DOCSLIB.ORG

Mosquitoes And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mosquitoes And the insecticides, when treatments have been discontinued and residues on walls and in the soil disappear, then the chlorinated hydrocarbons will Mosquitoes again become useful as chemicals to reduce fly populations. and DDT 4. Still greater emphasis should be placed on sanitation. Insecticides W. V. KinP should be used only to augment the fly control obtained by strict sanita- tion. There is no substitute for sani- Increased resistance to DDT has tation. been recorded for several species of mosquitoes in widely separated parts of W. N. BRUCE, a native of Nebraska the world. Included are the house mos- and a graduate of the University of quitoes, Culex pipiens in Italy and C. Nebraska, is associate entomologist for quinquéfasciatus in India; two salt- the Illinois Natural History Survey. marsh species, Aedes taeniorhynchus He worked at Iowa State College for and A, sollicitansj in Florida; and two 2 years as ifistructor and research as- floodwater species, Aedes nigromaculis sociate and has conducted research on and A. dor salis ^ as well as Culex tar salis insects affecting man and animals for in California. An encouraging fact is the Illinois Natural History Survey that two species of Anopheles failed to since 1945. show increased resistance in areas where they had been exposed for sev- For further reading on resistant flies, Mr. eral years to DDT residual treatment Bruce suggests his articleSj Latest Report on in buildings. Fly Control, Pests, volume ly, number 6, E. Mosna was apparently the first pages y y 28 (1949)3 and House Fly Toler- ance for Insecticides, with G. C. Decker, to report increased resistance in a Soap and Sanitary Chemicals, Volume 26, species of mosquito, Culex pipiens number 3, pages 122-125, 145-^47 i^QSo), autogenicus (molestus) from the Ton- and articles by— tine marshes in Italy. He found many W. V. King and /. B. Gahan: Failure of DDT to Control House Flies, Journal of live specimens of the species in bed- Economic Entomology, volume 42, pages rooms of houses in May 1947, where 405-409. 1949. for the second year 5 percent DDT in Arthur W. Lindquist and H, 0. Wilson: kerosene had been applied as a residue Development of a Strain of Houseflies Re- sistant to DDT, Science, volume loy, page for the control of Anopheles. Speci- 2y6. 1948. mens he collected from the interiors Ralph B. March and Robert L, Metcalf: were exposed to the treated walls and Insecticide-Resistant Flies, Soap and Sani- were alive after 48 to 72 hours, but tary Chemicals, number y, pages 121, 123, specimens from a laboratory strain died ^35> ^39' 1950' A. Missiroli: Riduzione o cradicazione within 3 to 5 hours. He thought it pos- degli anofcli? Rivista di Parassitologia, vol- sible that two races of this variety of ume 8, number 2/3, pages 141-169. i94y. mosquito might exist, distinguished K. D. Quarterrnan: The Status of Fly Resistance to Insecticides in the Savannah basically by the difí'crent grade of re- Area and Its Implications in the General sistance to DDT. Laboratory tests with Problems of Fly Control, C. D. C. Bulletin, the eighth generation reared from re- volume 9, number 11, pages 3-y. 1950, sistant material showed that the resist- Giuseppe Saccà: Sull'esistenza di mosche ance was transmitted through eight domestiche rcsistenti al DDT, Rivista di Parassitologia, volume 8, number 2/3, pages generations without marked diminu- i2y-i28. i94y. tion. From preliminary laboratory and James Sternburg, C. W. Kearns, and W. field tests with chlordanc and benzene N. Bruce: Absorption and Metabolism of hexachloride, Mosna learned that the DDT by Resistant and Susceptible House Flics, Journal of Economic Entomology, insecticides had residual action lasting volume 43, pages 214-219. 1950. more than 4 months and were thcre- 328 Yearbook of Agriculture 1952 fore suited to practical control of Culex the untreated areas at the time the col- that are resistant to DDT. lections were made for the tests. In India, from experiments con- The evidence from the laboratory ducted for 10 months, J. F. Newman tests demonstrated the increased toler- and others learned that successive gen- ance of the specimens from the treated erations of the southern house mos- areas. In the larvicide tests, the mortal- quito exposed in the laboratory to DDT ity of fourth-stage larvae averaged residues showed a marked increase in about 16 percent, compared with an resistance to DDT. A 20-minute expo- average of nearly 90 percent for the sure caused 100 percent mortality of control larvae. Similarly, in space-spray females originally, but no mortality re- tests with I percent DDT solutions sulted from 30-minute exposures a few against reared females, the comparable months later. A similar resistance to figures were 18 percent and 83 per- benzene hexachloride also was shown. cent. The results indicated a fourfold The failure of DDT sprays to give increase in tolerance or more. Larvae satisfactory control of the common of Aedes taeniorhynchus collected in salt-marsh mosquito and another salt- 1949 from a treated area in Sarasota marsh species, Aedes taeniorhynchus^ County on the Gulf Coast also showed in Broward County in Florida, was first increased resistance. noticed in 1947 in Hollywood, where In tests on mosquito specimens from miuch DDT had been applied in pre- Brevard County, chlordane and ben- vious years to control heavy infesta- zene hexachloride, both technical and tions. refined (lindane), produced about the The failure was observed again in same mortalities of larvae and adults 1948 and 1949, when similar difficulty from the treated areas as from un- was experienced in Brcvard County treated areas at similar dosages. That near Cocoa Beach and the Banana was true also of parathion in larvicide River Airbase, where an extensive salt tests. Parathion was not included marsh had been treated repeatedly against the adults. TDE, like DDT, with DDT sprays the previous 4 years. was much less toxic to the specimens In June 1949 the results of aerial spray- from the treated area. Toxaphene was ing operations in the area were checked somewhat less toxic. Lindane was by by members of the Orlando laboratory far the most toxic compound to adults, of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant and parathion to the larvae from all Quarantine. It became evident that areas. satisfactory reduction of adults of the Aerial spray tests with several in- two salt-marsh species A. taeniorhyn- secticides were also carried out against chus and A. sollicitans was not ob- the DDT-resistant mosquitoes. Lin- tained with the standard dosage of 0.2 dane, the most efTective of the insecti- pound of DDT per acre. Even twice cides tested, gave good control of adults that dosage failed to give as good con- at dosages of 0.05 and o.i pound per trol as had been obtained with the acre. Technical benzene hexachloride standard dosage. This indication of in- (12 percent gamma) at 0.2 and 0.4 creased resistance was confirmed by pound and dieldrin and parathion at laboratory tests in which larvae and 0.05 and o. I pound gave results nearly reared adults of A. taeniorhynchus and equal to lindane. Chlordane and DDT A. sollicitans were compared for sus- at 0.2 and 0.3 pound per acre and ceptibility to DDT with similar speci- toxaphene at 0.2 pound were not men material of A. taeniorhynchus highly efiPectivc in most tests. from other areas in the same county Larvicidal tests on small plots were that w^ere not known to have received conducted with several insecticides ap- DDT applications previously or only plied as emulsions. In the Cocoa an occasional treatment for adult con- Beach area DDT was much less effec- trol. A. sollicitans were not present in tive than in untreated areas, but the Mosquitoes and DDT other materials—dicldrin, parathion^ parative tests between DDT and tox- lindanCj technical benzene hexachlo- aphene^ the latter was considerably the ridcj and toxaphene—all gave good more toxic to the DDT-resistant larvae and approximately similar results in but less toxic to the control lots. both the treated and untreated DDT residues applied to walls of marshes. Dieldrin and parathion were living quarters and other buildings the most effective at dosages of 0.025 have been widely used in different and 0.05 pound per acre, closely fol- countries to control carriers of malaria. lowed by lindane and toxaphene. Tests to determine whether an increase Indications of increased resistance to in tolerance had occurred were carried the effects of DDT in larvae of Aedes out in two areas where this method of nigromaculis and A. dor salis in Kern control had been in operation for sev- County, Calif., were noticed in the fall eral years. The results were negative. of 1947 and early in 1948 on a large In the Mexican village of Temixco, ranch that had been regularly treated DDT sprays were applied to the inte- by truck and plane and had also been rior wall surfaces of all houses and used for experiments on the applica- other buildings once in early spring tions of DDT emulsion siphoned into each year from 1945 to 1948. The the irrigation water. The dosage was sprays reduced markedly the numbers increased from 0.15 to 0.25 parts per of Anopheles pseudopunctipennis in million with continued failure. Later a the village and in the surrounding rice part of the fields was treated with DDT fields. Laboratory tests were run in by plane at the rate of 0.4 pound per 1948 under the direction of J. B. acre and part with toxaphene at 0.3 Gahan and Wilbur G.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Environmental Limits of Rift Valley Fever Revealed Using
    Environmental limits of Rift Valley fever revealed using ecoepidemiological mechanistic models Giovanni Lo Iaconoa,b,c,1, Andrew A. Cunninghamd, Bernard Bette, Delia Gracee, David W. Reddingf, and James L. N. Wooda aDepartment of Veterinary Medicine, Disease Dynamics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom; bPublic Health England, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom; cSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, United Kingdom; dInstitute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; eAnimal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, 00100 Kenya; and fCentre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom Edited by Burton H. Singer, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, and approved June 19, 2018 (received for review February 23, 2018) Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) of humans and domestic animals These issues provide the basis of the work reported here. We are a significant component of the global burden of disease and focus on Rift Valley fever (RVF), an important mosquito-borne a key driver of poverty. The transmission cycles of VBDs are viral zoonosis. The causative virus is responsible for major epi- often strongly mediated by the ecological requirements of the demics in Africa, and its range seems to be expanding as shown by vectors, resulting in complex transmission dynamics, including phylogeographic analysis (6) and recent epidemic occurrence in intermittent epidemics and an unclear link between environmen- Saudi Arabia and Yemen (7–10). Furthermore, concern has been tal conditions and disease persistence. An important broader raised about the potential for environmental/climatic changes concern is the extent to which theoretical models are reliable at causing increased impact of RVF in endemic areas or facilitat- forecasting VBDs; infection dynamics can be complex, and the ing its spread to new regions of the world (10–12).
    [Show full text]
  • T3-B1-Mosquitoecology.Pdf
    Suffolk County Vector Control and Wetlands Management Long-Term Plan Literature Review Task Three – Book 1 -- Long Island Mosquitoes October 2004 SUFFOLK COUNTY LONG TERM PLAN The Consultant Team Cashin, Associates, P.C. Hauppauge, NY Subconsultants Cameron Engineering, L.L.P. Syosset, NY Integral Consulting Annapolis, MD Bowne Management Systems, Inc. Mineola, NY Kamazima Lwiza, PhD University at Stony Brook, NY Ducks Unlimited Stony Brook, NY Steven Goodbred, PhD & Laboratory University at Stony Brook, NY RTP Environmental Westbury, NY Sinnreich, Safar & Kosakoff Central Islip, NY Bruce Brownawell, PhD & Laboratory University at Stony Brook, NY Anne McElroy, PhD & Laboratory University at Stony Brook, NY Andrew Spielman, PhD Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA Richard Pollack, PhD Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA Wayne Crans, PhD Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ Susan Teitelbaum, PhD Mount Sinai School of Medicine, NY Zawicki Vector Management Consultants Freehold, NJ Robert Turner, PhD & Laboratory Southampton College, NY Christopher Gobler, PhD & Laboratory Southampton College, NY Jerome Goddard, PhD Mississippi Department of Health, Jackson, MS Sergio Sanudo, PhD & Laboratory University of Stony Brook, NY Suffolk County Department of Health Hauppauge, NY Services, Division of Environmental Quality Project Management Richard LaValle, P.E., Chief Deputy Suffolk County Department of Public Works, Commissioner Yaphank, NY Vito Minei, P.E., Director, Division of Suffolk County Department of Health Services, Environmental Quality Hauppauge, NY Walter Dawydiak, Jr., P.E., J.D., Chief Suffolk County Department of Health Services, Engineer, Division of Environmental Hauppauge, NY Quality Dominick Ninivaggi, Superintendent, Suffolk County Department of Public Works, Division of Vector Control Yaphank, NY Cashin Associates, P.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Cdc Light Trap, Bg Sentinel Trap, and Mmx Trap for the Collection of Salt Marsh Mosquitoes in Anastasia State Park, Saint Augustine, Florida
    EVALUATION OF CDC LIGHT TRAP, BG SENTINEL TRAP, AND MMX TRAP FOR THE COLLECTION OF SALT MARSH MOSQUITOES IN ANASTASIA STATE PARK, SAINT AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA DANIEL DIXON1, JOSEPH D’AMATO, AND RUI-DE XUE Anastasia Mosquito Control District, 120 EOC Drive, Saint Augustine, FL 32092 Current address: USDA/CMAVE, 1600 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608 Guest Editor: Emad Khater ABSTRACT Salt marsh mosquitoes are major nuisance pests during the periods of high mosquito activity, especially after major storm events. In 2016-2017, Saint John’s County, Florida, USA was struck by two major hurricanes that resulted in multiple outbreaks of salt marsh mosquito populations. To optimize the surveillance of two salt marsh mosquitoes, (Aedes taeniorhynchus and Ae. sollicitans, three types of traps (the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Light trap, Bio- gents Sentinel (BG) trap and Counter Flow Geometry Model (MMX) trap were tested for their capacity to capture the highest numbers of high quality live specimens for laboratory bioassays. Each trap type was tested in Anastasia State Park, located along a major salt marsh area in Saint John’s County. Although the MMX trap captured most of the salt marsh mosquitoes collected, the numbers of mosquitoes captured was not statistically significant compared to the other trap types. However, there was a significant difference in the numbers betweenAe. taeniorhynchus and Ae. sollicitans in the MMX traps. The MMX trap is preferred for capturing salt marsh mosquitoes that are in high quality for the CDC bottle bioassays. Key Words: Aedes taeniorhynchus, Aedes sollicitans, surveillance, salt marsh, CDC light trap Salt marsh mosquitoes are nuisance St.
    [Show full text]
  • Elife-58511-V1.Pdf (4.597Mb)
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Transmission of West Nile and five other temperate mosquito-borne viruses peaks at temperatures between 23˚C and 26˚C Marta S Shocket1,2*, Anna B Verwillow1, Mailo G Numazu1, Hani Slamani3, Jeremy M Cohen4,5, Fadoua El Moustaid6, Jason Rohr4,7, Leah R Johnson3,6, Erin A Mordecai1 1Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States; 2Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States; 3Department of Statistics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, United States; 4Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, United States; 5Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States; 6Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, United States; 7Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute of Global Health, Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, United States Abstract The temperature-dependence of many important mosquito-borne diseases has never been quantified. These relationships are critical for understanding current distributions and predicting future shifts from climate change. We used trait-based models to characterize temperature-dependent transmission of 10 vector–pathogen pairs of mosquitoes (Culex pipiens, Cx. quinquefascsiatus, Cx. tarsalis, and others) and viruses (West Nile, Eastern and Western Equine Encephalitis, St. Louis Encephalitis, Sindbis, and Rift Valley Fever viruses), most with substantial transmission in temperate regions. Transmission is optimized at intermediate temperatures (23–26˚ *For correspondence: C) and often has wider thermal breadths (due to cooler lower thermal limits) compared to [email protected] pathogens with predominately tropical distributions (in previous studies).
    [Show full text]
  • Mosquitoes and the Disease They Transmit
    ENTO-040 3/16 Mosquitoes and the Diseases They Transmit Sonja L. Swiger, Assistant Professor and Extension Entomologist The Texas A&M University System osquitoes affect the health of people and Larva animals more than any other insect pest Figure 1. Mosquito M lifeFigure cycle, 1. including worldwide. Biting female mosquitoes transmit Egg theMosqui egg, tolarval, life many infectious agents that cause diseases such raft pupal,cycle, andincluding adult as encephalitis, malaria, dengue, chikungunya, stages.the egg, Source: larv al,Molly Zika virus, and yellow fever. Mosquito popula- Keckpupal, and adult Pupa stages.Sour ce: tions exist throughout Texas, and some species Molly Keck are known to be disease vectors (carriers). To control mosquitoes the most effectively Adult and economically, you need to: • Understand their life cycle • Be able to identify the mosquito species in At least 85 species of mosquitoes occur in your area Texas. They vary considerably in larval breed- • Know the management steps that provide ing sites, time of day when they bite, and flight the best control for different species and at distances of the adults. Table 1 summarizes this specific locations information for the most common Texas species. It can be difficult to identify some species Identifying mosquitoes of mosquitoes at the larval or adult stages. To Adult mosquitoes are small, long-legged flies determine the species in your area, send samples that have two wings. They are distinguished to an identification lab or contact a mosquito from all other flies by three characteristics: control district, university, or pest control oper- • Long, many-segmented antennae ator.
    [Show full text]
  • Estimation of Rift Valley Fever Virus Spillover to Humans During the Mayotte 2018–2019 Epidemic
    Estimation of Rift Valley fever virus spillover to humans during the Mayotte 2018–2019 epidemic Raphaëlle Métrasa,b,c,d,1, W. John Edmundsd, Chouanibou Youssouffie, Laure Dommerguesf, Guillaume Fourniég, Anton Camachod,h, Sebastian Funkd, Eric Cardinaleb,i, Gilles Le Godaisj, Soihibou Comboj, Laurent Filleulk, Hassani Youssoufk,2, and Marion Subirosk,2 aINSERM, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1136), 75012 Paris, France; bCentre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques, et Écosystèmes, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France; cAnimal, Santé, Territoires, Risques, et Écosystèmes, I site Montpellier Université d’Excellence (I-MUSE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Institut national de recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement, 34398 Montpellier, France; dCentre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; eGroupement de Défense Sanitaire Mayotte - Coopérative des Eleveurs Mahorais, Division Santé Animale, 97670 Coconi, Mayotte, France; fLa Coopération Agricole, Division Santé Animale, F-75538 Paris, France; gVeterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, United Kingdom; hEpicentre, Research Department, 75019 Paris, France; iCentre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques, et Écosystèmes, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; jDirection de l’Alimentation, de l’Agriculture et de la Forêt de Mayotte, Service de l’Alimentation, 97600 Mamoudzou, France; and kSanté Publique France, Cellule Mayotte de Santé publique France, 97600 Mamoudzou, France Edited by Tilahun D.
    [Show full text]
  • The Biology and Control of Mosquitoes in California
    The Biology and Control of Mosquitoes in California Vector Control Technician Certification Training Manual Category B 1/10 Instructions This study guide is meant to replace the manual The Biology and Control of Mosquitoes in California. • You can navigate through the guide at your own pace and in any order. • Click on the purple home button to return to the main menu. • Click on the gray return button to go to the chapter menu of the current slide. • Click on the button if you want to access the glossary. Important terms are highlighted in red and appear in the glossary. The link to the glossary can be found at the beginning of each chapter. 2/10 Main Menu Chapter 1: Biology of Mosquitoes Chapter 2: Ecology of Mosquitoes Chapter 3: Public Health Importance of Mosquitoes Chapter 4: Classification and Identification of Mosquitoes Chapter 5: Principles of Mosquito Control Chapter 6: Chemical Control of Mosquitoes Chapter 7: Physical Control of Mosquitoes Chapter 8: Biological Control of Mosquitoes Chapter 9: Mosquito Control in California Chapter 10: Surveillance for Mosquitoes and Mosquito-borne Diseases Chapter 11: Public Relations in Mosquito Control Appendix 1: Glossary 2 :Conversions of Units and Formulas used with Insecticides 3 :Additional Information 3/10 Introduction • Arthropods are a huge group of invertebrate animals (animals without backbones) that include insects, arachnids (ticks, mites, and spiders), crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, and shrimp) and others. • There are millions of species of arthropods, all sharing characteristics of a hard exoskeleton and jointed legs. • Many arthropods are pests of one kind or another, especially on agricultural crops and farm animals.
    [Show full text]
  • Ovipositional Site Preference of Aedes Sollicitans (Walker) for Select Marsh Plants
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1979 Ovipositional Site Preference of Aedes Sollicitans (Walker) for Select Marsh Plants. Michael Kenneth Carroll Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Carroll, Michael Kenneth, "Ovipositional Site Preference of Aedes Sollicitans (Walker) for Select Marsh Plants." (1979). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 3385. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/3385 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy.
    [Show full text]
  • Field Efficacy and Nontarget Effects of the Mosquito Larvicides Temephos, Methoprene, and Bacillus Thuringiensis Var
    Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 15(4):446_452,1999 Copyright O 1999 by the American Mosquito Control Association, Inc. FIELD EFFICACY AND NONTARGET EFFECTS OF THE MOSQUITO LARVICIDES TEMEPHOS, METHOPRENE, AND BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. ISRAELENSISIN FLORIDA MANGROVE SWAMPS SHARON P LAWLER,' TRULS JENSEN,,., DEBORAH A. DRITZ, ,qNo GEoRGE WICHTERMANI ABSTRACT. We compared the efficacy and nontarget effects of temephos, Bacillus thuringiensis var. israe- (B.t'i.), lensis and methoprene applied by helicopter to control mosquito larvae in mangrove ,*u-p, on Sanibel Island, FL, in May 1997. Three sites per treatment and 3 untreated sites were used. Temephos (Abate@) was applied at 37 mllha (43Vo active ingredient tAIl), B.t.i. granules (Vectobac G@.; were uppii.d ut 5.606 kg/ha (200 International Toxic Units/mg), and methoprene (Altosid@ ALL) was applied at213 ni/ha (5vo AI). EffiJacy was quantified by monitoring the survival of caged and uncaged larval Aides taeniorhynchus. We quantified mortality of sentinel nontarget amphipods (Talitridae) at all sites, monitored the effect bf temephos on flying arthropods using light traps, and collected dead insects in tarps suspended under mangroves in areas treated with either temephos or methoprene. Each pesticide showed good overall efficacy but occasional failures occurred. No detectable mortality of amphipods or flying insects attributable to pesticides was found. The inconsistent field efficacies of the pesticides indicate a need for reinspection of treated sites in this habitat. KEY WORDS B.r.i., Abate@, Altosid@, mosquito control, Aedes taeniorhynchus INTRODUCTION safe for vertebrates at levels used in mosquito con- trol, but vary in risk to invertebrates.
    [Show full text]
  • Experimental Infection of Aedes Sollicitans and Aedes Taeniorhynchus with Two Chimeric Sindbis/Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Vaccine Candidates
    Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 78(1), 2008, pp. 93–97 Copyright © 2008 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Experimental Infection of Aedes sollicitans and Aedes taeniorhynchus with Two Chimeric Sindbis/Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Vaccine Candidates Nicole C. Arrigo,* Douglas M. Watts, Ilya Frolov, and Scott C. Weaver Department of Pathology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas Abstract. Two chimeric vaccine candidates for Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) were developed by in- serting the structural protein genes of either a North American (NA) or South American (SA) EEEV into a Sindbis virus (SINV) backbone. To assess the effect of chimerization on mosquito infectivity, experimental infections of two potential North American bridge vectors of EEEV, Aedes sollicitans and Ae. taeniorhynchus, were attempted. Both species were susceptible to oral infection with all viruses after ingestion of high titer blood meals of ca. 7.0 log10 plaque-forming units/mL. Dissemination rates for SIN/NAEEEV (0 of 56) and SIN/SAEEEV (1 of 54) were low in Ae. taeniorhynchus and no evidence of transmission potential was observed. In contrast, the chimeras disseminated more efficiently in Ae. sollicitans (19 of 68 and 13 of 57, respectively) and were occasionally detected in the saliva of this species. These results indicate that chimerization of the vaccine candidates reduces infectivity. However, its impact on dissemination
    [Show full text]
  • Ochlerotatus Taeniorhynchus
    Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus Entomologist Challenge! Gabrielle Sakolsky Cape Cod Mosquito Control Slide added for clarificaon: • Habits similar to Oc sollicitans • Aggressive day>me mammal biters • Large host seeking flight range > 5 miles • Mul>vol>ne Cape Cod Mosquito Control Project was the first organized mosquito control project in the Commonwealth of MassachuseKs. The Project was organized by businesses and chamber of commerce in response to large salt marsh mosquito populaons. Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus 1. Salt marsh 2. No stripe on abdomen 3. Banded proboscis 4. Hind tarsi banded at the base 5. Wing scales all dark Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus Photograph by Michelle Cutwa, University of Florida. Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus Photograph by Michelle Cutwa, University of Florida. Vector Competency in New England: (preferen>al mammal biters) - West Nile virus : potential, not significant - Eastern Equine encephalitis: potential, not significant - Dog heartworm : important vector Light Trap Locaons Saltmarsh Mosquitoes Trapped in Barnstable County : 1992-2018 900 800 700 600 500 Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus 400 Ochlerotatus sollicitans Number of Mosquitoes 300 200 100 0 Oc taeniorhynchus trapped in Barnstable County: 1992-2015 160 140 120 100 80 Oc taeniorhynchus 60 40 20 0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Sources: Andreadis, T. et al. 2005. Iden6fica6on Guide to the Mosquitoes of Conneccut. Conneccut Agricultural Experiment Sta6on. Apperson, C. 1991. The black salt marsh mosquito, Aedes taeniorhynchus Wing Beats, Vol. 2(4):9. Carpenter, S.J. and W. J. Lacasse. 1955. Mosquitoes Of North America. Berkley and Los Angeles, CA. University of California Press.
    [Show full text]
  • Mosquito Problems After a Storm
    ER-042 8-08 Mosquito Problems after a Storm Mark M. Johnsen, Texas AgriLife Extension Service, The Texas A&M System After a severe storm, mosquito populations can explode, and the diseases they carry can be a danger to humans. Mosquito problems occur in two distinct waves after a flood. The first to arrive are the flood water mos- quitoes, which include the salt marsh (Aedes taeniorhynchus, Aedes sol- licitans) and pastureland mosquitoes (Psorophora columbiae, Psorophora cyanescens, Aedes vexans). These mosquito species deposit their eggs on the soil in areas that are flooded periodically. When flooded, the eggs hatch 5 to 7 days later, resulting in large swarms of mosquitoes during the warmest times of the year. Most of the common flood water mosquitoes do not cause disease prob- lems. But two of them are a danger—Aedes aegypti (yellow fever mos- quito) and Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito). They lay their eggs in cans, children’s toys, tires, potted plants, or any other container and the eggs hatch in 7 days. These mosquito species prefer to feed on humans and they spread the dengue virus, which is spread between humans by the bite of an infected mosquito. Dengue is found yearly in northern Mexico and has caused several outbreaks in South Texas. The last outbreak in 2005 resulted in 24 confirmed cases of dengue fever and one case of den- gue hemorrhagic fever in Texas. In northern Mexico, the same outbreak led to 1,251 cases of dengue fever and 223 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever. Symptoms of dengue fever include headache, rash, joint and muscle pain, high fever, and vomiting.
    [Show full text]