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Written Evidence from Elliott Wood Partnership Ltd

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Written Evidence from Elliott Wood Partnership Ltd Elliott Wood Partnership Ltd SBE0092 Written evidence from Elliott Wood Partnership Ltd [0.1] Written evidence submitted by: Elliott Wood Partnership Limited. Elliott Wood are Consulting Engineers specialising in structural and civil engineering, transport and BIM management, and sustainability with an over-arching purpose to Engineer a Better Society. [0.2] We have responded to all 10 questions posed by the enquiry below. [0.3] For over 25 years, Engineers at Elliott Wood have been designing and making things better. Climate, economic and societal change all heightened by a pandemic have created a much bigger broader challenge. We have to start to do better things. In harnessing emerging digital technology and adopting greater empathy, Engineers can discover and drive innovative solutions that will have an impact. We call this Engineering a Better Society. To help us we have written a manifesto, ETHICS, and created a workplace, both digital and physical, called The Building Society. We started with low carbon design but circular thinking is the new normal and runs through every aspect of what we do. Strategic links with industry and academia are supporting our research and thinking. It is for this reason, we are submitting evidence to this inquiry. [1.0] Question 1. To what extent have the Climate Change Committee’s recommendations on decarbonising the structural fabric of new homes been met? [1.1] The components of new homes specified by Civil and Structural Engineers today account for about 60% of the embodied carbon the moment an owner walks through the front door. Since the declaration of a climate crisis and assertions to change and meet NZC targets little has changed. A large proportion of our work is across London and walking through London’s Boroughs it is easy to see what we are building and how. Our experienced engineers’ eyes witness lots of concrete frames for almost everything and brick and blockwork for low rise. Even the trained eye finds it hard to find even the green shoots of a construction revolution embracing low carbon materials and methods. The reality makes for much poorer reading with the UK adopting a go slow/go backwards approach to finding ways of building safely with timber. The London local Authorities seems to have a comprehensive ban on anything remotely plant based! [1.2] There may well be statistics showing that change is happening. The reality is that it does not look like it, because there is no change. The supply chain is the same, the skill base is the same, procurement is the same and most importantly the large house builders who control the market are carrying on as normal. [1.3] Fortunately, the market is changing fast, and the customers will ultimately decide what they will be buying or more likely what they are prepared to rent and where. Household names have disappeared from our High Streets as they failed to adapt to changing habits and technology. It would be a brave person to think the UK housing industry will not end up in similar peril. [2.0] Question 2. How can materials be employed to reduce the carbon impact of new buildings, including efficient heating and cooling, and which materials are most effective at reducing embodied carbon? Elliott Wood Partnership Ltd SBE0092 [2.1] The construction industry has in previous years focused mainly on more energy efficient buildings, i.e., operational carbon. This subsequently means that the proportion of the building’s lifecycle carbon that comes from the embodied carbon becomes more significant because of the shift towards decarbonised grid. This is where material choice in the structure and in the finishes becomes more prevalent. [2.2] We have found as a practice through our embodied carbon calculator & researching the re-use market for construction materials, that the most effective way to reduce embodied carbon emissions is by re-using second-hand materials before considering low carbon materials. [2.3] The above diagram shows the hierarchy of saving materials which we have adopted. [2.4] The committee should be asking instead, “How should material re-use be used to reduce the carbon impact of new buildings…” [2.5] When looking to build, clients & design teams need to consider the following: - Reuse existing buildings, - Build using less materials, - Build using certified recycled materials, - Build using low carbon materials, - Build using long lasting and durable materials, designed for easy disassembly, - Build flexibly and for future adaptability to allow for the re-purposing of buildings. [2.6] A lot of work has been undertaken by the construction sector in the UK and across the world to understand the embodied carbon of construction materials. [2.7] Within the UK, the University of Bath has created the “Bath Inventory of Carbon Energy (ICE)”, an open-source database of embodied carbon emissions of building materials. The database which contains over 200 materials, is heavily relied upon by the industry to provide data as part of the embodied carbon calculation. [2.8] In Denmark, the Construction Material Pyramid has been developed by the Centre for Industrialised Architecture at The Royal Danish Academy of Architecture, Design & Conservation. The pyramid clearly demonstrates the hierarchy of various materials used within the construction industry. Elliott Wood Partnership Ltd SBE0092 [2.9] There are some very high embodied carbon materials that are used widely across the industry including but not limited to aluminium, steel, cement, and some plastic based materials. In order to reach the Governments commitments of NetZero by 2050, the reliance on virgin forms of these materials needs to be regulated & reduced to ensure targets can be met. Elliott Wood Partnership Ltd SBE0092 [3.0] Question 3. What role can nature-based materials can play in achieving the Government’s net zero ambition? [3.1] The best materials out there which are widely available in construction are: Timber, Bamboo, Lime, Slate, Rock, and Clay. These materials were originally the building blocks of the Industrial Revolution, and the manner in which we now work with them is less carbon intensive and better understood, making them more reliable to work with structurally. [3.2] Currently in the existing building stock, there is a lot of timber used mainly for floor construction. We are currently tracking a research project undertaken by CirCUIT and Grimshaw Architects to explore Cross-Laminated Secondary Timber & Glulam, both are created using waste timber. Successful trials will provide further confidence in using second- hand materials within the construction industry. [3.3] There are some other nature-based materials that have very low or negative embodied carbon values which provide insulation to buildings such as Mycelium. This is a fungus material with equivalent properties & fire resistance to modern day insulation products. [3.4] Timber and Bamboo remove carbon from the atmosphere as they grow and so could be used to ‘lock’ carbon into the building for the duration of its lifespan and beyond. [4.0] Question 4. What role can the planning system, permitted development and building regulations play in delivering a sustainable built environment? How can these policies incentivise developers to use low carbon materials and sustainable design? [4.1] Ultimately, it is the end user that needs to be driving the agenda, and not developers. Developers are providing a product in a commercial transaction, and therefore financial gains will govern their decisions. It is the end-user, the building occupiers, who will decide what they are happy to buy or rent. This will guide the developers. Therefore, engage with the general public to understand what they want, and don’t listen to the developers. [4.2] Built environment professionals have been discussing the potential to regulate embodied carbon emissions since the 2007 Sullivan Report. In 2014, the Embodied Carbon Industry Task Force, a group set up to ensure that embodied carbon would be considered in building design and to build a consensus on how it would be measured and reported, recommended that embodied carbon be included within the Zero Carbon Building regulations. Unfortunately, in 2015 The Government scrapped the plans for these regulations, and with it closed this route to embodied carbon legislation. This needs to be reintroduced. [4.3] In the UK, six key routes to introduce policies should be considered: - Building Regulations, - National Planning Policy, - Local Planning Policy, - Design Standards, - Public Procurement, - Tax Rules. [4.4] The Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance & Bionova Ltd (2020) “City Policy Framework for Dramatically Reducing Embodied Carbon” document should be referred to for ideas of policies which could be introduced at national and local level. Elliott Wood Partnership Ltd SBE0092 [4.5] To ensure the industry can reach meet the targets, a phased approach needs to be considered. Whereby, targets are set for every five years, which will help the industry push to lower their carbon footprint. [4.6] Assessment should be required at a number of stages and mandated within Building Regulations, National Planning Policy Framework & Local Planning Policy. This would bring embodied carbon emissions into the UK’s building standards framework and in-line with considerations of operational energy use. [4.7] When the regulation is fully implemented, new buildings would need to be designed, constructed, and operated to not exceed established whole life carbon or embodied carbon limits. These limits should then be reviewed regularly and continually reduced as we move towards 2030 & 2050. [5.0] Question 5. What methods account for embodied carbon in buildings and how can this be consistently applied across the sector? [5.1] As detailed below, standardised methods have been in place since 2011. The industry is equipped and ready to act. What is missing is appropriate legislation. [5.2] Below is an outline of the methods available to designers and when they were introduced: - [5.2.1] In 2011, the framework by which a building’s lifetime environmental footprint, should be calculated and communicated using a Life Cycle Assessment was set out by the British Standard BS EN 15978:2011.
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