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Region 9. Southern England: Hayling Island to Lyme Regis 1996 Region 10 Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom Region 9 Southern England: Hayling Island to Lyme Regis edited by J.H. Barne, C.F. Robson, S.S. Kaznowska, J.P. Doody & N.C. Davidson Joint Nature Conservation Committee Monkstone House, City Road Peterborough PE1 1JY UK ©JNCC 1996 This volume has been produced by the Coastal Directories Project of the JNCC on behalf of the project Steering Group, with sponsorship from the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries & Food. JNCC Coastal Directories Project Team Project directors Dr J.P. Doody, Dr N.C. Davidson Project management and co-ordination J.H. Barne, C.F. Robson Editing and publication S.S. Kaznowska, F.J. Wright Information systems M. Jones Administration & editorial assistance C.A. Smith, J.A. Mitchell, R.G. Keddie, E. Leck, S. Palasiuk, N.M. Stevenson, J.C. Brooksbank The project receives guidance from a Steering Group which has more than 200 members. More detailed information and advice comes from the members of the Core Steering Group, which is composed as follows: Dr J.M. Baxter Scottish Natural Heritage R.J. Bleakley Department of the Environment, Northern Ireland R. Bradley The Association of Sea Fisheries Committees of England and Wales Dr J.P. Doody Joint Nature Conservation Committee B. Empson National Rivers Authority Dr K. Hiscock Joint Nature Conservation Committee Prof. G.A.D. King National Coasts and Estuaries Advisory Group Prof. S.J. Lockwood MAFF Directorate of Fisheries Research C.R. Macduff-Duncan Esso UK (on behalf of the UK Offshore Operators Association) Dr D.J. Murison Scottish Office Agriculture, Environment & Fisheries Department Dr H.J. Prosser Welsh Office Dr J.S. Pullen WWF UK (Worldwide Fund for Nature) Dr G.P. Radley English Nature Dr P.C. Reid Plymouth Marine Laboratory M.J. Roberts Water Resources and Marine, Department of the Environment S.L. Soffe Countryside Council for Wales M.L. Tasker Joint Nature Conservation Committee R.G. Woolmore Countryside Commission Recommended citation for this volume: Barne, J.H., Robson, C.F., Kaznowska, S.S., Doody, J.P., & Davidson, N.C., eds. 1996. Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. Region 9 Southern England: Hayling Island to Lyme Regis. Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee. (Coastal Directories Series.) Recommended citation for a chapter in this volume (example): Davidson, N.C. 1996. Chapter 4.1 Estuaries. In: Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. Region 9 Southern England: Hayling Island to Lyme Regis, ed. by J.H. Barne, C.F. Robson, S.S. Kaznowska, J.P. Doody & N.C. Davidson, 61-64. Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee. (Coastal Directories Series.) Region 1: ISBN 1 873701 75 6 Region 10: ISBN 1 873701 84 5 Region 2: ISBN 1 873701 76 4 Region 11: ISBN 1 873701 85 3 Region 3: ISBN 1 873701 77 2 Region 12: ISBN 1 873701 86 1 Region 4: ISBN 1 873701 78 0 Region 13: ISBN 1 873701 87 x Region 5: ISBN 1 873701 79 9 Region 14: ISBN 1 873701 88 8 Region 6: ISBN 1 873701 80 2 Regions 15 & 16: ISBN 1 873701 89 6 Region 7: ISBN 1 873701 81 0 Region 17: ISBN 1 873701 92 6 Region 8: ISBN 1 873701 82 9 Region 9: ISBN 1 873701 83 7 Set of 17 regions: ISBN 1 873701 91 8 2 Contents Foreword 5 How to use this book 6 Acknowledgements 7 Chapter 1 Overview Dr J.P. Doody 9 1.1 The Coastal Directories Project 9 1.2 Introduction to the region 13 Chapter 2 Geology and physical environment British Geological Survey 21 2.1 Coastal geology 21 2.2 Offshore geology 24 2.3 Wind and water 27 2.4 Sediment transport 31 2.5 Sea-level rise and flooding 33 2.6 Coastal landforms 35 Chapter 3 Terrestrial coastal habitats 37 3.1 Cliffs and cliff-top vegetation Dr T.C.D. Dargie 38 3.2 Sand dunes Dr T.C.D. Dargie 41 3.3 Vegetated shingle structures and shorelines Dr R.E. Randall 45 3.4 Coastal lagoons Dr R.N. Bamber & Dr R.S.K. Barnes 49 3.5 Wet grassland Dr H.T. Gee 53 3.6 Saltmarsh Dr M.I. Hill 57 Chapter 4 Marine and estuarine environments 61 4.1 Estuaries Dr N.C. Davidson 61 4.2 The sea bed R.A. Irving 65 4.3 Plankton M. Edwards & A.W.G. John 74 Chapter 5 Important species 77 5.1 Terrestrial lower plants N.G. Hodgetts 77 5.2 Flowering plants and ferns V.M. Morgan 81 5.3 Land and freshwater invertebrates M.S. Parsons & A.P. Foster 86 5.4 Rare sea-bed species Dr W.G. Sanderson 96 5.5 Exploited sea-bed species Dr M.G. Pawson & C.F. Robson 103 5.6 Amphibians and reptiles Dr M.J.S. Swan 108 5.7 Fish: exploited sea fish Dr M.G. Pawson & C.F. Robson 113 5.8 Fish: salmon, sea trout and eels Dr M. Aprahamian & C.F. Robson 117 5.9 Fish: other species Dr G.W. Potts & S.E. Swaby 119 5.10 Seabirds M.L. Tasker 122 5.11 Other breeding birds D.M. Craddock & D.A. Stroud 125 5.12 Migrant and wintering waterfowl D.A. Stroud & D.M. Craddock 129 5.13 Land mammals SGS Environment 134 5.14 Seals C.D. Duck 138 5.15 Whales, dolphins and porpoises Dr P.G.H. Evans 139 3 Chapter 6 History and archaeology A. Gale & V. Fenwick 143 Chapter 7 Coastal protected sites R.G. Keddie 153 7.1 Introduction 153 7.2 Sites designated under international conventions and directives 155 7.3 Sites established under national statute 159 7.4 Sites identified by statutory agencies 165 7.5 Other types of protected site 169 Chapter 8 Land use, infrastructure and coastal defence 175 8.1 Introduction M.J. Dunbar, S.J. Everett, S.L. Fowler, 175 J.A. Norton, C.A. Crumpton & M.J. Goodwin 8.2 Land use S.L. Fowler & M.J. Dunbar 176 8.3 Infrastructure S.L. Fowler, J.A. Norton, M.J. Dunbar, C.A. Crumpton & M.J. Goodwin 179 8.4 Coastal defence M.J. Dunbar, S.J. Everett, S.L. Fowler & J.A. Norton 185 Chapter 9 Human activities 189 9.1 Fisheries C.F. Robson 189 9.2 Mariculture C.F. Robson 198 9.3 Quarrying and landfilling C.A. Crumpton & M.J. Goodwin 202 9.4 Marine aggregate extraction, dredging and solid C.A. Crumpton & M.J. Goodwin 205 waste disposal at sea 9.5 Oil and gas developments C.A. Crumpton, M.J. Goodwin & J.H.Barne 210 9.6 Water quality and effluent discharges C.A. Crumpton & M.J. Goodwin 213 9.7 Leisure and tourism M.J. Dunbar, S.L. Fowler, Dr N.C. Davidson & D.A. Stroud 219 Chapter 10 Coastal management S.L. Fowler 229 10.1 Introduction 229 10.2 National coastal initiatives with regional elements 231 10.3 Regional coastal management groups and initiatives 236 10.4 Further sources of information 241 Appendix A.1 Frequently cited contact names and addresses 245 A.2 Local planning authorities; ports and harbour authorities 247 A.3 Core reading list 248 A.4 Contributing authors 249 4 Foreword Information is vital for sound policy formulation. Decision reflecting the extent of the interplay between the coastal makers at national and local level need to know more than environment and human activities. These organisations just the scale, location and importance of natural resources included the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, that are of value to humans. They have to understand how the Scottish Office, The Department of the Environment human activities affect the value of those resources and how (Northern Ireland), the National Rivers Authority, the to conduct those activities in an environmentally sustainable Countryside Commission, the Welsh Office, the Department way. This is true for virtually every activity that impinges of the Environment, the Sea Fisheries Committees, English on the natural environment. In the coastal zone the Nature, Scottish Natural Heritage and the Countryside complexity of the relationships between the physical and Council for Wales, together with local authorities, voluntary biological systems adds another dimension to the problems conservation organisations and private companies (notably of formulating management policy. those in the oil industry, through the UK Offshore Operators I am pleased, therefore, to be introducing the Coasts and Association). I am also pleased to be able to acknowledge seas of the United Kingdom series. The Coastal Directories the contribution made by the staff of the Joint Nature project, of which this series of seventeen regional reports, Conservation Committee. As the work has evolved since covering the whole of the UK coast, is an important product, the first meetings of the Steering Group in 1990, the value of has brought together an encyclopaedic range of information involving such a broad span of interests has been on our coastal resources and the human activities that are highlighted by the extent to which it has allowed new associated with them. Amongst the topics covered are the approaches and information sources to be identified. basic geology of the coasts around the United Kingdom and The regional reports will be of value to all who live and measures taken for coast defence and sea protection, the work in the maritime areas of the UK, where informed distribution and importance of the wildlife and habitats of management is the key to the sustainable use of resources. our coasts and seas, including fish and fisheries, and the The reports should become indispensable reference sources climate and sea level changes to which they all are subject.
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