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Maritime Security Issues on the East Coast of Africa QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. MARITIME SECURITY ISSUES ON THE EAST COAST OF AFRICA SAS DRAKENSBERG MOMBASA HARBOUR 26 NOVEMBER 2007 CONFERENCE REPORT Introduction A South African Navy Ship, the SAS Drakensberg, visited Kenya during late November and was in Mombasa harbour on the 26th of November 2007. The SA Navy kindly consented that the ISS may host a one-day conference on board the SAS Drakensberg on this day and the Hanns Seidel Foundation agreed to fund the event. Rationale for the Conference This opportunity, to arrange a conference on board a SA Navy ship in Mombasa, presented a forum to further the mission of the ISS ‘to enhance human security in Africa’ as well as that of the Hanns Seidel Foundation ‘in the service of democracy, peace and development’. Africa has many maritime interests, including trade and the use of its marine resources to support development on the continent. Unfortunately, these resources are illegally plundered by others (illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing is an example) and free trade is hampered by phenomena such as piracy and organised crime. This is to the disadvantage of the people of the African continent. At the same time, little is being done in Africa to protect these interests and resources. The Common African Defence and Security Policy (CADSP), in addressing threats to peace, security and development pays little attention to the maritime dimensions thereof. The African Standby Force, as an instrument for the implementation of the CADSP, also does not address maritime forces or their contribution to African security and development. It is the opinion of the ISS that Africa needs to become more maritime conscious and needs to consider maritime matters at a continental and sub-regional level and not only as national issues. This opportunity allowed the ISS to further this debate and to specifically look at the role of maritime organisations and naval forces in supporting Africa’s security and development. Theme and Topics The main theme of the conference was “Maritime Security Issues on the East Coast of Africa” and topics included: • Maritime Security in the Changing International Geo-Strategic Scenario and its Influence on the East Coast of Africa: Brigadier Ngewa Mukala, MBS, SS. Kenya Navy • The Maritime Security Quandary in the Horn of Africa Region - Causes, Consequences and Responses: Cdr. (Dr) Thean Potgieter. South African Military Academy • The Manifestation and Challenges to Combating Piracy on the East Coast of Africa: Dr Henri Fouché. Tshwane University of Technology • The Importance of Fisheries Resources on the East Coast of Africa - The Protection of Resources in the Region through Joint Initiatives: Martin Purves & Marcel Kroese • The Role of African Naval Assets in Support of the African Standby Force: Lt Col J. E. Karia. Tanzanian Navy • Maritime and Naval Cooperation and Integration of Effort on the East Coast of Africa: Wilfred J. Kagimbi. Chief Surveyor & Receiver Of Wrecks, Kenya Maritime Authority Opening Address: HE Mr T.S. Msimanga, SA High Commissioner To Kenya After welcoming all on board the SAS Drakensberg, “a bit of South African territory here in Mombasa harbour”, Mr Msimanga stated that the security and development of the people of Africa were inextricably linked and that the one could not be separated from the other. In the pursuit of security and development for the people of Africa, access to resources and protection against ecological and environmental degradation were two major issues that had to be addressed. He stated that Africa had many maritime interests, including trade and the use of its marine resources to support development on the continent. Unfortunately, these resources were illegally plundered by others (fishing is an example), our seas were indiscriminately polluted destroying our marine assets and free trade was hampered by phenomena such as piracy and organised crime. This is to the obvious disadvantage of the people of the African continent. His Excellency submitted that to address these threats to the people of Africa it was important that African leaders take cognisance of these threats and become more maritime conscious. African maritime interests and maritime matters need to be addressed at a continental and sub-regional level and not only as national issues. In closing Mr Msimanga expressed the hope that the conference would serve the better understanding of the relevant issues as well as to enhance commitment to collective approaches in the maritime sphere to serve the people of Africa. Maritime Security in the Changing International Geo-Strategic Scenario and its Influence on the East Coast of Africa: Brigadier Ngewa Mukala, MBS, SS. Kenya Navy Brigadier Mukala described the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) as an inherently unstable region where instability manifests most profoundly in the maritime domain. Terrorism, piracy and drugs and arms smuggling are well-entrenched phenomena within the region. There is also evidence of military brinkmanship in trouble spots of inter-state conflict. He described the major threats to the IOR as; threats to the sea lines of communication (SLOCS) especially at the maritime chock points; maritime terrorism; warlordism, gun-running; illegal immigration; piracy; smuggling and trafficking and illegal exploitation of ocean resources. In order to combat these threats and overcome the challenges posed, maritime and naval authorities had to cooperate more closely in their collective peacetime roles of maritime policing (in harbours, coastal areas and at sea), support to navigation, humanitarian aid, support to civil authority and resource management. He emphasized the role that the sea could play in income generation through activities such as fishing; gas, oil and mineral exploitation; salt production; energy production from wind and waves; leisure and tourism; and free trade areas. Brigadier Mukala submitted that the building blocks to achieving success in such cooperation were political will, an integrated legislative and regulatory framework, effective maritime assets (both sea and air) and integrated Command-and-Control systems and procedures. He suggested that the way forward should be to build awareness of the issues at stake, to build capacity, to advance command-and-control integration, to use a holistic, cooperative approach and lastly to permanently seek areas of national and regional cooperation. In his conclusion, Brigadier Mukala said that sustainable development of the African Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) was worth the investment. He emphasized the word investment as opposed to aid; highlighting that African States must take the lead in this endeavour. This required a multi-agency approach, as good coordination, co-operation and communication were essential. He ended by submitting the major role for navies as a force for good in protecting and advancing Africa’s maritime interest. The Maritime Security Quandary in the Horn of Africa Region - Causes, Consequences and Responses: Cdr. (Dr) Thean Potgieter. South African Military Academy Commander Potgieter concentrated his presentation on the theme of maritime security problems in the Horn of Africa region as well as possible responses. Due to general instability in the region, as a result of the many and persistent intra- and inter-state conflicts, the maritime scenario was characterised by lack of order at sea including piracy, dumping of hazardous waste and illegal fishing. In discussing the actual and potential responses for addressing these challenges at sea, Commander Potgieter stated that the navies of the region had an important peacetime function in support of the maintenance of good order at sea. As the concept of borders in the sea was problematic, this required good regional and sub-regional cooperation and integration. Although African countries should play a leading role in this regard, international support was also important due to the international nature of the sea and the general lack of maritime capacity in Africa. The Manifestation and Challenges to Combating Piracy on the East Coast of Africa: Dr Henri Fouché. Tshwane University of Technology Dr. Fouché started his presentation with statistical data on the manifestation of the scourge of piracy in the off the east coast of Africa. Whereas piracy has shown a steady decline internationally since 2001, it has increased on the east coast of Africa to a high of 53 incidents in 2005 and is currently at 49 incidents for 2007. So far, 26 incidents have occurred off the Somali coast in 2007. He stated that piracy and armed robbery against ships present a serious threat to the lives of seafarers, the safety of navigation, the marine environment, the security of coastal states and the right of innocent passage in areas under the sovereignty of a coastal state. Combating piracy requires partnerships for capacity building in law enforcement and legislation; development of standard reporting procedures; development of both global and regional information bases; co-operation between coast guards and training and exchange of information on experiences. After briefly discussing the various mechanisms and protocols for security cooperation in the East African Region, he concluded that: • Because of the long coastlines and enormous area of the EEZ's of countries south of the Sahara it is important that African countries share intelligence
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