this project to develop new IC based on the principle of Aeolipile is achieved theoretically. It is understood that, torque is produced

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Figure 3: Blow up view of Aeolipile IC engine

by steam jets in the existing aeolipile but in IC model torque is produced by exhaust gases from multiple nozzles.As we increase the of outlets more thrust can be obtained.The development of this model results in, low emissions which lead to establishing a path for renewable hydrogen based fuel utilization. It can operate on many hydrogen-containing fuels. It allows specific markets to utilize hydrogen economically and painlessly. Practical application of this model needs to be explored. Obviously, modifications of the old model are possible in the of the above discussed design.

References

[1] Ctesibius Wikipedia.

[2] Hero. (Date).Pneumatica(aeolipile). Alexandria: Publisher.

[3] . (15BC). On Architecture, Chapter VI (paragraph 2).Publisher.

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