DOCSLIB.ORG

Modification of Heron Engine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Modification of Heron Engine International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 120 No. 6 2018, 4153-4161 ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ Special Issue http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ MODIFICATION OF HERON ENGINE Ch. Vijay Anil Dai* Department of Physics, A.G & S.G.S College of Arts and Sciences, Vuyyuru-521165, A.P, [email protected] T.Anjaneyulu Department of Physics, Narasaraopeta Engineering College, Narasaraopet-522601, A.P, [email protected] K. Suresh Department of Physics, VSR & NVR College of Arts and Sciences, Tenali, A.P T. Niranjan Kumar Department of Physics, A.M.A.L College, Anakapalle, A.P June 21, 2018 Abstract In this manuscript, proposed research on Aeolipile internal combustion engine is discussed (Theoretical only). The objective of this project is to develop new internal combustion engine is based on the principle of Aeolipile. Torque is produced by steam jets in the exiting aeolipile but in internal combustion engine model torque is 1 4153 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue produced by exhaust gases from multiple nozzles.The development of this model results in, low emissions which lead to establishing a path for renewable hydrogen based fuel utilization. It can operate on many hydrogen-containing fuels, hydrocarbons, sodium, etc. It allows specific markets to utilize hydrogen economically and painlessly. The word “engine”[1] was derived from Old Frenchengin, from the Latiningeniumthe root of the word ingenious. Pre-industrial weapons of war, such as catapults, trebuchets and battering rams, were called “siege engines”, and knowledge of how to construct them were often treated as military secrets. The word “gin”, as in “cotton gin”, is short for “engine”. Most mechanical devices invented during the industrial revolution were described as enginesthe steam engine being a notable example. In modern usage, the term engine typically describes devices, like steam engines and internal combustion engines, that burn or otherwise consume fuel to perform mechanical work by exerting a torque or linear force (usually in the form of thrust). Examples of engines which exert a torque include the familiar automobile gasoline and diesel engines, as well as turbo shafts. Examples of engines which produce thrust include turbofans and rockets. In 250BC, Greek, compressed air engineer Ctesibius[3](“father of pneumatics.”) is attributed to have invented the steam spinning device; which is often assigned as being the world’s first prototype steam engine.In the 1st century A.D.Heron of Alexandria describedaeolipile in his Pneumatica. The aeolipile was a hollow sphere mounted on stand free to rotate, so that it could turn on a pair of hollow tubes that provided steam to the sphere from a cauldron. The steam escaped from the sphere from one or more bent tubes projecting from its equator, causing the sphere to revolve. The aeolipile is the first known device to transform steam into rotary motion. Like many other machines of the time that demonstrated basic mechanical principles, it was simply regarded as a curiosity or a toy and was not used for any practical purpose. The name derived from the Greek words “aeolos” and “pila” 2 4154 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue translates to “the ball of Aeolus”; Aeolus being the Greek god of the wind.His machine consisted of a water reservoir with a heat source located underneath, and copper tubing extended upwards from this, acting as the pivot for a rotating sphere. To the outside of the sphere, two nozzles were created from tubing bent out from the surface of this sphere, making an L-shape. The principle behind the machine relied upon steam from the heated water rising through the copper tubing into the sphere. This steam escaped through the nozzles at high speed, generating thrust according to Newton’s 2nd and 3rd laws of motion (This experiment shows one of the basic principles of physics, that for every action, there must be an equal and opposite action, and this simple principle lies at the root of modern society. Combustion engines, turbines, lawn sprinklers, and rockets are just some of the machines relying upon the principles shown by Heron.), causing the sphere to rotate on its axis.Simpler versions of Herons aeolipile dispensed with the boiler and simply heated the water in the sphere (a new invention that depended more on the mechanical interaction of heat and water); this was much easier to build but would not operate for long before the water boiled away. When the nozzles, pointing in different directions, produce forces along different lines of action perpendicular to the axis of the bearings, the thrusts combine to result in a rotational moment (mechanical couple), or torque, causing the vessel to spin about its axis. Aerodynamic drag and frictional forces in the bearings build up quickly with increasing rotational speed (rpm) and consume the accelerating torque, eventually canceling it and achieving a steady state speed[2]. Keywords: Aeolipile- internal combustion engine- Ignition chamber- nozzles 1 Drawbacks Because it was just a toy of curiosity. So there were no businessmen waiting for the next big idea with which to take the world by storm. In fact, that concept didn’t exist, as hard as that 3 4155 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue may be to believe.The state of metallurgy also would have restricted the maximum pressure that could be built up.Theaeolipile obviously contributed to these developments - but it had to wait for subsidiary developments (eg. valves or high-energy fuel and safe ways of using it) to come along. 1. The Aeolipile sucked energy, useless as a source of energy. It just spun around for a short period and would have been impossible to run say factory. 2. The very idea of self powered machines is far more complex than it seems, it involves a revolution in thinking about the nature of reality and Rome was not there yet. For them power had to come from nature, animals or men. 3. Rome had plenty of slaves to provide cheap power for manufacture.( There was no need for “automation” to eliminate labor, because with slave labour cheap and readily available). 4. Roman view of power involved the exploitation of other humans and animals, not only did they not develop steam power, they tended not to use water or wind power. Even their ships, which would use wind power allow used oars men. We tend to think of power coming from machines, we have developed a concept of power over the world via technology; Rome did not have that idea. 4 4156 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue 5. After Heron’s death, the device was long forgotten but in 1577 it was reinvented by Taqu al-Din who was an engineer, astronomer and a philosopher. 6. A replica of Heron’s steam engine was later produced and with an extremely low pressure of 1.8 pounds per square inch, it managed to rotate 1500 rounds a minute. 2 History (C.30-70 AD) - Hero of Alexandria describes the first documented steam-powered device, aeolipile. 1769 - James Watt patents his first improved steam engine. 1877 - Nikolaus Otto patents a four-stroke internal combustion engine 1892 - Rudolf Diesel patents the Diesel engine 1954 - Felix Wankel creates the first working Wankel engine. 3 Description Modern Aeolipile consists of a hollow cylinder with nozzles (nozzles were made from tubing bent out from the surface of this cylinder, making an L-shape.) fitted on its outer curved surface [Fig.1]. The bottom of the hollow cylinder is closed. The upper surface of the cylinder is fitted with a bearing for free rotation of the cylinder. The cylinder and the bearing are fixed by a cap with a large hole at the centre of the cap to accommodate another cylinder which acts as an arm to hold entire structure to a supporting frame[Fig.3]. The second cylinder is also made hollow, but the bottom surface is left without drilling, with some thickness and its diameter (bottom of the second cylinder) is larger than the diameter of the second cylinder. Two holes are drilled in the bottom surface of the second cylinder; one hole is for fuel and air mixture in the required ratio probably from gasoline carburetor with pressure and second is for spark plug. For the second cylinder, outer curved surface is grooved so that the entire structure can be attached to any frame by a suitable size nut [Fig.2]. 5 4157 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue 4 Working When air and fuel (gas or liquid spray) are pumped into the first cylinder, they are mixed inside the cylinder. Gasoline is ignited within this enclosed chamberby the spark plug. The gas inside the chamber expands and gushes out through the multiple nozzles producing a Torque which rotates the cylinder[Fig.1]. Torque is the force being exerted on the nozzle. This is expressed by the formula: τ = r F = rF sin(r, F ) | × | Where r is the length between the opposite nozzles across the cylinder, F is the Thrust applied on it, and r F is the vector cross product. Torque is measured typically× either in newton-metres (N.m, SI units) or in foot-pounds(ft.lb, imperial units).The angle between r and F is 90◦. So, τ = r F ∗ Pressure If P is the pressure inside the ignition chamber, V is the volume of the ignition chamber P.V = (F/A). (V) = (F/A).(A*L) = F*L = W = E Where P = Force / Area F = force, A = circular area of the cylindrical ignition chamber V = volume of the cylindrical ignition chamber ,L = length of the cylindrical ignition chamber, W = work done, E = energy P = E/V From the above formula, pressure inside the chamber can be calculated.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Evolution of Diesel Engines
    GENERAL ARTICLE The Evolution of Diesel Engines U Shrinivasa Rudolf Diesel thought of an engine which is inherently more efficient than the steam engines of the end-nineteenth century, for providing motive power in a distributed way. His intense perseverance, spread over a decade, led to the engines of today which bear his name. U Shrinivasa teaches Steam Engines: History vibrations and dynamics of machinery at the Department The origin of diesel engines is intimately related to the history of of Mechanical Engineering, steam engines. The Greeks and the Romans knew that steam IISc. His other interests include the use of straight could somehow be harnessed to do useful work. The device vegetable oils in diesel aeolipile (Figure 1) known to Hero of Alexandria was a primitive engines for sustainable reaction turbine apparently used to open temple doors! However development and working this aspect of obtaining power from steam was soon forgotten and with CAE applications in the industries. millennia later when there was a requirement for lifting water from coal mines, steam was introduced into a large vessel and quenched to create a low pressure for sucking the water to be pumped. Newcomen in 1710 introduced a cylinder piston ar- rangement and a hinged beam (Figure 2) such that water could be pumped from greater depths. The condensing steam in the cylin- der pulled the piston down to create the pumping action. Another half a century later, in 1765, James Watt avoided the cooling of the hot chamber containing steam by adding a separate condensing chamber (Figure 3). This successful steam engine pump found investors to manufacture it but the coal mines already had horses to lift the water to be pumped.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Egypt Under the Ptolemies
    UC-NRLF $C lb EbE THE HISTORY OF EGYPT THE PTOLEMIES. BY SAMUEL SHARPE. LONDON: EDWARD MOXON, DOVER STREET. 1838. 65 Printed by Arthur Taylor, Coleman Street. TO THE READER. The Author has given neither the arguments nor the whole of the authorities on which the sketch of the earlier history in the Introduction rests, as it would have had too much of the dryness of an antiquarian enquiry, and as he has already published them in his Early History of Egypt. In the rest of the book he has in every case pointed out in the margin the sources from which he has drawn his information. » Canonbury, 12th November, 1838. Works published by the same Author. The EARLY HISTORY of EGYPT, from the Old Testament, Herodotus, Manetho, and the Hieroglyphieal Inscriptions. EGYPTIAN INSCRIPTIONS, from the British Museum and other sources. Sixty Plates in folio. Rudiments of a VOCABULARY of EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHICS. M451 42 ERRATA. Page 103, line 23, for Syria read Macedonia. Page 104, line 4, for Syrians read Macedonians. CONTENTS. Introduction. Abraham : shepherd kings : Joseph : kings of Thebes : era ofMenophres, exodus of the Jews, Rameses the Great, buildings, conquests, popu- lation, mines: Shishank, B.C. 970: Solomon: kings of Tanis : Bocchoris of Sais : kings of Ethiopia, B. c. 730 .- kings ofSais : Africa is sailed round, Greek mercenaries and settlers, Solon and Pythagoras : Persian conquest, B.C. 525 .- Inarus rebels : Herodotus and Hellanicus : Amyrtaus, Nectanebo : Eudoxus, Chrysippus, and Plato : Alexander the Great : oasis of Ammon, native judges,
    [Show full text]
  • Greeks Doing Algebra
    Greeks Doing Algebra There is a long-standing consensus in the history of mathematics that geometry came from ancient Greece, algebra came from medieval Persia, and the two sciences did not meet until seventeenth-century France (e.g. Bell 1945). Scholars agree that the Greek mathematicians had no methods comparable to algebra before Diophantus (3rd c. CE) or, many hold, even after him (e.g. Szabó 1969, Unguru and Rowe 1981, Grattan-Guinness 1996, Vitrac 2005. For a survey of arguments see Blåsjö 2016). The problems that we would solve with algebra, the Greeks, especially the authors of the canonical and most often studied works (such as Euclid and Apollonius of Perga), approached with spatial geometry or not at all. This paper argues, however, that the methods which uniquely characterize algebra, such as information compression, quantitative abstraction, and the use of unknowns, do in fact feature in Greek mathematical works prior to Diophantus. We simply have to look beyond the looming figures of Hellenistic geometry. In this paper, we shall examine three instructive cases of algebraic problem-solving methods in Greek mathematical works before Diophantus: The Sand-reckoner of Archimedes, the Metrica of Hero of Alexandria, and the Almagest of Ptolemy. In the Sand-reckoner, Archimedes develops a system for expressing extremely large numbers, in which the base unit is a myriad myriad. His process is indefinitely repeatable, and theoretically scalable to express a number of any size. Simple though it sounds to us, this bit of information compression, by which a cumbersome quantity is set to one in order to simplify notation and computation, is a common feature of modern mathematics but was almost alien to the Greeks.
    [Show full text]
  • Champ Math Study Guide Indesign
    Champions of Mathematics — Study Guide — Questions and Activities Page 1 Copyright © 2001 by Master Books, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication may be reproduced for educational purposes only. BY JOHN HUDSON TINER To get the most out of this book, the following is recommended: Each chapter has questions, discussion ideas, research topics, and suggestions for further reading to improve students’ reading, writing, and thinking skills. The study guide shows the relationship of events in Champions of Mathematics to other fields of learning. The book becomes a springboard for exploration in other fields. Students who enjoy literature, history, art, or other subjects will find interesting activities in their fields of interest. Parents will find that the questions and activities enhance their investments in the Champion books because children of different age levels can use them. The questions with answers are designed for younger readers. Questions are objective and depend solely on the text of the book itself. The questions are arranged in the same order as the content of each chapter. A student can enjoy the book and quickly check his or her understanding and comprehension by the challenge of answering the questions. The activities are designed to serve as supplemental material for older students. The activities require greater knowledge and research skills. An older student (or the same student three or four years later) can read the book and do the activities in depth. CHAPTER 1 QUESTIONS 1. A B C D — Pythagoras was born on an island in the (A. Aegean Sea B. Atlantic Ocean C. Caribbean Sea D.
    [Show full text]
  • Water, Air and Fire at Work in Hero's Machines
    Water, air and fire at work in Hero’s machines Amelia Carolina Sparavigna Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, Italy Known as the Michanikos, Hero of Alexandria is considered the inventor of the world's first steam engine and of many other sophisticated devices. Here we discuss three of them as described in his book “Pneumatica”. These machines, working with water, air and fire, are clear examples of the deep knowledge of fluid dynamics reached by the Hellenistic scientists. Hero of Alexandria, known as the Mechanicos, lived during the first century in the Roman Egypt [1]. He was probably a Greek mathematician and engineer who resided in the city of Alexandria. We know his work from some of writings and designs that have been arrived nowadays in their Greek original or in Arabic translations. From his own writings, it is possible to gather that he knew the works of Archimedes and of Philo the Byzantian, who was a contemporary of Ctesibius [2]. It is almost certain that Heron taught at the Museum, a college for combined philosophy and literary studies and a religious place of cult of Muses, that included the famous Library. For this reason, Hero claimed himself a pupil of Ctesibius, who was probably the first head of the Museum of Alexandria. Most of Hero’s writings appear as lecture notes for courses in mathematics, mechanics, physics and pneumatics [2]. In optics, Hero formulated the Principle of the Shortest Path of Light, principle telling that if a ray of light propagates from a point to another one within the same medium, the followed path is the shortest possible.
    [Show full text]
  • 15 Famous Greek Mathematicians and Their Contributions 1. Euclid
    15 Famous Greek Mathematicians and Their Contributions 1. Euclid He was also known as Euclid of Alexandria and referred as the father of geometry deduced the Euclidean geometry. The name has it all, which in Greek means “renowned, glorious”. He worked his entire life in the field of mathematics and made revolutionary contributions to geometry. 2. Pythagoras The famous ‘Pythagoras theorem’, yes the same one we have struggled through in our childhood during our challenging math classes. This genius achieved in his contributions in mathematics and become the father of the theorem of Pythagoras. Born is Samos, Greece and fled off to Egypt and maybe India. This great mathematician is most prominently known for, what else but, for his Pythagoras theorem. 3. Archimedes Archimedes is yet another great talent from the land of the Greek. He thrived for gaining knowledge in mathematical education and made various contributions. He is best known for antiquity and the invention of compound pulleys and screw pump. 4. Thales of Miletus He was the first individual to whom a mathematical discovery was attributed. He’s best known for his work in calculating the heights of pyramids and the distance of the ships from the shore using geometry. 5. Aristotle Aristotle had a diverse knowledge over various areas including mathematics, geology, physics, metaphysics, biology, medicine and psychology. He was a pupil of Plato therefore it’s not a surprise that he had a vast knowledge and made contributions towards Platonism. Tutored Alexander the Great and established a library which aided in the production of hundreds of books.
    [Show full text]
  • Hero's Engine Build Instructions
    OMAHA MAKER GROUP Explore Technology, Science, & Art 8410 K Street, #5 – Omaha, NE 68127 [email protected] www.omahamakergroup.org How to Make a Hero’s Steam Engine Description: An easy steam engine (Hero's engine) is constructed from a soda can, some thread, and a heat source. Burning fuel heats the engine to produce steam. The chemical energy in the fuel is converted to a rotation of the can, illustrating the conversion of chemical energy to thermal energy to mechanical energy. Materials: Unopened soda can, thread, a small nail or pin, thread, something to hang the can over the fuel, candle or “Sterno” fuel, lighter, gloves Step 1 Do this outside or over a sink. Use a pin or small nail to make a hole in the side of a soda can. The can must still be unopened. When you pull the pin out there will likely be some spray. Step 2 Empty the can through the pinhole. Depending on the soda in the can, shaking it will increase the pressure in the can causing the soda to come out faster. Don't worry if there's a little soda left when you're done. Step 3 Make another hole in the other side of the can. Step 4 Put the pin back in one of the holes and pull it down as shown in the photos below. This modifies the hole enough for the steam to later come out at an angle with respect to the can. Step 5 Do the same for the other hole, pulling the pin in the same direction with respect to the can.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mechanical Problems in the Corpus of Aristotle
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department Classics and Religious Studies July 2007 The Mechanical Problems in the Corpus of Aristotle Thomas Nelson Winter University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/classicsfacpub Part of the Classics Commons Winter, Thomas Nelson, "The Mechanical Problems in the Corpus of Aristotle" (2007). Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department. 68. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/classicsfacpub/68 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Classics and Religious Studies at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Th e Mechanical Problems in the Corpus of Aristotle Th omas N. Winter Lincoln, Nebraska • 2007 Translator’s Preface. Who Wrote the Mechanical Problems in the Aristotelian Corpus? When I was translating the Mechanical Problems, which I did from the TLG Greek text, I was still in the fundamentalist authorship mode: that it survives in the corpus of Aristotle was then for me prima facie Th is paper will: evidence that Aristotle was the author. And at many places I found in- 1) off er the plainest evidence yet that it is not Aristotle, and — 1 dications that the date of the work was apt for Aristotle. But eventually, 2) name an author. I saw a join in Vitruvius, as in the brief summary below, “Who Wrote Th at it is not Aristotle does not, so far, rest on evidence.
    [Show full text]
  • From Ancient Greece to Byzantium
    Proceedings of the European Control Conference 2007 TuA07.4 Kos, Greece, July 2-5, 2007 Technology and Autonomous Mechanisms in the Mediterranean: From Ancient Greece to Byzantium K. P. Valavanis, G. J. Vachtsevanos, P. J. Antsaklis Abstract – The paper aims at presenting each period are then provided followed by technology and automation advances in the accomplishments in automatic control and the ancient Greek World, offering evidence that transition from the ancient Greek world to the Greco- feedback control as a discipline dates back more Roman era and the Byzantium. than twenty five centuries. II. CHRONOLOGICAL MAP OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY I. INTRODUCTION It is worth noting that there was an initial phase of The paper objective is to present historical evidence imported influences in the development of ancient of achievements in science, technology and the Greek technology that reached the Greek states from making of automation in the ancient Greek world until the East (Persia, Babylon and Mesopotamia) and th the era of Byzantium and that the main driving force practiced by the Greeks up until the 6 century B.C. It behind Greek science [16] - [18] has been curiosity and was at the time of Thales of Miletus (circa 585 B.C.), desire for knowledge followed by the study of nature. when a very significant change occurred. A new and When focusing on the discipline of feedback control, exclusively Greek activity began to dominate any James Watt’s Flyball Governor (1769) may be inherited technology, called science. In subsequent considered as one of the earliest feedback control centuries, technology itself became more productive, devices of the modern era.
    [Show full text]
  • Bridges Conference Paper
    Bridges 2018 Conference Proceedings Landmarks in Algebra Quilt Elaine Krajenke Ellison Sarasota, Florida, USA; [email protected]; www.mathematicalquilts.com Abstract The Landmarks in Algebra quilt was an effort to include as many cultures that contributed significantly to the development of algebra as we know it today. Each section of the quilt illustrates a culture or a mathematician that made important advances in the development of algebra. Space did not allow more than four cultures, even though other nationalities made contributions. Babylonian mathematicians, Greek mathematicians, Indian mathematicians, and Persian mathematicians are highlighted for their important work. Figure 1: The Landmarks in Algebra quilt, 82 inches by 40 inches. First Panel: Plimpton 322 The first panel of the quilt illustrates the Plimpton 322 tablet. The Plimpton 322 tablet inspired me to design a quilt based on algebra. Recent historical research by Eleanor Robson, an Oriental Scholar at the University of Oxford, has shed new light on the ancient work of algebra [8]. The 4,000 year old Babylonian cuneiform tablet of Pythagorean Triples was purchased by George Arthur Plimpton in 1923 from Edgar J. Banks. Banks said the tablet came from a location near the ancient city of Larsa in Iraq [4]. Our first knowledge of mankind’s use of mathematics comes from the Egyptians and the Babylonians [1]. The Babylonian “texts” come to us in the form of clay tablets, usually about the size of a hand. The tablets were inscribed in cuneiform, a wedge-shaped writing owing its appearance to the stylus that was used to make it. Two types of mathematical tablets are generally found, table-texts and problem-texts [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76376-9 - The Mechanical Hypothesis in Ancient Greek Natural Philosophy Sylvia Berryman Table of Contents More information Contents List of illustrations page vii Acknowledgements viii Introduction 1 1 Mechanics and the mechanical: some problems of terminology 9 The critics of prevailing usage 11 Some candidate definitions of the ‘mechanistic’ 15 2 ‘Mechanistic’ thought before mechanics? 21 Divine versus human technology 24 Working artifacts before the fourth century 29 Ancient atomism and the machine analogy 34 The ‘shortfalls’ of ancient technology 39 The ‘exclusion’ of ancient mechanics 43 3 Mechanics in the fourth century 54 The scope of ancient Greek mechanics 55 Archytas and the foundation of mechanics 87 Aristotle’s ‘mechanics’ of motion 97 Conclusion 104 4 The theory and practice of ancient Greek mechanics 105 The Aristotelian Mechanica 106 Ctesibius 115 Archimedes 117 Philo of Byzantium 123 v © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76376-9 - The Mechanical Hypothesis in Ancient Greek Natural Philosophy Sylvia Berryman Table of Contents More information vi Contents Vitruvius 130 Hero of Alexandria 134 Pappus of Alexandria 143 Models of the heavens 146 5 Ancient Greek mechanics continued: the case of pneumatics 155 Pneumatic technology in the post-classical period 157 Ancient Greek pneumatic theory 165 The status of mechanics revisited: natural or artificial? 170 6 The philosophical reception of mechanics in antiquity 177 Mechanical theory in natural philosophy 179 The theory of pneumatics in natural philosophy 191 Pneumatics and medical theory 197 Working artifacts and the notion of a self-mover 201 Mechanical analogies for the functioning of organisms 205 Working artifacts in astronomy 216 Mechanical analogies in cosmology 220 Conclusion 231 Appendix: Ancient mechanics and the mechanical in the seventeenth century 236 Bibliography 250 Index of passages 274 General index 282 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org.
    [Show full text]
  • Queen Arsinoë II, the Maritime Aphrodite and Early Ptolemaic Ruler Cult
    ΑΡΣΙΝΟΗ ΕΥΠΛΟΙΑ Queen Arsinoë II, the Maritime Aphrodite and Early Ptolemaic Ruler Cult Carlos Francis Robinson Bachelor of Arts (Hons. 1) A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2019 Historical and Philosophical Inquiry Abstract Queen Arsinoë II, the Maritime Aphrodite and Early Ptolemaic Ruler Cult By the early Hellenistic period a trend was emerging in which royal women were deified as Aphrodite. In a unique innovation, Queen Arsinoë II of Egypt (c. 316 – 270 BC) was deified as the maritime Aphrodite, and was associated with the cult titles Euploia, Akraia, and Galenaië. It was the important study of Robert (1966) which identified that the poets Posidippus and Callimachus were honouring Arsinoë II as the maritime Aphrodite. This thesis examines how this new third-century BC cult of ‘Arsinoë Aphrodite’ adopted aspects of Greek cults of the maritime Aphrodite, creating a new derivative cult. The main historical sources for this cult are the epigrams of Posidippus and Callimachus, including a relatively new epigram (Posidippus AB 39) published in 2001. This thesis demonstrates that the new cult of Arsinoë Aphrodite utilised existing traditions, such as: Aphrodite’s role as patron of fleets, the practice of dedications to Aphrodite by admirals, the use of invocations before sailing, and the practice of marine dedications such as shells. In this way the Ptolemies incorporated existing religious traditions into a new form of ruler cult. This study is the first attempt to trace the direct relationship between Ptolemaic ruler cult and existing traditions of the maritime Aphrodite, and deepens our understanding of the strategies of ruler cult adopted in the early Hellenistic period.
    [Show full text]