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Entomological Society of America Proposal Form for New Common Name or Change of ESA-Approved Common Name

Complete this form and e-mail to [email protected]. Submissions will not be considered unless this form is filled out completely.

The proposer is expected to be familiar with the rules, recommendations, and procedures outlined in the “Use and Submission of Common Names” on the ESA website at https://www.entsoc.org/pubs/use-and-submission-common-names.

1. Proposed new common name:

Black salt marsh mosquito

2. Previously approved common name (if any):

None

3. Scientific name (genus, species, author): Aedes (Ochlerotatus) taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann)

Order: Diptera

Family: Culicidae

Supporting Information

4. Please provide a clear and convincing explanation for why a common name is needed, possibly including but not limited to the taxon’s economic, ecological, or medical importance, striking appearance, abundance, or conservation status:

Economic importance: This mosquito greatly impacted the attempts to settle Florida, especially southern Florida. Mosquitoes were mentioned as a reason the United States should not admit Florida to the Union. Tourism revenues in the state increased after mosquito control was implemented.

Reference:

Hribar, L. and M. Minno. 2018. Chapter 9. Mosquito Control Benefits and Risks, pp. 161-196. In: Lloyd, A.M., C.R. Connelly, and D.B. Carlson, [eds.]. Florida Coordinating Council on Mosquito Control. Florida Mosquito Control: The state of the mission as defined by mosquito controllers, regulators, and environmental managers. Vero Beach, FL: University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory.

4/17/18 Medical importance: Vector of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis, Dog Heartworm. Found naturally infected with West Nile Virus. Experimentally infected with Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus and St. Louis Encephalitis Virus.

References:

Agramonte, N.M. & C.R. Connelly. 2014. Featured Creatures. Black Salt Marsh Mosquito. University of Florida Entomology & Nematology Department Publication Number EENY-591.

Hribar, L.J., J.J. Vlach, D.J. DeMay, L.M. Stark, R.L. Stoner, M.S. Godsey, K.L. Burkhalter, M.C. Spoto, S.S. James, J.M. Smith, & E.M. Fussell. 2003. Mosquitoes infected with West Nile virus in the Florida Keys, Monroe County, Florida, USA. Journal of Medical Entomology, 40: 361-363.

Hribar, L.J., L.M. Stark, R.L. Stoner, D.J. DeMay, A.L. Nordholt, M.J. Hemmen, J.J. Vlach, & E.M. Fussell. 2004. Isolation of West Nile virus from mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Florida Keys, Monroe County, Florida. Caribbean Journal of Science, 40: 362-367.

Hodapp, C.J., Hillis, W.D. and Dahl, E.V., 1966. Isolation of two arboviruses from Aedes taeniorhynchus Wiedemann. Journal of Medical Entomology, 3(1), pp.44-45.

Turell, M.J., Beaman, J.R. and Neely, G.W., 1994. Experimental transmission of eastern equine encephalitis virus by strains of Aedes albopictus and A. taeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 31(2), pp.287-290.

Ecological importance: Larvae are food for a number of salt marsh fish species.

References:

Harrington, R.W. and Harrington, E.S., 1960. Food of larval and young tarpon, Megalops atlantica. Copeia, 1960(4), pp.311-319.

Harrington Jr, R.W. and Harrington, E.S., 1961. Food selection among fishes invading a high subtropical salt marsh: from onset of flooding through the progress of a mosquito brood. Ecology, 42(4), pp.646-666.

Harrington, R. and Harrington, E.S., 1982. Effects on fishes and their forage organisms of impounding a Florida salt marsh to prevent breeding by salt marsh mosquitoes. Bulletin of Marine Science, 32(2), pp.523-531.

Nielsen, E.T. and Nielsen, A.T., 1953. Field observations on the habits of Aedes taeniorhynchus. Ecology, 34(1), pp.141-156.

Taylor, D.S., Ritchie, S.A. and Johnson, E., 1992. The killifish Rivulus marmoratus: a potential biocontrol agent for Aedes taeniorhynchus and brackish water Culex. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 8(1), pp.80-83.

Todd, R.G. and Giglioli, M.E.C., 1983. The failure of Gambusia puncticulata and other minnows to control Aedes taeniorhynchus in a mangrove swamp on Grand Cayman, W. I. Mosquito News., 43(4), pp.419-425.

Common usage: The name “black salt marsh mosquito” is used throughout the mosquito control community in the United States and is also used in the news media.

References:

4/17/18 Adan, M. 2018. Mosquito Problem Grows in San Diego's North County. https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/Mosquito-Problem-Grows-in-San-Diegos-North-County- 492593411.html

Anonymous. Undated. Aedes (Ochlerotatus) taeniorhynchus. http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/mosquito_control/aedes_taeniorhynchus%20narr.htm

Anonymous. 2015. Diptera-Culicidae-Aedes taeniorhynchus-Black Salt Marsh Mosquito FEMALE (A). https://elp.tamu.edu/ipm/bugs/order-diptera-flies/diptera-culicidae-aedes-taeniorhynchus- black-salt-marsh-mosquito-female-a-2/

CBS 4 Miami. 2017. Dade, Broward Spray For Black Salt Marsh Mosquitoes. https://miami.cbslocal.com/2017/07/03/dade-broward-spray-for-black-salt-marsh-mosquitoes/

City of Jacksonville. 2018. Aedes Taeniorhynchus Black Salt Marsh Mosquito. http://www.coj.net/departments/neighborhoods/mosquito-control/aedes-taeniorhynchus.aspx

Mosquito and Vector Management District of Santa Barbara County. 2019. Mosquitoes of Santa Barbara County. https://www.mvmdistrict.com/mosquitoes.html

Sisson, P. 2009. REGION: Salt marsh mosquitoes inundate parts of coastal North County. https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-region-salt-marsh-mosquitoes-inundate-parts-of- 2009aug06-story.html

Taylor, L. 2017. Vicious salt marsh mosquito chasing Tampa Bay indoors. https://www.tampabay.com/news/vicious-salt-marsh-mosquito-chasing-tampa-bay- indoors/2329527

5. Stage or characteristic to which the proposed common name refers. (If the description involves a physical feature, it is strongly encouraged that an image of the organism be provided with this submission.)

Adult

4/17/18 6. Distribution (include references):

Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, United States; contiguous lower 48, Venezuela, Virgin Islands. Reference: Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit Systematic Catalog of Culicidae.

United States: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia. Reference: Darsie, R.F., Jr. & Ward, R.A., 2005. Identification and Geographical Distribution of the Mosquitoes of North America, North of Mexico. University Press of Florida, USA.

7. Principal hosts (include references):

Deer (Key deer), rabbit (marsh rabbit), raccoon, rodent, human, Ciconiiformes (herons) Reference: O'Meara, G.F. and Edman, J.D., 1975. Autogenous egg production in the salt-marsh mosquito, Aedes taeniorhynchus. The Biological Bulletin, 149(2), pp.384-396.

8. Please provide multiple references indicating clearly that the proposed name is already established and ideally widespread in use. If the name has been newly coined for purposes of this application, please state so:

Apperson, C., 1991. The black salt marsh mosquito, Aedes taeniorhynchus. Wing Beats, 2(4), pp.9-10.

Barnard, D.R., Bernier, U.R., Posey, K.H. and Xue, R.D., 2002. Repellency of IR3535, KBR3023, para-menthane-3, 8-diol, and deet to black salt marsh mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Everglades National Park. Journal of Medical Entomology, 39(6), pp.895-899.

Bataille, A., Horsburgh, G.J., Dawson, D.A., Cunningham, A.A. and Goodman, S.J., 2009. Microsatellite markers characterized in the mosquito Aedes taeniorhynchus (Diptera, Culicidae), a disease vector and major pest on the American coast and the Galápagos Islands. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 9(5), pp.971-975.

Bataille, A., Cunningham, A.A., Cruz, M., Cedeño, V. and Goodman, S.J., 2011. Adaptation, isolation by distance and human-mediated transport determine patterns of gene flow among populations of the disease vector Aedes taeniorhynchus in the Galapagos Islands. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 11(8), pp.1996-2003.

Fox, I., Knight, W.B. and Bayona, I.G., 1963. Antigenic relationships among mosquitoes and sand flies demonstrated by agar-gel tests. Journal of Allergy, 34(3), pp.196-202.

Goddard, J., Varnado, W.C. and Harrison, B.A., 2010. An annotated list of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Mississippi. Journal of Vector Ecology, 35(1), pp.79-88.

Gouck, H.K., Godwin, D.R., Schreck, C.E. and Smith, N., 1967. Field tests with repellent-treated netting against black salt-marsh mosquitoes. Journal of Economic Entomology, 60(5), pp.1451- 1452.

Hall, D.W. and Anthony, D.W., 1971. Pathology of a mosquito iridescent virus (MIV) infecting Aedes taeniorhynchus. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 18(1), pp.61-69.

4/17/18 Hribar, L.J., DeMay, D.J. and Lund, U.J., 2010. The association between meteorological variables and the abundance of Aedes taeniorhynchus in the Florida Keys. Journal of Vector Ecology, 35(2), pp.339-346.

Hribar, L.J. and Hribar, M.N., 2006. Black salt marsh mosquito, Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae), larvae are attracted to colored lights. Florida Scientist, 69(3), pp.165-168.

Hribar, L.J. and Vlach, J.J., 2001. Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) and biting midge (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) collections in Florida Keys state parks. Florida Scientist, pp.219-223.

Kline, D.L., 2006. Traps and trapping techniques for adult mosquito control. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 22(3), pp.490-496.

Lang, J.D., 2003. Factors affecting immatures of Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) in San Diego County, California. Journal of Medical Entomology, 40(4), pp.387-394.

Lea, A.O., 1964. Studies on the dietary and endocrine regulation of autogenous reproduction in Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wied.). Journal of Medical Entomology, 1(1), pp.40-44.

Lord, J.C. and Hall, D.W., 1983. A new microsporidian parasite of the mosquito Aedes taeniorhynchus. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 41(3), pp.301-304.

Lum, P.T.M., Nayar, J.K. and Provost, M.W., 1968. The pupation rhythm in Aedes taeniorhynchus. III. Factors in developmental synchrony. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 61(4), pp.889-899.

MacFarlane, J.H. and Earle, N.W., 1970. Morphology and histology of the female sex pheromone gland of the salt-marsh caterpillar, Estigmene acrea. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 63(5), pp.1327-1332.

McGaughey, W.H. (1968) Role of salts in oviposition site selection by the black salt-marsh mosquito, Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann). Mosquito News 28, 207–217.

McGaughey, W.H. and Knight, K.L. (1967) Preoviposition activity of the black salt-marsh mosquito, Aedes taeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 60, 107–115.

Nayar, J.K., 1966. A method of rearing salt-marsh mosquito larvae in a defined sterile medium. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 59(6), pp.1283-1285.

O'Meara, G.F., 1985. Gonotrophic interactions in mosquitoes: kicking the blood-feeding habit. Florida Entomologist, 68(1), pp.122-133.

Ritchie, S.A. 1992. Mosquito Control Handbook: Salt Marshes and Mangrove Forests. In: Mosquito Control Handbook. University of Florida. Publication ENY70034.

Ritchie, S.A. and Montague, C.L., 1995. Simulated populations of the black salt march mosquito (Aedes taeniorhynchus) in a Florida mangrove forest. Ecological Modelling, 77(2-3), pp.123-141.

Ritchie, S.A. and Christopher, L.B., 1994. Do fish repel oviposition by Aedes taeniorhynchus? Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 10(3), pp.380-384.

Siers, S., Merkel, J., Bataille, A., Vargas, F.H. and Parker, P.G., 2010. Ecological correlates of microfilariae prevalence in endangered Galapagos birds. Journal of Parasitology, 96(2), pp.259- 272.

4/17/18 Vlach, J.J., Hall, K.J., Day, J.F., Curtis, G.A., Hribar, L.J. and Fussell, E.M., 2006. Interisland dispersal of the black salt marsh mosquito, Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Florida Keys. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 22(4), pp.615-621.

Wallace, F.L., 1996. Construction of a field trap for initiating an ovipositional response in Aedes taeniorhynchus. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 12, pp.491-493.

Whiteman, N.K., Goodman, S.J., Sinclair, B.J., Walsh, T.I.M., Cunningham, A.A., Kramer, L.D. and Parker, P.G., 2005. Establishment of the avian disease vector Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 (Diptera: Culicidae) on the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Ibis, 147(4), pp.844-847.

9. Please identify any common names in use (include references) that have been applied to this taxon other than the one herein proposed. Please justify why each alternate name is inadequate:

Salt marsh mosquito, salt-marsh mosquito. References: Haeger, J.S., 1960. Behavior preceding migration in the salt-marsh mosquito, Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann). Mosquito News, 20(2), pp. 136-147. O'Meara, G.F. and Edman, J.D., 1975. Autogenous egg production in the salt-marsh mosquito, Aedes taeniorhynchus. The Biological Bulletin, 149(2), pp.384-396.

These names are inadequate because: 1, there are many mosquito species in a salt marsh; 2, Aedes sollicitans (Walker) already has the ESA-approved common name “saltmarsh mosquito”.

10. Please identify any other organisms to which your proposed common name could apply, giving careful consideration to closely related taxa. Please justify why the proposed common name is (i) unsuitable for each of those taxa and/or (ii) better suited for the proposed taxon:

The proposed common name could apply to Anopheles atropos Dyar & Knab. The proposed common name is inadequate for An. atropos and better suited for Ae. taeniorhynchus because many specimens of An. atropos are actually more of a dark brown color and because longstanding usage within medical entomology, marsh ecology, and mosquito control literature has linked “black salt marsh mosquito” with Ae. taeniorhynchus.

11. Please document your efforts to consult with entomologists (including taxonomic specialists), colleagues, or other professionals who work with the taxon as to the suitability and need for the proposed common name. Please note that this is an important element of your proposal; proposals that do not document these steps are less likely to be successful.

I have copied below statements of support from the following individuals:

Dr. Rui-De Xue, Anastasia Mosquito Control District (Florida) Dr. Jonathan Day, University of Florida Dr. William Meredith, Delaware Division of Fish & Wildlife Mr. Douglas Carlson, Indian River Mosquito Control District (Florida) Mr. Aaron Lloyd, Pasco County Mosquito Control District (Florida) Dr. Dan Strickman, Gates Foundation Dr. Isik Unlu, Broward County Mosquito Control (Florida) Dr. George O’Meara, University of Florida

Drs. O’Meara & Strickman are recipients of the American Mosquito Control Association’s John N. Belkin Award, given for meritorious contributions to the fields of mosquito systematics and/or biology.

4/17/18 Dear Dr. Hribar:

I support your proposal. This is one of important species in our area. It seems that we have use this common name for our public outreach, education, and operation for many years. Even some of our mosquito control technicians have worked at here for several years, they still can not remember the scientific name of the species. The ESA should accept and recognize the common name you proposed.

Thank you very much.

Rudy Rui-De Xue, Ph.D. Executive Director of Anastasia Mosquito Control District Adjunct Professor of University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Courtesy & Graduate Faculty of Dept. of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida 120 EOC Drive St. Augustine, FL 32092 904/471-3107 (tel) 904/471-3189 (fax) www.amcdsjc.org [email protected] Past President (2016-2018) of the Florida Entomology Society (www.flaentsoc.org) Past President (2016-2017) of the Florida Mosquito Control Association (www.floridamosquito.org)

Hi Larry:

I support your proposal with one modification. I don’t believe that Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann) is an important vector of EEEV in North America. If you disagree, please list appropriate references in your proposal.

Cheers,

Jon

======Jonathan F. Day Professor of Medical Entomology University of Florida/IFAS Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory 200 9th Street SE Vero Beach, Florida 32962 ______

4/17/18 To Entomological Society of America Committee on Common Names:

I concur with the sound reasons given by Dr. Larry Hribar as listed below to recognize the official common name for Aedes taeniorhynchus as being the “black salt marsh mosquito”.

· Economic importance – impact of Ae. taeniorhynchus on development, settlement, and tourism in Florida. · Medical importance – vector of dog heartworm, EEE, VEE. · Longstanding usage of the proposed common name in mosquito control, marsh ecology, and medical entomology. · To avoid confusion – Aedes sollicitans (Walker) already has the ESA accepted common name “saltmarsh mosquito).

I fully support Dr. Hribar’s proposal.

Sincerely,

William H. Meredith, Ph.D. Environmental Program Administrator Delaware Mosquito Control Section Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife, DNREC 89 Kings Highway Dover, DE. 19901

Office: 302-739-9917 Fax: 302-739-6157 Email: [email protected] ______Dear Larry -

This message is in regard to the proposal to the ESA that you explained to me (see below). As someone who has been involved in the control of Ae. taeniorhynchus for the past 40+ years, I believe that your proposed project to identify an appropriate common name for this important mosquito species is necessary for our profession and I support your efforts. Please feel free to contact me if I can be of any assistance.

Please confirm you received this message.

Sincerely.....Doug Doug Carlson Director, Indian River Mosquito Control District 5655 41st Street, Vero Beach, FL 32967 Past President - American Mosquito Control Association Past President - Florida Mosquito Control Association [email protected] Work: 772-562-2393; Cell: 772-559-6989 ______

4/17/18 Dr. Hribar,

I have been working in academic, government, military and operational mosquito control for 20 years now. I currently teach the Introduction to Mosquito Control course at the Dodd Short Courses every year to about 100 mosquito control personnel. Beginning, with my graduate work at the University of Florida until present day, Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann) has always been referred to as the “Black Salt Marsh mosquito” by all of my colleagues. I also teach my students that Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann) is commonly refereed to as the Black Salt Marsh mosquito.

I fully support your proposal to the Entomological Society of America’s (ESA) Committee on Common Names that Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann) be given the common name “black salt marsh mosquito”. A mosquito species with the medical and economic importance that Ae. taeniorhynchus has in Florida and beyond should be officially given its common name that so many entomologists and biologists have been using for decades.

Thanks for leading the charge in this matter and please let me know if there is anything else I can do.

Sincerely,

Aaron Lloyd Assistant Director Pasco County Mosquito Control District 2308 Marathon Road Odessa, FL 33556 727-376-4568

FMCA Dodd Short Courses Committee Chair

Dear ESA Committee on Common Names:

I wanted to send my support for Larry Hribar’s suggestion to designate the common name of Aedes taeniorhynchus as the ”black salt-marsh mosquito.” The name has gotten some use within mosquito abatement in the US and it makes biological sense in that the species is a typical salt-marsh mosquito and its background color is very dark, in contrast to the lighter brown background color of the behaviorally similar Aedes sollicitans, designated as the “salt-marsh mosquito.”

Thanks for your consideration,

Dan Strickman, M.S., Ph.D., Fellow ESA Senior Program Officer, Vector Control Global Health Program V +1.206.770.2242 M +1.206.457.6315 E [email protected]

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation P.O. Box 23350 Seattle, Washington 98102 www.gatesfoundation.org

4/17/18 ______Dear Dr. Hribar:

I agree with the effort to establish “black salt marsh mosquito” as the ESA-approved common name for Aedes taeniorhynchus.

Sincerely,

Isik Unlu, PhD Mosquito Control Manager Broward County Mosquito Control 1201 W Airport Road Pembroke Pines, FL 33023 Phone: (954)-765-1548 Cell phone: (954)766-5381 http://vectorbio.rutgers.edu/people/faculty.php [email protected]

______Hi Larry,

I totally support your efforts to have the common name “black salt marsh mosquito” for Aedes taeniorhynchus recognized officially by the Entomological Society of America. In non-ESA publication I have used term salt marsh mosquito for Aedes taeniorhynchus, while others have called this mosquito the black salt marsh mosquito to distinguish it from Aedes sollicitans. Many of the organized Mosquito Control Districts in Florida were established initially to combat the problems caused by Aedes taeniorhynchus. Tens of millions of dollars continue to be spent annually statewide for the control of Aedes taeniorhynchus. Coastal areas in other states have a similar problem with this mosquito. The distribution of Aedes taeniorhynchus extends on the Atlantic coast from Maine to Brazil and on the Pacific coast from California to Peru. I’m not aware of any reports documenting the occurrence of Aedes sollicitans on the Pacific coast. Although Aedes taeniorhynchus is primarily a pest species, it has been involved in transmitting disease-causing viruses in some parts of its geographic range. During the summer and fall, the Everglades National Park (ENP) is essentially devoid of visitors, particularly in the Flamingo area, due to the huge numbers of blood seeking Aedes taeniorhynchus females. Camping is free, but the campgrounds are mostly vacant because mosquito control is not allowed in the ENP. I wish there was an approved common name for Aedes taeniorhynchus years ago when I was conducting research on this species. Good luck with this endeavor. Please let me know if you need additional information. Best regards, George F. O’Meara, Professor Emeritus University of Florida, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory Vero Beach, FL 32962

Proposed by: Lawrence J. Hribar

Address: Florida Keys Mosquito Control District, 503 107th Street, Marathon, FL 33050

E-mail: [email protected]

Phone: 305-289-3700

Date submitted: Monday, February 11, 2019

4/17/18