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Appendices Map A.1 | Economic Crisis in the EU. Basic Indicators Annual Growth of the GDP. 2009-2010 Unemployment Rate. December 2010 EU27 Average 2% EU27 Average 9.5% Appendices Growth of the GDP, between the 4th quarters of Harmonized unemployment rates (by %) 2009 and 2010 (by %) 2011 Less than Between Between Over Between 15% Between 12% -1% -1% and 1% 1% and 2% 15% and 12% and 9.5% Med. Between Between Over 5% Between Between Under 2% and 3% 3% and 5% 9.5% and 7.5% 7.5% and 5% 5% Public Deficit 2010 Public Debt 2010 EU27 Average=6.4% EU27 Average=80% 305 Public Deficit (-)/Surplus (+) as a % of GDP Public debt as a % of GDP Deficit greater Deficit between Deficit between Over Between 100% Between 90% than -30% -11% and -9% -9% and -6.4% 100% and 90% and 80% Deficit between Deficit between Surplus Between 80% Between 50% Under 30% -6.4% and -4% -4% and 0% and 50% and 30% Own production. Source: Eurostat, Eurostatistics. Data for short term economic analysis. 05/11. 306 Med.2011 Appendices Map A. 2 | Civil War in Libya (February 16 - April 29) February 16-21 March 19-20 Tunisia Tripoli Bayda Shahhat Tunisia Tripoli Bayda Shahhat Darnah Darnah Al Aziziyah Al Khums Al Marj Al Aziziyah Al Khums Al Marj Wazen Yafren Misurata Tobruk Wazen Yafren Misurata Tobruk Gharyan Benghazi Gharyan Benghazi Jadu Kiklah Jadu Kiklah Nalut Zintan Nalut Zintan KabawRehibat Bani Kabaw Rehibat Bani Surt Walid Surt Walid Adjabiya Adjabiya Brega Brega Ghadamis Ras Lanuf Egypt Ghadamis Ras Lanuf Egypt Awjilah Awjilah Hun Maradah Jalu Hun Maradah Jalu Al Fuqaha Al Fuqaha Birak Birak Adiri Adiri Sabha Sabha Protests, violence or attacks Awbari Awbari Under rebel control Marzuq Marzuq Tazirbu Zighan Tazirbu Zighan Rebel forces Government forces March 29 April 28-29 Coalition attacks Tunisia Tripoli Bayda Shahhat Tunisia Tripoli Bayda Shahhat Darnah Al Aziziyah Al Khums Al Marj Darnah Al Aziziyah Al Khums Al Marj Wazen Yafren Misurata Tobruk Yafren Misurata Tobruk Gharyan Benghazi Wazen Gharyan Benghazi Jadu Kiklah Jadu Kiklah Nalut Zintan Nalut Zintan Kabaw Rehibat Bani Surt Kabaw Rehibat Bani Surt Walid Walid Adjabiya Adjabiya Brega Brega Ghadamis Ras Lanuf Egypt Ghadamis Ras Lanuf Egypt Awjilah Awjilah Hun Maradah Jalu Hun Maradah Jalu Al Fuqaha Al Fuqaha Birak Birak Adiri Adiri Sabha Sabha Awbari Awbari Marzuq Marzuq Tazirbu Zighan Tazirbu Zighan Source: New York Times www.nytimes.com Map A.3 | Euromed Survey: Experts and Actors in the Euro-Mediterranean Zone 2010. General Evaluation of the Euro-Mediterranean Association Results of all respondents 8 6.42 6.04 7 4.50 6 4.57 5 4 3 1 2 3 4 Balkans UfM 7.00 7.43 6.36 Rest of the EU 6.52 5.83 5.83 4.66 4.79 1 2 3 4 Appendices 1 2 3 4 7.59 Israel 6.57 5.33 5.14 Mediterranean EU6.51 5.78 4.11 4.17 1 2 3 4 Turkey 6.21 5.69 5.24 4.93 2011 1 2 3 4 Med. 1 2 3 4 Maghreb 6.36 5.68 4.31 4.00 307 6.74 Mashreq 6.39 1 2 3 4 5.13 4.84 1 2 3 4 Results by type of institution 8 7 6.46 6.84 6.31 6.16 6.35 5.57 6 5.31 5.06 4.39 4.17 4.184.45 5 4 3 1 2 3 4 Public actors Experts Civil Society Questions. Results are the average on a scale of 0-10. (0 Very disappointing – 10 Very positive) 1 B.1 What is your global assessment of the results of the 3 B.4 Do you expect the Secretariat to play a key, moderate or Euromediterranean Partnership/Union for the Mediterranean negligible role in the new Euromediterranean institutional architecture in the from July 2008-September 2010 period? in the near future? 2 B.3 How would you asses progress made regarding the 4 B.5 How do you asses the importance of the Summits of setting uo of the UfM Secretariat between November 2008 Heads of State or Government for the advancement of the Union for and September 2010? the Mediterranean? Own production. Source: IEMed, Euromed Survey of Experts and Actors. Euro-Mediterranean Partnership and its economic and financial dimension, Barcelona: IEMed, 2011. 308 Med.2011 Appendices Map A. 4 | Euromed Survey: Experts and actors in the Euro-Mediterranean Zone 2010. Evaluation of the Euro-Mediterranean Free Trade Area 7 7 7 6 6 6 5 7 5 5 4 6 4 4 3 5 Total Maghreb Mashreq Med EU Non-Med 3 3 surveyed EU Total Maghreb Mashreq Med EU Non-Med 4 Total Maghreb Mashreq Med EU Non-Med surveyed EU surveyed EU 3 7 Total Maghreb Mashreq Med EU Non-Med EU surveyed 6 5 7 4 6 3 5 Total Maghreb Mashreq Med EU Non-Med surveyed EU 4 3 Total Maghreb Mashreq Med EU Non-Med surveyed EU 7 Results for the FTA in general 6 7 5 6 4 7 3 Total Maghreb Mashreq Med EU Non-Med 5 surveyed EU 6 5 4 4 3 Total Maghreb Mashreq Med EU Non-Med 3 surveyed EU Total Surveyed Surveyed Surveyed Surveyed surveyed from from Mashreq from from Maghreb countries Med EU non-Med EU countries countries countries Euromed Survey: progress in the implementation C.5.1.a How would you assess the Impact of the Euro-Mediterranean Free Trade Areas on the economies of the Mediterranean of the Free Trade Area Partner Countries in terms of growth and competitiveness, social impact, impact on Small- and Medium-sized enterprises and fiscal impact? Regional Groupings Med C.4 How would you assess the progress of the implementation of the Total countries Rest of Euro-Mediterranean Free Trade Area between the EU and the surveyed Maghreb Mashreq Turkey Israel in the EU EU countries Mediterranean Partner Countries? Impact on growth, competitiveness, and foreign direct investment Results for the FTA in general and for each of the Mediterranean 6.07 5.65 6.00 6.25 7.00 6.30 6.19 Partner Countries under the operative Association Agreement. Impact on employment and social impact 5.55 5.31 5.43 6.33 6.33 5.68 5.19 Impact on Small- and Medium-sized enterprises 5.82 5.43 5.64 6.38 6.00 6.11 5.67 Fiscal impact (impact on State revenues) 5.26 4.97 5.23 5.56 6.67 5.30 5.25 Average value of the responses on a scale of 0-10. (0=Very disappointing – 10=Very positive) C.5.2 How would you assess the impact of the EU-Turkey Customs Union (established in 1996) on the Turkish economy? Impact on growth, competitiveness, and foreign direct investment 6.96 6.57 6.36 7.23 8.00 7.09 7.14 Less than 5 From 5 to 6 More than 6 Impact on employment and social impact 6.43 6.33 6.55 6.14 7.67 6.62 6.14 Impact on Small- and Medium-sized enterprises 6.61 6.67 6.09 6.64 7.00 6.83 6.32 Fiscal impact (impact on State revenues) 6.20 6.19 5.90 5.95 7.67 6.27 6.28 Own production. Source: IEMed, Euromed Survey of Experts and Actors. Euro-Mediterranean Partnership and its economic and financial dimension, Barcelona: IEMed, 2011. Map A. 5 | Revolts and Protests in the Arab Mediterranean ALGERIA EGYPT SYRIA JORDAN From early 2011 on demonstrations On January 25 mass demonstrations take place in In February demonstrations in support of the Egyptian revolt From January on demonstrations take place and protests, often violently the principal Egyptian cities. Demonstrators occupy evolve into a series of protests in favor of greater political demanding greater democracy, economic repressed, take place continually. Tahrir Square in Cairo. Demonstrations continue in freedom. Throughout February and March both protests and betterment and an end to corruption. On April 15 Bouteflika’s announ- the following days. repression intensify. On February 1 the king replaces the entire cement of constitutional reforms is On January 29 Mubarak dissolves his government On March 29 Bashar Al-Assad forces the government to government. Demonstrations continue throughout greeted with skepticism by different but protests continue. The army decides not to resign. On April 19 the state of emergency is lifted after 48 the year despite King Abdallah’s announcement of opposition groups. intervene against the demonstrators. hours but demonstrations and their violent repression by the a reform plan that the government does not quite On February 11 Mubarak abandons the presidency army continue despite continuing announcements of reform carry out. and power reverts to the armed forces. Rallies and dialogue by the regime. continue with smaller followings. On March 19 constitutional reform is approved in a referendum. Presidential elections are projected for September. MOROCCO TUNISIA LIBYA Transition in course On February 20, 2011 a series of demonstrations As of December 2010 protests From mid-December on, protests against the Gaddafi regime are demanding greater democracy begin. On March 9 against unemployment and continual. The violent repression leads in a few days to a situation Civil war the king announces in-depth constitutional reform. corruption spread, resulting in the of armed confrontation between the government and rebels in Mobilizations continue as political and economic flight of Ben Alí on January 14. control of Benghazi and other cities to the East. Protests and limited confrontations. reforms are prepared.
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  • Midwives' Collaborative Activism in Two U.S. Cities, 1970-1990

    Midwives' Collaborative Activism in Two U.S. Cities, 1970-1990

    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2013 Midwives' Collaborative Activism in Two U.S. Cities, 1970-1990 Linda Tina Maldonado University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the History Commons, and the Nursing Commons Recommended Citation Maldonado, Linda Tina, "Midwives' Collaborative Activism in Two U.S. Cities, 1970-1990" (2013). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 896. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/896 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/896 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Midwives' Collaborative Activism in Two U.S. Cities, 1970-1990 Abstract ABSTRACT MIDWIVES' COLLABORATIVE ACTIVISM IN TWO U.S. CITIES, 1970-1990 Linda Tina Maldonado Dr. Barbra Mann Wall, PhD, RN, FAAN This dissertation uses historical methodologies to explore the means through which activist midwives in two northeastern cities collaborated, negotiated, and sometimes conflicted with numerous stakeholders in their struggle to reduce infant mortality. Infant mortality within the black community has been a persistent phenomenon in the United States, despite a growing dependence on advancing medical technologies and medical models of birth. Studies in the early twentieth century typically marked poverty as the dominant factor in infant mortality affecting black communities. Refusing to accept poverty as a major determinant of infant mortality within marginalized populations of women, nurse-midwives during the 1970s and 1980s harnessed momentum from the growing women's health movement and sought alternative methods toward change and improvement of infant mortality rates. Utilizing a grassroots type of activism, midwives formed collaborative relationships with social workers, community activists, physicians, public health workers, and the affected communities themselves to assist in the processes of self-empowerment and education.