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The Bancroft Library University of California/Berkeley Regional Oral History Office The Bancroft Library University of California/Berkeley Regional Oral History Office Karl F. Meyer MEDICAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH With Recollections by Sanford S. Elberg Julius Schachter Lucile E. Foster James H. Steele An Interview Conducted by Edna Tartaul Daniel in 1961 and 1962 Sponsored by the University of California and The National Library of Medicine Copy No. - @ 1976 by The Regents of the University of California All uses of this manuscript are covered by a legal agreement between the Regents of the University of California and Karl F. Meyer, dated August 27, 1965. The manuscript is thereby made available for research purposes. All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to Karl F. Meyer until January 1, 1985. No part of the manuscript may be quoted for publi- cation without the written permission of the Director of The Bancroft Library of the University of California. Requests for permission to quote for publication should be addressed to the Regional Oral History Office, 486 Library, and should include identification of the specific passages to be quoted, anticipated use of the passages, and identification of the user. TABLE OF CONTENTS -- Karl F. Meyer ACKNOWLEDGEMENT INTERVIEW HISTORY CURRICULUM VITAE viii OBITUARY EARLY YEARS Home and Family Early Interest in Ecology Social Environment SCHOOLING Elementary School and Gymnasium Realgymnasium University Experiences Base1 Zurich Munich - Student Life Bern - Doctoral Thesis Commuting to Zurich: The Personality and Work of Zangger SOUTH AFRICA Arnold Theiler and His Work Onderstepoort Laboratory Domestic and Social Life African East Coast Fever Transmission More on ~heiler's Work Relationship with Africans Return to Base1 and Thoughts about the Future UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA Disappointments Chicago Meeting, and Visit to Novy at Ann Arbor Boston and Theobald Smith GOING TO CALIFORNIA Negotiations Lectures and Laboratory Work THE GEORGE WILLIAMS HOOPER INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH Arrangement and Personnel Dr. Whipple's Research Studies by Stafford Warren Meyer Bile Metabolism Studies Development of Epidemiological Interests Development of Diagnostic Test Procedures for Bovine Tuberculosis Consultant in Problems of Public Health Plague Influenza Overcome by Influenza BOTULISM The Problem, Research, and the Plan Spinach Processing Fish Processing Dog Food Control Financing and Administration of Controls and Inspection Services BRUCELLA Human Infection, Testing San Quentin Holsteins Bovine Control in California Hog Infection (Suis) Goat Infection e el it ens is) International Aspects, and the WHO Expert Committee ORNITHOSES Kaffeeklatsch in Grass Valley Parakeet Quarantine Parrots, and Other Exotic Birds Pigeons Chickens and Ducks Turkeys Egrets History of Classification and Controls PLAGUE Plague in California Federal Western States Survey Research Financing, Staff, and Facilities Developing Plague Vaccine Hooper-Cutter Exploring Chemotherapy More Immunology Questions Answered Vaccine Testing San Quentin Vacaville Observations on Monkeys Toxication Bacteriological Warfare Pollitzer, His Book and His Problems TULAREMIA ENCEPHALOMYELITIS Reports and Suspicions Procuring Fresh Tissue Inductive Epidemiology Immunization and Complications Murray Valley Disease YELLOW FEVER IMMUNIZATION COMPLICATIONS IN ARMY PERSONNEL COCCIDIOMYCOSIS (AND VALLEY FEVER) LEPTOSPIRAL INFECTIONS Developing Effective Controls Opposition to Experimental Use of Animals TYPHOID FEVER Contamination Control The Host-Parasite Relationship ANTHRAX GLANDERS TETANUS OFFICIAL ACTIVITIES, FROM LOCAL TO WORLD California State Board of Health, and the University Federal Food and Drug Administration Federal-State Give and Take A School of Public Health in Berkeley Financing Mangold, and Sanitation Force, and the Department of Hygiene The Physician and Public Health Primate Research Centers The World Health Organization Ph.D., UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH, 1924 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA MEDICAL SCHOOL Preventive Medicine's Place Early History and Abandoned Plans Medical Faculty Compensation Some Personalities Dr. Terry Morrow and Friends Superintendent Musgrave Other Early Faculty In Search of a Dean: Langley Porter J. C. Geiger Story Naf fziger The Present, and the Past in Retrospect MEDICAL CARE INSURANCE PAUL de KRUIF SANITARY MAIL APPENDIX I - Notes from Karl F. Meyer to UC President Robert G. Sproul, circa 1940. APPENDIX I1 - Recollections of Karl F. Meyer, by Sanford S. Elberg APPENDIX I11 - Recollections of Karl F. Meyer, by Julius Schachter APPENDIX IV - Recollections of Karl F. Meyer, by Lucile E. Foster APPENDIX V - Biographical Essay, by James H. Steele; and K. F. Meyer's Work on Plague, by Dan C. Cavanough APPENDIX VI - Genesis of the Karl F. Meyer Gold Headed Cane Award, by James H. Steele INDEX ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Regional Oral History Office was established in 1954 with a charge by the Regents "to tape-record persons who had contributed significantly to the development of the West and the nation." In addition, the program was to pay special attention to leaders in the University, for a centennial history of the institution was on the drawing board; and the actuarial imperative was to be kept in mind. With these guidelines before them, the faculty advisory committee to the office nominated Dr. Karl F. Meyer to be one of the first memoirists in the new program. Dr. Meyer had just become Director Emeritus of the prestigious G. W. Hooper Foundation for Medical Research of the University of California Medical School after forty years of seryice there; he had an international reputation as one of the most prodigious investigators in animal diseases and public health, much of it on California problems; and he was seventy years old. A letter of invitation went out to him in June, 1955. On the back of the carbon copy in the files is noted, "Called on Dr. Meyer in his office in the Hooper Foundation. He refused to be interviewed on grounds of 'too busy' and didn't believe in resurrecting the past. I suspect his real reason a psycho- logical unwillingness to be placed in category of retired old man with nothing to do but reminisce... try again in a year or so through personal contacts who know how to deal with him. Corinne Gilb." The matter was dropped until 1959. By then Edna Tartaul Daniel, who had a background in the biological sciences and public health, as well as in American history, had joined the interviewing staff and was at work documenting the career of Dr. Robert Langley Porter, retired dean of the University of California Medical School and founder of the neuropsychiatric hospital which was named the Langley Porter Clinic in his honor. Through her contacts at the Medical School, and especially through the good offices of the then-dean, Dr. John B. de D. M. Saunders, Dr. Meyer was prevailed upon to agree to be interviewed--when time permitted. Mrs. Daniel persisted and finally in 1961 and 1962 she recorded fifteen interviews with Dr. Meyer. Shortly thereafter Mrs. Daniel left the Bay Area to accompany her husband on a series of engineering assignments in the U. S. and Europe, and chapters of the Meyer manuscript flew back and forth being corrected and edited long distance. Dr. Meyer was busy with other things and was no doubt grateful to be left alone by the historians. In August, 1965, the complete transcript was delivered to him for his checking and correcting. Then began my own very pleasant but ineffective correspondence-telephone relationship with Dr. Meyer which continued up until a few months before his death in 1974. Semi-annually or annually I would write and then call to ask how the correcting was going; Dr. Meyer would explain that it was next on the agenda, but unfortunately he had this prior crisis to deal with--an upcoming meeting of the World Health Organization in Russia at which he was to lecture, plague in Vietnam, an outbreak of botulism in the canned food industry, a new breakthrough in live vs. dead vaccine--all of which even a devoted historian had to admit took precedence over correcting the manuscript. In 1972 Roger Hahn, Professor of History of Science, University of California, Berkeley, and Faculty Advisor to The Bancroft Library on Science and Technology, called on Dr. Meyer to urge him to look over his manuscript, and Dr. Meyer was agreeable, soon. By the annual telephone call in 1973, he was almost ready to get to work and asked if some further recording could be done to bring it up to date--a lot had happened in the eleven years since the last recording. All this was to take place soon. It is probable that he would have completed the manuscript in 1974 had not death intervened. Mrs. Meyer found the manuscript in his safe after his death. He had made a few corrections in the first pages, but had not gotten into the body of the materials. At my request, Mrs. Meyer looked over the manuscript and checked such names as she knew, but informed me that she had married Dr. Meyer in 1960 (Mrs. Mary ElizabethLindsay Meyer, married 1913, died 1958; Mrs. Marion Lewis Meyer, married 1960) and could not speak for Dr. Meyer's earlier life. Dr. Julius Schachter, one of Dr. Meyer's last students and then-assistant director of the Hooper Foundation, also volunteered to read over the manuscript, which he did, and to help in every way he could--he also was a relative newcomer into the almost ninety years of Dr. Meyer's life. Dr. Bernice Eddie, longtime associate of Dr. Meyer's in the Hooper Foundation, who had offered in years previous to assist Dr. Meyer in correcting the manuscript if he wished, had died only shortly before Dr. Meyer. Dr. Schachter took over the task of finding funds to pay for the completion of the manuscript; through his contacts with Dr. Peter D. Olch, Deputy Chief, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, funds for the completion work came from the National Library of Medicine. In his interview Dr.
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