WORLD WAR TWO STUDIES ASSOCIATION (formerly American Committee on the History ofthe Second World War)

Mark P. Parillo, Secretary (Iml Donald S. Detwiler, Chairman Newsleller E,litor Department of History Departmem or History Southern Illinois University 208 Eisenhower Hall at Carbondale Kansas State University Carbondale, Illinois 62901-4519 Manhanan. Kansas 66506·1002 [email protected] 785-532-0374 FAX 785-532-7004 Permanent Directors parillof!)lksu.e

Charles F Delzell James Eluman, Associate Vanderbilt University NEWSLETTER Editor al/(I Webmaster Department of History Arthur L. Funk 208 Eisenhower Hall Gainesville, Florida ISSN 0885-5668 Kansas State University Monhallon, Kansas 66506·1002 Terms expiring 1000 Robin Higham. ArchiYlsl Carl Boyd No. 62 Spring 2000 DCp311ment of History Old Dominion University 20& Eisenhower Hall Kansas State, University James L. Collins, Jr. Manhallan. Kansas 66506-1002 Middleburg, Virginia Contents The WWTSA is affiliated with: John Lewis Gaddis Ohio University American Historical Association 400 A Street. S.E. Robin Higham Washington. D.C. 20003 Kansas State University World War Two Studies Association http://www.tluwhfl.org Warren F Kimball General Infonnation 2 Comitc Intcmalional d'Histoire Rutgers University, Newark de 1a Deuxieme Guerre Mondiale The Newsletter 2 Henry Rousso, Sec.n!tary Genual Allon R. Millen Institut d'Histoire du Temps Present Ohio State University Annual Membership Dues 2 (Centre national de la recherche scienlifique [CNRS]) Agnes F. Peterson Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan Hoover Institution 61, avenue du President Wilson 94235 Cachan CMex. France Russell F Weigley News and Notes 3 rousso([l!ihtl'-cllrs.ells-c(lchfll1jr Temple University WWTSA Annual Business Meeting 3 H· War: The Mi/i/ary History Nelwork Janet Ziegler (sponsored by H-Net: Humtllli'ies & University of Califomia, WWTSA Web Site Update 4 Social Sciellces OnLillc). which sup­ Los Angeles pollS the WWTSA's website on (he In­ ternet al Ihe following address (URL): Terms e.

Dennis Showalter Colorado College Recently Published Books in English on World War II 31 Mark A. Sioler University or Vermont Selected Titles from an Electronic Compilation by James Ehrman Gerhard L. Wei nberg University ofNonh Carolina at Chapel Hill Terms apiring 1001

Dean C. Allard Naval Historical Center

Stephen E. Ambrose University of New Orleans

Edward 1. Drea Department of Defense

David KMn Great Neck, New York

Carol M. Petillo Boston Coli ege

Ronald H. Speclor George Washington University

Robert Wolfe National Archives

Earl Ziemke University of Georgia General Information

Established in 1967 "to promote historical research in the period of World War II in all its aspects," the World War Two Studies Association, whose original name was the American Committee on the History of the Second World War, is a private organization supported by the dues and donations of its members. It is affiliated with the American Historical Association, with the International Committee for the History of the Second World War, and with corresponding national committees in other countries, including Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Singapore, Slovenia, the United Kingdom, and the Vatican.

The Newsletter

The WWTSA issues a semiannual newsletter, which is assigned International Standard Serial Number [ISSN] 0885-5668 by the Library of Congress. Backissues of the Newsletter are available from Robin Higham, WWTSA Archivist, through Sunflower University Press, 1531 Yuma (or Box 1009), Manhattan, KS 66502-4228.

Please send information for the Newsletter to:

Mark Parillo Department of History Kansas State University Tel.: (785) 532-0374 Eisenhower Hall Fax: (785) 532-7004 Manhattan, KS 66506-1002 E-mail: [email protected]

Annual Membership Dues

Membership is open to all who are interested in the era of the Second World War. Annual membership dues of $15.00 are payable at the beginning of each calendar year. Students with U.S. addresses may, if their circumstances require it, pay annual dues of $5.00 for up to six years. There is no surcharge for members abroad, but it is requested that dues be remitted directly to the secretary ofthe WWTSA (not through an agency or subscription service) in U.S. dollars. The Newsletter, which is mailed at bulk rates within the United States, will be sent by surface mail to foreign addresses unless special arrangements are made to cover the cost of airmail postage. Spring 2000 - 3 News & Notes the Second World War as well. Michel knew Professor Hughes and ;o~ght his assistance in establishing all American Committee. The World War Two Studies WWTSA Annual Business Meeting Association thus owes a debt to H. Stuart Hughes as one of the organization's The World War Two Studies founders. Association's annual business meeting was called to order at 5:30 p.m. on Friday, It was also announced that the January 7, 2000, in the Miami Room of International Committee for the History of the Chicago Marriott Hotel. Association the Second World War will be sponsoring secretary Mark Parillo opened the a two-part symposium at the 19th proceedings with special mention of the International Congress ofHistorical recent death of WWTSA Permanent Sciences, to be held in August 2000 in Director Oslo, Norway. The first session, "National and International Dimensions of the War" H. Stuart Hughes. . 1 ' WIll take place on Friday, August 11 \ with the second, titled ''The Legacy of the It was noted that Professor Hughes served War in a Long-Term Perspective," in the OSS in World War II and occurring the following day. Professor subsequently became a full professor at Mark Stoler of the University of Vermont Harvard University and, later, at the will be offering a paper, "The Second University of California at San Diego. He World War in American History and was best known for his contributions to Memory," on behalf of the World War intellectual history, producing such Two Studies Association. We greatly seminal works as Consciousness and appreciate his efforts. Those interested in Society (19~8), though his history of attending the congress or viewing the contemporary Europe (Contemporary program can visit the conference World Europe: A History) was also very Wide Web site at successful, going through four editions. http://www.oslo2000.uio.no/english/index.htm. While still at Harvard, Professor Hughes ran unsuccessfully against Edward As WWTSA treasurer, Parillo reported the Kennedy for the Democratic nomination association's continued solvency and ~or the U.S. Senate, then campaigned as an noted that there is now a small reserve in mdependent against Mr. Kennedy that fall. the "Friends of the WWTSA" account His involvement with the World War Two recently established at the Kansas State Studies Association began when Henri University Foundation. He reported that Michel, a historian who published a World last year's switch to a different mailing War II journal from the Prime Minister's service for the newsletter has provided office in Paris, set up the French some moderate savings in operating Committee on the History of the Second expenses. He expressed appreciation of the World War and helped organize the Department of History and the College of International Committee on the History of Arts & Sciences at Kansas State 4 - Spring 2000

University for their continued support or does not necessarily have to submit its the association. program proposals to the AHA Program Committee for approval, which means that Members were urged to take note that the the deadline for proposals is three months WWTSA-sponsored scholarly session, later than for the AHA Program "The Battles Continue: World War II Committee. Issues in the 1990s" would take place the th following morning, January 8 , at the Under the heading of new business, Parillo Marriott. Parillo thanked Dr. Ed Drea of reported that Roger Pao of the History the Department of Defense, Professor Tournament Station had requested Emeritus Grant K. Goodman of the WWTSA sponsorship for the American University of Kansas, Professor Jeffrey History Bowl competition for high school Roberts of Tennessee Tech University, and students. Members wishing to support or Professor Robert Pois of the University of assist this venture should contact Roger Colorado at Boulder for their participation Pao at 405 Glen Bonnie Lane, Cary, NC in the upcoming program. 27511 (e-mail: [email protected]). The secretary announced plans to organize a session for the 2001 American Historical The floor was opened to other business. Association annual meeting in Boston on Some general discussion of trends in the ongoing efforts of World War II World War II studies historiography historians in the field of oral history. There ensued, including some suggestions for was some discussion of other possible features in future newsletters. The meeting sessions and a call for further suggestions. adjourned at 6:25 p.m. Members interested in organizing or participating in scholarly sessions in conjunction with future AHA meetings WWTSA Web Site Update were invited to contact WWTSA secretary Parillo. The next AHA annual meeting WWTSA Associate Editor and webmaster will be at the Sheraton Boston, Westin James Ehrman has updated the association Copley Place Boston, and Boston Marriott Web site by compiling cumulative files of Copley Place hotels on 4-7 January 2001, bibliographic listings from recent issues of and the following year the meeting will the newsletter. There is a collection of take place in San Francisco, at the San recently published books and another of Francisco Hilton, Renaissance Pare 55, recently published articles. This will make and Hotel Nikko on 3-6 January 2002. searching the bibliographic listings Members were reminded that the WWTSA quicker and more convenient. The Web may sponsor as many panels as it wishes site URL is: for these meetings and that, as an affiliated http://h-net2.msu. edu/-war/wwtsa. society of the AHA, the association gets its sessions listed in the AHA program but

• Spring 2000 - 5

WWTSA SESSION ON WORLD WAR II ISSUES IN THE 1990s

On January 7, 2000, at the annual meeting of the American Historical Association held in Chicago, Illinois, the World War Two Studies Association sponsored a session titled "The Battles Continue: World War II Issues in the 1990s." Edward Drea, U.S. Army Center of Military History (retired), chaired and commented on a three-member panel whose common theme was memory and history -- that is the participants' recollection of events and the historian's reconstruction of those events. The session was well attended by a diverse mixture of academic and government historians, museum curators, and World War II veterans. A lively question and answer period followed the papers.

Dr. Grant K. Goodman, Professor Emeritus in History, University of Kansas, recounted the Japanese Foreign Ministry and cabinet's reluctance in 1993 to confront incontrovertible documentary evidence ofsexual slavery and the Japanese government's attempts to ignore, downplay, or dismiss the historical evidence and participants' memory. Professor Goodman's "My Own Gaiatsu (Foreign Pressure) or, Whatever Happened to the "Comfort Women" first described the Foreign Ministry's reaction to his role in disclosing the Imperial Japanese Army's official sponsorship of organized prostitution. From that departure point, he addressed the larger issue of Japan's unwillingness to confront its wartime past. This well-organized, witty, and insightful paper provoked numerous questions from the audience about Japan's selective memory of World War II, the role of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial, and the continuing confrontation between former comfort women and the Japanese government.

Dr. Jeffrey Roberts, Associate Professor, Tennessee Tech University, used the 1995 Smithsonian Air & Space Museum's failed Enola Gay exhibit as a vehicle to question first the motives of the display's advocates in the professional historical community and second, by extension, to underscore the changing and growlingly exc1usivist nature of the American Historical Association, which, at least by implication, favors only selective memories. "The Enola Gay Exhibit as a Failure ofthe Historical Profession" forcefully argued that exhibit supporters dismissed any criticism of the original exhibit as products of "myth or ignorance of relevant scholarship." Despite apologists' assertions of violation of academic freedom, Roberts saw the academic campaign and the American Historical Association's role as displaying a hypersensitivity to race and disturbing willingness to marginalize dissenting views, particularly those of military or diplomatic historians. As might be expected, Roberts' views stimulated a discussion not only about the AHA situation, but also over the ripple effect cancellation of the exhibit has exerted On subsequent museum displays. We should all look forward to Dr. Roberts's forthcoming book on the atomic bomb debate which Prager will publish late this year or early next.

Finally Dr. Robert A. Pois, Professor University of Colorado, raised the fundamental issue of preserving memory within a secular experience in "The Uniqueness of National Socialism and the Question of Historical Judgments." In an academic age when the impotence of human reason and the impossibility of universal moral judgments are regarded as positive attributes when writing history, Professor Pois confronted the audience with the basic question of 6 - Spring 2000

memory and history involving the preservation of the memory of the Nazi destruction of European Jewry without either 1) submerging the Holocaust into superficial and unrelated generalities, or 2) insisting the Holocaust is so unique as to become immune to historical analysis and judgment. He concluded that reasoned argumentation and empathetic understanding offer the guide that enables historians to draw conclusions about the past and form hypothesis about it. Such an approach allows for individual manifestations to be seen in a wider general developments. Professor Pois paper and his remarks on attempts to trivialize veterans' recollection of events added fuel to the discussion.

All three papers tackled the disturbing but fashionable notions that belief and emotion, not reason and empiricism, govern the writing of history; in short, that different intellectual and political movements create their own forms of relative "knowledge." One believes the Japanese government coerced young women into organized, state-sponsored prostitution, or one does not. One believes the atomic attack on Hiroshima was either a necessary act ofwar, or one does not. One believes the Holocaust was a unique event transcending analysis, or one does not. The three fine presentations addressed particular historical events of World War II and by so doing illuminated larger contemporary issues of the historical profession particularly relevant to the current study ofmilitary history. After all, ifhistory is merely today's agenda, then it holds no claim to a discipline.

Submitted by Ed Drea.

[ Spring 2000 - 7

Reviews by Donald S. Detwiler

John Lukacs, Five Days in London, May 1940. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1999. xvi & 236 pp. (ISBN 0300080301) $19.95. Known to historians of the Second World War for The Last European War-September 1939/December 1941 (Garden City, New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1976), his more recent study, The Duel: 10 May - 31 July 1940: The Eighty-Day Struggle Between Churchill and Hitler l (New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1991), and several other works dealing with the period , John Lukacs has now produced a detailed account of events in London during five of the eighty days considered in The Duel. In his new volume, Lukacs reconstructs Winston Churchill's achievement, from Friday, May 24th, through Tuesday the 28th, in rallying the government he had been appointed to lead on May 10th in its firmly uncompromising stance against Hitler. Effectively drawing on primary sources at the Public Record Office in Kew, the Churchill Archives at Cambridge, and the Mass-Observation Archives at the University of Sussex, in" addition to specialized studies and contemporary press reports, Lukacs presents a carefully documented day-by-day account of that five-day span, juxtaposing the public perception ofthe catastrophic reverses in France with the secret deliberations during no fewer than "nine War Cabinet sessions during the three days of26 and 27 and 28 May."2 On Monday, May 20th, a German armored spearhead under General Ewald von Kleist had reached the English Channel. By Friday the 24th, when Lukacs' detailed account begins, following an introductory background chapter, "The Hinge ofFate," the magnitude ofthe catastrophe that had befallen the Allies in France was apparent. On Sunday the 26th, the French premier, Paul Reynaud, flew to England and informed Churchill and his War Cabinet colleagues of"the near hopelessness ofthe French military situation,"3 and that although "he himselfwould fight on, ... he might soon be replaced by others ofa different temper."4 Reynaud proposed a joint Anglo-French request to Mussolini (coupled with concessions as an inducement) that he explore with Hitler the prospects for a settlement.s In supporting Reynaud's initiative at a War Cabinet session that same afternoon, the British Foreign Secretary, Lord Halifax, said that he

IFor a concise overview, see Robert H. Ferrell, "Appreciating John Lukacs," The Review of Politics, Vol. 54, No.2 (Spring 1992), pp. 303-310.

2Lukacs, Five Days, p. 146. "After 10 May 1940, the War Cabinet consisted of five men-Churchill, Halifax, and Chamberlain and the two leaders of Labour, Clement Attlee and Arthur Greenwood, who were brought into the coalition, making it a National Government" (ibid., p.68).

3Lukacs, p. 111.

4Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War: Their Finest Hour (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1949; paperback repr., New York: Bantam, 1962), p. 106.

SLukacs, pp. 105-112; Churchill, p. 107. 8 - Spring 2000

'''thought that if we got to the point of discussing the tenns of a general settlement and found that we could obtain tenns which did not postulate the destruction ofour independence, we would be foolish ifwe did not accept them'."6 Churchill opposed the proposal because, as he later put it in his memoir-history of the war, "once we started negotiating for the friendly mediation of the Duce, we should destroy our power of fighting on."7 But he gives no hint of the pains to which he went to convince his Tory colleagues, Chamberlain and Halifax, of the importance of rejecting Reynaud's proposal. Lukacs' vivid account ofthese three men and of their interaction enables the reader to appreciate an aspect of the prime minister's leadership during that time that is not even remotely suggested in Churchill's own postwar account.8

John Lukacs, The Hitler ofHistory. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997. xiv & 279 pp. (ISBN 0679446494) $26.00; paperback repr., New York: Vintage Books, 1998 (ISBN 0375701133) $14.00. This "history ofthe evolution ofour knowledge ofHitler" (p. xi) is a copiously annotated, critical study ofthe development of scholarship on the Gennan dictator since his emergence as a figure on the world stage. In his opening chapter, Lukacs reviews the "extraordinary, and continuing, interest in Hitler during the last fifty years" (p. 2) and surveys the most important works on him from the account ofhis rise to power by Konrad Heiden to Ian Kershaw's preliminary profile ofthe dictator.9

6Lukacs, p. 117, noting that he supplied the italics.

7Churchill, p. 107.

8Rather than suggesting that there had been serious consideration (let alone advocacy) of compromise in the War Cabinet, Churchill wrote that he "found ... [hisJ colleagues very stiff and tough" (ibid., p. 107). On page 186, Lukacs concludes his account ofthe episode with the acknowledgment by Lord Halifax's biographer that Churchill had been right: "'Churchill's instincts proved correct. Halifax had attempted to bring logic and reason to a problem long since devoid of either'" (citing Andrew Roberts, The Holy Fox: A Biography ofLord Halifax [London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1991J, p. 226). In a footnote on the same page, Lukacs cites Roberts further: "'Churchill wrote in Their Finest Hour, "Future generations may deem it noteworthy that the supreme question ofwhether we should fight on alone never found a place upon the War Cabinet agenda.... We were much too busy to waste time upon such academic, unreal issues." In fact, future generations might find it just as noteworthy that there were five meetings [in reality, nine (Lukacs' insertion)J, some ofwhich went on for as long as four hours, solely on that very subject'" (ibid., 227-28). The passage in Their Finest Hour that Lukacs quotes Roberts as citing occurs at the beginning ofthe ninth chapter, "The French Agony" (loc. cit, p. 153).

9Heiden's study ofHitler until the end of June 1930, not long before the death of Hindenburg, and Hitler's merger of the powers ofthe presidency with those of the chancellorship in 1934, published by Europa Verlag in ZUrich in 1936, appeared in translation by Ralph Manheim as Der Fuehrer: Hitler's Rise to Power (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1944) and has recently been Spring 2000 - 9

In his second chapter, Lukacs considers historians' treatment of the first thirty years of Hitler's life, i.e., to 1919, as well as Hitler's own self-portrayal, not only in Mein Kampf, but also in his earlier writings and speeches, with particular attention to what seem to have been the milestones in his life and the points at which his political ideas and world-view crystallized. 10 Hitler, blinded in October 1918 in a gas attack at the front, was in a hospital in Pomerania at the time of the armistice and the abdication of the emperor in November. "One man," Lukacs notes, "who understood the searing experiences ofHitler," hearing the crushing news of the defeat and collapse of the German Empire during his convalescence, "was Churchill. In the first volume of his memoirs ofthe Second World War, Churchill began a chapter with the description of Hitler in that hospital. Written in 1948, it is still a most penetrating summary description." II

reissued as a paperback (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1999). Lukacs takes into account Kershaw's Hitler (London and New York: Longman, 1991), a concise volume in the "Profiles in Power" series, edited by Keith Robbins, as well as the British historian's earlier works, The 'Hitler Myth': Image and Reality in the Third Reich (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1987) and Popular Opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Reich, Bavaria, 1933-1945 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983). But the first volume ofKershaw's major biography, Hitler, 1889-1936: Hubris (London: Allen Lane/Penguin, 1998; New York: Norton, 1999), appeared only after Lukacs' book had been published. In a review ofKershaw's new work in The Spectator (19 September 1998), Lukacs described it as "the most impressive biography of Hitler in the English language," noting that it " is near-encyclopaedic, demonstrating his extensive acquaintance with German sources and studies. It rests on the solid fundament of his earlier studies and researches about German opinion and sentiment during the Hitler era" (p. 39). i JOAdolfHitler, Samtliche Aufzeichnungen, 1905-1924, ed. by Eberhard Jackel together with Axel Kuhn (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1980, 1315 pp.). Lukacs mentions that the editors, on learning that several items-"sixteen or seventeen out of a total of nearly seven hundred documents"(p. 60)-were spurious, published a note regarding them in the prominent Munich journal of contemporary history, Vierteljahrshefte fir Zeitgeschichte (April 1981, p. 304).

llLukacs, The Hitler ofHistory, p. 61, footnote, citing the chapter "Adolf Hitler," dealing with the early rise of Hitler and Weimar Republic, in the first volume of Churchill's work on The Second World War: The Gathering Storm (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1948; paperback repr., New York: Bantam, 1961), pp. 47-59. In The Duel-10 May-31 July 1940: The Eight-Day Struggle Between Churchill and Hitler (New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1991), pp. 40-41, Lukacs pointed out that Churchill, as a practicing journalist, had "composed a portrait ofHitler in 1935: 'What manner of man is this grim figure who has performed these superb toils [meaning the raising up of Germany] and loosed these frightful evils [meaning Hitler's persecutions and terror]?' In November 1935 he wrote: 'Those who have met Herr Hitler face to face in public business or on social terms have found a highly competent, cool, well-informed functionary with an agreeable manner, a disarming smile, and few have been unaffected by a subtle personal magnetism.' As late as September 1937 he wrote: 'If our country were defeated I hope we should find a champion as indomitable to restore our courage and lead us back to our place among the nations.' There was nothing hypocritical in these phrases. They were not the results of the sometimes undue, and

[ 10 - Spring 2000

In his third, fourth, and fifth chapters, Lukacs considers in tum the treatment of Hitler as a reactionary or a revolutionary of a new kind; the character of his radically nationalist regime; and his abilities as a statesman and a strategist. In the sixth chapter, "The Jews: Tragedy and Mystery," Lukacs turns to the historiography of the Holocaust, noting the extent to which allegations "that the Holocaust had been arranged behind Hitler's back by Himmler, Heydrich and others, and against Hitler's intentions" have been effectively refuted,12 and commending as "most valuable" books by Uwe Dietrich Adam and Gerald Fleming and an "extraordinarily intelligent and relatively small volume by the Swiss Philippe Burrin." 13 The seventh chapter is about the treatment ofHitler's place in German history; the question of the responsibility for his rise to power ofconservative, nationalist elites; the challenge of understanding Hitler's support among the German people; and the complex and controversial question of the relationship between his regime and the Roman Catholic Church. 14

therefore exaggerated, British habit of rhetorical fairness. Nor were they polite phrases masking hate. The hate-if that is what it was-that would animate Churchill against Hitler came later. Even then it was less of a hate for a man than the hate ofwhat that man had wrought. Even after the war, writing about Hitler, Churchill described how Hitler's sufferings in 1918 'did not lead him into Communist ranks. By an honourable inversion he cherished all the more an abnormal sense of racial loyalty and a fervent and mystic admiration for Germany and the German people.' The italics are mine." (For the relatively positive impression Hitler made on another seasoned foreign observer in early March 1938, see Lukacs' account ofHitler's meeting with a former President of the United States in his chapter on the year "1938" in A Thread oJYears [New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1998; paperback repr., 1999], pp. 261-67, and his article "Herbert Hoover Meets Adolf Hitler" in The American Scholar, Vol. 62, No.2 [Spring 1993], pp. 235-38.)

12Loc. cit., p. 179, where Lukacs cites several articles by Martin Broszat, Eberhard Jackel, and Jost Dtilffer in German publications, but also Gitta Sereny and Lewis Chester in the London Sunday Times, 10 July 1977. Lukacs also discusses (on pp. 195-96) the relationship between Adolf Hitler and the Jewish physician Dr. Eduard Bloch, who cared for his mother during her terminal illness, citing the documentation from Bloch quoted in Ernst Gunther Schenck, Patient Hitler. Eine medizinische Biographie ["Hitler as a Patient: A Medical Biography"] (Dusseldorf: Droste, 1989) and referring to Bloch's article about Hitler in Collier's, 15 and 22 March 1941.

t3Loc. cit., p. 179. Lukacs refers to Uwe Dietrich Adam, Judenpolitik im Dritten Reich ["Jewish Policy in the Third Reich"] (Dusseldorf: Droste, 1972; repr., Konigstein/Taunus: Athenaum, 1979); Gerald Fleming, Hitler and the Final Solution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982; paperback repr., 1987); and Philippe Burrin, Hitler et les juifs. Genese d'une genocide (Paris: Seuil, 1989), translated by Patsy Southgate as Hitler and the Jews: The Genesis oJthe Holocaust, with an introduction by Saul FriedHmder (London: Edward Arnold, 1994; paperback repr., 1998).

14Lukacs cites the conclusion reached by the Austrian Roman Catholic historian Friedrich Heer that "'neither in German Catholicism nor in the Vatican did Hitler meet an opponent who was worthy of him [der ihm gewachsen war]'" (p. 217, where Lukacs, in his own English translation, Spring 2000 - 11

In the eighth chapter, Lukacs first considers apologists and revisionists, including David Irving, noting the unfortunate influence of this "amateur historian" and citing examples of his "methods," 15 and then turns to the German "Historians' Controversy" (Historikerstreit) of the 1980s, which arose, he writes, because the time had arrived when "respectable German professional historians had come to find it proper to reconsider the place of the Third Reich-and, at least indirectly, of Hitler-in the history of Germany and of Europe in the twentieth century."16 Referring to two of the more prominent conservative participants in the controversy, Ernst Nolte and Andreas Hillgruber, Lukacs concludes that in their "defense it must be said, in all fairness, that while elements of a rehabilitation of Hitler may be implicit in some of their writing, that does not seem to have been their purpose. They were moved by a passionate bitterness against what to them seemed an unfortunately broad-yet inadequate-and anti­ nationalist consensus among German historians. They wanted not to rehabilitate but to explain. Yet many of their explanations amounted to a kind of relativatization that ought to be dismissed. Nolte and Hillgruber, as well as most of their supporters and followers, are not admirers of Hitler but defenders of Germany and of the history of the German people during the Third Reich. But since the history of the Third Reich is inseparable from that of Adolf Hitler, they inevitably find themselves (at times at least) defending Hitler, toO."17 In his concluding chapter, "The Historical Problem," Lukacs writes that "on 2 June 1945, hardly a month after Hitler's suicide, Pope Pius XII spoke before the College of Cardinals about 'the satanic apparition ... ofNational Socialism.' With all respect due to this much, and sometimes unjustly, criticized pope, I am inclined to agree with Friedrich Heer: 'Again this is being metaphysical, removing something from history and from the responsibility for history, acquitting Catholics of their responsibilities. For a "satanic apparition" no one is responsible-at best, an exorcist. ... The pope overlooks entirely that this "satanic apparition" was a very concrete human incarnation who, before all in the Munich so loved by the pope but also elsewhere, was promoted and helped into power by very responsible and notable men...."'18 cites Heer's study, Der Glaube des AdolfHitler. Anatomie einer politischen Religiositat ["The Belief ofAdolf Hitler: The Anatomy of a Political Religiosity"] [Munich: Bechtle, 1968], p.471). Lukacs goes on to acknowledge the at times "even inspiring record" of a number of the Catholic crergy, but points out that "some of the responses to Hitler by otherwise non-Nazi or even anti­ Nazi members of the hierarchy are less than inspiring, especially in retrospect" (and, in an extended footnote on pp. 217-18, cites a number of specific examples).

15The characterization as an "amateur" occurs on p. 229, where Lukacs writes of the British author's "evolution from a young sympathizer of Germany and things German to a 'rehabilitator' of Hitler and then to his indubitable admirer and partisan"; in a long footnote on pp. 230-31, Lukacs cites nine passages in David Irving, Hitler's War (New York: Viking, 1977) as "a very random sampling ofIrving's 'methods'" (briefly noting his objection to each).

16Ibid., p. 233.

17Ibid., p. 236.

'8Ibid., p. 265, citing Heer (in Lukacs' translation), op. cit., pp. 535-36. 12 - Spring 2000

With a text that is stimulating and sometimes provocative for the specialist, yet accessible to the general reader and informative for the student, and with a wealth of footnotes providing judiciously selected excerpts from and often incisive commentary on the extensive literature, Lukacs' concise volume of slightly less than three hundred pages is a very welcome contribution to our understanding ofHitler and to the scholarship devoted to him and to his place in history.

Christian Leitz, Economic Relations Between Nazi Germany and Franco's Spain 1936-1945, Oxford Historical Monographs (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996). xiv & 255 pp. (ISBN 0198206453) $72.00. Michael Richards, A Time ofSilence: Civil War and the Culture ofRepression in Franco's Spain, 1936-1945, Studies in the Social and Cultural History of Modern Warfare (Cambridge: University Press, 1998), xii & 314 pp. (ISBN 0521594014) $59.95. These two readable, extensively documented monographs, published as revisions of British doctoral dissertations, are valuable and well-informed contributions to the study of Spain during the Civil War and the Second World War. Leitz' book, based on a wide reading of the scholarly literature in English, French, German, and French and on extensive research in German, British, Spanish, and American archival sources, provides a far more detailed account of Spanish-German economic relations from the beginning of the Civil War to the end of World War II than has heretofore been available. 19 In the first two chapters, dealing with the Civil War, Leitz brings out the extent to which Franco succeeded in limiting German penetration of the Spanish economy, even though the Germans had "put Franco's victory at risk by withholding war material in the second half of 1938," with the consequence that, when the war ended, "Nationalist Spain was far from having become an economic colony of National Socialist Germany" and Berlin's principal leverage was the enormous debt incurred for German aid during the conflict.20 After the beginning ofWorld War II, moreover, Spain "became increasingly reliant on Britain for imports.... Franco benefited from a British policy of economic appeasement which included the provision of wheat and the organization of American oil and cotton supplies."21 Another factor that reduced German

'9Leitz was able to use Spanish archival materials opened only in the 1990s, but mentions that "access to Franco's personal records remains limited" (p. 224).

2°Leitz, p. 90.

21Ibid., p. 224. On 8 October 1940, at a time when Hitler was planning ajoint Spanish­ German attack on Gibraltar that would be thwarted by Franco, Churchill explained in the House of Commons the policy of his government to provide Spain desperately needed imports: "There is no country in Europe that has more need ofpeace and food and the opportunities ofprosperous trade than Spain, which has been tom and tormented by the devastation of a civil war into which the Spanish nation was drawn by a series of hideous accidents and misunderstandings and from the ruins of which they must now rebuild their united national life in dignity, in mercy, and in honour. Far be it from us to lap Spain and her own economic needs in the wide compass ofour blockade" (The Times, 9 Oct. 1940, cited by E. Allison Peers, Spain in Eclipse, 1937-1943 [London: Spring 2000 - 13 influence in Spain was that the value of the Spanish debt was severely discounted by the bidding war for the one natural resource that Gennany most needed from Spain, wolfram-the ore containing tungsten, used for hardening steel for annor-plating and annor-piercing projectiles.22 In his conclusion, Leitz writes that it was clear even during World War II that Gennan aid totalling "nearly RM580 million ... to support Franco in the Spanish Civil War had not yielded long-tenn economic benefits. Although the abnonnal conditions created by [the] Second World War did have an impact on this failure, it is doubtful whether Franco would have allowed an economic colonization of Spain even under peacetime conditions.... In the end, only a total Gennan victory in Europe would have brought Nationalist Socialist plans for an economic colonization of Spain back on course."23 The purpose ofMichael Richards' study of the Franco regime is "to analyse the interaction of the ideological, social and economic aspects of Francoism's establishment in power during and immediately after the Civil War. ... In large part, it is a study of the brutalities of everyday life as lived by substantial sections of the population in the course of the Civil War and in its aftennath, and an attempt to suggest some ways in which they may be explained. "24 "The Francoist ideology," as Richards explains in detail, "was composed of Catholicism, specifically Spanish myths, exacerbated nationalism and European fascism. ,,25 The "brutalities of everyday life" to which he refers were suffered most acutely by the working classes, particularly in the urban centers that had supported the defeated Republicans, as a consequence of the authoritarian regime's attempt to implement a policy of economic autarky (i.e., economic self-sufficiency), even at the cost of widespread deprivation, especially during the early years ofW6rld War II.26

Methuen, 1943], p. 182).

22This is treated in detail in Chapter 5, "Nazi Gennany's Struggle for Spanish Wolfram and Allied Economic Warfare" (ibid., pp. 170-199, including 125 footnotes). Regarding the bidding war for wolfram, a fonner U.S. diplomat who served in Spain during the Second World War subsequently wrote that the Anglo-American "device for depriving the Gennans of wolfram was to offer higher and higher prices for it, and we raised prices to what must have seemed to the Spaniards (and to the Gennans) astronomical levels. Since we had dollars to spare, and since the sums were chicken-feed to us, there was almost an element of unfair competition in what we did-particularly since we doubled and tripled the price of the petroleum we were selling to Spain in order to recover a part ofour costs" (Willard L. Beaulac, Franco: Silent Ally in World War II [Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1986], p. 24).

23Leitz, loco cit., pp. 226-27.

24Richards, p. 2.

25Ibid., p. 16.

26"The US Red Cross found 'appalling conditions of starvation and need of every kind' in the capital. In the summer of 1941 this organisation was 'feeding more than 20,000 starving people in Madrid [and] 30-40,000 [were] living in ruins without a roof over their heads"' (Richards, p. 143, citing a report, dated 19 August)941, in the Foreign Office records at the Public Record 14 - Spring 2000

Richards' study is based on extensive research in contemporary records not only in Madrid, but in regional archives, and on the increasingly critical and objective body of Spanish scholarship on the Franco era published since the death of the dictator and the accession of King Juan Carlos in 1975.27 Richards systematically analyses the political economy ofFranco Spain during the era from the-outbreak of the Civil War to the end of the Second World War, showing how the deprivations resulting from a radical policy of autarky were rationalized (and approved by the authorities) as a necessary element in "the ascetic regimen that Francoism imposed," for the sake of the "moral and economic reconstruction" of Spain 28. Although the conservative Spanish Catholic church had been very closely allied during the Civil War with the Franco regime in the bitter struggle against the anti-clerical Republic, differences between the church and the Falange emerged during the Second World War "over relations with Nazi Germany, for example, or because of the apparent social radicalism of some fascist 'revolutionaries', or the evident contradiction between Christian charity and the unending repression and domination. By this time, church, party and military were eruneshed, not only in a network of common ideas, but in a 'pact of blood' entered into during the war itself. The fall of Mussolini, moreover, and the social conflict in Italy that followed, made elite groups and much of society generally adhere desperately to the dictatorship one way or another for fear of a return to civil war. "29 Richards observes that in Spain "writing the history ofFrancoism with any claim at all to objectivity was hardly initiated until the 1980s. Forgetting the recent past in postwar Spain was both enforced by authority and employed as personal and collective strategies of survival. ... This 'pact of oblivion', as it was known in political circles, became an important condition of the

Office, and adding a reference to a Spanish government source estimating home1essness in Madrid in 1940 at 60,000). In endnote 30 on p. 179, Richards cites a calculation in an article by Juan Diez Nicolas in the Boletin de demografia historica, Vol. 3, No.1 (March 1985), pp. 52-53, estimating that in the period 1940-42, hunger, disease, and political repression in Spain resulted in 214,000 deaths.

27Richards' book was begun as a dissertation supervised by Paul Preston, author of Franco: A Biography (New York: Basic Books, 1994), which he describes as "a recent major deconstruction of myths about Franco" (p. 175), of The Politics ofRevenge: Fascism and the Military in Twentieth-Century Spain (London and New York: Routledge, 1995), and of The Triumph ofDemocracy in Spain (London and New York: Methuen, 1986), and general editor, together with Michael Partridge, ofBritish Documents on Foreign Affairs-Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print; Part III, From 1940 through 1945, Series F, Europe (Bethesda, Md.: University Publications of America, 1997), and of British Documents on Foreign Affairs-Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print; Part III, From 1940 through 1945, Series L, World War II and General (Bethesda, Md.: University Publications of America, 1998).

28Ibid, pp. 3 and 4.

29Ibid., p. 172. Spring 2000 - 15

9 process ofthe peaceful transition to democracy in the 1970s and 1980s."30 Richards' monograph, which draws on recent Spanish scholarship as well as on contemporary records and publications, provides so unsparingly clear a picture of the era he takes under consideration that one can understand why it was for so long passed over in silence.

Maochun Yu, OSS in China: Prelude to Cold War. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1996. xxii & 340 pp. (ISBN 0300066988) $40.00 Archimedes L. A. Patti, Why Vietnam? Prelude to America's Albatross. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980. xx & 612 pp. (ISBN 0520041569) $19.50; paperback rept., 1980 (ISBN 0520047834) $15.00 An historian from China now teaching at the US. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maochun Yu wrote his monograph on the US. intelligence effort in China during World War II as a . doctoral dissertation at the University of California, Berkeley. Primarily on the basis of recently declassified records of the Office of Strategic Services (aSS) at the National Archives (Record Group 226) and "newly published Chinese materials"3l, Yu provides a narrative account of his subj ect from the time of the establishment, in summer 1941, of the office of Coordinator of Information (Cal), the predecessor of the ass, until the transfer to the U.S. Navy of the China detachment of the ass successor organization, the War Department's Strategic Services Unit, in fall 1946.32

30Ibid., pp. 9-10.

3lyu, p. xv.

32President Roosevelt created the office of Coordinator ofInformation, under (then) Colonel (later Major General) William J. Donovan, by executive order on 11 July 1941. On 13 June 1942 he divided it "into two parts: the Office of War Information, or OWl, [that] would 'plan, develop, and execute all phases of the federal program of radio, press, publication, and related foreign propaganda activities involving the dissemination of information' ... [and] the Office of Strategic Services, to be headed by Donovan, [that] would handle everything else" (ibid., pp. 70­ 71). The "aSS was disbanded by Executive Order 9621, dated 20 September 1945 and effective 1 November" (H. Bradford Westerfield, ed., Inside CIA's Private World: Declassified Articlesfrom the Agency's Internal Journal, 1955-1992 [New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1995], p. 127). Many of its personnel were transferred to the State Department's Interim Research and Intelligence Service (IRIS), others to the War Department's Strategic Services Unit (SSU) under Brigadier General John Magruder, the former Deputy Director of ass for Intelligence (yu, p. 251). Before the SSU was abolished in turn in 1946, its operating unit in China was transferred, for "limited control and full logistical support," to the US. Navy's Seventh Fleet (ibid, p. 262). For an early but well-informed overview of the dismantling of the ass and the establishment two years later of the CIA, see chapter 11, "aSS and CIA: The Espionage Gap," in OSS: The Secret History ofAmerica's First Central Intelligence Agency, by R. Harris Smith [Berkeley: University 16 - Spring 2000

In his extensively annotated study, Yu describes the complexity ofthe setting in which the OSS functioned in China, where the Allied war effort against Japan was handicapped by the implacable hostility between Chinese Nationalists and Chinese Communists, by divisions within the Chinese Nationalist camp and turf battles among rival American agencies, and by fundamental differences in outlook, policy, and war aims between the Americans, British, French, and Chinese. In the course of the war, the OSS collaborated in China, at one time or another, with "virtually all of the major players-with Detachment 101 under army commander Stilwell, with SACO under the navy and Tai Li's BIS, with AGFRTS under Chennault ofthe 14th Air Force, [and] with the Chinese Communists in Yenan ... ,'133 Augmented by transfers from the European Theater following the defeat of Germany, the personnel strength of the OSS in China peaked in July 1945 at 1,891.34 After the dissolution of the ass late in 1945, intelligence work was continued in China by former OSS personnel under the aegis ofthe China Detachment ofthe War Department's successor organization, tne Strategic Services Unit (SSU/China), in order to provide continuing intelligence coverage of "the Soviet Union's expansion in China and adjacent areas. ,,35 Once it had been decided, in fall 1946, that U.S. ground forces would be withdrawn from China, leaving only a military advisory group, the intelltgence unit that had functioned in China under the SSU was transferred, for logistical support, to the U.S. Seventh Fleet, "in order to disassociate officers

of California Pres, 1972; paperback repr., New York: Dell, 1973], pp. 361-383)

33Loc. cit., p. 268; ass Detachment 101 functioned as a guerilla warfare unit in Burma; SACa, the Sino-American Special Technical Cooperative Organization, was a collaborative enterprise ofthe Chinese Nationalist Bureau ofInvestigation and Statistics (BIS) under General Tai Li and the U.S. Naval Group, China, under Captain (later Rear Admiral) Milton E. Miles, who reported directly to the Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet, Admiral King, in Washington, while simultaneously serving, from September 1942 until November 1943, as OSS coordinator in China (Yu, pp. 75 and 127); AGFRTS was the "Air and Ground Forces Resources and Technical Staff," based in Kunming, China, several hundred miles southwest of the wartime Nationalist capital of Chungking; and the "Dixie Mission" to the Chinese Communist headquarters in Yenan, China, included an OSS contingent "to report on the military capabilities ofthe Japanese in north China and to assess as well the military potential ofthe Communists" (Smith, OSS, p. 263). In his treatment ofSACO and ofTai Li, Yu draws on new Chinese material, the memoirs ofthe late Vice Admiral Milton E. Miles, A Different Kind of War, prepared by Hawthorne Daniel, with a foreword by Arleigh Burke (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1967 [authorized reprint, Taipei: Caves Books, 1986]), and an unpublished manuscript by Admiral Miles at the Naval War College, Newport, R.I., and he also includes eleven photographs provided by Admiral Miles' family among the twenty illustrations in his volume. (Further information on the role,JJ_ackground, and connections ofTai Li is provided by Archimedes L A. Patti in the biographical sketch on pp. 491­ 92 ofhis book reviewed below.)

34yu, p. 226.

35Ibid., p. 258. Spring 2000 - 17 in the military advisory and executive groups from connection with an intelligence agency," and it was that unit, Seventh Fleet's External Survey Detachment 44, as it was known, that became, after the establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) the following year, "the [new] Agency's first China contingent."36 The subtitle ofYu's book, "Prelude to Cold War," refers to the conflict between the United States of America and the Chinese Communists, which was heralded by the killing in north China of an ass officer, Captain John Birch, on 25 August 1945. When the Japanese capitulated earlier that month, Birch headed one of the ass teams immediately sent to strategic areas previously under Japanese control. Yu summarizes the account of the incident given in U.S. Army records (based on the testimony ofa surviving member of Birch's team) and cites the conclusion of "an investigation conducted by the U.S. judge advocate of the China theater ... [that] 'Capt. Birch's conduct immediately prior to his death indicated a lack of good judgment and failure to take proper precautions in a dangerous situation, [but] nevertheless the actions taken by the Chinese Communist Army personnel fell short of according the rights and privileges due even to enemy prisoners ofwar and constituted murder....The shooting was done maliciously.... The killing was completely without justification.' "37 However, writes Yu, it "was by no means an isolated incident 'provoked' by the murdered man.... It transpired because the Communists tenaciously tried to keep all American influence out of the geographically important Shandong Peninsula and Northern Jiangsu, which guard the entrance in the Gulf of Chihli (Bo Hai Gulf) to Port Arthur (Lti Shun) and Dairen (Da Lian)-both under Soviet occupation since mid-August 1945; and because the CCP troops were actively searching for the Birch party to prevent it at any cost from meeting the person Captain Birch was instructed to see, General Hao Pengju, formerly a puppet collaborator, with whom the CCP was conducting a hasty and most secret negotiation."38 In his "Epilogue," Yu points out that the ass, focussed on the struggle against Japan, was oblivious to Chinese Communist espionage against the Chinese Nationalists, as illustrated by an ass intelligence digest on Yenan compiled in June 1945, where, in a listing of Communist personalities, "Kang Sheng, intelligence chief of the entire Chinese Communist Party, who ran an overarching espionage system all over China, was called simply an 'intellectual'."39 Under the

36Ibid., pp. 261-62. Yu explains that the transfer ofSSU/China to the U.S. Navy had been initiated by General George C. Marshall, who at the time was in China attempting to mediate the conflict between the Chinese Nationalists and Chinese Communists, and who "wanted to dissociate his mission from SSU" (ibid.).

37Ibid., pp. 239-240.

38Ibid., pp. 235-36.

39Ibid., p. 276. In his subchapter on "Communist Intelligence and Tai Li's Tum to America" (pp. 40-44), Yu recounts the penetration of the Chinese Nationalist BIS by Communist agents, the discovery of which, early in 1942, mortified General Tai Li, bringing him "to the lowest point in his career." Tai Li's consequent determination "to modernize and overhaul his internal security and counterespionage system at any cost," Yu writes (citing an "unpublished 18 - Spring 2000 circumstances, it is hardly surprising that the OSS itself was vulnerable to Conununist Chinese infiltration. "There is ample evidence," Yu writes, "that throughout the war, Conununist intelligence was able to penetrate OSS operations in China.... Many Chinese typists and interpreters ... were secret agents working for Yenan. As revealed in recent materials published in China, they stole US. documents, organized secret Conununist Party activities, often forged intelligence, and fed American intelligence agencies in China falsified information. "40 In connection with his account ofOSS operations in China during the Second World War, Yu provides concise coverage of Allied intelligence operations, conducted from southern China, in Indochina, which the Japanese had occupied but left under French administration until 1945. On 9 March of that year, however, the Japanese suddenly took control, arrested the French governor general, seized administrative buildings and public utilities, interned all French troops, and, as champions of a policy of "Asia for the Asiatics," proclaimed Vietnamese independence and set up a puppet regime. Yu recounts how, shortly after this Japanese coup, which led to the collapse of the Allied network for rescuing fliers downed in Indochina, Ho Chi Minh and his followers were engaged as agents of the Air Ground Aid Service (AGAS).41 However, Yu does not discuss in depth Ho Chi Minh's role before March 1945 or OSS operations in Indochina (handled from the OSS base in Kunming, China), drawing, as he might have, from the detailed treatment to be found in Archimedes Patti's book on Vietnam.42 The fact that Patti's work on "the last battle of World War II," as he calls the Vietnam conflict (on the first page of chapter 1) is

manuscript by Milton Miles, 'The Navy Launched a Dragon,' chapter 28, Naval War College"), "led him to join hands with American intelligence and establish the most controversial unit in the OSS/SACO enterprise-one that would eventually involve many internal security experts from the FBI, the narcotics bureau, the US. Navy, and OSS" (p. 44).

4°Ibid., p. 276.

4IIbid., pp. 203-208, citing on p. 207 the account by Charles Fenn in Ho Chi Minh: A Biographical Introduction (London: Studio Vista [and New York: Scribner], 1973) ofHo's emergence in 1945 as a revolutionary leader in Vietnam. Yu notes that when Fenn (the OSS officer in Kunming who recruited Ho) was warned by Chinese Nationalist intelligence that "Ho and most of his people were Communists," he checked with his headquarters in Chungking and was instructed to go ahead with him '"regardless''' (p. 206). On page 39 ofAdvice and Support: The Early Years, 1941-1965-The United States Army in Vietnam (Washington, D.C.: US. Army Center ofMilitary History, 1983), Ronald H. Spector writes that "in March 1945 officers of the U.S. Army Air Forces Air Ground Aid Service contacted Ho Chi Minh in Kunming and agreed to supply him with conununications equipment, medical supplies, and small arms in return for intelligence and assistance in rescuing Allied pilots," citing Fenn and referring also to Lloyd Shearer, "When Ho Chi Minh Was an Intelligence Agent for the US.," Parade, 18 March 1973, p. 8.

42In "Part Two: Kunming,!' pp. 61-147 (with endnotes on pp. 544-552), in Patti, Why Vietnam? Prelude to America's Albatross (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980). Spring 2000 - 19 neither cited in Yu's monograph nor listed in the AHA Guide to Historical Literature43 suggests that it may have come to be overlooked in the deluge ofpublications on Vietnam, so it is reviewed here, as an authoritative contribution to the historiography of the end of the Second World War in Southeast Asia and the background of the Vietnam War, complementing Yu's important contribution on the OSS in China and the origins of the Cold War in central and northern East Asia. Archimedes L. A. Patti's Why Vietnam? Prelude to America's Albatross (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980) is both a history and a memoir.44 It is a uniquely well­ infonned, readable history of the Vietnam conflict from its background in World War II until the withdrawal of the French Expeditionary Corps and the disestablishment of the French High Command in Saigon in mid-1956. At the same time, it is an engaging personal memoir by the French Indochina desk officer first in OSS headquarters in Washington, D.C., and then in Kumning, China, who led the OSS mission to Hanoi, in August and September 1945, to arrange for the release and repatriation of Allied prisoners of war and for the fonnal surrender of the Japanese in northern Vietnam. In "Part One: Washington," in which he writes of his service at OSS headquarters before he was transferred to China, Patti provides background infonnation on Indochina during the war, on President Roosevelt's opposition to seeing it returned to colonial status, on preparations by the French to take control ofIndochina as soon as the Japanese were defeated, and on Ho Chih Minh. By late 1944, Patti writes, Ho was already engaged in southern China in "part-time work with OSS and OWl [Office ofWar Infonnation] officials in conducting Allied propaganda. In Kumning, Kweilin, and Liuchow he made good use of OWl's facilities to improve his English and knowledge ofAmerican history, customs, and current world events. Betweentimes he provided the BIS with Japanese military infonnation from Indochina, carried out his Viet Minh organizational work, and proselyted among rival nationalist groups. "45 Meanwhile, Ho's

43The American Historical Association's Guide to Historical Literature, 3rd ed., 2 vols., edited by Mary Beth Norton and Pamela Gerardi (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).

44In the "Bibliographical Note" at the end ofAdvice and Support: The Early Years, 1941­ 1965-The United States Army in Vietnam (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center ofMilitary History, 1983), Ronald H. Spector writes that although Patti's book "appeared too late to be used in ... [his work,] ... Mr. Patti generously called the attention of the author to the documents on which his account is based" (p. 384). Patti's book was written years before the OSS records utilized by Yu were transferred to the National Archives and declassified for public use, but Patti states in his preface that his "dispatches and reports ... stored with the Department ofState and the Central Intelligence Agency were almost intact and were made available" to him (pp. xviii­ xix). Readers familiar with R. Harris Smith's history ofthe OSS (cited in an earlier note) may remember the photograph taken on the occasion ofHo Chi Minh's proclamation ofthe independence ofVietnam, on 2 September 1945, showing how, when "the band struck up the 'Star Spangled Banner,' ... OSS Col. Archimedes Patti (left foreground) and Viet Minh military genius Vo Nguyen Giap (right foreground) saluted" (caption to the illustration on p. 355).

45Loc. cit., p. 55. 20 - Spring 2000

followers, under Vo Nguyen Giap, carried out forays in Vietnam against French and Japanese outposts, provoking severe French reprisals. Giap was planning to unleash a rising against both the French and the Japanese when, late in November 1944, Ho returned from China to Tonkin, "met with Giap and other militants ... , and persuaded them that an armed insurrection at that moment would be premature and doomed. To keep up their spirits while discouraging any rash course which would jeopardize the whole movement, Ho created the Propaganda Brigade for the Liberation of Viet Nam and placed Giap in full charge. Initially the Brigade concentrated on the dissemination of propaganda and instructions to the general population on resistance tactics, but it became the precursor ofthe ... People's Army with Giap at its national commander ....,,46 On his way back to China, Ho learned that "a downed American pilot ... [who had] bailed out after a raid on Saigon" was with one ofGiap's units and instructed that "the flyer ...[be] escorted not merely to the border but to the American authorities in China. ,,47 On his return to Kunming in February 1945, Ho reported to "his ass and OWl friends ... that the French army was deploying its forces in the mountainous areas of Tonkin and Laos and that the Japanese forces were doing the same thing.... What he did not know was that his new Propaganda Brigade was about to be the target of a French Army mop up operation in which the 'rebels' were to be decisively eliminated. The operation had been scheduled for the week of 10 March.... [But] ifHo ... [and Giap, who had remained in Tonkin] were ignorant of the intended eradication of their little force," Patti continues, "the French were taken even more unaware by the Japanese, who struck on the evening of9 March, before the French operation could begin.... The Japanese disarmed and confined the French military forces and their leaders .... and stripped French officials of all authority-from [Governor General Jean] Decoux to the lowest clerk.... Thus Ho Chi Minh and his Viet Minh became double beneficiaries of a great stroke of good fortune. They were saved from their would-be French exterminators ... and the Vietnamese people were temporarily 'liberated' from their French 'masters'. "48 Moreover, the Japanese coup severed the channels ofpolitical and military intelligence from Indochina, denying General Claire Chennault's Fourteenth Air Force target intelligence and an underground rescue system for downed fliers and depriving the Chinese Nationalists information on Japanese troop dispositions, which they needed in order "to deploy their meager and ill-equipped forces along the Indochina border." Despite American reluctance to become involved in Indochina, "it was imperative that clandestine communications and operations be reopened ifAllied plans against the Japanese in China and the Pacific were to prosper," so in March 1945 arrangements were made with Ho Chi Minh for the Vietminh to set up a network to provide intelligence and assist in rescuing downed Allied fliers, in return for communications equipment, medical supplies, and small arms. 49

46Ibid., p. 56.

47Ibid.

48Ibid., pp. 56-57.

49Ibid., p. 57; on pp. 53-55 Patti recounts how a Vietminh request in August 1944 "for American help in their struggle for independence and for the opportunity to fight alongside the

[ Spring 2000 - 21

In "Part Two: Kunming" (pp. 61-147, with endnotes on pp. 544-552), Patti writes of his service as Indochina desk officer with the OSS in China from his arrival in Kunming on 13 April 1945 until his flight to Hanoi on 22 August 1945, describing his first personal meeting, on 27 April, in a Chinese village near the Indochinese border, with Ho Chi Minh,50 and noting British support to the French in Indochina in May 1945, provoking an American protest, and the subsequent decision at the Potsdam Conference in July to divide Indochina at the sixteenth parallel, with operations in the north assigned to the China Theater and in the south to the Southeast Asian Theater. 51 In "Part Three: Hanoi" (pp. 151-374, with endnotes on pp. 552-568), Patti provides a detailed account of his mission to Hanoi from 22 August through 30 September 1945 as head ofthe OSS Mercy Team charged with arranging for the release and repatriation of Allied prisoners-of-war in northern Indochina and also "acting as the initial intermediary in arranging for the surrender of

Allies against the Japanese" was delivered by an OSS officer to the US. Consul General in Kunming, but that consideration of any such collaboration was quashed in October 1944 when President Roosevelt instructed Secretary of State Cordell Hull to IIIdo nothing in regard to resistance groups or in any other way in relation to Indochina'."

50Ibid., pp. 83-88, where Patti writes that "in his astuteness, Ho had asked for nothing; he had merely exposed me to the potential value of his political-military organization. And he would bide his time, asking no commitments" (p. 87). At this meeting Patti first learned of the famine of 1944-45, ofwhich he later wrote, "with the passing months I came to a better understanding of Ho's concern and grief. Aside from the loss ofnearly two million people-many of them children-the famine had seriously affected the health of the surviving Tonkinese [north Vietnamese]. It had also fanned their hatred for the Japanese and French oppressors and strengthened the people's determination to fight and win back the right to live" (p. 133, italics in original).

51When the China-Burma-India Theater had been divided late in 1944 into the Southeast Asian Theater under Admiral Mountbatten and the China Theater under Generalissimo Chiang (with General Albert Wedemeyer as Chief of Staff), Indochina had been assigned to the latter. When Mountbatten informed Wedemeyer in mid-May of his intention to support the French '"guerilla''' groups in Indochina, Wedemeyer asked what arrangements had been made to insure that equipment provided would be used against the Japanese. Mountbatten did not answer the question, gave no information regarding the number or locations of the French units involved, and went ahead with the operation without "consent from either Wedemeyer or Chiang," provoking Wedemeyer's protest on 25 May and report to the US. Joint Chiefs of Staff (p. 122). The division ofIndochina between the two Allied commands, with the area north ofthe sixteenth parallel assigned to the China Theater under Chiang and Wedemeyer and the area to the south under Mountbatten, was approved at the Potsdam Conference on 24 July. On 1 August 1945 the US. ambassador in Chungking delivered to Chiang President Truman's message advising him "of the decision at Potsdam and expressing the hope that he would concur. Truman's message, carefully worded and emphasizing that the division was 'for operational purposes,' implied it had no other connotations. Ten days later Chiang replied with a conditional concurrence" (p. 131). 22 - Spring 2000

In "Part Two: Kunming" (pp. 61-147, with endnotes on pp. 544-552), Patti writes of his service as Indochina desk officer with the OSS in China from his arrival in Kunming on 13 April 1945 until his flight to Hanoi on 22 August 1945, describing his first personal meeting, on 27 April, in a Chinese village near the Indochinese border, with Ho Chi Minh,50 and noting British support to the French in Indochina in May 1945, provoking an American protest, and the subsequent decision at the Potsdam Conference in July to divide Indochina at the sixteenth parallel, with operations in the north assigned to the China Theater and in the south to the Southeast Asian Theater. 51 In "Part Three: Hanoi" (pp. 151-374, with endnotes on pp. 552-568), Patti provides a detailed account of his mission to Hanoi from 22 August through 30 September 1945 as head of the OSS Mercy Team charged with arranging for the release and repatriation of Allied prisoners-of-war in northern Indochina and also "acting as the initial intermediary in arranging for the surrender of

Allies against the Japanese" was delivered by an ass officer to the U.S. Consul General in Kunming, but that consideration of any such collaboration was quashed in October 1944 when President Roosevelt instructed Secretary of State Cordell Hull to "'do nothing in regard to resistance groups or in any other way in relation to Indochina',"

50Ibid., pp. 83-88, where Patti writes that "in his astuteness, Ho had asked for nothing; he had merely exposed me to the potential value of his political-military organization. And he would bide his time, asking no commitments" (p. 87). At this meeting Patti first learned of the famine of 1944-45, of which he later wrote, "with the passing months I came to a better understanding of Ho's concern and grief. Aside from the loss of nearly two million people-many of them children-the famine had seriously affected the health of the surviving Tonkinese [north Vietnamese]. It had also fanned their hatred for the Japanese and French oppressors and strengthened the people's determination to fight and win back the right to live" (p. 133, italics in original).

51When the China-Burma-India Theater had been divided late in 1944 into the Southeast Asian Theater under Admiral Mountbatten and the China Theater under Generalissimo Chiang (with General Albert Wedemeyer as Chief of Staff), Indochina had been assigned to the latter. When Mountbatten informed Wedemeyer in mid-May ofhis intention to support the French "'guerilla'" groups in Indochina, Wedemeyer asked what arrangements had been made to insure that equipment provided would be used against the Japanese. Mountbatten did not answer the question, gave no information regarding the number or locations ofthe French units involved, and went ahead with the operation without "consent from either Wedemeyer or Chiang," provoking Wedemeyer's protest on 25 May and report to the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff (p. 122). The division ofIndochina between the two Allied commands, with the area north of the sixteenth parallel assigned to the China Theater under Chiang and Wedemeyer and the area to the south under Mountbatten, was approved at the Potsdam Conference on 24 July. On 1 August 1945 the U.S. ambassador in Chungking delivered to Chiang President Truman's message advising him "of the decision at Potsdam and expressing the hope that he would concur. Truman's message, carefully worded and emphasizing that the division was 'for operational purposes,' implied it had no other connotations. Ten days later Chiang replied with a conditional concurrence" (p. 131). Spring 2000 - 23

the Japanese military forces ... to the Allied Powers," as he told the Japanese commander in HanoiY On 19 August 1945, three days before Patti arrived there, the Vietminh had taken control of Hanoi, where, on 2 September, the day the Japanese signed the terms of surrender on the U.S.S. Missouri in Tokyo Bay, he witnessed Ho Chi Minh proclaim the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) and announce the formation of a provisional government.53 On 28 September the surrender of the Japanese commander in Hanoi was accepted by General Lu Han on behalf of the Allied Commander of the China Theater, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. 54 In southern Indochina, in the Southeast Asian Command under Mountbatten, Indian Gurkhas and French paratroopers arrived on 12 September 1945, followed the next day by their British commander, Major General Douglas D. Gracey, who "imposed censorship on the indigenous press, proclaimed martial law, declared a strict curfew, and banned all demonstrations and public meetings."55 His restrictive measures soon provoked a strike and demonstrations in Saigon, which led him to agree to the recommendation of the Commissioner of the French Republic (appointed by General de Gaulle), Jean CMile, that the French colonial troops still confined· as POWs after having been interned by the Japanese in March be released and rearmed. This was done and in what Patti describes as "O~dile's coup," they seized control of Saigon on the night of 22-23 September.56 The next day saw "an orgy" ofrandom, racist violence on the part ofthe French colonials against the native Vietnamese in the city that severely exacerbated the racist­ nationalist-colonialist polarization in Cochinchina (i.e., southern Vietnam) that was among the ugliest features of the coming war. 57

52Ibid., pp. 159.

53Patti's paraphrased description and interpretation ofHo's speech, as sent to Kunming at the time, is on pp. 251-52 ofhis book.

54patti, pp. 360-62. Insofar as northern Indochina was in the theater of which Chiang was supreme commander, it was appropriate for his representative to accept the Japanese surrender. As a corollary to accepting the surrender, it had also been agreed, over French objections, that Chinese Nationalist forces would monitor the withdrawal of the Japanese forces from Indochina. However, as Patti puts it, "the Chinese lingered long enough to get the maximum 'squeeze' from the French: between 28 February and 14 March 1946 the French signed a series of agreements with the Chinese yielding their prewar rights and privileges in China. According to the 14 March agreement, the relief of the Chinese occupation army would begin on 15 March and be completed by the thirty-first, but in fact the last Chinese unit did not leave Haiphong until October 1946" (p. 381).

55Citation from R. Harris Smith, op. cit., p. 340; for detailed treatment, see Patti, pp. 307ff.

56patti, pp. 315-318.

57Patti writes of "an orgy of French violence," explaining that the French civilian population of Saigon that "had lived in fear ... rejoiced [that the soldiers of the regular army and the French Foreign Legion had been released, had been permitted by the British to take over the

I 24 - Spring 2000

Patti concludes the third part of his book with a detailed account ofhis conversation with Ho Chi Minh on the evening of30 September 1945, after the formal surrender of the Japanese in northern Vietnam and CMile's coup in Saigon and on the eve of his departure from Hanoi (soon followed by his assignment to the Indochina desk of the Strategic Services Unit in Washington). The Vietnamese leader, deeply concerned about what had happened in southern Vietnam, expressed his hope that, with American help, it might still be possible to avert open conflict. He told Patti about his personal life and political background, and about having been a communist since 1920, but "he ... reflected aloud," Patti writes, "how wrong he had been ever to believe that the French, British, or Russian communists would concern themselves with the Vietnamese problem. 'In all the years that followed, no one of the so-called liberal elements have come to the aid of colonials. I place more reliance on the United States to support Viet Nam's independence, before I could expect help from the USSR"'58 In "Part Four: Aftermath" (pp. 377-449, with endnotes on pp. 568-570), Patti writes that Ho, during the months following the end of the war, "was desperately trying to align his newborn nation with the West and ... wanted to put to rest the French charges that he and his Viet Minh were tools ofMoscow, but we took no notice ofhis signal."59 On 6 March 1946, "Ho Chi Minh entered into a tenuous 'accord', ... not with the Paris government but with a lesser official representing the military in Indochina. As Ho was soon to learn, the accord did not bear the imprimatur of the Quai d'Orsay [i.e., the French foreign ministry or the French government in Paris], and the provisions binding the French to recognize

city, and had made it possible, after years of Japanese occupation, finally to put the native 'Annamites' (Vietnamese) in their place]. Their moment of victory had arrived, so also their moment of revenge. Instantly they reacted as one savage mob on the rampage. Banding in gangs of three, four, six, and even more, French men and women roamed the streets of Saigon in search of Vietnamese. They found many still unaware of the French coup and set upon them savagely with sticks and fists. In their orgiastic fit the French broke down doors to ferret out cowering 'Annamites' from their homes or places of business to administer 'a well-deserved and proper thrashing.' No one they found was spared-men and women, young and old, even children were slapped around, spanked, and shaken. For most victims the beatings were severe; some were maimed for life. In _general, after the beatings, the victims were pushed and shoved into cars or trucks and sent off to the nearest jail for the crime of being Vietnamese. Some with deep gashes and bleeding wounds were just left lying in the streets as being too messy to handle. The number of victims was reckoned, even conservatively, in the high hundreds and probably reached into the thousands. "All this took place before the eyes of the French and British military who stood idly by, apparently enjoying the sport" (pp. 316-317, where Patti also mentions that his counterpart, the head ofthe ass team in southern Vietnam, the ranking American in Saigon at the time, "called on General Gracey to protest the French behavior and British collusion, but Gracey would not receive him").

58Ibid., p. 373.

59Ibid., p. 381. Spring 2000 - 25 the DRV as a 'Free State' having 'its own parliament, it own Army, and its own finances' was never honored."60 Instead, French troops occupied Viet Nam's major cities and the cycle of violence begun with CMile's coup in Saigon in September 1945 began in the north, as related by Patti: "The end began on 20 November [1946] when an armed clash took place in the port of Haiphong between the French Navy and Viet Minh shore troops over customs control. The exchange lasted two days before a local agreement ended the dispute. But [the High Commissioner of France for Indochina], ... then in Paris and indignant at what he deemed Vietnamese effrontery, cabled his deputy in Saigon ... to 'teach those insolent Annamites a lesson.' Three days later the French delivered an ultimatum to the Viet Minh authorities demanding the withdrawal of their troops from the area within two hours. When it was ignored, French troops supported by offshore batteries from the cruiser Suffren attacked the Chinese quarters in the port city resulting in some twenty-five thousand casualties, including six thousand dead. "Surprised by the ruthless attack, Ho, still the negotiator, tried to avoid a full-scale confrontation and appealed to the French for a cease-fire. The French military ... ignored Ho's call for moderation and intensifie~ their attacks. On 19 December the local militia (Tu Ve) destroyed the Hanoi power station, signaling a general attack on the French. Ho and his government fled into the jungle. Thus the Indochina war, which had been originally sparked by CMi1e's coup in Saigon but to some extent contained through French military force and Ho's attempts to negotiate, became a full-scale reality. "61 Patti concludes his narrative with an overview of the course of the war, and the increasing involvement of the United States, until the final French withdrawal in July 1956. With a chronology extending through 1976 (Appendix I, pp. 451-474), a detailed "List of Abbreviations and Terms" (pp. xi-xvi), "Selected Biographical Briefs" (Appendix II, pp. 475-497), short essays on "Political Parties" in Vietnam in the 1940s (Appendix III, pp. 498-534), four charts on parties and organizations (pp. 535-38), a "Selected Bibliography" (pp. 571-76), and a detailed index (pp. 577-612), Patti's book is not only a readable, first-hand account of the end of World War II in Indochina and an accessible introduction to the background ofthe Vietnam War, but a useful reference work as well.

6OIbid., p. 382.

6IIbid., p. 383. 26 - Spring 2000

Articles from an Electronic Compilation, Spring 2000

Selected Titles from an Electronic Compilation by James Ehrman

Agoratus, Steven. "Clark Gable in the Eighth Air Force." Air Power History 199946(1): 4-17.

Ammennan, Gale R. "An American Glider Pilot's Story." Air Power History 199946(1): 18-25.

Barnes, Wyatt E. "My First Day in Combat." MHQ: The Quarterly Journal ofMilitary History 1999 11(3): 86-89.

Beach, Edward L., Jr. "Breakers Ahead!" Naval History 1999 13(2): 42-44.

Beck Newman, Victoria. "The Triumph of Pan: Picasso and the Liberation." Zeitschriftfur Kunstgeschichte [Gennany] 199963 (1): 106-122.

Benn, David Wedgwood. "Nazism and Stalinism: Problems ofComparison: A Review Article." Europe-Asia Studies [Great Britain] 199951(1): 151-159.

Biddiscombe, Perry. "The End of the Freebooter Tradition: The Forgotten Freikorps Movement of 1944/45." Central European History 199932(1): 53-90.

Blackburn, Kevin. "Changi: A Place ofPersonal Pilgrimages and Collective Histories." Australian Historical Studies [Australia] 199930(112): 152-171.

Borgquist, Daryl S. "Advance Warning? The Red Cross Connection." Naval History 1999 13(3): 20-26.

Bosworth, R. J. B. "Explaining "Auschwitz" After the End ofHistory: The Case ofItaly." History and Theory 1999 38(1): 84-99.

Bradsher, Greg. "Nazi Gold: The Merkers Mine Treasure." Prologue: Quarterly ofthe National Archives and Records Administration 199931(1): 6-21.

Brandler, Sondra, "Practice with Holocaust Survivors-Practice Issues: Understanding Aged Holocaust Survivors." Families in Society: The Journal ofContemporary Human Services 200081 (1) 66-75.

Cahoon, Esther L., and Cahoon, Douglas W. "Artist on the Wing." Naval History 1999 13(3): 27-31.

Cannadine, David. "Historians as Diplomats? Roger B. Merriman, George M. Trevelyan, and Anglo-American Relations~" New England Quarterly 1999 72(2): 207-231. Spring 2000 - 27

Clout, Hugh. "The Reconstruction ofUpper Nonnandy: A Tale of Two Cities." Planning Perspectives [Great Britain] 1999 14(2): 183-207.

Cole, Wayne S. "Roosevelt and Munich." Diplomatic History 199923(1): 107-110.

Connelly, John. "Nazis and Slavs: From Racial Theory to Racist Practice." Central European History 1999 32(1): 1-33.

Csete, Anne. "Perceptions of the Enemy: The United States and Japan during World War II." Radical History Review, 2000, 76: 212-222..

Danchev, Alex. "Heroes." Diplomatic History 199923(1): 111-114.

Delacor, Regina M. "Auslieferung aufVerlangen? Der Deutsch-Franzoisiche Waffenstillstandsvertrag 1940 and the Schicksal das Schicksal der Sozialdemokratischen Exilpolitiker Rudolf Breitscheid and Rudolf Hilferding." ["Extradition on demand?" The Franco-Gennan annistice treaty of 1940 and the fate of exiled Social Democratic politicians Rudolf Breitscheid and Rudolf Hilferding]. Vierteljahrshefte fur Zeitgeschichte [Gennany] 199947(2): 217-241.

DiScala, Spencer M. "Resistance Mythology." Journal ofModern Italian Studies [Great Britain] 19994(1): 67-72.

Domenico, Roy. "The Many Meanings of Anti-Fascism." Journal ofModern Italian Studies [Great Britain] 19994(1): 54-59.

Edele, Mark. "Paper Soldiers: The World of the Soldier Hero According to Soviet Wartime Posters." Jahrbucher fur Geschichte Osteuropas [Gennany] 199947(1): 89-108.

Estes, Donald H. and Estes, Matthew T. "Letters from Camp: Poston-The First Year." Journal of the West 199938(2): 22-33.

Fiset, Louis. "Health Care at the Central Utah (Topaz) Relocation Center." Journal ofthe WeSt 199938(2): 34-44.

Garrett, Stephen A. "Ethics and Air Power in World War 11." Technology and Culture. 2000 41 (1): 187-189.

Geller, Jay Howard. "The Role of the Military Administration in Gennan-Occupied Belgium, 1940-1944." Journal ofMilitary History 1999 63(1): 99-125.

Gozzer, Vittorio. "OSS and OR!: The Raimondo Craveri and Max Corvo Partnership." Journal ofModern Italian Studies [Great Britain] 19994(1): 32-36. 28 - Spring 2000

Grant, Mariel. "Towards a Central Office ofInformation: Continuity and Change in British Government Information Policy, 1939-51." Journal ofContemporary History [Great Britain] 199934(1): 49-67.

Greenberg, Gershon. "Yehudah Leb Gerst's Religious 'Ascent' Through the Holocaust." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 1999 13(1): 62-89.

Hansen, Arthur A. "The Evacuation and Resettlement Study at the Gila River Relocation Center: 1942-1944." Journal ofthe West 1999 38(2): 45-55.

Harvey, A. D. "Army Air Force and Navy Air Force: Japanese Aviation and the Opening of the War in the Far East." War in History [Great Britain] 19996(2): 174-204.

Hasegawa, Junichi. " Governments, Consultants and Expert Bodies in the Physical Reconstruction of the City ofLondon in the 1940s." Planning Perspectives [Great Britain] 1999 14(2): 121-144.

Hay, Robert Alan. "Bold Band From Brooklyn." Naval History 1999 13(3): 38-41.

Henig, Ruth. "Appeasement and the Origins of the Second World War." Modern History Review [Great Britain] 1999 10(3): 28-31.

Hoagland, Edgar D. "PT Boats Raid Bongao Island." Naval History 1999 13(3): 42-45.

Inouye, Mamoru. "Heart Mountain High School, 1942-1945." Journal ofthe West 199938(2): 56-64.

Johnston, Deirdre. "A Series of Cases ofDementia Presenting with PTSD Symptoms in World War II Combat Veterans." Journal ofthe American Geriatrics Society. 200048 (1): 70­ 73.

Kroger, Martin, and Roland Thimrne. "Das Po1itische Archiv des Auswartigen amts im Zweiten We1tkrieg: Sichergun, F1ucht, Verlust, Ruckfuhrung." [The political archive of the foreign office in World War II: safeguarding, evacuation, losses, and return]. Vierteljahrsheftefur Zeitgeschichte [Germany] 199947(2): 243-264.

Li, Peter. "Review Essay - The Nanking Holocaust: Tragedy, Trauma, and Reconciliation." Society 200037 (2): 56-66.

Mackey, Mike. "Introduction: Life in America's Concentration Camps." Journal ofthe West 199938(2): 9-13.

Margalit, Gilad. "The Representation of the Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies in German Discourse After 1945." German History [Great Britain] 1999 17(2): 221-240. Spring 2000 - 29

Matlock, JI. Jack F., and Martin Dean. "Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 1941-44." The New York Review ofBooks. 200047 (3): 41.

McIlvaine, Bill. "Lord Root of the Matter: Despite poor health that often left him on the brink of death, Harry Hopkins became Franklin Roosevelt's unofficial 'Deputy President' and an important liaison with Allied leaders during World War II." American History. April 1, 200035 (1): 30.

Miller, James Edward. "Who Chopped Down that Cherry Tree? The Italian Resistance in History and Politics, 1945-1998." Journal ofModern Italian Studies [Great Britain] 19994(1): 37-54.

Miller, Jason Everett. "Quest at Midway." Naval History 1999 13(1): 31-33.

Morley, Patrick. "Allies on the Ajrwave." History Today [Great Britain] 199949(1): 28-33.

Musial, Bogdan. "NS-Kriegsverbrecher vor Polnischen Gerichten." ["Nazi war criminals in front of Polish courts"]. Vierteljahrsheftefur Zeitgeschichte [Germany] 199947(1): 25-56.

Newland, Samuel J. "Die Militarische Fuhrung der USA in der Ardenneoffensive: Eine Bewertung aus Heutiger Sicht." ["The US military command in the Ardennes offensive."] Osterreichische Militarische Zeitschrift [Austria] 199937(1): 45-52.

Nobe, Lisa N. "The Children's Village at Manzanar: The World War II Eviction and Detention of Japanese American Orphans." Journal ofthe West 199938(2): 65-71.

Perry, Hamilton Darby. "Patriot Painter at Sea." MHQ: The Quarterly Journal ofMilitary History 1999 11(2): 106-111.

Petropoulos, Jonathan. "Business as Usual: Switzerland, the Commerce in Artworks During and After World War n, and National Identity." Contemporary Austrian Studies 19997: 229­ 243.

"Photo Mission: Truk." Naval History 1999 13(1): 43-46.

Rensmann, Lars. "Holocaust Memory and Mass Media in Contemporary Germany: Reflection on the Goldhagen Debate." Patterns ofPrejudice [Great Britain) 1999 33(1): 59-76.

Rice, Rondall. "Bombing Auschwitze: US 15 th Air Force and the Military Aspects of a Possible Attack." War in History [Great Britain] 19996(2): 205-229. 30 - Spring 2000

Rosenfeld, Gavriel D. "The Politics of Uniqueness: Reflections on The Recent Polemical Turn in Holocaust and Genocide Scholarship." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 1999 13(1): 28­ 61.

Rossi, Mario. "Ambassador to De Gaulle." Naval History 1999 13(2): 28-31.

Schacht, Kenneth G. "A Thing of Fear, and Pain, and Strife: Images ofa POW in Japan." Naval History 1999 13(2): 38-41.

Sloan, Don. "Springtime for Hitler" Revisited." Political Affairs 2000 79(1): 28.

Sofair, A. N. and L.c. Kaldjian. "Eugenic Sterilization and a Qualified Nazi Analogy: The United States and Germany, 1930-1945." Annals ofInternal Medicine. 2000 132 (4) 312.

Sroka, Marek. "The University of Cracow Library under Nazi Occupation: 1939-1945." Libraries & Culture 199934(1): 1-16.

Stevenson, Matthew. "Personal Perspectives on Peleliu." MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History 1999 11(2): 78-83.

Ward, David. "Fifty Years On: Resistance Then, Resistance Now." Journal ofModern Italian Studies [Great Britain] 19994(1): 59-64.

Warner, Denis and PeggyWarner. "Surprised Off Savo." MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History, 199911(3): 32-40.

Waxman, Mayer. "Practice with Holocaust Survivors-Traumatic Hand-Me-Downs: The Holocaust, Where Does It End?" Families in Society: The Journal ofContemporary Human Services 2000 81(1): 59-66.

White, Steven F. "Gentleman Rebel: H. Stuart Hughes, the ass and the Resistance." Journal of Modern Italian Studies [Great Britain] 19994(1): 64-67. Spring 2000 - 31

Recently Published Books in English on World War II

Selected Titles from an Electronic Compilation by James Ehrman

Agamben, Giorgio. Remnants of Auschwitz: the Witness and the Archive. (New York, NY: Zone Books, 2000).

Agarossi, Elena. A Nation Collapses: The Italian Surrender of September 1943. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

Alvares, David 1. Secret Messages: Codebreaking and American Diplomacy. 1930-1945. (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2000).

Badsey, Stephen. The Hutchinson Atlas of World War II Battle Plans: Before and After. (Oxford: Helicon, 2000).

Balas, Egon. Will to Freedom: A Perilous Journey Through Fascism and Communism. (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2000).

Bar-On, Dan. The Indescribable and the Undiscussable: Reconstructing Human Discourse After Trauma. (Boulder, CO: Central European University Press, 1999).

Bartov, Orner. The Holocaust: Origins. Implementation. Aftermath. (London: Routledge, 2000).

Bartov, Orner. Mirrors of Destruction: War. Genocide. and Modem Identity. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2000).

Bartrop, Paul R. Surviving the Camps: Unity in Adversity During the Holocaust. (Lanham, MD: University Press ofAmerica, 2000).

Beer, Edith Hahn, and Susan Dworkin. The Nazi Officer's Wife: How One Jewish Woman Survived the Holocaust. (London: Little, Brown, 1999).

Berenbaum, Michael, and Michael 1. Neufeld, editors. The Bombing of Auschwitz. (New York, NY: St. Martin's, 1999).

Bierman, John, and Colin Smith. Fire in the Night: Wingate of Burma. Ethiopia. and Zion. (New York, NY: Random House, 2000).

Billinger, Robert D., and Raymond Arsenault. Hitler's Soldiers in the Sunshine State: German Pows in Florida. (Gainesville, FL: University Press ofFlorida, 2000). 32 - Spring 2000

Bisberg-Youkelson, Feigl, Rubin Youkelson, and Gene Bluestein. The Life and Death ofa Polish Shtetl. (Lincoln, NE: University ofNebraska Press, 2000).

Blandford, Edmund L. Two Sides of the Beach: The Invasion and Defense of Europe in 1944. (North Branch, MN: Specialty Press, 2000).

Braham, Randolph L. The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary. (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2000).

Brand, Sandra. I Dared to Live. (Rockville, MD: Shengold Books, 2000).

Breuer, William B. Top Secret Tales of World War II. (New York: Wiley & Sons, 2000).

Browning, Christopher R. Nazi Policy, Jewish Labor. German Killers. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

Burgett, Donald R. Seven Roads to Hell: A Screaming Eagle at Basto~e. (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1999).

Carafano, James Jay. After D-Day: Operation Cobra and the Normandy Breakout. (New York, NY: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000).

Cargas, Harry James. Problems Unique to the Holocaust. (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2000).

Cederberg, Fred. The Long Road Home: The Autobiography of a Canadian Soldier in Italy in World WarII. (Toronto: Stoddart, 2000).

Christophe, Francine. From a World Apart. (Lincoln, NE: University ofNebraska Press, 2000).

Cogan, Frances B. Captured: The Japanese Internment of American Civilians in the Philippines, 1941-:1945. (Athens, GA: University ofGeorgia Press, 2000).

Colley, David P. The Road to Victory: The Untold Story of World War II's Red BaH Express. (New York, NY: Brassey's, 2000).

Courtney, Richard D., and William F. Foley. Normandy to the Bulge: An American Infantry GI in Europe During World War II. (Urbana, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2000).

Cressman, Robert. The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II. (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2000). Spring 2000 - 33

Davies, Ian. Teaching the Holocaust: Educational Dimensions. Principles and Practice. (New York: Continuum, 2000).

Dean, Martin. Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police jn Belorussia and Ukraine. 1941-44. (New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 2000).

Diggs, J. Frank. Americans Behind the Barbed Wire: World War II Inside a German Prison Cillnp. (Arlington, VA: Vandamere Press, 2000).

Diner, Dan. Beyond the Conceivable: Studies on Germany. Nazism. and the Holocaust. (Berkley, CA: University of California Press, 2000).

Dunn, Walter S. Soviet Blitzkiieg: The Battle for White Russia. 1944. (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000).

Frankfurter, Bernhard, and Susan Cernyak-Spatz. The Meeting: An Auschwitz Survivor Confronts an SS Physicia!1. (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2000).

Fraser, David. The Jews of the Channel Islands and the Rule of Law. 1940-1945. (Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press, 2000).

Fremont, Helen. After Long Silence: A Memoir. (New York, NY: Dell Publishing, 2000).

Gamble, Bruce. The Black Sheep. (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 2000).

Gastfriend, Edward, and Bjorn Krondorfer. My Father's Testament: Memoir of a Jewish Teenager. 1938-1945. (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2000).

Guase, Damon Rocky, and Damon L. Gause. The War Journal of Major Damon 'Rocky' Gause. (New York, NY: Hyperion, 2000).

Gotfryd, Bernard. Anton the Dove Fancier and Other Tales of the Holocaust. (Baltimore, MD: JOMS Hopkins University Press, 2000).

Greene, Joshua, Kumar Shiva, and Joanne Rudof. Witness: Voices from the Holocaust. (New York, NY: Free Press, 2000).

Harper, Stephen. Capturing Enigma: How HMS Petard Seized the German Naval Codes. (New York, NY: Sutton Publishing, 2000).

Harrison, A. Cleveland. Unsung Valor: A GJ's Story of World War II. (Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000). 34 - Spring 2000

Herbert, Ulrich, and Gotz Aly. National Socialist Extermination Policies: Contemporary German Perspectives and Controversies. (New York, NY: Berghahn Books, 2000).

Hilton, Stanley E. Hitler's Secret War in South America. 1939-1945: German Military Espionage and Allied Counterespionage in Brazil. (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1999).

Hohne, Heinz. Canaris: Hitler's Master Spy. (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2000).

Ioanid, Radu. The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Gypsies Under the Antonescu Regime. 1940-1944. (Chicago, IL: Ivan R. Dee, 2000).

Johnson, Eric A. The Nazi Terror: Gestapo. Jews and Other Germans. (London: John Murray, 2000).

Kaminski, Theresa. Prisoners in Paradise: American Women in the Wartime South Pacific. (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2000).

Klajman, Jack, and Ed Klajman. Out of the Ghetto. (Portland, OR: Vallentine Mitchell, 2000).

Klein, Gerda Weissmann, and Kurt Klein. The Hours After: Letters ofLove and Longing in War's Aftermath. (New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 2000).

Kohler, Joachim. Wagner's Hitler: The Prophet and His Disciple. (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2000).

Kounio-Amarilio, Erika. From Thessaloniki to Auschwitz and Back: Memories of a Survivor From Thessaloniki. (Portland, OR: Vallentine Mitchell, 2000).

Kozhina, Elena. Through the Burning Steppe: A Wartime Memoir. O'l'ew York, NY: Riverhead Books, 2000).

Kriloff, Herbert. Officer of the Deck: A Memoir of the Pacific War and the Sea. (Pacifica, CA: Pacifica Press, 2000).

Kryder, Daniel. Divided Arsenal: Race and the American State During World War II. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

Laks, Szyrnon. Music ofAnother World. (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2000).

Lasker-Wallfisch, Anita. Inherit the Truth: A Memoir ofSurvival and the Holocaust. (New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press, 2000). Spring 2000 - 35

Lewendel, Isaac. Not the Germans Alone: A Son's Search for the Truth of Vichy. (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2000).

Lewy, Guenter. The Nazi Persecution ofthe Gypsies. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2000).

Lindemann, Albert S. Anti-Semitism Before the Holocaust. (Harlow: Longman, 2000).

Littner, Jakob, and Kurt Grubler.Journey Through the Night: Jakob Littner's Holocaust Memoir. (New York: Continuum, 2000).

London, Louise. Whitehall and the Jews. 1933-1948: British Immigration Policy and the Holocaust. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

Lotchin, Roger W. The Way We Really Were: The Golden State in the Second Great War. . (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2000).

MacLeod, Roy M. Science and the Pacific War: Science and Survival in the Pacific. 1939-1945. (Boston, MA: Kluwer, 2000).

Manuel, Frank Edward. Scenes from the End: The Last Days of World War II in Europe. (South Royalton, VT: Steerforth Press, 2000).

Mapes, Victor L., and Scott A. Mills. The Butchers. the Baker: The World War II Memoir of a United States Army Air Corps Soldier Captured by the Japanese in the Philippines. (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland and Company, 2000).

Mass, Wendy. Readings on Night. (San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 2000).

Minear, Richard H., and Dr. Seuss. Dr. Seuss Goes to War: The World War II Editorial Cartoons of Theodor Seuss Geisel. (New York: New Press, 2000)

Morris, Kate. British Techniques of Public Relations and Propaganda for Mobilizing East and Central Africa During World War II. (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2000).

Nafziger, George F. The German Order of Battle: Infantry in World WarII. (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2000).

Newman, Richard, and Karen Kirtley. Alma Rose: Vienna to Auschwitz. (Portland, OR: Amadeus Press, 2000).

Novick, Peter. The Holocaust in American Life. (New York, ]'N: Houghton Mifflin, 1999). 36 - Spring 2000

Parker, Danny S.Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Ardennes Offensive. 1944-1945. (Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books, 2000).

Polenberg, Richard. The Era of Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933-1945: A Brief History with Documents. (Boston, MA: BedfordlSt. Martin's, 2000).

Posner, Louis. Through a Boy's Eyes: The Turbulent Years, 1926-1945. (Santa Ana, CA: Seven Locks Press, 2000).

Press, Bernhard. The Murder of the Jews in Lativa, 1941-1945. (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2000).

Roman Frister; translated by Hillel Halkin. The Cap: The Price ofa Life. (New York, NY: Grove Press, 2000).

Rose, Daniel Asa. Hiding Places: A Father and His Sons Retrace Their Family's Escape From the Holocaust. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000).

Rosenberg, Alan, James Watson, and DetlefLinke. Contemporary Portrayals ofAuschwitz: Philosophical Challenges. (Amherst, NY: Humanity Books, 2000).

Ryback, Timothy W. The Last Survivor: In Search ofMartin Zaidenstadt. (London: Picador, 2000).

Samson, Naomi. Hide: A Child's View ofthe Holocaust. (Lincoln, NE: University ofNebraska Press, 2000).

Scalia, Joseph Mark. Germany's Last Mission to Japan: The Failed Voyage ofU-234. (Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute Press, 2000).

Schellenberg, Walter. The Labyrinth: Memoirs of Walter Schellenberg, Hitler's Chief of Counterintelligence. (New York, NY: De Capo Press, 2000).

Schmidt, David A. Ianfu. The Comfort Women ofthe Imperial AnnY of the Pacific War: Broken Silence. (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2000).

Schwarz, Daniel R. Imagining the Holocaust. (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000).

Sendyk, Helen. The End of Days: A Memoir of the Holocaust. (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2000).

Senho, Kappa, and John Bester, translator. A Boy Called H: A Childhood in Wartime Japan. (New York, NY: KodanshaInternational, 2000).

I Spring 2000 - 37

Sharp-Wells, Anne. Historical Dictionary of World War II: The War Against Japan (Historical Dictionaries of War. Revolution, and Civil. (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2000).

Shermer, Michael, and Alex Grobman. Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It? Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000).

Showalter, Dennis. History in Dispute: World War II. (Detroit, MI: St. James Press, 2000).

Soule, Thayer. Shooting the Pacific War: Marine Corps Combat Photography in WWII. (Lexington, KY: University ofKentucky Press, 2000).

Stalcup, Brenda. Adolf Hitler. (San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 2000).

Stroup, Russell Cartwright, and Richard Cartwright. Letters from the Pacific: A Combat Chaplain in World War II. (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2000).

Szpilman, Wladyslaw. The Pianist: The Extraordinary Story of One Man's Survival in Warsaw, 1939-45. (Thorndike, ME: Thorndike Press, 2000).

Thurston, Robert W., and Bernd Bonwetsch. The People's War: Responses to World War II in the Soviet Union. (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2000).

Towne, Allen N. Doctor Danger Forward: A World War II Memoir ofa Combat Medical Aidman, First Infantry Division. (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 2000).

United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on the Constitution. Wartime Violation ofItalian American Civil Liberties Act: Hearing before the .Subcommittee on the Constitution of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, first session, on H.R. 2442, October 26, l2.22, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O., 2000).

Virag, Terez. Children of Social Trauma: Hungarian Psychoanalytic Case Studies. (Philadelphia, PA: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2000).

Wimmer, Adolf. Strangers at Home and Abroad: Recollections ofAustrian Jews Who Escaped Hitler. (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2000).

Winkler, Allan M. Home Front U.S.A.: America During World War II. (Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, 2000).

Wolff, Marion Freyer. The Expanding Circle: An Adoption Odyssey. (Santa Barbara, CA: Fithian Press, 2000). 38 - Spring 2000

Wouk, Herman. The Will to Live On: This Is Our Herita~e. (New York: Harper Large Print, 2000).

Wright, Derrick. Battle for Two lima, 1945. (Sutton Publishing, 2000).