DOCSLIB.ORG

Download (18Mb)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Download (18Mb) University of Warwick institutional repository: http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap/1161 This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. COOLIE CARTOGRAPHY CROSSING FRONTIERS THROUGH COOLITUDE One Volume By Shivani Sivagurunathan A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature University of Warwick, Centre for Translation and Comparative Cultural Studies September 2007 Table of Contents Preface ....................................................................................................................................... Chapter I: Introduction ............................................................................................................4 Beginnings a) ................................................................................................................... b) Colonialism its impact 9 and ........................................................................................ i) 1492 9 ........................................................................................................................ ii) European Capitalism 10 ........................................................................................... iii) Global Coolie Indentureship 13 .............................................................................. Representations Indians in the Caribbean, Malaysia Fiji 27 c) of and ........................ d) Coolitude 31 ................................................................................................................... i) The Coolitude 31 context and concept of .................................................................. ii) 'A diaspora. 41 new ................................................................................................. The Literary Landscape 43 e) .......................................................................................... Transnational Approach 43 1) ....................................................................................... ii) The texts 45 .............................................................................................................. Chapter 2: David Dabydeen's The Counting House Our Lady Demerara 48 and of ............. The Counting House a) ................................................................................................48 i) The 48 text's motivations ............................................................................................. i) The 55 poetics of nUgration....................................................................................... ii) The Voyage: A 67 theoretical assessment................................................................ The 72 novel's voyage ............................................................................................ The 79 iv) arrival and after ........................................................................................... b) Our Lady Demerara of ............................................................................................86 The text's 86 i) motivations .......................................................................................... ii) Rhythm Chaos 89 and .............................................................................................. iii) Place, Space Faith 92 and ........................................................................................ iv) The Infinite Rehearsal 101 ...................................................................................... v) The Redemptive Language 108 ................................................................................ Chapter 3: K. S. Maniam's The Return In A Far Country 112 and ......................................... The Return 112 a) .............................................................................................................. The text's 112 i) motivations ........................................................................................ ii) Place, Space Faith 117 and ....................................................................................... Processes 123 Iii) of self-identification ......................................................................... iv) Language 133 .......................................................................................................... The Retum 137 v) ......................................................................................................... Periathai's 138 vi) return .............................................................................................. Naina's 141 vil) return .................................................................................................. Ravi's 144 vill) return ................................................................................................... b) In A Far Country 147 ................................................................................................... i) The 147 text's motivations ........................................................................................ ii) The the 150 past, sea................................................................................................ iii) The 154 spiritual system ......................................................................................... Into tiger 161 IV) the ..................................................................................................... Reassessment traditional borders 169 V) of .................................................................. Chapter 4: Satendra Nandan's The Wounded Sea Lines Across Black Waters 178 and ........ The Wounded Sea 178 a) .................................................................................................. i) The 178 text's motivations ........................................................................................ ii) Ruins 184 ................................................................................................................. Islandscape 195 iii) ....................................................................................................... iv) Intercultural Communication 'Paradise' and .....................................................-102 Fonnal Hybridity 211 ............................................................................................... b) Lines Across Black Waters 219 ................................................................................... i) The text's 219 motivations ........................................................................................ ii) Water discourse 222 ................................................................................................. iii) The living dead 229 ................................................................................................. iv) Prophetic the 236 vision of past .............................................................................. Conclusion 242 ............................................................................................................................. Bibliography 249 ......................................................................................................................... Acknowledgments At the end of what has been a fortifying experience, I am grateful to a number of people whose support has been indispensable to the completion of this thesis. Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor David Dabydeen, for his encouragement, intellectual vigour and inspiring ideas. A special thank you to Khal Torabully who has been tremendously helpful, generous and positive, apart from also being a beacon of patience! I am indebted to Veronique Bragard for her academic support and for being a fellow 'soldier' in the 'coolitude march'. I am grateful to K. S. Maniam for so warmly inviting me to his home and speaking openly about his work and his life. My sincerest appreciation goes to Steve Preston who has been a careful and supportive reader of this thesis. I am eternally grateful to Nimmi Prabakhar and the MABECS crew for having enough faith in me to financially support my Postgraduate studies. None of this would have been possible without Mr. and Mrs. Guard who were kind enough to meet with me in Oxford 4 years ago. I would also like to extend my wannest gratitude to Vishnu and Lakshmi Persaudfor their generosity and kindness. For their friendship, I am thankful to Paul McGregor and Martin Cox. Finally, a colossal thank you to Papa, Amma and Akka who have shown me that love and faith are crucial in the educationof the self. Declaration I declare that the research presented in this thesis is entirely my own work and that this thesis has not been submitted for a degree at any other university. Abstract Following the abolition of Transatlantic slavery, the British introduced a new scheme of labour to replace the former. 'Indian indentureship', as it was referred to, affected nearly 2 million Indian coolies who defied the traditional ban against crossing the kala pani (dark waters) in order to work on plantations in countries such as British Guiana, Trinidad, Malaya, South Africa and Fiji. In effect, the Indian labour diaspora
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Transnational Literature Volume 4, No
    Transnational Literature Volume 4, no. 2 May 2012 Articles, Review Essay and News and Views section (in one file for download/print) Articles Sophia I. Akhuemokhan and H. Oby Okolocha: Prostitution and Personhood: A Reading of Naguib Mahfouz’s The Thief and the Dogs Arianna Dagnino: Transcultural Writers and Transcultural Literature in the Age of Global Modernity Alzo David-West: Savage Nature and Noble Spirit in Han Sŏrya’s Wolves: A North Korean Morality Tale Adnan Mahmutovic: Midnight’s Children: From Communalism to Community Sayaka Oki: Anonymity and Signature as a Productive Practice: Ingeborg Bachmann and Jacques Derrida Jean-François Vernay: Male Beauty in the Eye of the Beholder? Guys, Guises and Disguise in Patrick White’s The Twyborn Affair Review Essay Joost Daalder: Reflections apropos of Two Australian Books on Shakespeare News and Views Satendra Nandan: Reading Asia: Musings of a Peripatetic Writer Tributes to Professor Bruce Bennett by Members of the Transnational Literature Boards Kate Deller-Evans: Stephen Lawrence – a Tribute Adrian Thurnwald: Farewell to Associate Professor Richard Hosking, 27 April 2012 Articles, Review Essay and News and Views section Transnational Literature Vol. 4 no. 2, May 2012. http://fhrc.flinders.edu.au/transnational/home.html Prostitution and Personhood: A Reading of Naguib Mahfouz’s The Thief and the Dogs Sophia I. Akhuemokhan and H. Oby Okolocha Introduction The prostitute is a recurrent and diversified figure in the novels of Naguib Mahfouz. There are top-notch prostitutes, such as the celebrated singers Madame Zubayda and Jalila in Palace Walk. There are the more modest semi-professionals, such as Tahiya, whose seamy career as an actress in Wedding Song cannot totally exclude an element of procuring.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes Towards an Autobiography Patrick White-- Writing, Politics And
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Revistes Catalanes amb Accés Obert Coolabah, No.9, 2012, ISSN 1988-5946, Observatori: Centre d’Estudis Australians, Australian Studies Centre, Universitat de Barcelona Notes Towards an Autobiography 1 Patrick White-- Writing, Politics and the Australia-Fiji Experience Satendra Nandan Copyright © Satendra Nandan 2012 This text may be archived and redistributed both in electronic form and in hard copy, provided that the author and journal are properly cited and no fee is charged FOR BRUCE BENNETT, friend and fellow traveller I’m grateful to the NLA, so full of wonders and treasures, for generously awarding me this fellowship. For the last three months, I’ve been able to read and research, write and reflect, and meet a variety of scholars, staff and friends, with the feeling that how one’s life intersects with so many other lives: that, I think, is one’s real autobiography . Happy Valley , Patrick White’s first published novel in 1939, has that as a theme and its epigraph is from Mahatma Gandhi. But more on these men later. In March this year Jyoti and I returned from Fiji after six eventful years. We’d gone there in February 2006, from the ANU and the University of Canberra, to help establish the first University of Fiji. Of course, there was USP, established in 1968, which I joined as one of the first local lecturers in 1969 and resigned to take up a ministry in the Bavadra cabinet in 1987: I resigned on Monday; the Colonel staged his coup on Thursday.
    [Show full text]
  • Book Reviews
    Book Reviews Debjani Ganguly and Kavita Nandan, eds. Unfinished Journeys: India File From Canberra. Flinders: CRNLE, 1998. Pp. 308. Aust.S24.95. Unfinished Journeys: India File From Canberra, edited by Debjani Ganguly and Kavita Nandan, is a collection of sixteen essays about India as experience and concept by writers who live in Canberra. The con• tributors are mainly though not exclusively academics, and their re• sponses to India are wondrously varied. Although the quality of the contributions here is distinctly uneven, when the essays are good they are very good, offering intellectual and even visceral pleasure. Satendra Nandan's "Delhi: Among the Ruins" is a case in point. Ostensibly a personal reminiscence — as a young man the writer spent six and a half years in Delhi and found a vocation, a wife, and an extended family — the essay is also an exploration of the nature and value of writing, both as "a mode of being and becoming" (120). Jawaharlal Nehru's autobiography is a model for Nandan, "the mirror of many mirrors, all . repeating the writer's reflections until finally there is only one integrated image, the examined life of a man" (121). Yet, as this lucid essay attests, autobiography is a means rather than an end, a process encouraging the locating of self in time, place, and history. So Delhi, "a city of ruins" (116), "an oven" ( 125), which "wore a withered, shrivelled face like logs on a funeral pyre" ( 139), becomes also a catalyst for connection, allowing the writer to enter the rich diversity of India's historical, intellectual, political, sensual, and cul• tural worlds.
    [Show full text]
  • Reading Asia
    Reading Asia: Musings of a Peripatetic Writer Notes for a paper delivered at the National Conference of the Australian Association of Teaching English (ATTE) on the theme ‘Finding a Place for Falstaff’, Melbourne Cricket Ground, December 2011. Satendra Nandan ‘Finding a Place for Falstaff’ at the MCG – the theme and the location both have a creative resonance in my life. The first Shakespearean play I read in my first year English Honours class at Delhi University was Henry IV, Part I. No Indian or Australian writer was ever mentioned by the lecturers, who then thought English Literature was what was written in England only. Writers like R.K. Narayan, Raja Rao, Mulk Raj Anand and Nirad Chaudhuri had written quite a lot, as had their political leaders, Gandhi and Nehru. Indian academics had a huge literary complex, if not a cultural cringe. Imperial England had a profound impact on the Indian psyche despite the fact that the epic struggle for Indian independence lasted almost a hundred years: from 1857 to 1947. Even the vivisection of the sub-continent – the great imperial crime – did not wean Macaulay’s minute men and women from the literary productions of England. It takes longer to decolonise our mind and imagination – longer than colonial encounters of the closest kind. So we read that literature and played the most colonial game of all – cricket. And thereby hangs many a tale and thwarted centuries. And I’d gone from Nadi to New Delhi, still in my teens, crossing both the Pacific and Indian oceans. I, therefore, wish to confine my presentation to my knowledge of India in ‘Reading Asia’, the vast and varied continent with all the bluff and bluster of Falstaff.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Hybridity' in the Novels of Ananda Devi
    ‘HYBRIDITY’ IN THE NOVELS OF ANANDA DEVI Oulagambal Ashwiny Kistnareddy Licence, BA. Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Master of Philosophy July 2010 Abstract Hybridity is a term that has garnered a great deal of attention in the postcolonial world and has considerable critical purchase in the contemporary world. Its proponents, from Bakhtin (1981) and Bhabha (1994) to more recent theorists of hybridity in its various forms are many. However, it also has many dissidents. Hybridity’s ambiguous status as a colonial, negative term that has been reappropriated to undermine notions of purity and essentialism, can be quite problematic. Nevertheless, in its more positive aspects, it can prove to be quite enabling for postcolonial intellectuals like Ananda Devi. Devi expresses this point of view in an interview where she speaks of herself as being ‘hybride dans le bon sens du terme’ (Indes Réunionnaises 2003). This thesis examines Devi’s novels in order to gauge the extent to which these can be read through the lens of hybridity, especially given the recent reference to texts emanating from the Indian Ocean as being hybrid (Hawkins 2007, Prabhu 2007). Chapter One investigates the positive aspects of hybridity that Devi underlines in her interview, namely her ability to use the different cultures and traditions at her disposal in her writing. The chapter demonstrates the linguistic hybridity (Bakhtin 1981) and formal hybridity of the novels, which is the result of Devi’s own upbringing in multicultural society. The subsequent two chapters focus on what can be interpreted as the negative aspects of hybridity.
    [Show full text]
  • Elections and Politics in Fiji
    i ii iii Co-Published by ANU E Press and Asia Pacific Press The Australian National Unversity Canberra ACT 0200 Email: [email protected] Website: http://epress.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Lal, Brij V. Islands of turmoil : elections and politics in Fiji. Bibliography. Includes index. ISBN 0 7315 3751 3 ISBN 1 920942 75 0 (Online document) 1. Fiji - Politics and government. 2. Fiji - Social conditions. 3. Fiji - Economic conditions. I. Title. 996.11 This work is copyright. Apart from those uses which may be permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 as amended, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission from the publishers. The views expressed in this book are those of the author and not necessarily of the publishers. Editor: Bridget Maidment Publisher: Asia Pacific Press and ANU E Press Design: Annie Di Nallo Design Printers: University Printing Service, The Australian National University Cover photo, Nukulau Prison, is copyright and used with permission (www.fijilive.com). Author photo by Darren Boyd, Coombs Photography. First edition © 2006 ANU E Press and Asia Pacific Press For the people of the Fiji Islands There is a dawn at the end of the darkest night v Contents Abbreviations vii Preface viii 1. The road to independence 1 2. Continuity and change 24 3. Things fall apart 49 4. Back from the abyss 77 5. Rabuka’s republic 100 6. Charting a new course 126 7. A time to change 155 8. George Speight’s coup 185 9. In George Speight’s shadow 206 10.
    [Show full text]
  • Download This PDF File
    Coolabah, Nr 28, 2020, ISSN 1988-5946, Observatori: Centre d’Estudis Australians i Transnacionals / Observatory: Australian and Transnational Studies Centre, Universitat de Barcelona Commonwealth Literature: An Uncommon Literary Inheritance Satendra Nandan [email protected] Copyright© 2020 Satendra Nandan. This text may be archived and redistributed both in electronic form and in hard copy, provided that the author and journal are properly cited and no fee is charged, in accordance with our Creative Commons Licence. Abstract: In this piece Professor Nandan writes about his journey through Commonwealth Literature for the past fifty years and his remarkable voyages of literary discoveries. Keywords: Commonwealth literature, Fiji, Indian diaspora Geoff Davis had asked me of my memories of ACLALS for a book project he was contemplating writing. I sent him a version of this piece. He had replied: I’ve just read your fascinating and moving ACLALS piece. Many thanks…I wonder how many of the rest of us have seen their lives changed so radically by Commonwealth Literature. Then I met him in Ljubljana, Slovakia, last July 2018 for the CISLE (The Centre for the International Study of Literatures in English) conference. I gave my keynote paper on the theme of the conference: Transcending Borders: Refugees. We’d a drink or two with Russell McDougall and his companions. And shared breakfasts, lunches and dinners. As ever he was full of conviviality and warm friendship. My last trip with him was on a bus journey to and from Lake Bed. He was talking to a friend on the back seat and planning another trip to India.
    [Show full text]
  • International English Usage Loreto Todd & Ian Hancock
    INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH USAGE LORETO TODD & IAN HANCOCK London First published 1986 by Croom Helm This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge's collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” First published in paperback 1990 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE © 1986 Loreto Todd and Ian Hancock All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Todd, Loreto International English usage. 1. English language—Usage I. Title II. Hancock, Ian 428 PE1460 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Todd, Loreto. International English usage. Includes index. 1. English language—Usage—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Hancock, Ian F. II. Title. PE1460.T64 1987 428 86–28426 ISBN 0-203-97763-7 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-415-05102-9 (Print Edition) ISBN 0-709-94314-8 hb. Contents Introduction iv Contributors vi List of Symbols viii Pronunciation Guide ix INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH USAGE 1–587 Index 588–610 Introduction In the four centuries since the time of Shakespeare, English has changed from a relatively unimportant European language with perhaps four million speakers into an international language used in every continent by approximately eight hundred million people. It is spoken natively by large sections of the population in Australia, Canada, the Caribbean, Ireland, New Zealand, the Philippines, Southern Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States of America; it is widely spoken as a second language throughout Africa and Asia; and it is the most frequently used language of international affairs.
    [Show full text]
  • [Word Count: 746] DAVID DABYDEEN
    [Word Count: 746] DAVID DABYDEEN David Dabydeen (1955- ) is an Indo-Guyanese novelist, poet, critic, and scholar. Born on December 9, 1955 in present-day Berbice, Guyana—formerly British Guiana— to a family of Indian heritage, Dabydeen moved to England in 1969. He read English at Cambridge University and received a doctorate from University College London, writing a dissertation on British painter and engraver William Hogarth (1697-1764). After completing graduate study, Dabydeen was a post-doctoral fellow at Oxford University. Since 1984, he has taught in various capacities at the University of Warwick, including serving as director of the Centre for Caribbean Studies. He is currently Guyana’s ambassador to the People’s Republic of China, a position he has held since 2010. Dabydeen is the author of three collections of poetry, including: Slave Song (1984), winner of the Commonwealth Poetry Prize and Quiller-Couch Prize; Coolie Odyssey (1988); and Turner (1995). More recently, he has turned his attention to prose fiction, a body of work comprising seven novels: The Intended (1991), awarded the Guyana Prize for Literature and shortlisted for the John Llewelyn Rhys Prize; Disappearance (1993); The Counting House (1996), shortlisted for the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award; A Harlot’s Progress (1999), awarded the Guyana Prize for Literature and shortlisted for the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for Fiction; Our Lady of Demerara (2004), awarded the Guyana Prize for Literature; Molly and the Muslim Stick (2008); and Johnson’s Dictionary (2013). For his career-spanning work, Dabydeen has also received the Raja Rao Award for outstanding contributions to the literature of the South Asian diaspora (2004), the Hind Rattan Award for outstanding contributions to the literary and intellectual life of the Indian diaspora (2007), and the Anthony N.
    [Show full text]
  • Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} the Intended by David Dabydeen
    Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} The Intended by David Dabydeen Professor David Dabydeen (Emeritus) David Dabydeen has co-edited The Oxford Companion to Black British History (2007) and published in 2008 his sixth novel, Molly and the Muslim Stick (Macmillan). He is working on a neglected 19th Century Caribbean poet, Egbert Martin. His novel, Our Lady of Demarara was published in 2004. He was Consultant to Channel 4's three-part series on interracial sex, Forbidden Fruit , which was broadcast in 2003. His one- hour documentary Painting the People was broadcast by BBC television in 2004. He was awarded the 2004 Raja Rao Award for literature. He is Guyana's Ambassador and Permanent Delegate to UNESCO. He taught on the following MA courses in the Centre: Literary Translation and Creative (Re)Writing in a Global Context. Fictions and History. Literature of Migration. India in the Caribbean in Literature. Recent Publications. Our Lady of Demerara (Chichester: Dido Press, 2004) Lutchmee & Dilloo: A Study of West Indian Life by Edward Jenkins, ed. David Dabydeen (Oxford: Macmillan Caribbean, 2003) A Harlot's Progress (London: Jonathan Cape, 1999) Slavery, Abolition and Emancipation: Black Writers (Pickering and Chatto, 1999) The Counting House (London: Jonathan Cape, 1996) Turner (London: Jonathan Cape, 1995) Disappearance (London: Secker & Warburg, 1993) Black Writers in Britain, 1780-1890 (Edinburgh University Press, 1991) The Intended (London: Secker & Warburg, 1991) Recent News. He was awarded the Anthony Sabga Prize for Literature in 2008. His new novel, MOLLY AND THE MUSLIM STICK was published by Macmillan in 2008. David Dabydeen: The loose-tongued ambassador. Professor David Dabydeen writes fiction and poetry between midnight and four in the morning, sustained by cigarettes and occasional slurps of red wine.
    [Show full text]
  • Displacement And/As Nationalism: the Sea As a Reparative Space
    DISPLACEMENT AND/AS NATIONALISM: THE SEA AS A REPARATIVE SPACE by Harsha Thakoor B.A. (Honours), University of Mauritius, 2018 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (English) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) April 2020 © Harsha Thakoor, 2020 The following individuals certify that they have read, and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies for acceptance, a thesis entitled: Displacement and/as Nationalism: The Sea as a Reparative Space Submitted by Harsha Thakoor in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in English Examining Committee Dina Al-Kassim, Associate Professor, English Language and Literatures, UBC Supervisor Christopher Lee, Associate Professor, English Language and Literatures, UBC Supervisory Committee Member ii Abstract This thesis examines the ways in which memories of displacement interact with and forge national landscapes as well as national subjects. In this thesis, Amal Sewtohul’s novel Made in Mauritius (2012), as well as selected poems from Khal Torabully’s Cale d'étoiles-Coolitude (1992) and Chair corail: fragments coolies (1999), are used a terrain of analysis. I analyse mobility of the national subject, and perennial movement situated at the crux of these texts as resistance to rootedness hence capsizing national authority. Displaced bodies are unable to fully root themselves in their homeland as they hold on to the memory of their ancestral land. The sea is presented as a reparative tool—movement moored in its essence—cutting across time and space to bind together narrative, histories and lands.
    [Show full text]
  • Reimagining the Aapravasi Ghat: Khal Torabully's
    Journal of Indian Ocean World Studies, 4, 2 (2021), pp. 118-143. © Shanaaz Mohammed CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | 118 REIMAGINING THE AAPRAVASI GHAT: KHAL TORABULLY’S POETRY AND THE INDENTURED DIASPORA Shanaaz Mohammed Davidson College ABSTRACT National narratives in Mauritius often affiliate the Indian diaspora with the experience of indentureship and the Aapravasi Ghat, a nineteenth century immigration depot classified in 2006 as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This affiliation inevitably disregards the African, Malagasy, and Chinese laborers who also worked under the system of indenture in Mauritius during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In his 2013 collection of poetry, Voices from the Aapravasi Ghat: Indentured Imaginaries, Khal Torabully returns to the Aapravasi Ghat to recast the history of indentureship and highlight the various ethnicities of the indentured diaspora, their shared trauma, and displacement. This study contends that Torabully’s poetic engagement with the Aapravasi Ghat, as an historical site of indentureship and its overlooked diversity, challenges the perception of the Ghat as a representation of Indian indentured memory. It uses Torabully’s Coolitude poetics as a conceptual frame to consider the Aapravasi Ghat as an inaugural space that facilitated the creation of a complex, open-ended identity that aspires to promote a culture of diversity but not without its limitations and contradictions. Despite efforts to disrupt ethnic distinctiveness, Torabully reproduces Indo-centric perspectives expressed through the concept of kala pani and the fakir figure. INTRODUCTION In 2013, to commemorate the 179th anniversary of the arrival of indentured laborers in Mauritius, Khal Torabully published a collection of poetry entitled, Voices from the © Shanaaz Mohammed.
    [Show full text]