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Caucasus Biodiversity Hotspot

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Caucasus Biodiversity Hotspot Ecosystem Profile CAUCASUS BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT FINAL VERSION JULY 31, 2003 (updated: September 2004) Experts and Contributors ARMENIA KANGARLI, T. LORTKIPANIDZE, B. POLITKO, A. LATIFOV, D. MACHARASVILI, I. POLITKO, I. AGAMYAN, L. MAMMEDOVA, S. NAKHUTSRISHVILI, G. POLIVANOVA, N. AGASYAN, A. MUKHTAROV, I. NINUA, N. POPOVICHEV, V. AKOPYAN, S. NAJAFOV, A. SERGEEVA, J. PTICHNIKOV, A. ALAVERDYAN, R. ORUJEV, Ad. SIKHARULIDZE, Z. SALPAGAROV, A. AMBARTSUMYAN, A. ORUJEV, Al. TARKHNISHVILI, D. SHOVKANOVA, A. ARUTUNYAN, A. RAKHMATULINA, I. TOLORDAVA, K. SKOROBOGACH, J. ARZUMANYAN, G. RAZAEV, R. SPIRIDONOV, V. BALYAN, L. SADARZADE, R. TAMOV, M. DANYELYAN, T. SAFAROV, S. IRAN TUNIEV, B. DAVTYAN, R. SULEIMANOV, M. VAISMAN, A. GABRIELYAN, E. SULTANOV, E. AGHILI, A. GLYCHIAN, D. FARVAR, M.T. JENDEREDJIAN, K. JAZEBIZADEH, K. TURKEY KAZARYAN, M. GEORGIA KAVOUSI, K. KAZARYAN, H. MANSURI, J. ALTINTAS, M. MANVELYAN, K. ARABULI, G. NAGHIZADEH, N. ATAY, S. MARKARYAN, N. BERUCHASHVILI, N. NAJAFI, A. BIRSEL, A. MURADYAN, S. BERUCHASHVILI, G. NOROUZI, M. CAN, E. RUKHKYAN, L. BUKHNIKASHVILI, A. RAHMANIYAN, M. CIFTCI, N. SHASHIKYAN, S. BUTKHUZI, L. ZIYAEE, H. DOMAC, A. TOVMASYAN, S. CHEKURISHVILI, Z. GURKAN, B. VANYAN, A. DIDEBULIDZE, A. IPEK, A. VARDANYAN, J. DZNELADZE, M. RUSSIA KALEM, S. VOSKANOV, M. EGIASHVILI, D. KUCUK, M. ZIROYAN, A. GELASHVILI, A. BELANOVSKAIA, E. KURDOGLU, O. ZORANYAN, V. GOGICHAISHVILI, L. BELIK, V. KURT, B. GOKHELASHVILI, R. BIRIUKOV, N. ZEYDANLI, U. GURIELIDZE, Z. BRATKOV, V. AZERBAIJAN JORJADZE, M. BUKREEV, S. JAVAKHISHVILI, Z. CHILIKIN, V. ABDULLAEV, N. KANDAUROV, A. ERIJEV, K. EXTERNAL ALIEV, K. KARTSIVADZE, S. GALUSHIN, V. AKHMEDOV, F. KAVTIASHVILI, I. KHAKUNOV, B. BAUER, G. ASKEROV, E. KOLBIN, G. KIATKOV, V. EVERS, M. AYDYNOV, T. KVELADZE, I. KOTLOBAI, A. JUNGIUS, H. GULYEV, S. LABADZE, D. KREVER, V. LANGHAMMER, P. GUSEINOVA, F. LEJAVA, V. KROKHMAL, A. NAGY, S. ISKANDEROV, T. LOBJANIDZE, B. MAMBETOV, M. SCHMIDT-KALLERT, E. ISMAILOV, H. LOLUA, G. MEREMKULOV, M. SCHUERHOLZ, G. JAFAROV, O. LOMTADZE, Z. MOSKVINA, M. STRAND, H. Editing assistance by Laura Williams, conservation biologist 2 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 4 THE ECOSYSTEM PROFILE........................................................................................... 4 BACKGROUND................................................................................................................ 6 BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE .......................................................................................... 7 Globally Threatened Species .......................................................................................................7 Vegetation ....................................................................................................................................8 Major Ecosystems........................................................................................................................9 Protected Areas..........................................................................................................................11 CONSERVATION OUTCOMES ..................................................................................... 11 Species Outcomes .....................................................................................................................12 Site Outcomes............................................................................................................................14 Corridor Outcomes.....................................................................................................................15 SOCIOECONOMIC FEATURES .................................................................................... 23 Institutional Framework ..............................................................................................................23 Nature Conservation Legislation................................................................................................24 Economic Situation.....................................................................................................................25 Infrastructure and Regional Development..................................................................................26 Demography and Social Trends.................................................................................................27 SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT THREATS ........................................................................... 27 Illegal Logging, Fuel Wood Harvesting and the Timber Trade ..................................................28 Overgrazing................................................................................................................................29 Poaching and the Illegal Wildlife Trade......................................................................................29 Overfishing .................................................................................................................................30 Infrastructure Development........................................................................................................30 Pollution of Rivers and Wetlands ...............................................................................................31 Root Causes...............................................................................................................................31 SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT INVESTMENTS................................................................... 34 National Governments................................................................................................................34 Bilateral and Multilateral Donors ................................................................................................34 International NGOs and Foundations.........................................................................................36 Regional NGOs ..........................................................................................................................36 Business Sector .........................................................................................................................37 Funding Opportunities................................................................................................................40 CEPF NICHE FOR INVESTMENT.................................................................................. 40 CEPF INVESTMENT STRATEGY AND PRIORITIES.................................................... 43 Program Focus...........................................................................................................................43 Strategic Directions ....................................................................................................................43 Sustainability ..............................................................................................................................48 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................ 49 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TEXT ........................................................................ 50 APPENDICES................................................................................................................. 51 3 INTRODUCTION The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) is designed to safeguard the world's threatened biodiversity hotspots in developing countries. It is a joint initiative of Conservation International (CI), the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank. CEPF supports projects in hotspots, areas with more than 60 percent of the Earth’s terrestrial species in just 1.4 percent of its land surface. The Caucasus hotspot, with its unique assemblages of plant and animal communities and rare and endemic species, is globally important for conserving representative areas of the Earth’s biodiversity, making it worthy of international attention and CEPF funding. A fundamental purpose of CEPF is to ensure that civil society is engaged in efforts to conserve biodiversity in the hotspots. An additional purpose is to ensure that those efforts complement existing strategies and frameworks established by local, regional and national governments. CEPF aims to promote working alliances among community groups, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), government, academic institutions and the private sector, combining unique capacities and eliminating duplication of efforts for a comprehensive approach to conservation. CEPF is unique among funding mechanisms in that it focuses on biological areas rather than political boundaries and examines conservation threats on a corridor-wide basis to identify and support a regional, rather than a national, approach to achieving conservation outcomes. Corridors are determined through a process of identifying important species, site and corridor-level conservation outcomes for the hotspot. CEPF targets transboundary cooperation when areas rich in biological value straddle national borders, or in areas where a regional approach will be more effective than a national approach. THE ECOSYSTEM PROFILE The Caucasus hotspot, historically interpreted as the isthmus between the Black and Caspian seas, covers a total area of 580,000 km2, including the nations of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, the North Caucasus portion of the Russian Federation, northeastern Turkey and part of northwestern
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