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Mosquito Adulticidal and Repellent Activities of Botanical Extracts Against Malarial Vector, Anopheles Stephensi Liston

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Mosquito Adulticidal and Repellent Activities of Botanical Extracts Against Malarial Vector, Anopheles Stephensi Liston Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine (2011)941-947'[/; 941 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine journal homepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/apjtm Document heading doi: Mosquito adulticidal and repellent activities of botanical extracts against malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera:Culicidae) Marimuthu Govindarajan*, Rajamohan Sivakumar Division of Vector Biology and Phytochemistry, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar - 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Objective: Eclipta albaTo determineE. alba) the adulticidalAndrographis and paniculatarepellent activities (A. paniculata) of different solvent leaf extracts Received 5 May 2011 of ( and against malarial vector, Received in revised form 10 October 2011 Anopheles stephensi (An. stephensi) Methods: . Adulticidal efficacy of the crude leaf extracts Accepted 15 October 2011 E. alba A. paniculata Available online 20 December 2011 of and with five different solvents like benzene, hexane, ethyl acetate, An.methanol stephensi and chloroform was tested against the five to six day old adult female mosquitoes of . The adult mortality was observed after 24 h under the laboratory conditions. The Keywords: An. stephensi repellent efficacy was determined against mosquito species at three concentrations viz 2 Results: Adulticidal activity ., 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/cm under laboratory conditions. Among the tested solvents E. alba Repellent activity the maximum efficacy was observed in the methanol extract. The LC50 and LC90 values of Anopheles stephensi A. paniculata An. stephensi and against adults of were 150.36, 130.19 ppm and 285.22, 244.16 ppm, Eclipta alba chi respectively. No mortality was observed in controls. The -square values were significant at Andrographis paniculata P E. alba A. paniculata <0.05 level. Methanol extract of and was produce maximum repellency An. stephensi Conclusions: E. against . From the results it can be concluded the crude extract of alba A. paniculata An. stephensi and was an excellent potential for controlling mosquitoes. 1. Introduction rich source of bioactive compounds that are biodegradable into nontoxic products and potentially suitable for use to control mosquitoes. Plant extracts in general have been [5] Mosquitoes are the principal vectors of malaria and other recognized as an important naturalAndrographis resource of insecticides paniculata. vector borne diseases and contribute to major disease A(A. bitter paniculata) plant, a decoction of burden in India. Disease transmission can be interrupted Dipetalonema leaves reconditumor roots, is usedBrugia as a vermifuge, malayi by controlling the vectors using various methods. However, against and [6], the extensive and unbalanced use of chemical insecticides and the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts were tested Callosobruchus chinensis[7] have created problems like enhancing resistance of on Cocculus hirsutus and relieve itchy skin mosquito population to synthetic insecticides, pollution of and insect bites[8]. is a widely growing environment and adverse effects on the non-target flora and plant found in the plains of India in dry localities and is fauna inhabiting the same aquatic habitat[1]. These steadily used medicinally by the Indian tribes for a wide range of [9] growing problems, demand an intensive search for new ailments,Eclipta prostrata including constipationEclipta alba and (E. kidneyalba) problems . products that are environmentally safe, targetspecific and and extracts have degradable. Botanical phytochemicals with mosquitocidal been reported to exert diverse biological activity including potential are now recognized as potent alternative antiinflammatory, antihemorrhagic, antihyperlipidemic, and [10] insecticides to replace synthetic insecticides in mosquito antihyperglycemic activitiesAcalypha indica. control programs due to their excellent larvicidal, ovicidal, viz The leaf extract of with different solvents adulticidal and repellent properties[2, 3,4]. , benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol were Extracts or essential oils from plants may be alternative tested for larvicidal, ovicidal activity, and oviposition Anopheles stephensi An. stephensi [2] sources of mosquito control agents, since they constitute a attractancy against ( Vitex) . 60 80 negundoPetroleum ether ( - 曟) extracts of the leaves of Culex *Corresponding author: Dr. M.Govindarajan, Principal Investigator, DST Fast Track were acted as a promising repellent against Young Scientist Project & UGC Major Research Project, Division of Phytochemistry tritaeniorhynchus Cx. tritaeniorhynchus [11] and Vector Biology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar (Hyptis suaveolens ) Rhododendon. The ethyl 608 002 Tamil Nadu, India. acetatetomentosum, extracts Hyptis of harmaja Myrica and gale E-mail: [email protected] , and significantly Marimuthu Govindarajan et al./Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine (2011)941-947 942 Aedes aegypti Ae. aegypti [12] Cassia reduced biting activityCurcuma of aeruginosa, Curcuma( aromatica,) . The thefistula leaf methanol, benzene, and acetone extracts of ethanolCurcuma extract xanthorrhiza of were studied Ae. for aegypti the larvicidal, ovicidal, and repellent and were tested for repellent activity activities against . Aedes togoi (Ae. togoi), Armigeres subalbatus, et al [28] againstCulex quinquefasciatus (Cx. quinquefasciatus) Culex Rohani . , has reportedLitsea ellipticathe efficacyPolygonum of few Malaysian minus tritaeniorhynchus (Cx. tritaeniorhynchus) , and essentialPiper oils aduncum such as , [13]. and as potential mosquito adulticides et al [29] Insect repellents are widely used as personal protection whileMelaleuca Sulaiman cajuputi . Cymbopogonhas reported nardus the essential oils of against biting arthropods. Personal protection measures, Aedes and have adulticidal including the use of repellents are important in reducing effects on mosquito at high-rise flats in Kuala the risk of contracting disease. The vector borne diseases Lumpur. The′ compounds, 4 thiophenes, 5-(but-3-ene-′1- cause a high level of morbidity and mortality, but they ynyl)-2, 2 ′-bithiophene, 5-(but-′ ′3-ene-” 1-ynyl)-5 - are also responsible for great socio-economical loss. methyl-2,2 -bithiophene,′ ′ ” 2,2 ,5 ,2 - terthiophene, The majority of commercial insect repellent preparations and 5-methyl-2Tagetes,2 ,5 minuta,2 -terthiophene, isolated from contain the chemical N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), floral extract of were largely responsible for [14] Ae. aegypti first synthesized in 1954 . It has been reported that Anophelesthe toxicity stephensi exhibited (An. against stephens) the adults of and these chemical repellents are not safe for the public use. [30]. In view of the recently There has been much research on natural plant extracts increased interest in developing plant origin insecticides both prior to and after the advent of synthetic repellents. as an alternative to chemical insecticide, this study was Novak[15] emphasized the urgent need of the investigation of undertaken to assess the adulticidal and repellent potential phytochemicals as repellents for mosquitoes in his review of of the extracts from the medicinal plants against malarial nonchemicalCymbopogon approach excavatus to mosquito control. vector mosquito. gave 100% repellencyAnopheles for 2 h, whenarabiensis it was (An. evaluated arabiensis) in the laboratory against 2. Materials and methods and its repellency decreased to [16] Cymbopogon winterianus 59.3% after 4 h . oil, mixedAedes with 2.1. Plant collection aegypti5% vanillin, Ae. aegypti),gave 100 Cx.% protection quinquefasciatus for 6 h againstAnopheles dirus (An.( dirus), and Eclipta alba (E. alba) results compared to those observed with The Fully developed fresh leaves of [17] Andrographis paniculta A. paniculata) 25%Cymbopogon DEET (N,N-diethyl- martinii 3-methylbenzanmide) . The oil and ( were collected of Anopheles provided 100% repellency for 12 from different regions of Cuddalore District, Tamilnadu, h against mosquitoes in a field test which was India. It was authenticated by a plant taxonomist from the carried out by using pairs of volunteers who sat together, one Department of Botany, Annamalai University. A voucher [18] of whom was treated with the oil whileOcimum the other was not . specimen is deposited at the herbarium of the plant Oils extracted from the genus spp. have been photochemistry division, Annamalai University. [19] Ocimum americanum traditionally used as repellentsAe. aegypti,. Ae. dirus Cx. 2.2. Extraction volatile oil was shown to repel and quinquefasciatus [17] , underOcimum cage condi selloitions, for up to 8 h ; an ethanolic solution of oil (10% v/v) seemed The leaves were washed with tap water, shade dried at Anopheles braziliensis[19] to be very effective in repelling Ocimum gratissimum ; room temperature and finely ground. The finely ground plant andOcimum liquid basilicum paraffin solutions of and material (1.0 kg/solvent) was loaded in soxhlet apparatus and oils exhibited a high bite-protection[20]. was extracted with five different solvents namely benzene, Repellency properties of nepetalactone (cyclopentanoidNepeta cataria hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and chloroform individually. monoterpene) isolated from the catnip plant, , The solvent from the extract was removed using a rotary against 17 species of insects were reported by Eisner[21]. vacuum evaporator to collect the crude extract.
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