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TOXICOLOGY REFERENCE MATERIAL Edition 2 Chiron AS Stiklestadvn. 1 N-7041 Trondheim NorwayPhone No.: +47 73 87 44 90 Fax No.: +47 73 87 44 99 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.chiron.no Org. No.: NO 967 607 657 MVA TOXICOLOGY Toxicology covers a wide range of disciplines, including therapeutic drug monitoring, clinical toxicology, forensic toxicology (drug driving, criminal and coroners), drugs in sport and work place drug testing, as well as academia and research. Those working in the field have a professional interest in the detection and measurement of alcohol, drugs, poisons and their breakdown products in biological samples, together with the interpretation of these measurements. Abuse and misuse of drugs is one of the biggest problems facing our society today. Acute poisoning remains one of the commonest medical emergencies, accounting for 10-20% of hospital admissions for general medicine [Dargan & Jones, 2001]. Many offenders charged with violent crimes, or victims of violent crime may have been under the influence of drugs at the time the act was committed. The use of mind-altering drugs in the work place, or whilst in control of a motor vehicle places others in danger [Drummer, 2001]. Performance enhancing drugs in sport make for an uneven playing field and distract from the core ethic of sportsmanship. Patterns of drug abuse around the world are constantly evolving. They vary between geographies; from one country to another and even from region to region or population to population within countries. With a European presence, a wide reaching network of global customers and distributors, and activate participation in relevant professional societies, Chiron is well positioned to develop and deliver relevant, and current standards to meet customer demand in this challenging field. Chiron AS Stiklestadvn. 1 N-7041 Trondheim NorwayPhone No.: +47 73 87 44 90 Fax No.: +47 73 87 44 99 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.chiron.no Org. No.: NO 967 607 657 MVA CONTENTS Introduction Single standards Amino acids 5 Amphetamines 5 Analgesics (non-opioid) 8 Anaesthetics 12 Antibiotics 12 Anticancer 17 Anticoagulants 17 Anticonvulsants / Antiepileptics 18 Antidepressants 20 Antidiabetics 24 Antidyskinetic / Antimuscarinics / Antiparkinsonian 25 Antiemetics 26 Antifungals 27 Antihistamines 27 Anti-impotence 28 Antimicrobial 28 Antiparasitic drugs (including anthelmintics, antimalarial and antiprotozoal drugs) 29 Antipsychotics 30 Antivirals 33 Alzheimers 33 Aryl cyclohexylamines 33 Barbiturates 34 Benzodiazepines 35 Benzofuries (APBs and APDBs) 41 Cannabinoids (Phyto) 42 Cannabinoids (Synthetic) 43 Cardiac drugs 57 Catecholamines 62 Cathinones 62 Cocaine & related compounds 69 Contrast media 70 Diarylethylamines 71 Dietary supplements / Appetite suppressants 71 Diuretics 72 Drugs for sleep disorders 72 Enzymes 74 Ephedrines 74 Ethanol & related compounds 75 Fentanyls 78 Gastrointestinal drugs 81 GHB & GBL 83 Indanes 83 Methamphetamines 84 Chiron AS Stiklestadvn. 1 N-7041 Trondheim NorwayPhone No.: +47 73 87 44 90 Fax No.: +47 73 87 44 99 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.chiron.no Org. No.: NO 967 607 657 MVA CONTENTS Methylenedioxyphenethylamines 85 Methylphenidate related compounds 86 Miscellaneous NPS 88 Nicotine & related compounds 89 Obstetrics 90 Opioids 90 2C Phenethylamines (psychedelics) 99 Piperazines 101 Plant chemicals 102 Quinazolinones 103 Respiratory agents (including methylxanthines) 103 Steroids & Hormones 104 Tryptamines 107 Vitamins 108 Drug mixtures Amphetamines 110 Analgesics 110 Anticonvulsants / Antiepileptics 110 Antidepressants & Antipsychotics 111 Antidiabetic drugs 111 Antifungals 111 Antihistamines 111 Anti-infectious drugs 112 Barbiturates 112 Benzodiazepines 112 Cannabinoids 113 Cardiac drugs 113 Catecholamines 113 Cocaine 113 Congener alcohols 113 Controlled substances 114 Fentanyls 114 Gastrointestinal drugs 114 Opiates & Opioids 114 Pharmaceutical residues 115 X-ray contrast media 116 Z-Drugs 116 Calibration sets Amphetamines & Opiates 117 Benzoylecgonine & Benzodiazepines 117 THC-acid 117 Zopiclone, Zolpidem & 6-MAM 117 Category Index 118 Chiron AS Stiklestadvn. 1 N-7041 Trondheim NorwayPhone No.: +47 73 87 44 90 Fax No.: +47 73 87 44 99 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.chiron.no Org. No.: NO 967 607 657 MVA 5 Single standards Catalogue No. Description (Abbreviation) Cas No. Conc. Solv. Vol. Amino acids 11826.3-K-HCL L-Alanine-3,3,3-d3 63546-27-0 1000 µg/mL 0.1 mol/L HCl 1 mL 12174.3-K-HCL DL-Alanine-13C3 1444476-54-0 1000 µg/mL 0.1 mol/L HCl 1 mL 11825.4-K-HCL L-Aspartic-2,3,3-d3 acid 3842-25-9 1000 µg/mL 0.1 mol/L HCl 1 mL 11878.4-K-HCL DL-Aspartic-2,3,3-d3 acid 14341-75-4 1000 µg/mL 0.1 mol/L HCl 1 mL 12175.4-K-HCL L-Aspartic acid-13C4-15N 202468-27-7 1000 µg/mL 0.1 mol/L HCl 1 mL 11830.6-K-HCL L-Citrulline-2,3,3,4,4,5,5-d7 372-75-8 (unlabelled) 1000 µg/mL 0.1 mol/L HCl 1 mL 11831.6-K-HCL DL-Cystine-2,2′,3,3,3′,3′-d6 352431-53-9 1000 µg/mL 0.1 mol/L HCl 1 mL 11822.6-K-HCL DL-Cystine-15N2 923-32-0 (unlabelled) 1000 µg/mL 0.1 mol/L HCl 1 mL 12592.12-10MG N-Acetyl-S-benzyl-2,3,4,5,6-d5-DL-cysteine 19538-71-7 (unlabelled) neat neat 10 mg 12593.11-K-HCL N-Acetyl-S-phenyl-d5-DL-cysteine 20640-68-0 (unlabelled) 1000 µg/mL 0.1 mol/L HCl 1 mL 11823.5-K-HCL L-Glutamic-2,3,3,4,4-d5 acid 2784-50-1 1000 µg/mL 0.1 mol/L HCl 1 mL 11828.5-K-HCL L-Glutamine-2,3,3,4,4-d5 14341-78-7 1000 µg/mL 0.1 mol/L HCl 1 mL 11827.2-K-HCL Glycine-d5 4896-77-9 1000 µg/mL 0.1 mol/L HCl 1 mL 1000 µg anhydrous 11838.6-K-HCL L-Histidine-d3 (α-d1; imidazole-2,5-d2) hydrochloride monohydrate 5934-29-2 (unlabelled) 0.1 mol/L HCl 1 mL acid/mL 11834.8-K-HCL DL-Homocystine-3,3,3′,3′,4,4,4′,4′-d8 108641-82-3 1000 µg/mL 0.1 mol/L HCl 1 mL 11820.6-K-HCL L-Leucine-d3 (methyl-d3) 87828-86-2 1000 µg/mL 0.1 mol/L HCl 1 mL 11837.6-K-HCL L-Lysine-3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-d8 hydrochloride 344298-93-7 1000 µg acid/mL 0.1 mol/L HCl 1 mL 11821.5-K-HCL L-Methionine-3,3,4,4-d4 67866-75-5 1000 µg/mL 0.1 mol/L HCl 1 mL 11833.7-K-HCL Ntau-Methyl-d3-L-histidine 91037-48-8 1000 µg/mL 0.1 mol/L HCl 1 mL 11832.5-K-HCL L-Ornithine-2,3,3,4,4,5,5-d7 hydrochloride N/A 1000 µg acid/mL 0.1 mol/L HCl 1 mL 11818.9-K-HCL L-Phenyl-d5-alanine-2,3,3-d3 17942-32-4 1000 µg/mL 0.1 mol/L HCl 1 mL 11829.5-K-HCL L-Proline-2,5,5-d3 65807-22-9 1000 µg/mL 0.1 mol/L HCl 1 mL 11836.3-K-HCL L-Serine-d7 9355275-35-7 1000 µg/mL 0.1 mol/L HCl 1 mL 11835.4-K-HCL L-Threonine-2,3-d2 1202936-45-5 1000 µg/mL 0.1 mol/L HCl 1 mL 11817.11-K-HCL L-Tryptophan-2,3,3-d3 133519-78-5 1000 µg/mL 0.1 mol/L HCl 1 mL 11819.9-K-HCL L-Tyrosine-d4 62595-14-6 1000 µg/mL 0.1 mol/L HCl 1 mL 11824.5-K-HCL DL-Valine-d8 203784-63-8 1000 µg/mL 0.1 mol/L HCl 1 mL Amphetamines Amphetamine 9155.9-100-ME DL-Amphetamine 300-62-9 100 µg/mL methanol 1 mL 9155.9-K-ME DL-Amphetamine 300-62-9 1000 µg/mL methanol 1 mL 9155.9-10MG DL-Amphetamine 300-62-9 neat neat 10 mg 9155.9-50MG DL-Amphetamine 300-62-9 neat neat 50 mg 9155.9-100MG DL-Amphetamine 300-62-9 neat neat 100 mg 9156.9-100-ME DL-Amphetamine hydrochloride 2706-50-5 100 µg base/mL methanol 1 mL 9156.9-K-ME DL-Amphetamine hydrochloride 2706-50-5 1000 µg base/mL methanol 1 mL 9156.9-10MG DL-Amphetamine hydrochloride 2706-50-5 neat neat 10 mg 9156.9-50MG DL-Amphetamine hydrochloride 2706-50-5 neat neat 50 mg 9156.9-100MG DL-Amphetamine hydrochloride 2706-50-5 neat neat 100 mg 9201.9-100-ME D-Amphetamine hydrochloride 1462-73-3 100 µg base/mL methanol 1 mL 9201.9-K-ME D-Amphetamine hydrochloride 1462-73-3 1000 µg base/mL methanol 1 mL 9200.9-100-ME L-Amphetamine hydrochloride 41820-21-7 100 µg base/mL methanol 1 mL 9200.9-K-ME L-Amphetamine hydrochloride 41820-21-7 1000 µg base/mL methanol 1 mL 9157.9-100-ME DL-Amphetamine sulfate (1/2 sulfate per amphetamine) 60-13-9 100 µg base/mL methanol 1 mL 9157.9-K-ME DL-Amphetamine sulfate (1/2 sulfate per amphetamine) 60-13-9 1000 µg base/mL methanol 1 mL 9157.9-10MG DL-Amphetamine sulfate (1/2 sulfate per amphetamine) 60-13-9 neat neat 10 mg 9157.9-50MG DL-Amphetamine sulfate (1/2 sulfate per amphetamine) 60-13-9 neat neat 50 mg 9157.9-100MG DL-Amphetamine sulfate (1/2 sulfate per amphetamine) 60-13-9 neat neat 100 mg 11654.9-100-ME D-Amphetamine sulphate (1/2 sulfate per amphetamine) 51-63-8 100 µg base/mL methanol 1 mL 11654.9-K-ME D-Amphetamine sulphate (1/2 sulfate per amphetamine) 51-63-8 1000 µg base/mL methanol 1 mL Chiron AS Stiklestadvn.
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    Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 17 (1986) 107-118 107 Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Ltd. THE STIMULANTS AND HALLUCINOGENS UNDER CONSIDERATION: A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THEIR CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY LOUIS S. HARRIS Dcparlmcnl of Pharmacology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth Unwersity, Richmond, VA 23298 (U.S.A.) SUMMARY The substances under review are a heterogenous set of compounds from a pharmacological point of view, though many have a common phenylethyl- amine structure. Variations in structure lead to marked changes in potency and characteristic action. The introductory material presented here is meant to provide a set of chemical and pharmacological highlights of the 28 substances under con- sideration. The most commonly used names or INN names, Chemical Abstract (CA) names and numbers, and elemental formulae are provided in the accompanying figures. This provides both some basic information on the substances and a starting point for the more detailed information that follows in the individual papers by contributors to the symposium. Key words: Stimulants, their chemistry and pharmacology - Hallucinogens, their chemistry and pharmacology INTRODUCTION Cathine (Fig. 1) is one of the active principles of khat (Catha edulis). The structure has two asymmetric centers and exists as two geometric isomers, each of which has been resolved into its optical isomers. In the plant it exists as d-nor-pseudoephedrine. It is a typical sympathomimetic amine with a strong component of amphetamine-like activity. The racemic mixture is known generically in this country and others as phenylpropanolamine (dl- norephedrine). It is widely available as an over-the-counter (OTC) anti- appetite agent and nasal decongestant.
  • KHAT Latest Revision: June 11, 2005

    KHAT Latest Revision: June 11, 2005

    KHAT Latest Revision: June 11, 2005 O CH3 NH2 Cathinone OH CH3 NH2 Cathine N CH3 H3C N 3,6-dimethyl-2,5-diphenylpyrazine (dimer of Cathinone) 1. SYNONYMS CFR: Cathinone Cathine CAS #: Cathinone Hydrochloride: 71031-15-7 Cathine Hydrochloride: 2153-98-2 Cathine Base: 492-39-7 Other Names: Catha edulis Kat Mutsawhari Mutsawari Mdimamadzi Musitate Mirungi Miraa Ol meraa Tumayot Liruti Ikwa Arabian Tea 2. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL DATA Khat is used as a stimulant or as a medicine in parts of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. The plant is thought to have been in cultivation before the coffee plant; historical references date the use of the plant to the fourteenth century. Peter Forsskal, a physician and botanist, collected khat specimens in an expedition organized by the King of Denmark in the eighteenth century. Forsskal assigned the name Catha edulis to the plant. The effects produced by the drug include excitation, hypersensitivity, anorexia, insomnia, euphoria, increased respiration, and hyperthermia. These effects closely parallel the effects of d-amphetamine. Khat is a bush or tree that grows naturally in the humid mountainous regions (elevations of 5000 to 6500 feet) of East and South Africa. The trees can grow naturally to over 60 ft; however, cultivated khat trees are pruned and their height to kept to approximately 16 feet. Khat also grows to a height of 3 feet as a small bush in arid regions. Like opium, the alkaloid content of khat will vary with the soil, climatic conditions, and cultivation. Khat belongs to the genus Catha edulis. It is recognized that the genus consists of only one species; however, the plant exhibits extreme polymorphism.
  • Risk Based Requirements for Medicines Handling

    Risk Based Requirements for Medicines Handling

    Risk based requirements for medicines handling Including requirements for Schedule 4 Restricted medicines Contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Summary of roles and responsibilities 3 3. Schedule 4 Restricted medicines 4 4. Medicines acquisition 4 5. Storage of medicines, including control of access to storage 4 5.1. Staff access to medicines storage areas 5 5.2. Storage of S4R medicines 5 5.3. Storage of S4R medicines for medical emergencies 6 5.4. Access to storage for S4R and S8 medicines 6 5.5. Pharmacy Department access, including after hours 7 5.6. After-hours access to S8 medicines in the Pharmacy Department 7 5.7. Storage of nitrous oxide 8 5.8. Management of patients’ own medicines 8 6. Distribution of medicines 9 6.1. Distribution outside Pharmacy Department operating hours 10 6.2. Distribution of S4R and S8 medicines 10 7. Administration of medicines to patients 11 7.1. Self-administration of scheduled medicines by patients 11 7.2. Administration of S8 medicines 11 8. Supply of medicines to patients 12 8.1. Supply of scheduled medicines to patients by health professionals other than pharmacists 12 9. Record keeping 13 9.1. General record keeping requirements for S4R medicines 13 9.2. Management of the distribution and archiving of S8 registers 14 9.3. Inventories of S4R medicines 14 9.4. Inventories of S8 medicines 15 10. Destruction and discards of S4R and S8 medicines 15 11. Management of oral liquid S4R and S8 medicines 16 12. Cannabis based products 17 13. Management of opioid pharmacotherapy 18 14.
  • Octopamine and Tyramine Regulate the Activity of Reproductive Visceral Muscles in the Adult Female Blood-Feeding Bug, Rhodnius Prolixus Sam Hana* and Angela B

    Octopamine and Tyramine Regulate the Activity of Reproductive Visceral Muscles in the Adult Female Blood-Feeding Bug, Rhodnius Prolixus Sam Hana* and Angela B

    © 2017. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2017) 220, 1830-1836 doi:10.1242/jeb.156307 RESEARCH ARTICLE Octopamine and tyramine regulate the activity of reproductive visceral muscles in the adult female blood-feeding bug, Rhodnius prolixus Sam Hana* and Angela B. Lange ABSTRACT Monastirioti et al., 1996). Octopamine and tyramine signal via The role of octopamine and tyramine in regulating spontaneous G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), leading to changes in second contractions of reproductive tissues was examined in the messenger levels. The recently updated receptor classification α β female Rhodnius prolixus. Octopamine decreased the amplitude of (Farooqui, 2012) divides the receptors into Oct -R, Oct -Rs β β β spontaneous contractions of the oviducts and reduced RhoprFIRFa- (Oct 1-R, Oct 2-R, Oct 3-R), TYR1-R and TYR2-R. In general, β α induced contractions in a dose-dependent manner, whereas tyramine Oct -Rs lead to elevation of cAMP while Oct -R and TYR-Rs lead to 2+ only reduced the RhoprFIRFa-induced contractions. Both octopamine an increase in Ca (Farooqui, 2012). and tyramine decreased the frequency of spontaneous bursal The movement of eggs in the reproductive system of contractions and completely abolished the contractions at Rhodnius prolixus starts at the ovaries, the site of egg maturation. 5×10−7 mol l−1 and above. Phentolamine, an octopamine receptor Upon ovulation, mature eggs are released into the oviducts antagonist, attenuated the inhibition induced by octopamine on the (Wigglesworth, 1942). Eggs are then guided, via oviductal oviducts and the bursa. Octopamine also increased the levels of peristaltic and phasic contractions, to the common oviduct, where cAMP in the oviducts, and this effect was blocked by phentolamine.