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Crime and Punishment Historic Environment Study: Whitechapel C1870 – 1900

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Crime and Punishment Historic Environment Study: Whitechapel C1870 – 1900 Crime and Punishment Historic Environment Study: Whitechapel c1870 – 1900 Policing in the 1880’s In the 1880’s, policing was still in it’s infancy. Almost all the methods used to tackle and solve crimes today were unknown. Police work was mostly concerned with preventing crime, rather than catching criminals. Training was very basic and was spent marching up court yards. Policemen were expected to wear their uniform even when off duty, attend church every Sunday and never be seen with women. The purpose of the “London Bobby” was to “walk the beat” of an area around 7 miles, which saw street crimes, such as mugging go down, but burglaries of houses go up. The police had a reputation for heavy handedness. A typical police response to violent protests was for officers to charge with their batons. The most serious incident was in 1887 during “Bloody Sunday” when violence broke out in Trafalgar Square between demonstrators and 2000 officers, which resulted in numerous casualties and one man who was not a demonstrator was killed by a horse. Police Commissioner Charles Warren was heavily criticised afterwards and the reputation of the police was tarnished. In 1878, the Criminal Detective Department (CID) was set up, in which plain clothed, trained detectives investigated crimes and led to considerable improvements: 1879 1884 Number of detectives 216 294 Number of arrests 13,128 18,344 Photographs were being taken of known criminals and kept at Scotland Yard in their “Rogue’s Gallery”, however it was believed that criminals could be instantly identified by the shape of their head. The importance of preserving a crime scene was now understood and foot and finger prints being recorded. However, a detective’s first line of enquiry was to interview “suspicious characters”, rather than to acquire evidence. Whitechapel By 1888, London was the largest capital in the world and the centre of the British Empire. The public face of Britain reflected Queen Victoria’s lifestyle; proud, dignified and above all, proper. However, in the East End lay the district of Whitechapel. Seedy by any standards, it was a crime-ridden sordid quarter, where 78,000 residents lived in abject poverty. It was an area of doss houses, sweatshops, abattoirs, overcrowded slums, pubs, a few shops and warehouses, leavened with a row or two of respectably kept cottages. Whitechapel housed London’s worst slums and the poverty of its inhabitants was appalling. Malnutrition and disease was so widespread newly born children only had a 50/50 chance of living past the age of five, making the average age of life expectancy at around 19 years. Here, three classes existed: • The poor (Builders, laborers, shopkeepers, dock workers & tailors) • The very poor (Women & children usually being seamstresses, weavers or clothes washers) • The Homeless (living in a permanent state of deprivation) Poverty had caused a large influx of Irish immigration in the mid 1800′s along with the Jewish population who had fled religious persecution in Russia, Germany and Poland who had reached 50,000 in 1888. The presence of the Jews in particular had caused much social unrest within Whitechapel. In 1887, Jewish immigrant Aaron Lipski was convicted and hanged for the brutal murder of his pregnant wife, despite weak evidence against him. This led to claims of anti-Semitism against the police, which added to a racially tense atmosphere. Overcrowding and a shortage of housing created the abyss of Whitechapel. For most of the population in the East End, one lived and died in the same neighborhood in which they were born. Hope was in short supply. A maze of entries, alleyways and courtyards were all lit by single gas lamps, giving out about 6 feet of light that at times was so thick, that you would struggle to see your own hand in front of your face. Sanitation was also practically non-existent and raw sewage would be thrown into the street, making the stench of the whole district unbearable. For the poor and destitute, common lodging houses offered a bed for the night. Here you would be cramped into a small dormitory with up to 80 others and for 4 pence you could get a bed which was practically a coffin lying on the ground. For tuppence you could lean against a rope, which was tied from one end of the wall to the other. Every night 8,500 men, women and children would seek shelter within these walls. These doss houses lay just off the main roads. Areas such as Thrawl Street, Flower and Dean and Dorset Street (a street so bad the police wouldn’t go down unless than in fours) were run by greedy landlords that had one motto: ‘No pay no stay.’ No money meant sleeping in doorways, lavatories or huddled up in the church yard, nicknamed “Itchy Park”. For men, work could sometimes be obtained down by the docks, offloading ships or as market porters. For women, work was scarce and any they could find paid very little, so out of sheer desperation and with little alternative, many turned to prostitution. They would sell themselves for as little as three pence, or a stale loaf of bread and carry out their trade in the streets. In October 1888, there were just over 1,200 prostitutes working the streets in Whitechapel alone. Most would seek comfort in alcohol as the only refuge from reality. Drink was cheap and drunkenness rife, at any time of day or night, leading to brutality and violence as a direct result. Brawls were common and, as one Whitechapel inhabitant put it, cries of “Murder!” were “nothing unusual in the street.” A life of hard drinking led to most having missing teeth and wearing the same clothes day in and out. Life for most would have been short, unpleasant and tragic. The victims of Jack the Ripper Mary Ann “Polly” Nichols She was born Mary Ann Walker in London, the daughter of a locksmith in 1845, making her 43 at the time of her death. She was described as "a very clean woman”, with the doctor at the post mortem also remarking on the cleanliness of her thighs. However, she was also an alcoholic with 5 missing front teeth and a scar on her forehead. “Polly” had married William Nichols in1864 and had five children. Their marriage grew unstable and she left William and their children in 1881. With no other way to support herself, she became a street prostitute. She lived with her father until he evicted her for persistent drunkenness, then in a series of different workhouses and was occasionally forced to sleep rough. Her last known address was a dosshouse Flower and Dean Street, Whitechapel, where men and women were allowed to share a bed. On 31th August 1888, Polly was told to leave her dosshouse at 1.30 AM as she could not pay for her lodgings. "Never Mind!" She said, "I'll soon get my doss money. See what a jolly bonnet I've got now." By 2:30 AM a friend of hers sees her drunk and stumped against a wall, claiming she had earned her doss money, but had spent it all on drink instead. This is the last sighting of her alive. At 3:40 AM Pollys' body is discovered in Buck's Row by Charles Cross, who claimed her body still felt warm and rearranged her skirt, but left to find a police officer. Next to the scene was PC John Neil. At 4:00AM Dr Rees Llewellyn arrives at the scene and pronounces Polly dead. The body was examined at the mortuary at 6:45AM and was examined by Dr. George Bagster Phillips. "There was a bruise running along the lower part of the jaw on the right side of the face. That might have been caused by a blow from a fist or pressure from a thumb. There was a circular bruise on the left side of the face which also might have been inflicted by the pressure of the fingers. On the left side of the neck, about 1 inch below the jaw, there was an incision about 4 inches in length, and ran from a point immediately below the ear. On the same side, but an inch below, and commencing about 1 inch in front of it, was a circular incision, which terminated at a point about 3 inches below the right jaw. That incision completely severed all the tissues down to the vertebrae. The large vessels of the neck on both sides were severed. The incision was about 8 inches in length. The cuts must have been caused by a long-bladed knife, moderately sharp, and used with great violence. No blood was found on the breast, either of the body or the clothes. There were no injuries about the body until just about the lower part of the abdomen. Two or three inches from the left side was a wound running in a jagged manner. The wound was a very deep one, and the tissues were cut through. There were several incisions running across the abdomen. There were three or four similar cuts running downwards, on the right side, all of which had been caused by a knife which had been used violently and downwards. The injuries were form left to right and might have been done by a left handed person. All the injuries had been caused by the same instrument." Annie Chapman She was born Annie Eliza Smith in 1841, the daughter of a soldier. She was 47 at the time of her death and was said to be in very poor health, suffering from tuberculosis and possibly syphilis.
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