LJER Vol 17 | Issue 1

IN THIS ISSUE Alternative Mercerizing Developed Short Railway Track Alternative Mercerizing Agaents Transmission Performance Agaents

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1 i. Journal introduction and copyrights ii. Featured blogs and online content iii. Journal content

1. Design and Fabrication of 2. Performance of a Developed Modified Air Conditioner with Split Short Transmission Line Module: A Cooling Unit Survey of Load Power-Factor 7 pg. 1-5 Effects pg. 7-17

3. Investigating the Vertical Stiffness 4. Design Analysis of New High on Railway Track Performance Step-Up DC-DC Converter pg. 19-30 Suitable for Photovoltaic Application pg. 31-42

5. Improvement on the Dyeing and 6. A Novel Approach using Adaptive Water of Imbibition Properties of... Nero Fuzzy based Droop Control pg. 43- 66 Standalone Microgrid in Presences of Multiple Sources pg. 67-81 19

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Scan to know paper details and author's profile Design and Fabrication of Modified Air Conditioner with Split Cooling Unit

Deepak Chauhan, Ravi Prakash Sethi, Aviraaz Chandra, Ashwani Sharma, Vivek Verma

ABSTRACT

Energy consumption all over the world is increasing day by day and there is need to develop new ways to conserve energy for future requirements. Air conditioner used in summer seasons, uses vapor compression refrigeration system which consumes large amount of power usually about 1.5 to 3.5 KW and is also very costly. This paper describes the design and fabrication of modified air conditioner with split cooling unit. Basically, it is portable form of central air conditioning system which uses a low power compressor (refrigerator) for cooling a chamber containing water. This cooled water is then circulated for air conditioning. Performance analysis shows that it produced decent cooling and reduced power consumption.

Keywords: split air conditioning. Classification: For Code: 090603p, 090604 Language: English

LJP Copyright ID: 661847 ISBN 10: 153763156 London ISBN 13: 978-1537631561

LJP Journals Press

London Journal of Engineering Research

201UK Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0

© 2017. Deepak Chauhan, Ravi Prakash Sethi, Aviraaz Chandra, Ashwani Sharma, Vivek Verma. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Design and Fabrication of Modified Air Conditioner with Split Cooling Unit

α σ ρ ¥ Chauhan Deepak Ramsamujh , Ravi Prakash Sethi , Aviraaz Chandra , Ashwani Sharma & Vivek Verma§ ______

I. ABSTRACT III. DESIGN LAYOUT Energy consumption all over the world is In this design, we have implemented a split increasing day by day and there is need to cooling unit which is coupled with the chiller develop new ways to conserve energy for future plant. This split unit will take water from the requirements. Air conditioner used in summer insulated water tank with the help of pump, and seasons, uses vapor compression refrigeration circulate it through heat exchangers. Thus, the air system which consumes large amount of power will become cool without increasing its humidity. usually about 1.5 to 3.5 KW and is also very costly. This paper describes the design and fabrication of modified air conditioner with split cooling unit. Basically, it is portable form of central air conditioning system which uses a low power compressor (refrigerator) for cooling a chamber containing water. This cooled water is then circulated for air conditioning. Performance analysis shows that it produced decent cooling and reduced power consumption.

Keywords: split air conditioning. Author α σ ρ: U G Scholar, Mechanical and of Engineering Research Automation Engineering, Amity University, Lucknow.

Author ¥ §: Assistant Professor, Mechanical a nd Fig. 1: Block diagram of the model Automation Engineering, Amity University, Lucknow. The split unit is a simple rectangular insulated II. INTRODUCTION tank. In this tank, there is a heat exchanger i.e. a cooling coil. The water in the water tank is cooled London Journal Due to great consumption of energy in buildings with the help of refrigerant. This cooled water is and industries, there is a need to design an energy pumped and then supplied to the split cooling efficient system which consumes less power. In unit. The purpose of the chiller plant is only to India, Union ministry of power’s research pointed cool water in its tank. out that about 20 to 25% of total electricity utilized in government buildings gets waste due to 3.1 Working non-productive designs of the components and The working of the system starts with from systems resulting in the loss of about Rs. 1.5 billion. Conventional vapor compression air outdoor unit which is consisting of Water Pump, conditioning systems consumes very large portion Insulated Water tank, Compressor, Condenser, of electrical energy which is produced by fossil Cooling coil and connecting pipes, metallic duct. fuels. This type of air conditioning is therefore The water will be chilled with the help of neither eco- friendly nor sustainable. compressor and the cooling coil assembled in the

© 2017 London Journals Press Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 1 tank. Now, the chilled water will be pumped from Connecting Pipes 7 feet water tank to the indoor unit equipped with Drier Filter 1 cooling coils with the help of supply pump and Charging Pin 1 Capillary 1 connecting pipe. ¼ Copper Pipe 2 feet. Brazing Rod 2 The cooling coil in the indoor unit will be cooled Thermostat 1 with the help of chilled water coming from the water tank, the fins of the cooling coil will a) Compressor: The compressor here used is 1/8 suddenly cool below -10 °C. The blower which is HP 1 Amp. Hermitically sealed Reciprocating just above the cooling coil will suck the hot and compressor used in refrigerator. humid air from the room and will give the conditioned air.

The advantages of modified split air conditioner unit are:

● The installation cost of the overall unit will be

minimum compared to the window air

conditioner.

● No Penta Plates required to cool the system. Fig. 2: Compressor ● It can easily condition a small office or room of 10*10 Sq. Ft. b) Condenser: It allows the high pressure & ● The quality of the air conditioning will be very temperature vapor refrigerant to cool down and close to the normal air conditioning system. condense to a highly-pressurized liquid. The ● It is a very low power consuming device condensing refrigerant loses heat to the because here we have used 1/6 HP 1 Amp. atmosphere. Air or water are the medium used for Compressor to cool the water tank. the heat transfer. De-superheating, condensing ● Maintenance cost of the system is relatively and sub cooling of refrigerant takes place in the low and easy. condenser. ● The whole unit will be cost about Rs. 6 to 8

thousand only. of Engineering Research The device will be easily operated on voltage range of 160 V to 230 V

IV. FABRICATION

London Journal Various tools and equipment’s are used to fabricate the modified split air conditioner unit. Fig. 3: Air Cooled Condenser The primary components of the refrigeration c) Evaporator (cooling coil): It allows the low- system are: pressure refrigerant to evaporate at low Equipment’s Specifications temperature. The evaporating refrigerant absorbs Water Tank 10 Liter. heat from the refrigerated space and cools it. The Insulating material 2 Meter. refrigerant becomes a low-pressure vapor and Compressor 1/8 HP (1 Amp.) renters the compressor. It is normally made of Condenser 1 aluminum tubing attached with fins. Evaporator (Cooling Coil) 2 Water Pump 1

Evaporative Fan 1

Design and Fabrication of Modified Air Conditioner with Split Cooling Unit

Fig. 4: Cooling coil d) Capillary: Capillary tube resists fluid flow. It is a long length of seamless small & accurate Fig. 7: Submersible Pump diameter tubing. It reduces pressure, by reducing the flow of refrigerant through its length. It is the 3.2 Fabricated System dividing point between the high and low pressure The experimental setup is as shown in the above sides of the system. figure. In this split type air conditioner, the indoor and outdoor sections of the room air conditioners are separated into two cabinets. The indoor units consist of evaporator coil and evaporator blower or fan. It is installed inside the room to be conditioned. It can be installed on ceiling, walls or on the floor. It is also known as fan coil unit or evaporator unit.

Fig. 5: Capillary Tube e) Insulated Water tank: A water tank of approx. of Engineering Research 10 liters is used to store the water as a reservoir. It is completely insulated so that no heat is loss. A cooling coil is kept inside the water tank to cool the water. It also consists a submersible pump.

London Journal

Fig. 6: Water Tank f) Submersible Pump: A submersible pump is placed inside the liquid cooling block. It pumps the water from the liquid cooling block to the

Design and Fabrication of Modified Air Conditioner with Split Cooling Unit

© 2017 London Journals Press Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 3 Cooling coil and connecting pipes, metallic duct. The water will be chilled with the help of compressor and the cooling coil assembled in the tank. Now, the chilled water will be pumped from water tank to the indoor unit equipped with cooling coils with the help of supply pump and connecting pipe.

The cooling coil in the indoor unit will be cooled with the help of chilled water coming from the water tank, the fins of the cooling coil will suddenly cool below -10 °C. The blower which is just above the cooling coil will suck the hot and humid air from the room and will give the conditioned air.

V. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS The output of Modified Split Air Conditioner is: 1. Lower room temperature. 2. Controlled humidity. Experiment was conducted for 4 hours in a small room of 3X3X3 feet made of wooden board. Dry bulb temperature (DBT) and wet bulb temperature (WBT) was recorded at interval of 30 minutes. and relative humidity (RH) was Fig. 8: Working model of AC calculated using psychrometric calculator[3].at an altitude of 123m (in Lucknow) The outdoor unit consist of an insulated water Initial Condition: tank of about 10 Liters, 1/6 HP Compressor, of Engineering Research condenser, dry filter and an evaporator also DBT= 36 °C known as cooling coil to cool the water in the WBT= 30°C tank, a capillary (expansion valves) and a water Relative humidity: 65% pump to pump the water to the indoor unit Table 1: Observation Table through PVC pipes. The outdoor unit is also

London Journal Sr. Time DBT WBT (°C) RH (%) known as chiller plant. The distance between No. (min.) (°C) indoor and outdoor units has to be as close as 1 00 36 30 65 possible and the lines should have less number of 2. 20 35 29 64 bents. Since the compressor is installed away from 3. 40 33.5 28.5 69 the room to be conditioned, the noise level is 4. 60 32 27 68 appreciably lower than room window air 5. 80 30 26 73 6. 100 28 24 72 conditioners. 7 120 27 22 65 8 140 26.5 20.5 58 3.3 Working 9 160 26 20 58 The working of the system starts with from 10 180 25.5 20 61 outdoor unit which is consisting of Water Pump, 11 200 25 19.7 62 12 220 25 19.5 60 Insulated Water tank, Compressor, Condenser, 13 240 25 19.5 60

Design and Fabrication of Modified Air Conditioner with Split Cooling Unit

As the unit contains 1/8 HP compressor of 110

Watt, a submersible pump 19 Watt, An

Evaporative Fan 10 Watt its power

consumption is 140 Watt.

● It does not increase the humidity of air, the

unit cools air sensibly.

The performance analysis confirmed that the modified split AC has decent cooling and moisture control. It can provide a Ac with low operating cost.

REFERENCES Fig. 9: Time v/s Temperature Curve 1. Manohar Prasad, (2006), “Refrigeration and Air Conditioning”, New Age Inter-national From the reading of Table 2 it was observed that Publishers, New Delhi. after 4 hours the room temperature decreases 2. Godrej ‘The complete appliance service from 36°C to 25°C by using Modified Split Air Handbook’ Conditioner. RH on other hand reduces from 65 % 3. http://www.kwangu.com/work/psychrometri to 60%. c.htm On psychrometric chart the effect of this system on temperature and humidity can be observed by process 1-2.

of Engineering Research

London Journal

Fig. 10: Process on Psychrometric chart VI. RESULTS & CONCLUSION The results are as follows: -

● The split unit maintain the temperature of room up to 25°C so it reduces the temperature of the air by 11°C.

Design and Fabrication of Modified Air Conditioner with Split Cooling Unit

6 Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 © 2017 London Journals Press Scan to know paper details and author's profile Performance of a Developed Short Transmission Line Module: A Survey of Load Power-Factor Effects

Peter M. Enyong

ABSTRACT

A short transmission line (STL) module was designed and implemented. There had been a serious need to have such a module in the electrical power laboratory of Auchi Polytechnic in order to satisfy the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) practical coverage requirement, especially as affecting experiments on transmission lines. In this paper a presentation is made of the development of the STL module, namely: how four panel inductors connected in series were used, the unit being capable of 14.89mH, 5.77A, at 50Hz and 27V voltage drop, as realized from ammeter-voltmeter test; how, for module resistance requirement, eight industrial resistors were used (each being capable of 7.98Ω, 24W) and were connected in parallel to realize an effective resistance of about 1Ω; and, how a dedicated rheostat of 4.81Ω, 10A rating was selected for the purpose of line loss variation exercise.

Keywords: line module, development, performance, load power-factor. Classification: For Code: 090607, 850604p Language: English

LJP Copyright ID: 503079 ISBN 10: 153763156 London ISBN 13: 978-1537631561

LJP Journals Press

London Journal of Engineering Research

189UK Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0

© 2017. Peter M. Enyong. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Performance of a Developed Short Transmission Line Module: A Survey of Load Power-Factor Effects

Peter M. Enyong ______

I. ABSTRACT II. INTRODUCTION A short transmission line (STL) module was The capital intensive nature of power system designed and implemented. There had been a laboratory equipment procurement has made serious need to have such a module in the many a tertiary institution lacking in electrical electrical power laboratory of Auchi Polytechnic power system laboratory facilities. Even where in order to satisfy the National Board for they are found to be provided, they are never Technical Education (NBTE) practical coverage adequate in quantity and in variety. Thus, in such requirement, especially as affecting experiments a case where an institution is lacking in a on transmission lines. In this paper a standard transmission line trainer, a very presentation is made of the development of the welcome idea is to improvise with a locally STL module, namely: how four panel inductors developed transmission line module. The one connected in series were used, the unit being involved in this work was meant to satisfy short capable of 14.89mH, 5.77A, at 50Hz and 27V transmission line laboratory experiments. voltage drop, as realized from ammeter- voltmeter test; how, for module resistance A short transmission line is one whose length is requirement, eight industrial resistors were used up to a distance of 50km but less than 80km, (each being capable of 7.98Ω, 24W) and were generally [1, 2, 3]. Its operational system voltage connected in parallel to realize an effective is comparatively low, being often less than 20kV resistance of about 1Ω; and, how a dedicated [4, 5]; but higher voltage levels up to 69kV (and rheostat of 4.81Ω, 10A rating was selected for the not above) are equally acceptable [6]. Thus, in purpose of line loss variation exercise. The Nigeria our short transmission lines are mostly of of Engineering Research laboratory results obtained and computations 33kV voltage rating. Usually, in power system for the STL module ABCD constants and other modeling, the short transmission line is parameters showed clear differences in ten key represented by an impedance, precisely a series parameters sequel to variation in load power- impedance [7]. This is because for such distances factor. It was conclusive that using this module and voltage levels as stipulated above, the line will demonstrate to students the adverse effect shunt admittances are negligible [8, 9, 10] and a London Journal which poor load power factors have on the very simple network is realized. Among the performance of short transmission lines, thus transmission line data obtainable by the use of the highlighting the advantage of power-factor developed short transmission line module include correction. It was also clear that the module will the following: (i) line impedance, (ii) the A, B, C, 2 demonstrate to students the higher generation D constants, (iii) line I R loss, (iv) transmission cost involved in sending electrical power to low efficiency, (v) voltage regulation, (vi) power-factor loads. transmission angle, δ, (vii) the active and reactive power delivered. Keywords: line module, development, performance, load power-factor. By way of the organization of this paper, the next Author: Department of Electrical/Electronic section (i.e. Section 2) shall deal with Materials Engineering Technology; Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi, and Methods. The 3rd Section has been dedicated Nigeria. to Test Results, Computations and Discussion;

© 2017 London Journals Press Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 7 whereas, Conclusion and Recommendations shall inductors were unknown and had to be constitute the terminal section of this paper. determined experimentally. Providing for the resistive part of the line module, a set of industrial III. MATERIALS AND METHODS resistors were selected (see sample in Fig. 1(b)) to be connected in series with the inductor unit. 3.1 Materials Resistor selection was necessarily done after the 3.1.1 Core Physical Materials possible full-load current of the inductor unit was determined. In order to introduce variable line The chief materials featuring in this work were losses (where required) a dedicated rheostat was industrial inductors (4 in number) recovered from specified for external application, which shall vary an obsolete DANE electrical machine trainer (see the fixed resistance of the STL module, sample in Fig. 1(a)). The reactance and increasingly (see Fig. 1(c)). inductance of the above mentioned set of

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 1: (a) The Inductor, (b) The Resistor, and (c) The Dedicated Rheostat

3.1.2 Equivalent Circuit and Relevant Equations phasor diagram is provided as in Fig. 2(b) [11, 12, 13]. The equivalent circuit of a short transmission line is as given in Fig. 2 (a) and the complexor or

V1 of Engineering Research I Vy R X LOAD IX Isin V2 V 1 V2 Icos

IR I

London Journal Vx

(a) (b)

Fig. 2: (a) Equivalent Circuit of a Short Transmission Line (b) Phasor Diagram of the Line.

As presented, the receiving-end voltage is made Transmission Angle; ϕ – Load Power Factor the reference vector; whilst the sending-end Angle; and Z = R + jX. voltage leads it by an angle δ. The phasor diagram has been drawn in such a manner as to enable The relevant short-line equations as obtainable easy generation of the line equations. Definition from the equivalent circuit and phasor diagram of the circuit parameters is as follows: V2 – are as detailed below [13, 14, 15]. o Receiving End Voltage = |V2| 0 ; V1 – Sending

End Voltage = |V1| δ; I– Line Full-Load Current; ∠ R – Resistance; X – Inductive Reactance; δ – ∠

Performance of a Developed Short Transmission Line Module: A Survey of Load Power-Factor Effects

2 2 2 V1 = (V2 + Vx ) + Vy

= + φ + φ 2 + φ − φ 2 (V2 RI cos XI sin ) (XI cos RI sin )

2 2 ∴V1 = (V2 + RI cos φ + XI sinφ) + (XI cos φ − RI sinφ) (1)

(b) Transmission Angle Equation: Equation involving the transmission angle is expressed as

cosδ = (V2 +Vx ) V1 = (V2 + RI cos φ + XI sinφ ) V1

−1 ∴δ = cos {(V2 + RI cos φ + XI sinφ ) V1} or δ = φ′ − φ;where φ′isthe sending end power factor angle (not shown) (2)

Vreg = (V2(NO LOAD} −V2(FULL LOAD} ) V2(FULL LOAD}

For short transmission line, the No-Load Receiving-End Voltage equals the Sending-End Voltage. Therefore,

Vreg = (V1 −V2 ) V2 (3)

However, for very low transmission angles, which is desirable for stability purposes, the cosine of the transmission angle tends to unity and we can write

V1 = V2 +Vx = V2 + RI cos φ + XI sinφ (4)

Thus, an approximate voltage regulation is realized as

= φ + φ Vreg (approx) (RI cos XI sin ) V2 (5)

(d) Line Loss Equation: The line loss is due to the resistive parameters of the network and the equation of Engineering Research thereof is given as 2 PLOSS = I R (6)

(e) Efficiency Equation: The efficiency of any system is expressed in percentage as

Output Active Power, P London Journal η = OUT x100% POUT + PLOSS

For a short transmission line therefore we shall have V I cosφ η = 2 2 *100% (7) V2 I cosφ + I R Also, the relevant equations from laboratory experimental results are as provided below (involving the apparatus setup of Fig.5); where for a short transmission line the ammeters, I1 and I2, often register approximately the same current; hence, I1 = I2 = I.

(f) Load Power Factor and the Power Factor Angle: The load power factor and the associated power factor angle are obtained as follows

Performance of a Developed Short Transmission Line Module: A Survey of Load Power-Factor Effects

where W1 and W2 are the input and output power values, respectively, as measured using wattmeters so designated.

(g) Supply Power Factor and the Power Factor Angle: Similarly, the supply power factor and the associated power factor angle are

W1 −1 cosφ′ = and φ′ = cos {W1 (V1I )} (9) V1I

(h) Line Loss and Line Module Resistance: These are computed from the relations

P = W −W and R = P I 2 (10) LOSS 1 2 LOSS (i) Line Module Impedance, Reactance and Inductance at Rated Line Current: They are realized from

V −V 1/ 2 X Z = 1 2 ; X = (Z 2 − R 2 ) and L = (11) I 2πf

It is to be noted that the full-load values of the the methods of open-circuit test, short-circuit test experimental data shall chiefly be used in the and load test were effectively employed (see Fig. 3 computations, as shall be seen shortly. for apparatus assembly). To begin with, an ammeter-voltmeter laboratory experiment was 3.2 Methods used to determine the reactance of the inductor unit as shown in Fig. 4. In order to obtain all the STL data of which the module shall be used to demonstrate to students,

R Variac S1 L I′1 X I′2 of Engineering Research

P′1 P′2 LOAD 220V V′1 The STL Module V′2 S 50Hz 2

N Fig. 3: Apparatus as setup for Open-Circuit and Load Test of the Short Transmission Line London Journal 3.2.1 Ammeter-Voltmeter Set-up for work experience). The readings obtained were as Determination of Inductor Reactance & follows: P = 0Watt; I = 5.77Amps; V = 27Volts. Inductance: From the data so obtained, we have a total reactance X = 27/5.77 = 4.679Ω, and total The four inductors were connected in series to inductance L = X/2πf = 14.89mH at 50Hz. Since form a single inductor unit (designated as X in the input wattmeter registered zero (0) Watt Figs. 3 & 4). With laboratory apparatus as set-up reading, it was confirmative that the recovered in Fig. 4 for the purpose, care was taken to inductive devices were truly inductors; hence, the ascertain that the variac was initially on its zero need to include a resistance aspect by use of mark. The inductor unit was excited until it discrete resistors, in the development of the STL. hummed sufficiently to reflect the flow of its full-

load current under short-circuit condition (as could often be determined from laboratory

Performance of a Developed Short Transmission Line Module: A Survey of Load Power-Factor Effects

L V I Inductor Variac

P oltmeter I

“X” 220V V

50Hz

Fig. 4: Apparatus as setup for Short-Circuit Test of the Inductor

3.2.2 Selection of the Module Resistance & Means 3.2.3 Stipulation of the STL Module Ratings: of Line Loss Adjustment From all the considerations in (i) and (ii) above, Assuming the line module to deliver 5.77 the STL module was rated as 5.00A (i.e. 85 – 90% A(maximum) at 220V to an average load power- of the inductor maximum current of 5.77A, also factor of 0.8 p.u., we shall be dealing with a from laboratory work experience) and 220V, maximum output power, Pout(m) = 5.77*220*0.8 = 50Hz; being full-load receiving-end current, 1015.5W. And considering a favourable line loss of voltage and frequency, respectively. not more than 5% of delivered active power as in [16, 17], we shall be looking at a maximum line 3.2.4 Open-Circuit, Short-Circuit and Load (OC, SC loss, Ploss(m) = 1015.5*0.05 = 50.78W. Therefore, & L) Tests on the Line Module: the total resistance, R, of the STL module shall be For the purpose of the OC, SC & L tests on the 50.78/(5.772) = 1.525Ω. However, eight panel type module, the relevant apparatus were connected as resistors (each being capable of 7.98Ω, 24W) were earlier shown in Fig. 3 (see pictorial display of the connected in parallel to give an effective set-up in Fig. 5 below). The OC test was carried resistance of approximately 1Ω, 24A. out with the switches S1 and S2 kept open, whilst For the means of line loss variation, a dedicated voltage was applied to the module via the variac. rheostat was selected and made to satisfy external In the case of the SC test switch S1 was kept open application. Considering a maximum line loss and S2 closed, and then voltage was applied addition of 10% (of delivered active power) which accordingly. The readings on all the wattmeters, attracts additional 1.525x2 = 3.05Ω at 5.77A, the ammeters and voltmeters were taken in both available and adequate laboratory rheostat rated cases. of Engineering Research 4.81Ω, 10A was thus selected.

Short Transmission Line Module Input Output Wattmet Wattmeter

London Journal

Variac Motor

Fig. 5: Pictorial Display of Apparatus as setup for OC, SC and L Test on the STL module (with Induction Motor as Load)

Concerning the load test, the variac was left at the made open, whist S1 was closed and the load was present position (of full adjustment or 220V on supplied with power via the variac. The type of meter V′ 2, as the case may be), switch S2 was load connected was first a 2.2kW, 220V, 50Hz

Performance of a Developed Short Transmission Line Module: A Survey of Load Power-Factor Effects

© 2017 London Journals Press Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 11 single-phase induction motor made to run light; P′2, V′2 and I′2 were taken. Figure 6 (b) and (c) are next was a combination of a laboratory inductive pictorial display of the laboratory inductive load load bank with a resistive load bank, and then bank and the resistive load bank, respectively. followed by a largely resistive load bank rated (NB: A combination of the two did produce a load 80Ω, 5A, 3kW Here, only the readings on meters power factor of 0.5682 p.u.).

(a) (b) Fig. 6: Pictorial Display of (a) an Inductive Load Bank; (b) a Resistive Load Bank

IV. TEST RESULTS, COMPUTATIONS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Test Results The results obtained from the laboratory experiments were as recorded in Table 1 that immediately follows.

Table 1: Record of the OC, SC and L Tests on the Module

Test Type Power Voltage Current

P′1 P′2 V′1 V′2 I′1 I′2 OC Test 0W 0W 219V 218V 0W 0W SC Test 20W 0W 23V 0W 4.41A 4.57A of Engineering Research Inductive-Motor -- 240W -- 198V -- 5.00A Load Test Inductive/Resistive -- 390W -- 220V -- 3.12A Load Test Resistive Load Test -- 560W -- 220V -- 2.63A Remark Equipment Contact Temperature during Tests = 30oC London Journal

4.2 Computations The computations were carried out as detailed below.

4.2.1 General Computations

(a) R, X and Z from Short-circuit Test Result

Let the short-circuit current be estimated here as

I′ = (I′1 + I′2)/2 = (4.41 + 4.57)/2 = 4.49A Therefore

2 2 Resistance, R = P′1/ I′ = 20/(4.49 ) = 0.992Ω

Performance of a Developed Short Transmission Line Module: A Survey of Load Power-Factor Effects

12 Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 © 2017 London Journals Press Impedance, Z = V′1/I′ = 23/4.49 = 5.12Ω Reactance, X = (Z2 – R2)½ = (5.122 – 0.9922)½ = 5.023Ω Impedance Angle, θ = tan-1(5.023/0.992) = 78.83o Thus, Z = |Z| θ = 5.12 78.83o or (0.992 + j5.023)Ω

(b) Generalized (ABCD)∠ Constants∠

The Generalized Constant, |A| = |V10|/V20| =219/218 ≈ 1.00p.u. The Generalized Constant, |C|=|I10|/|V20| =0.00/218 = 0 mho

The Generalized Constant, |B| = |V1s|/|I2s| = 23/4.57 = 5.03Ω The Generalized Constant, |D| = |I1s|/|I2s| = 4.41/4.57= 0.965p.u.

4.2.2 Computations from Load Test Results

(a) From Inductive-Motor Load Test Results

As computations had to necessary be based on the receiving-end voltage of 220V rating, it was important to first normalize the receiving-end current and power test values to that base (i.e. V2 = 220V); the normalized quantities being identified without a {′}. Hence, we have

I2 = (V2/V′2) I′2 = (220/198)5 = 5.556A

2 2 P2 = (V2/V′2) *P′2 = (220/198) *240 = 296.3W Now, we can have

Apparent power delivered at V2 (= 220V) as, │S2│= │V2││I2│ = 220*5.556 = 1222.2VA

Active power delivered, PD = P2 = 296.3W

Receiving-end or Load Power Factor, cosϕ2 = PD /│S2│ = 296.3/1222.2 = 0.2424p.u.(lagging) -1 o And ϕ2 = cos 0.2424 = 75.97 of Engineering Research Reactive Power Demand of Load System, QD = |S|sinϕ2 = 1222.2*sin75.97o = +1185.7VAr

o Receiving-end or Load Current is thus, I2 = │I2│ (-ϕ2) = 5.556 (-75.97 )A

Line Voltage Drop, Vd = (Z θ)(I -ϕ2) ∠ ∠ London Journal ∠ ∠ = [5.12 (78.83o)]*[5.556 (-75.72o)] = 28.447 2.86o or (28.412 + j1.419)V ∠ ∠ Sending-end Voltage for Rated Receiving-end ∠Voltage, V1 = V2 + Vd = (220 + j0) + (28.412 + j1.419) = (248.412 + j1.419)V or 248.42 0.327o

o Transmission Angle is thus, δ = 0.327 ∠ 2 2 Line Loss on, Ploss = I R = 5.556 *0.992 = 30.62W Transmission Efficiency, η = [296.3/(296.3 + 30.62)]*100 = 90.63%

Voltage Regulation, Vreg = [(|V1| – |V2|)/|V2|]*100 = [(248.42 – 220)/220]*100 = 12.92%

Performance of a Developed Short Transmission Line Module: A Survey of Load Power-Factor Effects

In this case, normalization of the receiving-end current and power test values was not necessary since

both the output current and power were obtained at the rated or base voltage (V2 = 220V). Hence, we can write:

Apparent power delivered │S2│= │V2││I2│ = 220*3.12 = 686.4VA

Active power delivered, PD = P2 = 390W

Receiving-end power factor, cosϕ2 = PD /│S2│ = 390/686.4 = 0.5682 p.u.(leading) -1 o And ϕ2 = cos 0.5682 = 55.38

Reactive Power Demand of Load System, QD = |S|sinϕ2 = 686.4sin55.38o = 564.86VAr

o Receiving-end or Load Current is thus, I2 = │I2│ (-ϕ2) = 3.12 (-55.38 )A

Line Voltage Drop, Vd = (Z θ)(I -ϕ2) ∠ ∠ = (5.12∠ 78.83∠ o)*(3.12 (-55.38o) = 15.974∠ (23.45o) or (14.655∠ + j6.357)V Sending-end Voltage for Rated Receiving∠ -end Voltage, V1 = V2 + Vd = (220 + j0) + (14.655 + j6.357) = (234.655 + j6.357)V or 234.74 (1.55o)

Transmission Angle is thus, δ = 1.55o ∠ 2 2 Line Loss, Ploss = I R = 3.12 *0.992 = 9.657W Transmission Efficiency, η = [390/(390 + 9.657)]*100 = 97.58%

of Engineering Research Voltage Regulation, Vreg = [(|V1| – |V2|)/|V2|]*100 = [(234.74 – 220)/220]*100 = 6.70 %

Here also, normalization of the receiving-end current and power test values was not necessary for the London Journal same reason as in (b) above. Therefore, it could be state that:

Apparent power delivered │S2│= │V2││I2│ = 220*2.63 = 578.6VA

Active power delivered, PD = P2 = 560W

Receiving-end power factor, cosϕ2 = PD /│S2│ = 560/578.6 = 0.9679 p.u. (lagging) -1 o And ϕ2 = cos 0.9679 = 14.56

Reactive Power Demand of Load System, QD = |S|sinϕ2 = 578.6*sin14.56o = 145.46VAr

o Receiving-end or Load Current is thus, I2 = │I2│ (-ϕ2) = 2.63 (-14.56 )A

Performance of a Developed Short Transmission∠ Line Module: A∠ Survey of Load Power-Factor Effects

= (5.12∠ 78.83∠ o)*(2.63 -14.56o) = 13.47 64.27o or (5.85 + j12.13)V ∠ ∠ Sending-end Voltage for 220V∠ Receiving-end Voltage shall be, V1 = V2 + Vd = (220 + j0) + (5.85 + j12.13) = (225.85 + j12.13)V or 226.18 3.07o

Transmission Angle is thus, δ = 3.07o ∠ 2 2 Line Loss, Ploss = I R = 2.63 *0.992 = 6.86W Transmission Efficiency, η = [560/(560 + 6.86)]*100 = 98.79%

Voltage Regulation, Vreg = [(|V1| – |V2|)/|V2|]*100 = [(226.18 – 220)/220]*100 = 2.81%

4.3 Discussion Values of twelve (12) key parameters of the STL module as obtained from computations are shown in Table 2 on which the discussion that follows is based.

Table 2: Twelve Short Transmission Line (STL) Module Key Parameters Types of Load Short Transmission Line S/N Induction Inductive/Resistive Largely Resistive (STL) Parameter Motor Load Load Load 1 Load Power Factor (pf) 0.2424 p.u. 0.5682 p.u. 0.9679 p.u. 2 Sending-end (Input) Voltage 248.4V 234.74V 226.2V 3 Active Power Delivery 296.3W 390W 560W 4 Reactive Power Delivery 1185.7VAr 564.86VAr 145.5VAr 5 Apparent Power Delivery 1222.2VA 686.4VA 578.6VA 6 Total Power Losses 30.62W 9.657W 6.86W 7 Transmission Efficiency 88.68% 97.58% 98.79%

8 Voltage Regulation 12.91% 6.7% 2.81% of Engineering Research 9 Transmission Angle 0.327o 1.55o 3.07o

10 Generalized Constant “A” 1.00 p.u. 11 Generalized Constant “B” 5.03Ω 12 Generalized Constant “C” 0 mho 13 Generalized Constant “D” 0.965 p.u. London Journal i. The general parameters, including the line in the sizes and costs of power supply impedance, Z, and the A, B, C, D constants of equipment when loads of relatively high the STL module as realized are okay, {with D power factor are encouraged and adopted. (which ought to be 1.0 p.u.) being fairly okay}. iii. Also, it is clear that the higher the load power- ii. Very importantly, it can be seen that the factor, the higher the active power delivery, higher the load power-factor, the lower the PD; the higher the efficiency, η; and the higher following parameters, namely: input or the transmission angle, δ; for the same receiving-end voltage (V2 = 220V). This makes sending-end voltage, V1; reactive power for customer satisfaction and economy. delivery, QD; apparent power delivery, SD; line power losses, Ploss; and percentage voltage Should we therefore seize this advantage and aim regulation, Vreg; for the same receiving-end at unity power factor in practice? No, because voltage (V2 = 220V). This conduces to saving beyond 0.9 – 0.95 p.u. power factor (lagging)

Performance of a Developed Short Transmission Line Module: A Survey of Load Power-Factor Effects

© 2017 London Journals Press Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 15 unnecessary additional cost is incurred in terms 2. Reta-Hermandez M (2006): Transmission of higher sizes of the compensating capacitor, Line Parameters; Universal Autonoma de without appreciable differences in the values of Zacatecas; Taylor & Francis Group, LIC; the relevant line performance parameters. www.unioviedo.es/pcasielles/uploads/proye ctantes/cosas_lineas.pdf V. CONCLUSION AND 3. Transmission Line Model: Short and RECOMMENDATIONS Medium; www.skm-eleksys.com/2011/02/ transmission-line=model-short-and.html 5.1 Conclusion 4. Performance of Transmission Lines (pdf); It is conclusive from the analysis above that the www.nct-tech.edu.lk/.../Performance%20of performance of a short transmission line depends %20Transmission%20Lines... much on the load power factor (the higher the 5. Gupta J. B. (2005): A Course in Power load power factor the better the transmission line Systems; 10th Ed.; Nai Sarak, Delhi; S. K. performance). The short transmission line Kataria & Sons; Part II, p. 150-192. module as was developed vis-à-vis the laboratory 6. Saadat H. (1999): Power System Analysis, exercise involving the same is a good enough New Delhi, Tata McGraw-Hill Co.; p.143-147. means of demonstrating to students the effect of 7. Short Transmission Line – Equivalent Circuit load power factor on the performance of a given & Phasor Diagram: www.powerelectrical short transmission line. Besides the question of blog.com/.../short-transmission-line- performance, poor load power factor calls for equivalent.html increase in the sizes of power supply facilities; 8. Short Transmission Line: www.linkedin.com hence, increase in the cost of power supply. /pulse/short-transmission-line-hameedullah- However, power factor correction in practice ekhlas when taken beyond 0.9 – 0.95p.u. (lagging) is 9. Why is the Capacitive Effect not present in capable of infringing considerably and Short Transmission Lines? www.quora.com/ unnecessarily on the engineering sense of Why-is-the-capacitance-effect-not-present- economy. in-short-... 10. Transmission Lines: Example Problem – 5.2 Recommendations www.site.uottawa.ca/~rhabash/ELG3311L10 .pdf Where a standard transmission line trainer is 11. Mehta V.K. & Mehta R. (2005): Principles of of Engineering Research lacking in a power system laboratory, the Power System, 4th Ed., New Delhi – 110 055; development of a short transmission line module S. Chand & Company Limited; p. 228-240. from suitable inductive, resistive and rheostatic 12. Gupta B.R. (2005): Power System Analysis devices (following the procedure given above) can and Design; 4th Ed.; S. Chand & Company go a long way to helping institutions meet up Limited; p. 53-60. London Journal accreditation requirements as far as practical 13. Enyong P. M. (2010): Elements of Power coverage and exercises on transmission lines are System Operation and Stability; 1st Ed., concerned. By the inclusion of suitable Owosene, Benin-City; Leads Printing Press; p. admittances on the input and output ports of this 27-31. module, a nominal-π medium transmission line 14. Wadhwa C. L. (2005): Electrical Power module can be realized for practical training of Systems; 4th Ed., New Delhi – 110 002; New students. Age International (P) Ltd.; p. 62-68. 15. Glover J. D. & Sarma M. (1994): Power REFERENCES System Analysis and Design; 2nd Ed., Boston; 1. Enyong P. M. & Obaitan E. B. (2013): Electric PWS Publishing Company; p. 214-216. Power System & Machines Laboratory 16. Gupta J. B. (2001): Transmission and th Manual; Owosene, Benin-City; Leads Printing Distribution of Electrical Power; 9 Ed.; Nai Press; p. 180-184.

Performance of a Developed Short Transmission Line Module: A Survey of Load Power-Factor Effects

16 Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 © 2017 London Journals Press Sarak, Delhi; Sanjeev Kumar Kataria Publishing; p. 152-235. 17. Enyong P. M. (2015): Virtual Darkness in a Nation where Energy Resources Abound – The Lamentation of a Concerned Indweller; the 6th Inaugural Lecture of Federal Polytechnic, Auchi; delivered on 8th October, 2015; p. 31.

of Engineering Research London Journal

Performance of a Developed Short Transmission Line Module: A Survey of Load Power-Factor Effects

Morteza Esmaeeli, Jabbar Ali Zakeri, Seyed Ali Mosayebi

ABSTRACT

An important factor affecting the behavior of railway tracks is contamination of ballast material. In desert and wilderness areas, elasticity characteristics of railway ballast layer reduce and consequently rigidity of railway track is increased. This phenomenon has destructive effects on the railway lines especially railway sleeper and it could cause break and damage of railway sleeper. In this paper, the process of increased stiffness of track due to ballast fouling on sleeper behavior is investigated. Moreover, in this paper the effect of variable track stiffness on railway sleeper is studied. Also, displacement, velocity and acceleration of railway sleeper due to MD36 train with various speeds are studied.

Keywords: railway sleeper, constant and variable stiffness, desert area. Classification: For Code: 861304 Language: English

LJP Copyright ID: 533004 ISBN 10: 153763156 London ISBN 13: 978-1537631561

LJP Journals Press

London Journal of Engineering Research

164UK Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0

© 2017. Morteza Esmaeeli, Jabbar Ali Zakeri, Seyed Ali Mosayebi. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Investigating the Vertical Stiffness on Railway Track Performance

α σ ρ Morteza Esmaeili , Jabbar Ali Zakeri & Seyed Ali Mosayebi ______

I. ABSTRACT effects on the sleeper behavior. In fact, the contamination of granular layer is filling the space An important factor affecting the behavior of between the ballast aggregates with fine particles railway tracks is contamination of ballast of soil. Some contamination sources of railway material. In desert and wilderness areas, ballast layer are: fine aggregates after ballasting, elasticity characteristics of ballast layer dust due to wind, materials due to passing traffic reduce and consequently rigidity of track (such as coal, ore, and other materials) and increases. This phenomenon has destructive penetration of fine soil from bottom layer. So it is effects on the rail lines especially railway stated, fouling and contamination of granular sleeper, and it could be damage to railway layer are important in sleeper behavior. Selig and sleeper. In this paper, the process of Waters [1] presented the effects of fouling ballast and fine aggregates in railway track. Fryba [2] increased stiffness of track due to ballast studied the effect of constant and variable fouling on sleeper behavior was investigated. stiffness of track on railway bridges. Zakeri and Moreover, in this paper, the effect of variable Abbasi [3, 4] investigated rail support modulus track stiffness on railway sleeper is studied. and loading pattern of the sleeper in desert areas. Also, displacement, velocity, and acceleration Esmaeili et al. [5] and Zakeri et al. [6] studied the of railway sleeper due to MD36 train with environmental train induced vibrations in desert various speeds are investigated. Results areas. In the mentioned works, the effects of indicate that the displacement of sleeper constant and variable track stiffness on the railway sleeper were not studied well. Therefore, reduced by increasing the ballast stiffness. In of Engineering Research addition to in this paper, the mathematical in this paper, the effects of the constant and variable stiffness of track on sleeper behavior are relation between rail bed modulus and investigated. maximum values of sleeper vibrations due to MD36 train with various speeds were III. CONTAMINATION OF BALLAST presented. London Journal LAYER Keywords: railway sleeper, Constant and variable The increase of railway traffic and environmental stiffness, desert area. conditions (such as water, ice, and other Author α σ ρ: School of Railway Engineering, Iran environmental factors) are important factors in University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. crushing the aggregates. Also, surface penetration of materials from a train on the railway ballast is II. INTRODUCTION considerable in the behavior of railway track. Many factors can be important in the behavior of Ballast layer could be contaminated by displaced railway sleeper. For example, the fouling ballast particles by wind and rain. Figure 1 shows can cause to increase the rigidity of pavement and penetration of windy sands to granular layer in consequently this phenomenon is considerable the desert area.

Figure 1: Penetration of windy sands to ballast layer IV. RAILWAY TRACK IN DESERT AREAS causes to increase noises and vibrations in these areas. From total area of Iran, nearly 34 million In the windy sand areas, ballast loses its elasticity hectares is desert areas. In these regions, the properties, and it is fouling because of penetration movement of the sands is due to periodic storms. of sands to granular layer. Contamination of This phenomenon could be severe damages to the ballast causes that the track stiffness increases rail infrastructure. Figure 2 indicates desert areas and consequently geometry destructions of in railway track in Iran. Also, Figure 3 shows a longitudinal and horizontal alignment and also sample of desert area in railway track in Iran twisting of the line is increased. This phenomenon [3-6]. of Engineering Research

London Journal Figure 2: Desert Areas in railway track in Iran

Figure 3: A sample of desert area in railway track in Iran

Investigating the Vertical Stiffness on Railway Track Performance

20 Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 © 2017 London Journals Press V. PROCESS OF INCREASED STIFFNESS Table 1. As shown in Table 1, with increasing the OF TRACK rail bed modulus, the fouling of ballast layer is increased. Process of increased stiffness of railway track due to fouling the ballast materials is presented in Table 1: Process of Increased stiffness of track due to fouling the ballast materials Rail bed modulus (MPa) Fouling process

of Engineering Research

London Journal

110

Investigating the Vertical Stiffness on Railway Track Performance

© 2017 London Journals Press Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 21 VI. EFFECT OF THE TRACK STIFFNESS ON MD36 train with various speeds are studied and THE RAILWAY SLEEPER finally mathematical relations between rail bed modulus and maximum vibration values of According to values of rail bed modulus and railway sleeper with different speeds of the MD36 fouling the ballast materials in the previous train were extracted. In continuation, Figure 4 section, the effects of track stiffness on the railway and Table 2 indicate displacement, velocity, and sleeper due to a harmonic load of the MD36 train acceleration of railway sleeper due to MD36 bogie are investigated. In this section, displacement, with train speed of 50 Km/hr. velocity, and acceleration of railway sleeper due to

a) Displacement of Engineering Research London Journal

b) Velocity

Investigating the Vertical Stiffness on Railway Track Performance

c) Acceleration

Figure 4: Displacement, velocity and acceleration of railway sleeper due to MD36 bogie with train speed of 50 Km/hr

Table 2: Maximum railway sleeper vibrations at MD36 train speed of 50 Km/hr

2 Rail bed modulus (MPa) Displacement (m) Velocity (m/s) Acceleration (m/s ) 20 0.0344 0.1820 0.9626 35 0.0197 0.1041 0.5505 50 0.0138 0.0729 0.3854 65 0.0106 0.0561 0.2965 80 0.0086 0.0455 0.2409 95 0.0073 0.0384 0.2028 110 0.0063 0.0331 0.1752

As observed from Table 2, Displacement, velocity and acceleration of the railway sleeper reduce with increasing the rail bed modulus. of Engineering Research Table 3: Relation between rail bed modulus and maximum values of vibration at MD36 train speed of 50 Km/hr

2 Displacement (m) Velocity (m/s) Acceleration (m/s ) 3 2 3 2 3 2 D = -9E-08x + 2E-05x - 0.001x V = -5E-07x + 0.000x - 0.01x + A = -2E-06x + 0.000x - 0.052x + 0.063 0.336 + 1.777 London Journal

In this Table, parameter of x is rail bed Modulus in terms of MPa. Parameters of D, V and A are displacement, velocity and acceleration respectively.

Investigating the Vertical Stiffness on Railway Track Performance

a) Displacement

b) Velocity of Engineering Research London Journal

c) Acceleration

Figure 5: Displacement, velocity, and Acceleration of railway sleeper due to MD36 bogie with train speed of 100 Km/hr

Investigating the Vertical Stiffness on Railway Track Performance

2 Rail bed modulus (MPa) Displacement (m) Velocity (m/s) Acceleration (m/s ) 20 0.0343 0.3629 3.8391 35 0.0197 0.2080 2.2005 50 0.0138 0.1457 1.5413 65 0.0106 0.1121 1.1859 80 0.0086 0.0911 0.9636 95 0.0073 0.0767 0.8115 110 0.0063 0.0663 0.7008

Table 5: Relation between rail bed modulus and maximum values of vibration at MD36 train speed of 100 Km/hr

2 Displacement (m) Velocity (m/s) Acceleration (m/s ) 3 2 3 2 3 2 D = -9E-08x + 2E-05x - 0.001x V = -9E-07x + 0.000x - 0.019x A = -1E-05x + 0.002x - 0.209x + 0.063 + 0.669 + 7.080

In this Table, parameter of x is rail bed Modulus in terms of MPa. Parameters of D, V and A are displacement, velocity and acceleration respectively. of Engineering Research

a) Displacement

London Journal

b) Velocity

Investigating the Vertical Stiffness on Railway Track Performance

c) Acceleration

Figure 6: Displacement, velocity, and Acceleration of railway sleeper due to MD36 bogie with train speed of 150 Km/hr

Table 6: Maximum railway sleeper vibrations at MD36 train speed of 150 Km/hr

2 Rail bed modulus (MPa) Displacement (m) Velocity (m/s) Acceleration (m/s ) 20 0.0341 0.5418 8.5970 35 0.0196 0.3117 4.9461 50 0.0138 0.2185 3.4672 65 0.0106 0.1682 2.6683 80 0.0086 0.1367 2.1684 95 0.0073 0.1151 1.8261 110 0.0063 0.0994 1.5772

Table 7: Relation between rail bed modulus and maximum values of vibration at MD36 train speed of 150 Km/hr

of Engineering Research 2 Displacement (m) Velocity (m/s) Acceleration (m/s ) 3 2 3 2 3 2 D = -8E-08x + 2E-05x - 0.001x V = -1E-06x + 0.000x - 0.029x A = -2E-05x + 0.005x - 0.465x + 0.062 + 0.996 + 15.81

In this Table, parameter of x is rail bed Modulus in terms of MPa. Parameters of D, V and A are displacement, velocity and acceleration respectively. London Journal

VII. EFFECT OF THE VARIABLE TRACK STIFFNESS ON THE RAILWAY (1) SLEEPER In order to analyze the effects of variable stiffness, Vehicles passed on the track with the regular two parameters K1 and K2 can be considered as wave. The origin of these irregularities was the follow: interaction of bridge and the carbody. Thus, when

modeling the effects of trains on the track, elastic

springs with variable stiffness along the rail lines

were used (Equation 1) [2].

Investigating the Vertical Stiffness on Railway Track Performance

a) Displacement

b) Velocity of Engineering Research London Journal

c) Acceleration Figure 7: Displacement, velocity, and acceleration of railway sleeper due to MD36 bogie with train speed of 100 Km/hr

Investigating the Vertical Stiffness on Railway Track Performance

2 K (MPa) Displacement (m) Velocity (m/s) Acceleration (m/s ) 1 0 0.5752 188.5306 0.9973 E5 20 0.8128 300.0602 1.5446 E5 40 0.1259 43.7214 0.2223 E5 80 0.0531 18.2133 0.0917 E5 60 0.0304 10.0720 0.0521 E5 100 0.0190 5.9372 0.0310 E5

b) K1= 100 MPa & K2= 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 MPa

a) Displacement of Engineering Research London Journal

b) Velocity

Investigating the Vertical Stiffness on Railway Track Performance

c) Acceleration

Figure 8: Displacement, velocity, and acceleration of railway sleeper due to MD36 bogie with train speed of 100 Km/hr

Table 9: Maximum railway sleeper vibrations at MD36 train speed of 100 Km/hr (k1=100 MPa)

2 K2 (MPa) Displacement (m) Velocity (m/s) Acceleration (m/s ) 0 0.0041 0.0437 4.4 20 0.0052 0.3409 116.3 40 0.0069 0.9039 345 80 0.0094 1.8451 767.7 60 0.0132 3.3961 1576.4 100 0.0190 5.9372 3098.4

VIII. CONCLUSIONS 2. Maximum vibration velocity of railway sleeper in the case of clean ballast (rail bed modulus is Several parameters could be important on the 20 Mpa) and the most fouling ballast (rail bed sleeper behavior as one of the superstructure modulus is 110 Mpa) is 0.3629 m/s and 0.0663 of Engineering Research components in railway tracks. One of the m/s at MD36 train speed of 100 Km/hr significant parameters is fouling the ballast respectively. materials. This phenomenon causes to increase 3. Maximum vibration velocity of railway sleeper the rigidity of track because of small particles of in the case of clean ballast (rail bed modulus is sand that fill the space between the fine and 20 Mpa) and the most fouling ballast (rail bed London Journal coarse materials of ballast layer. Therefore, modulus is 110 Mpa) is 0.5418 m/s and 0.0994 fouling and contamination of granular layer are m/s at MD36 train speed of 150 Km/hr effective in railway sleeper behavior. In this paper, the effects of the constant and variable stiffness of respectively. track were investigated. Significant results of this 4. Obtaining the mathematical relation between research are as follow: rail bed modulus and maximum values of vibration due to MD36 train with various 1. Maximum vibration velocity of railway sleeper speeds. in the case of clean ballast (rail bed modulus is 5. With considering the variable stiffness as 20 Mpa) and the most fouling ballast (rail bed equation k(x) = k + k cos (2πx/L), vibration modulus is 110 Mpa) is 0.1820 m/s and 0.0331 1 2 m/s at MD36 train speed of 50 Km/hr values of railway sleeper were calculated for respectively. different values of K1 and K2.

Investigating the Vertical Stiffness on Railway Track Performance

1. E.T., Selig, and J.M., Waters, Track Geotechnology and Substructure

Management, London: Thomas Telford, (1994).

2. L., Fryba, Dynamics of Railway bridges,

Thomas Telford Publishing, 1996.

3. J. A., Zakeri, and R., Abbasi, (2012). Field

investigation of variation of rail support

modulus in ballasted railway track, Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures, 9(6), 643-656.

4. J. A., Zakeri, and R., Abbasi, (2012). Field

investigation of variation of loading pattern of

concrete sleeper due to ballast sandy

contamination in sandy desert areas, Journal of mechanical science and technology, 26(12), 3885-3892.

5. M., Esmaeili, J. A., Zakeri, and S. A., Mosayebi,

(2014). Effect of sand-fouled ballast on

train-induced vibration. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 15(7), 635-644. 6. J. A., Zakeri, M., Esmaeili, S. A., Mosayebi, and

R., Abbasi, (2012). Effects of vibration in desert

area caused by moving trains, Journal of Modern Transportation, 20(1), 16-23.

of Engineering Research

London Journal

Investigating the Vertical Stiffness on Railway Track Performance

30 Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 © 2017 London Journals Press Scan to know paper details and author's profile Design Analysis of New High Step-Up DC-DC Converter Suitable for Photovoltaic Application

Dr. S. Narasimha, M. Savithri, M. Sushama

ABSTRACT

In this paper design analysis of a high step-up DC-DC converter suitable for PV applications was investigated, by using coupled inductors and 1-semiconductor switch. Due to the single-switch structure, an easy control and efficient MPPT is carried out for the proposed converter. The variation of conversion ratio at constant duty cycle and variation of duty cycle at constant conversion ratio the high output voltage has been achived. Design and analysis of the circuit with open loop and closed loop system was examined. Simulation results are confirmed by using MATLAB/ Simmulink Environment.

Keywords: conversion ratio, duty cycle, high gain photovoltaic cell. Classification: For Code: 850504 Language: English

LJP Copyright ID: 971176 ISBN 10: 153763156 London ISBN 13: 978-1537631561

LJP Journals Press

London Journal of Engineering Research

163UK Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0

© 2017. Dr. S. Narasimha, M. Savithri, M. Sushama. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Design Analysis of New High Step-up DC-DC Converter Suitable for Photovoltaic Application

α σ ρ S. Narasimha , M. Savithri & M. Sushama ______

I. Abstract Electronics and Energy Conversion Technologies may include energy storage based on the target In this paper design analysis of a high step-up application. Still the FC systems must be DC-DC converter suitable for PV applications supported through additional energy storage unit was investigated, by using coupled inductors and to achieve high-quality power supply. 1-semiconductor switch. Due to the single-switch structure, an easy control and efficient MPPT is The solar energy systems can be sorted out into carried out for the proposed converter. The standalone and grid interfaced systems. The variation of conversion ratio at constant duty energy storage (conventionally batteries) cycle and variation of duty cycle of constant management is the key component of the conversion, the high output voltage has been standalone system. Various problems related to achieved. Design and analysis of the circuit with battery energy storage, solar energy conversion open loop and closed loop system were examined. systems were discussed. With respect of energy Using MATLAB/ Simulink Environment. storage systems problems, the grid interfaced systems are more preferable, in case the grid is Keywords: conversion ratio, duty cycle, high gain present. The grid acts as an energy buffer, and all photovoltaic cell. the generated power into the grid. Several grids Author α: Professor, EEE-Dept, TKRCET, Hyderabad. σ : Assistant Engineer, TSSPDCL, HYD. interfaced SPV systems are proposed in the past ρ : Professor, EEE-dept, JNTUHCEH, HYD. addressing various issues related to islanding, intermittency, modeling, etc.

II. INTRODUCTION of Engineering Research III. LITERATURE REVIEW Simple Boost Converter ratio voltage stress of the switch and diode are equal to the high output In this paper [1] DC-DC converter with high gain voltage, where high voltage rated component is presented. Using a low voltage MOSFET switch switch high on resistance should be used, which in this topology/results in lower switching losses causes high conduction losses. Moreover, in high and also, easier control method to achieve MPPT. London Journal duty cycles, high conduction losses and reverse The high voltage gain of the first stage makes it recovery problems are caused. Switched suitable for renewable energy systems in which a capacitors are used to achieve a high step up high boost ratio is required to amplify the low DC conversion ratio Converter. However, in these voltage of PV module to adequate DC level for grid converters as voltage gain increases the number of connected inverter. Moreover, the proposed required components increase, which results in topology the unwanted ground leakage currents in higher cost. Also, high switching losses and PV systems, which is due to the wide surface of PV current stress are troublesome too. modules, is reduced drastically. Because of the In energy generation systems based on solar bipolar outputs of the DC-DC converter which photovoltaic and fuel cells (FCs) need to be provides a neutral point for the negative point of specified for the AC and DC loads. The Power the PV module.

© 2017 London Journals Press Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 31 In this paper[2] discussed Simple boost converter, number of required components increase, which the voltage stress of the switch and diode are results in higher cost. Also, high switching losses equal to the high output voltage, where and current stress are troublesome too.

high-voltage rated components with high on-resistance used, which causes high conduction IV. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION losses. Moreover, in high duty cycles, high conduction losses and reverse recovery problems are caused.

In this paper [3] discussed some converters based on transformers or coupled inductors are presented into achieving high conversion ratio without extremely high duty cycle. The Fly back

converter can achieve high voltage conversion Fig. 1: Block Diagram of a single-phase ratio only by adjusting the turn ratio of the transformer but, the leakage inductance of the renewable energy grid-connected system transformer cause high voltage spikes on a switch, The improvements within renewable energy increases switching losses. To solve this problem systems include improvements in energy passive resistor capacitor diode (RCD) snubber conversion systems, such as PV arrays and fuel can be used, but the leakage inductor energy is cells[5,6,7], and improvements in electrical dissipated. Although active axillary circuit can circuits for managing the generated power. clamp voltage spikes and recycle leakage inductor Fig.1, shows a hybrid renewable energy grid- energy additional active switch complicates connected system. The main challenges within structures and control. designing these renewable systems are: efficient extracting electrical power from the energy In this paper [4] discussed to achieve a high conversion system and converting the generated efficiency, conversion ratio converter without power to the desired level and form. For extremely high operating duty cycle. The instance, for the renewable energy system shown quadratic boost converter is preferable topology in Fig.1, the maximum possible generated power for extending conversion ratio which uses only a

of Engineering Research by the PV array must be extracted by the following single active switch, where the voltage conversion power converter and then the low voltage of the ratio is a quadratic function of a conventional PV module should be converted to a much boost converter. However, voltage stress of the higher voltage needed by the next block. switch in these converters is equal to the output Therefore, two important duties of the high voltage thus a high-voltage and high- current step-up converters in Fig.2.9 are: Maximum London Journal switch should be selected. Power Point Tracking (MPPT) and boosting the In this paper [5] discussed lower voltage rated low generated voltage by PV array and fuel cell. MOSFETs with lower on-resistance can be So far, lots of researches[1,2,3,9,18] are carried employed to reduce associated loss with switching out to improve the efficiency, reliability, cost and conduction the circuit cost and the and life span of the DC-DC converters for conduction losses due to the low voltage stress. renewable energy sources. Many DC-DC and However, the converter operates under a hard DC-AC converters for this purpose are reviewed. switching condition, and the output diode For this application, conventional boost converter reverse-recovery problem is troublesome. will be the first choice. But for the simple boost Switched capacitors are used to achieve a high converter, the voltage stress of the switch and step up conversion ratio converter. However, in diode are equal to the high output voltage, these converters as voltage gain increases the where high-voltage rated components with high

Design Analysis of New High Step-Up DC-DC Converter Suitable for Photovoltaic Application

32 Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 © 2017 London Journals Press on-resistance should are used, Moreover, in high duty cycles, high conduction losses and serious reverse recovery problems are caused. Hence, in the conversion ratios of more than 7 conventional boost converter is not a reasonable choice.

The quadratic boost converter is an interesting topology for extending conversion ratio which uses only a single active switch, where the voltage conversion ratio is a quadratic function Fig. 2: Proposed High Step-Up Converter of a conventional boost[1,3,5,9] converter. However, voltage stress of the switch in these V. CIRCUIT DESINING AND ANALYSES converters is equal to the output voltage thus a high-voltage and high- current switch should be The proposed DC-DC converter is depicted in selected. Fig.2. This converter is a high step-up boost

converter with coupled inductors. Switch Sb is the Three-level boost converter can double the main switch. Lp, Lsec, and Ltr represent individual voltage gain and halve components voltage inductors in the primary, secondary and tertiary stress compared with the conventional boost sides of the coupled inductor (Tr). Diodes D and converter. The lower voltage rated MOSFETs D2and capacitor C, form the passive regenerative with lower on resistance can be employed to clamp circuit. C2 is a high voltage capacitor and is reduce associated loss with switching and located in series with secondary side of the conduction the circuit cost and the conduction coupled inductor. Do, D3, D4, C0l, C02 and C03 are losses due to the low voltage stress. However, output diodes and filter capacitors. Primary and the converter operates under a hard switching secondary sides of Tr along with capacitor C2 and condition, and the output diode reverse-recovery snubber circuit form a high step-up boost problem is troublesome. Switched capacitors are converter and tertiary side of T along with r used to achieve a high step-up conversion ratio diodes D and D form a combination of a DCM 3 4 converter. However, in these converters as forward and a fly back converter. voltage gain increases number of required components increase, which results in a higher The section[1,2,7,8,10,19], the detailed analysis of Engineering Research cost[20,17,13]. Also, a high switching losses and operational modes of the DCDC converter are current stress are troublesome too. described in Fig. 3, 4, 5, 6, &7, the converter has been analyzed. In the proposed paper a new DC-DC converter with high gain is presented. Using a low voltage 5.1 Operational Modes London Journal MOSFET switch in this analysis, results in a lower switching losses and easier control method In order to simplify the circuit analysis, all to achieve MPPT[11,12,15]. The high voltage electronic devices are considered ideal. The gain of the first stage makes it suitable for coupled inductor is modelled with an ideal transformer, a (L1k), and a magnetizing inductor renewable energy systems in which a high boost (Lm). Turns ratios and coupling coefficient are ratio is required to amplify the low DC voltage of PV module to adequate DC level for grid defined as: connected inverter. n1 N 2/N 1 (1)

n 2 N 3/N 1 (2)

k L m /(Llk L m ) (3)

Design Analysis of New High Step-Up DC-DC Converter Suitable for Photovoltaic Application

1) Mode 1 (to- tl) : When switch S is turned on, the magnetizing b inductor is charging by the input voltage and its current is increasing linearly. Diode D is on 3 and the tertiary current (iD3) is increasing because of the voltage difference between the capacitor C and tertiary side which is established across Fig. 4: mode 2 O2 the leakage inductor in tertiary side.

3) Mode 3 (t2 - t3): Proportionally the current through secondary side is increasing. Hence, the secondary voltage in

series with clamp voltage (VCl), charge the capacitor C2.

Fig. 5: mode 3 When leakage current becomes lower than magnetizing current, the direction of currents Fig.3: mode 1 through transformer changes. At this moment, diode D is turned off and the voltage across 2

of Engineering Research 2) Mode 2 (t1 - t2) : diodes D4 and Do are forced to decay to zero. Due to existence of leakage inductor, these When switch Sb turns off, the leakage current diodes are switched under fully soft switching along with secondary current charge the condition. drain-source capacitor of the S and then b diode D1 is turned on and the leakage and 4) Mode 4(t3 -t4) : London Journal secondary currents start to charge the clamp

capacitor C1. Meanwhile, the current through leakage inductor decreases until equals to the current through magnetizing inductor, and then the current through primary, secondary and tertiary sides become zero.

Fig. 6: mode 4

Design Analysis of New High Step-Up DC-DC Converter Suitable for Photovoltaic Application

34 Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 © 2017 London Journals Press Once diode Do turns on, the series voltages of form a conventional boost converter and like any input source, capacitor C2, leakage inductor, boost converter in CCM mode, the voltage of magnetizing inductor and secondary side capacitor CP1 can be calculated as: supply output capacitor COl. Also, by conduction of D4, the output capacitor C03 is charged by the current through tertiary side of transformer. (4) Meanwhile, the leakage current is still charging Where is the duty cycle. The voltage across the clamp capacitor C1. During this mode, the secondary side of the transformer is n times of clamp capacitor is charged, the diode D1 turns 1 off and leakage current equals to the secondary the input voltage and the series voltages of secondary side and capacitor C charge the current. 1 capacitor C1. So the voltage across C1can be 5) Mode 5 (t4 -t5) : calculated as:

(5)

When switch S turns off, the primary and b secondary sides of the transformer along with capacitor C charge the capacitor C and the 2 Ol following KVL is established:

(6)

Fig. 7: mode 5 where V and V are the voltages of the primary p sec and secondary sides respectively. By (6), (7) and At the beginning of this mode, since the leakage (8) the voltage of capacitor COl is derived as: current and the secondary current are equal, and also due to the limited raising rate of leakage current because of the leakage inductance, the (7)

of Engineering Research switch Sb turns on under Zero current switching condition (ZCS). After Sb is turned on, the When switch Sb turns on, the capacitor CO2 is leakage inductor is charged until its current charged through the diode D and tertiary side 3 reaches the magnetizing current and then of transformer. The difference voltage between becomes greater. Meanwhile the current through tertiary side and the voltage of capacitor CO2 is

London Journal primary side of T becomes zero and then r located across the leakage inductor in tertiary increases in the reverse direction. This change in side and forms a current that charges C up O2 the current through transformer causes the diodes to the tertiary voltage (assuming the coupling D and D turn off and then the diodes D o 4 3 coefficient unity). Thus the voltage of capacitor and D turn on. 2 CO2 can be calculated as: 5.2 Converter Analysis (8) In this part, the voltages of output capacitors are derived. To simplify the analysis, coupling The capacitor C03 along with the tertiary side coefficient of the transformer T is assumed unity. and the diode D form a flyback converter and r 4 when the switch Sb is off, the capacitor C is The magnetizing inductor of the transformer 03 charge. Therefore, like any fly back converter in along with switch Sb, diode D1 and capacitor C1,

Design Analysis of New High Step-Up DC-DC Converter Suitable for Photovoltaic Application

© 2017 London Journals Press Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 35 CCM mode, the voltage of capacitor Cm can be a large magnetizing inductor increases the expressed as: volume, price and cost of the circuit.

A fast conductive device must be chosen as (9) the clamp diode (D1) which its voltage stress is equal to the voltage stress of switch Sb. Schottky The sum of capacitors CO2 and C03 voltages diodes are better choice for this purpose. form one of the converter outputs and can be expressed as:

(10)

5.3 Design Consideration

If this converter is used for extracting power from Fig. 8: Operation mode of simple Boost converter a photovoltaic module, an MPPT algorithm During the On-state, the switch S is closed, which must be used to control the converter. Since makes the input voltage (Vi) appear across the proposed converter has a single-switch, [1,4,13,16,20] the inductor, change in current (IL), implementation of MPPT algorithm is simple. during a time period (t) is as follows.

The difference voltage between capacitor CO2 (12) and the voltage of tertiary side, which is a

relatively high voltage at the converter start up At the end of the On-state, the increase of IL is time, would be applied across the leakage therefore: inductor in the tertiary side and leads to a

high current that can damage the main switch. (13) Therefore, to avoid this high current at the starting, a soft-start must be considered for the The duty cycle(D), during the switch is ON, the control block. ranges between 0 (S is never on) and 1 (S is always on).During the switch S is open, the evolution of If used for grid-connected applications, the of Engineering Research IL is: output capacitors of the converter may have the roll of power decoupling capacitor. So, the (14) minimum value of the output capacitors can be

calculated as: The variation of IL during the Off-period is: London Journal

(11) (15)

In particular, the energy stored in the inductor is where P is the nominal power of PV module, ω grid given by: is the grid angular frequency, V is the mean c voltage across the capacitor and Vc is the (16) amplitude of voltage ripple. Since the overall change in the current is 0:

By choosing a larger magnetizing inductor, the (17) I LonI Loff  0 input current variations can be reduced and

consequently a smaller input capacitor in parallel Substituting and by their expressions

with the PV -module would be required. However, yields:

Design Analysis of New High Step-Up DC-DC Converter Suitable for Photovoltaic Application

From the output voltage expression for the This can be written as: continuous mode and discontinuous operation

has been analyzed, the gain not only depends the (19) D but also on the L value, input voltage, switching frequency, and the output current. Since the duty cycle to be: 5.4 Coupled- Inductor Equations (20) Self Inductance and Mutual Inductance for Two The above formulas show the output voltage is Windings more than the input voltage (as the D from 0 to 1), theoretically to infinity as D approaches 1. The In a single coil fig. 9, the relation between the proposed converter is referred to as a step-up voltage and the flux in the coil is: converter. (27) The output voltage equation can be c alculated a s follows:Its maximum value (at t=DT) is Since the inductance of the coil is defined as:

(21) (28)

During the off-period:

(22)

Using the two previous equations, δ is:

(a) The flux, current, and voltage of a Fig. 9: of Engineering Research (23) single inductor, (b) two inductors coupled

The load current Io and diode current (ID) can be We can write: (29) observed from the fig 3.4. Therefore the output

current can be written as: London Journal For two nearby coils Fig 9(b), part of the flux

generated by i2 in the second winding is linked (24) through the first winding. The voltage on the first winding will depend on the rate of change of the total flux in that winding: Replacing ILmax and δ by their respective expressions yields: (30)

(25) Or

The output voltage gain can be written as: (31)

Design Analysis of New High Step-Up DC-DC Converter Suitable for Photovoltaic Application

© 2017 London Journals Press Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 37 Coupling inductor equations for more windings: 10 C 5 μF/150V 1 The coupling between three or more windings is 11 C 6.8 μF/200V conveniently written in the matrix form as 2

follows: 12 Co1-Co3 50 μF 400V

13 S IRF 630 b (32) 14 D STPS20 H 100 1

15 D2-D4 MUR 460 16 Duty Cycle 0.6 t can also be proved that Lij= Lji; therefore the matrix is symmetric.

VI. RESULTS ANALYSIS

Fig. 11: Simulation results of the DC-DC converter with conversion ratio at 1:2 Fig. 10: Simulation block diagram of a Fig.11 shows the simulation results Dc-Dc single-phase DC-DC converter converter. In the proposed paper converter the Table 1: Circuit parameters of conversion ratio output voltage is 390V, the conversion ratio is at of Engineering Research 1:2 1:2. Switching capacitors are 50µF, and with duty cycle is 0.60, is as shown in table 1. S.No PARAMETER VALUE Table 2: Circuit parameters of conversion ratio 1 V 50V at 1:3 in London Journal 2 V 390 VDC S.No PARAMETER VALUE out 3 P 150 W 1 V 50V in 4 f 20 KH 2 V 390 VDC 1 Z out 5 L 1 Mh 3 P 150 W m 6 L 10μH 4 f 20 KH k 1 Z 7 K 0.98 5 L 1 Mh m 8 n 1 6 L 10μH 1 k 9 n 2 7 K 0.98 2

Design Analysis of New High Step-Up DC-DC Converter Suitable for Photovoltaic Application

12 Co1-Co3 50 μF 400V 11 C2 6.8 μF/200V

13 Sb IRF 630 12 Co1-Co3 50 μF 400V 14 D STPS20 H 100 13 S IRF 630 1 b

15 D2-D4 MUR 460 14 D1 STPS20 H 100

16 Duty Cycle 0.6 15 D2-D4 MUR 460 16 Duty Cycle 0.6

Fig 12: Simulation results of output voltage with conversion ration at1:3

Fig.12 shows the simulation results from DC-DC Fig. 13: Simulation results of output voltage converter. The proposed output voltage is 507V at of Engineering Research the conversion ratio 1:3. Switching capacitors are with conversion ration 1:4 60µF, and with duty cycle is 0.60 is as shown in Fig.13 shows the simulation results Dc-Dc table 2. converter. The output voltage is 625V at the conversion ratio is 1:4. Switching capacitors are

Table 3: Table of circuit components parameters 70µF, and with duty cycle is 0.60 is as shown in London Journal of conversion ratio 1:4 the table 3. Table 4: Variation of duty cycle & output S.No PARAMETER VALUE voltages at Conversion ratio 1:3 1 V 50V in Duty cycle (%) Output voltage (volts) 2 V 390 VDC out 60 507 3 P 150 W 65 568 4 f 20 KHZ 1 5 L 1 Mh 70 648 m 6 L 10μH 75 770 k

Design Analysis of New High Step-Up DC-DC Converter Suitable for Photovoltaic Application

Fig. 16: Simulation results of output voltage with duty cycle at 0.7 The simulation results of the DC-DC converter,

conversion ratio at 1:3 and the duty cycle is at 0.7 Fig. 14: Simulation results of output voltage and the resultant output voltage of converter is with duty cycle at 0.6 648 V is as shown in the Fig.16.

The simulation results of output voltage of Dc-Dc converter, at conversion ratio is 1:3, the duty cycle is at 0.6, and the resultant output voltage of converter is 507V is as shown in the Fig.14.

of Engineering Research Fig. 17: Simulation results of output voltage with duty cycle at 0.75

The simulation results of output voltage of Dc-Dc converter, the conversion ratio is at 1:3 and the duty cycle is at 0.75 and the proposed output London Journal Fig 15: Simulation results of output voltage with duty cycle at 0.65 voltage of converter is 770V as shown in the Fig 17. The simulation results o f the DC-DC converter, the conversion ratio at 1:3 and duty cycle is at 0.65, and the output voltage of converter is 568V is as shown in the Fig 15.

Design Analysis of New High Step-Up DC-DC Converter Suitable for Photovoltaic Application

VII. CONCLUSION In this paper designing analysis of a high step-up DC-DC converter was analyzed with validated simulation results, suitable for photovoltaic application with open loop and closed loop with

PI control technique. Due to the single-switch structure an easy control and efficient MPPT for the proposed converter. Using this technique the amount of the ground leakage currents in photovoltaic systems can be reduced. A high

Fig. 18: Simulation results of the DC-DC step-up DC-DC conversion in the proposed converter output voltage with closed coop converter provides the possibility to amplifying controller the low produced voltage by the PV Module to reach the high peak voltage required for the Fig.18, Shown simulation results of the output inverter stage. The soft switching of the diodes voltage of DC-DC converter with using PI and clamping capacitors variation by variation of Controller, the conversion ratio at 1:3 and the conversion ratio at constant duty cycle and duty cycle is at 0.65 and the resultant output constant conversion with variation of duty cycle. voltage of the converter is 600V. By using The proposed converter achieved the high gain, closed-loop PI-control circuit analysis is having the validated results and parameters were good output responses comparatively; all the open presented. loop circuit analysis is as shown in Fig 18. REFERENCES Table 5: Conversion ratio and Duty cycle variation of Converter 1. Sayed Abbas Arshadi, Ehsan Adib, Hosein

Atonstant At Farzanehfard, Morteza Esteki “New High Input Duty Constant Step-Up DC-DC Converter for Photovoltaic Converter Converter Voltage Cycle(0.6) Conversion Output Output Grid- Connected Applications”. IEEE of PV with Ratio(1:3) Voltage Voltage Panel conversion with Duty Trans. 3-4 February 2015. of Engineering Research Ratio Cycle 2. S.B.Kjaer, 1.K. Pedersen, and F. Blaabjerg, "A 50V 1:2 395V 0.65 568V 50V 1:3 507V 0.7 650V review of single phase grid-connected 50V 1:4 625V 0.75 770V inverters for photovoltaic modules,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron, vol. 41, No. 5, Sep. From the table.5, it as shown the variation of 2005. London Journal conversion ratio from 1:2 to 1:4, at constant duty 3. D. Meneses, F. Blaabjerg, O. Garc’Ia and A. cycle is at 0.6 and the converter output voltage Cobos, "Review and comparison of step-Up has been achieved from 395V to 625V transformer less topologies for photovoltaic respectively. The variation of duty cycle is from AC-module application," IEEE Trans. Power 0.65 to 0.75, the constant conversion ratio is at 1:3 Electron, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 2649-2663, June and the converter output voltage has been 2013. achieved from 568V to 770V respectively. 4. Q. Li and P. Wolfs, "A Review of the 1- Phase Photovoltaic Module Integrated Converter Topologies with 3-Different DC Link Configurations," IEEE Trans. Power Electron, vol.23, NO.3, May 2008.

Design Analysis of New High Step-Up DC-DC Converter Suitable for Photovoltaic Application

© 2017 London Journals Press Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 41 5. S.Y. Araujo, P. Zacharias, and R. Mallwitz, inductors," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf Electric. "Highly Efficient Single-phase Transformer Mach. Syst., Aug. 2011, pp. 20-23. less Inverters for Grid-Connected 14. B.R.Lin, and H H. Lu, "Single-phase three- Photovoltaic Systems," IEEE Trans. ind. level PWM rectifier," in Proc. IEEE APEC, Electron, vol. 57, no. 9, September 2010. 1999, pp. 63-68. 6. W. Li and X. He, “Review of Non isolated 15. B. R. Lin, H. H. Lu andY . L. Hou, "1-phase High-Step-Up DC/DC Converters in power factor correction circuit with 3-level Photovoltaic Grid-Connected Applications," boost converter” in Proc. IEEE ISlE, 1999, IEEE Trans. Indn, April 2011. pp. 445-450. 7. F. Blaabjerg, "Optimal Design of Modern 16. Y.S Lee and Y. Y. Chiu, "Zero-current- Transformer less PY Inverter Topologies," switching switched-capacitor bidirectional IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vo1.28, no.2, DC-DC converter," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., pp.394, 404, June 2013. vol. 152, no.6, pp. 1525-1530, 2005. 8. H. Xiao and S. Xie, "Leakage Current 17. Y.S.Lee and Y.Y.Chiu, "Switched-capacitor quasi-resonant stepup/ step-down Analytical Model and Application in Single- Phase Transformer less Photovoltaic Grid bidirectional converter," Electron .Lett, Connected Inverter," IEEE Trans. vol. 41, no. 15, pp. 1403-1404, 2005. Electromagnetic Compatibility, vo1. 52, no.4, 18. F.H.Khan, L.M.Tolbert, and W.E.Webb, pp. 902, 913, Nov. 2010. "Hybrid electric vehicle power management 9. W. Li, X. Lv, Y. Deng, Liu, and X. He, "A solutions based on isolated and nonisolated Review of Non-Isolated High Step-Up DC/DC configurations of multilevel modular Converters in Renewable Energy capacitor- clamped converter," IEEE Trans. Applications," Applied Power Electronics Ind. Electron. 2009, 56, (8), pp. 3079-3095 Conference and Exposition, 2009, Twenty- 19. S.B.Monge, S. A Jepuz, and J. Bordonau, "A Fourth Annual IEEE, pp.364,369, 15-19 Feb. bidirectional multilevel boost-buck DC-DC 2009. converter," IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2011, 26, (8), pp. 2172-2183. 10. M. Esteki, E. Adib, and H. Farzanehfard, "Soft 20. S. A. Arshadi, E. Adib and H. Farzanehfard, switching interleaved PWM buck converter "Novel grid-connected step-up boost-By back with one auxiliary switch," Electrical

of Engineering Research inverter with ground leakage current Engineering (ICEE), 2014 22nd Conf, pp. elimination for ac-module application," 232,237, 20-22 May 2014 Power Electronics, Drive Systems and 11. E, H, Ismail, M, A. Al-Saffar, A. J, Sabzali, Technologies Conference (PED STC), 20i4, and A. A. Fardoun, "High voltage gain pp. 539, 543, 5-6 Feb. 2014. single-switch non-isolated DC-DC converters

London Journal for renewable energy applications," in Proc,

IEEE Int, Colif, Sustainable Energy Technol, Colif" Dec, 2010, pp, 1-6, 12. L. H. S. C. Barreto, E. A. A. Coelho, L.C. Freitas, V. J. Farias, and J. B. Vieira, Jr,"An optimal lossless commutation quadratic PWM boost converter," in Proc. IEEE App. Power Electron. Conf Expo., Dallas, TX, USA, 2002, vol. 2, pp. 624-629. 13. K. D. Kim, J. G. Kim, Y.C. Jung and C. Y. Won, "Improved nonisolated high voltage gain boost converter using coupled

Design Analysis of New High Step-Up DC-DC Converter Suitable for Photovoltaic Application

42 Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 © 2017 London Journals Press Scan to know paper details and author's profile Improvement on the Dyeing and Water of Imbibition Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric by Alternative Mercerizing Agents

Doris Boryo, Bello K.A., Ibrahim A.Q., Omizegba F.I., Mashat G.U.M., Okakwu A.A.

ABSTRACT

This research investigated for alternative mercerizing agents that may improve the dyeing properties of cotton/polyester blend fabric. The water of imbibition property of the mercerized fabric is evaluated. The

alternative mercerizing agents employed include liquid NH3, NH4OH, (NH4)2C2O4, CH3CH2OH, CH3COOH, (COOH)2 and NaOH as the control at concentration range of 19-23%. The mercerization is carried out after scouring and bleaching the fabric samples. The percentage exhaustion of indigo dye on the

mercerized fabrics displayed values far above average (85.7-75.0%) with 22% (NH4)2C2O4 ranking the highest. The wash fastness is another interesting result where all the mercerizing agents at its optimum gave a gray scale rating for wash fastness of 5 (excellent wash fastness).

Keywords: alternative mercerizing agents, improvement, percentage exhaustion, wash fastness, the water of imbibitions. Classification: For Code: 20301 Language: English

LJP Copyright ID: 706957 ISBN 10: 153763156 London ISBN 13: 978-1537631561

LJP Journals Press

London Journal of Engineering Research

149UK Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0

© 2017. Doris Boryo, Bello K.A., Ibrahim A.Q., Omizegba F.I., Mashat G.U.M., Okakwu A.A.. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Improvement on the Dyeing and Water of Imbibition Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric by Alternative Mercerizing Agents

Boryo D.E.A.α, Bello K.A. σ, Ibrahim A.Q.ρ, Omizegba F.I.¥, Mashat G.U.M.§ & Okakwu A.A.χ ______

I. ABSTRACT II. INTRODUCTION This research investigated for alternative Mercerization is one of the processes before mercerizing agents that may improve the dyeing dyeing fabrics. Mercerization process consists of properties of cotton/polyester blend fabric. The treatments on textile material with concentrated water of imbibition property of the mercerized solutions of 20-22% of NaOH at a very low fabric is evaluated. The alternative mercerizing temperature (5-18oC) as described by Sadov et al. agents employed include liquid NH3, NH4OH, (1973), Trotman (1975), Taylor (1990), and Boryo

(NH4)2C2O4, CH3CH2OH, CH3COOH, (COOH)2 et al. (2014). During mercerization, selective and NaOH as the control at concentration range bonding of sodium to cellulose takes place of 19-23%. The mercerization is carried out after according to the following schemes (Moji, 2000). scouring and bleaching the fabric samples. The C6H7O2(OH)3 + 3NaOH → C6H7O2(ONa)3 + 3H2O percentage exhaustion of indigo dye on the mercerized fabrics displayed values far above Scheme 1: Formation of trisodium cellulose average (85.7-75.0%) with 22% (NH4)2C2O4 (alcoholate) ranking the highest. The wash fastness is another The equation was explained by Sadov et al. (1973) interesting result where all the mercerizing that the trisodium cellulose is produced by the agents at its optimum gave a gray scale rating action of a solution of metallic sodium on the for wash fastness of 5 (excellent wash fastness). cellulose. Other researches, believed the The water imbibing abilities of the various formation of alcoholate by the action of aqueous fabrics mercerized with the agents showed a of Engineering Research solution of caustic soda on cellulose is impossible. competing range between 2.2-2.5g. This implies This is because alcoholate is hydrolysed by small that the alternative agents have modified the amount of water (March, 1978), and another structure of fabric. The alternative agents possible reaction is that caustic soda combines improved the dyeing and water of imbibition with cellulose to form a molecular compound properties of the mercerized fabric and competed (Boryo et al., 2014): London Journal favorably with the control. Thus these alternative agents are recommended for industrial and C6H7O2 (OH)3 + NaOH → C6H7O2(OH)3NaOH commercial purposes as mercerizing agents. Scheme 2: Formation of alkali cellulose

Keywords: alternative mercerizing agents, The effects of this result to increase in luster, improvement, percentage exhaustion, wash tensile strength, hygroscopicity, dye absorbability fastness, the water of imbibition. and specula reflection (gloss) (Sadov et al., 1973;

Author ¥ § Department of Chemistry, Abubakar has Hartzell and Hsiet, 1998; Neal, 2004; Safra et α χ: Tafawa Balewa University P.M.B 248 Bauchi Nigeria. al., 2004; SCHER, 2006; Moddibo et al., 2007, σ : Department of Textile Technology, Ahmadu Bello Smith, 2010 and Boryo et al., 2014). University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.

Department of Chemistry, Nigeria Police Academy, ρ : This strong base is very corrosive to equipment Wudil, Kano State, Nigeria. and harmful to the environment (Cutler and Peter

© 2017 London Journals Press Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 43 2008, Sharpe 2010). However is found as an There are numerous dyes in use, but this work is industrial chemical used to manufacture soaps, interested in using indigo. Indigo which is vat dye, rayon, paper, explosives and petroleum products has an affinity for cotton, wool and silk fabrics in (Alelsto, 2009). Processing of textile fabrics its leuco form, but it has a low affinity for (scouring and mercerizing agents), manufacturing synthetic fabrics such as polyester (Kunttou et al., laundry and bleaching agents, processing of 2005 and Boryo et al., 2013a). Kunttou et al. metals and electroplating also use sodium (2005) investigated the possibility of dyeing hydroxide. This has made the demand for sodium synthetic fabric (polyester) with indigo using the hydroxide to be high and therefore, at times cotton dyeing method but it was not possible. scarce in the laboratory and costly. Hence this However, the author further demonstrated the calls for alternative mercerizing agents. possibility of dyeing polyester fabrics with indigo by controlling the ratio of sodium hydrosulphite Work by Lee et al. (2005) revealed the use of and NaOH concentration in the dye bath solution liquid ammonia (NH3) treatment to be more at a mild temperature (Boryo et al., 2013a). The effective at improving the fabric hand of cotton author also applied the method for cotton fabric and regenerated cellulose fibers than the usual with great success (Boryo et al., 2013a) However, NaOH. Literature search has not revealed the use there is no information on the application of this of such alkali and others or any other agents on method on cotton/polyester blends (Boryo et al., synthetic and cotton blends than the traditional 2013a). This present work developed the interest NaOH (Boryo et al., 2014). Thus, Boryo et al. to apply the Kunttou et al. (2005) and Boryo et al. (2014) asked “are there no other mild alkalis or (2013a) methods on cotton/polyester blend. agents to be used for cotton and synthetic blends than the traditional NaOH?” Beauty they say lies in the eyes of the beholder. The beauty of a fabric, therefore, lies on the There is no much work on other alkalis or quality and appearance. In choosing a fabric, one alternative agents suggested (Boryo et al., 2013a). of the factors to be considered is the shade (hue) However, the use of ammonium oxalate by Boryo appearance or colour. Fabric with good shade et al. (1999) has proved to produce better entices one. For this reason, percentage mechanical properties on kenaf fiber than the exhaustion determination and wash-fastness tests traditional sodium hydroxide. Further findings by are carried out on fabric to determine its dye- Boryo et al. (2013a) and Boryo et al. (2013b) ability, durability and ability to resist colour

of Engineering Research proved the use of the proposed alternative agents change by the destructive action of washing with for scouring with improved dyeing and water, soap and detergent (Nkeonye, 1987). mechanical properties, suitable, reliable, cheaper and more environmentally friendly pH of the This study seeks to search for alternative scouring effluents than the commercial NaOH mercerizing agents that will improve on the (Boryo et al., 2013a). These findings and further London Journal dyeing properties, so that this will in turn improve work by Boryo et al. (2014) contributed a part to on the economy of the nation and to also satisfy the birth of this present work. the fashion desire of the consumers of textile After mercerization process fabrics are usually materials (Boryo et al., 2014).The specific dyed. The desire for a given fabric lies on its color objectives are to determine the optimum (appearance), texture (quality) and so on (Boryo alternative mercerizing agents (Boryo et al., 2014) et al., 2013a). Therefore dye is among the with better dyeing properties such as degree of treatment that furnishes fabric to make it desirous percentage exhaustion and wash-fastness and

and loving by all. Color retention after dyeing is improved water of imbibition. an important parameter in textiles. Color is often the primary consideration when purchasing Hence, this study envision that the same clothing and household textiles. When the color alternative agents used by Boryo et al. (2013a, fades or streaks, items are discarded before they 2013b and 2014) may give promising results as are worn out (Boryo et al., 2013a). alternative mercerizing agents on cotton/

Improvement on the Dyeing and Water of Imbibition Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric by Alternative Mercerizing Agents

44 Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 © 2017 London Journals Press polyester blend fabric with respect to dyeing and 3.5 Evaluation of the Effects of Alternative water imbibing properties. Mercerizing Agents Determination of Degree of Percentage III. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS Exhaustion: 3.1 Sample Collection Dyeing was carried out as described by Giles 35% cotton/65% polyester blend fabric was bought (1974), Kunttou et al. (2005), Gin et al. (2006), from Funtua Textile Company Ltd in Katsina and Boryo et al. (2013a). A stock solution of 1g State, Nigeria. The fabrics were cut into 10cm by indigo dye was prepared with 2g Na2S2O4 and 10cm dimension (Boryo et al., 2014). 0.25g NaOH as dye assistants in a 250ml volumetric flask. Dyeing was carried out at 1200c 3.2 Souring Process for 30 minutes at 1% dyeing (Boryo et al., 2013a).

The fabrics were completely immersed in a beaker Volume of dye stock = containing 2 % NaOH which had boiled for 5 minutes. It was allowed to boil for 1 hour, rinsed, W = Weight of fabric sample neutralized, washed in detergent solution and P = Percentage dyeing required = 1% dyeing then rinsed and dried in the laboratory (Boryo et C = Percentage concentration of stock solution al., 2014). This was done according to the standard method of Sadov et al. (1973, Trotman =

(1975), and Boryo et al. (2014). 40:1 liquor to material ratio was carried out. The 3.3 Bleaching Process amount of dye absorbed was measured and recorded with an ultra violet spectrophotometer The scoured samples were bleached with 4g/l (Prolabo 320RD) at wavelength 605nm (Kunttou NaClO2 solution in accordance to procedure et al., 2005, and Boryo et al., 2013a). Degree of describe by Sadov et al. (1973) and Boryo et al. percentage exhaustion was calculated using: (2013a, 2013b and 2014).

3.4 Mercerization Process % Exhaustion =

The standard method of Sadov et al. (1973), AO = Initial absorbance of Engineering Research Trotman (1975), and Boryo et al. (2014) was At = Absorbance at time t. employed in this process. The bleached samples Determination of Wash fastness: were mercerized in separate beakers of 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, and 23% NaOH as control. Dyeing was carried out in accordance with the Mercerization was carried out for 45 minutes at method of Giles (1974), Kunttou et al. (2005),

below 5oC. Samples were rinsed, neutralized Gin et al. (2006), and Boryo et al. (2013a). 3% London Journal (appropriately), washed in detergent solution, dyeing was carried out at a liquor ratio of 40:1 at rinsed and dried in the laboratory (Boryo et al., 1200C and for 30 minutes with indigo. Wash 2014). The procedure was repeated for 19-23% fastness test was carried out on the dyed fabric NH4OH, liquid NH3, (NH3)2C2O4, (COOH)2, according to International Organization for CH3COOH, and CH3CH2OH as alternative agents Standardization (ISO3) described by Stevens (Boryo et al., 2014). (1979), and Boryo et al. (2013a). Composite of 2cm by 5cm dimension of the dyed and undyed fabric sample was washed by agitation in 2g/l

soap and 2g/l sodium carbonate solution at a liquor ratio of 40:1 (Boryo et al., 2013a).

The washing was carried out in a beaker placed in a water bath at 500C for 30 minutes (Boryo et al.,

Improvement on the Dyeing and Water of Imbibition Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric by Alternative Mercerizing Agents

© 2017 London Journals Press Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 45 2013a). Wash fastness assessment involved were little decrease in dimensions of the treated comparing the degree of contrast between the fabrics. It is expected to improve the mechanical originally dyed sample and the specimen tested and dyeing properties of the samples in (washed). ISO3 wash fastness grey scale was used accordance to Sadov et al. (1973), Darinka et al. for rating of the specimen under test which is a (2000), Safra et al. (2004), and Boryo et al. number of this grey scale contrast (Boryo et al., (2013a, 2013b, and 2014). 2013a). 4.3 Bleached Samples 3.6 Determination of Water of Imbibition The purpose of bleaching is achieved where the The water of imbibition of the mercerized bleaching solution of NaClO2 changed from polyester fabrics were determined using the cloudy solution to slightly faint yellowish color method stated by Ajayi et al. (2005) and Boryo et (Boryo et al., 2014). This implies that pigments al. (2013a). The fabrics were weighed and soaked and any remaining impurities in the samples were in 250ml distilled water in a beaker for 5 minutes. removed Boryo et al. (2013a, 2013b, and 2014). It was removed and mopped with filter paper The bleached fabrics appeared whiter and gently to remove excess water, and it was then brighter than the unbleached samples (Boryo et weighed again immediately. It was followed by al., 2014). progressive drying at 80oC in an oven for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 minutes. At each of these 4.4 Mercerized Samples with Alternative Agents intervals, the weights of the sample were recorded All the samples swell and gradually untwist during using analytical balance. The temperature of the mercerization especially for NaOH (control) than laboratory was recorded as 24 ± 2oC during the the alternative agents. After drying, the samples experiment. The procedure was repeated three became smooth, lustrous and glossy. There was times for each sample and the average was also reduction in dimension of the fabrics, which calculated (Boryo et al., 2013a). was more for the control than the fabrics mercerized with the alternative agents. IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Effect of Scouring, Bleaching and Alternative These changes are as a result of the chemical Mercerizing Agents on the Physical Properties of reaction between the fabrics and agents, which led to the formation of alkali cellulose. This in turns

of Engineering Research Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric led to the hygral swelling making the fabric to be Some physical changes were recorded during and lustrous, smooth and glossy due to specula after the pretreatment processes of the cotton/ reflection. This agrees with the theory of NaOH polyester blend fabric (Boryo et al., 2014). mercerization described by Sadov et al. (1973); Neal (2004); Safra et al. (2004) and Smith

London Journal 4.2 Scoured Samples (2010). Since similar changes were observed for It is observed that after scouring the solution the alternative mercerization agents, it is assumed changed from colorless to slightly yellowish that during mercerization, the fabric reacted with solution (Boryo et al., 2014). This shows that the respective agents to form molecular cleansing has occurred. The scoured fabric compounds with the cellulose (Boryo et al., 2014): samples were cleaner, improved texture and there

C6H7O2(OH)3 + (NH4)2C2O4(aq) → C6H7O2(OH)3(NH4)2C2O4(aq) or

C6H7O2(OH)3 + 3(NH4)2C2O4(aq) → C6H7O2(ONH4)3 + 3H2C2O4

C6H7O2(OH)3 + NH3(aq) → C6H7O2(OH)3NH3 or

C6H7O2(OH)3 + 3NH3(aq) → C6H7O2(ONH4)3 + H2O

C6H7O2(OH)3 + NH4OH(aq) → C6H7O2(OH)3NH4OH or

Improvement on the Dyeing and Water of Imbibition Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric by Alternative Mercerizing Agents

C6H7O2(OH)3 + (COOH)2 → C6H7O2(OH)3(COOH)2 or

C6H7O2(OH)3 + 3(COOH)2 → C6H7O2(O-COH)3 + 3H2O

C6H7O2(OH)3 + 3CH3COOH → C6H7O2(OH)3CH3COOH or

C6H7O2(OH)3 + CH3COOH → C6H7O2(OCOCH3)3 + 3H2O

C6H7O2(OH)3 + 3CH3CH2OH → C6H7O2(OH)3CH3CH2OH or

C6H7O2(OH)3 + 3CH3CH2OH → C6H7O2(OCH2CH3)3 + 3H2O

Scheme 3: Reactions of the alternative agents with for cotton/polyester blend fabric. 22% (NH4)2C2O4 cellulose mercerized fabric recorded the highest degree of exhaustion (85.7%) followed by 22% NaOH The proposed Scheme 3 is expected to modify the (control) 78.1%. Other alternative agents closely structure of the mercerized fabrics by the competed with the control in the following order: alternative agents, thereby leading to 21% (COOH)2 (76.9%), 21% CH3COOH (75.4%), improvements on hygroscopicity, mechanical and 23% NH4OH (75.1 %), 20% CH3CH2OH (75.0%) dyeing properties (Boryo et al., 2014). and 19% liquid NH3 (75.0%) degree of exhaustion. This indicates that these alternative mercerizing 4.5 Effects of Alternative Mercerizing Agents on agents have modified the fabric structure Dyeing Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend providing enough pores for dye up take in the Fabric fabric samples competitively as in the control The degree of percentage exhaustion of indigo dye samples. This is true because these alternative and wash-fastness of indigo dyed cotton/polyester agents equally improved the degree of exhaustion blend fabric were affected by the alternative for both usage as scouring (Boryo et al., 2013a mercerizing agents and the control (NaOH) and 2013b) and mercerizing agents most (Boryo et al., 2013a). especially for mercerization. As seen in this present study. 4.6 Effects of Mercerizing Agents on Degree of Percentage Exhaustion of Indigo Dye Cotton/

Polyester Blend Fabric of Engineering Research

It is observed in Figures 1 – 7 that the degree of exhaustion increased as the time of dyeing increased (Boryo et al., 2013a). However, the trend is not consistent with respect to the various

mercerizing concentrations of the agents (Boryo London Journal et al., 2013a). The interesting observation is that dye up take (Boryo et al., 2014), has been improved after the mercerizing process by the mercerizing agents at percentage far above average. This implies that the physical change observed, that is swelling, has help in the dye uptake (Sadov et al., 1973). When the fabric swells, its volume undergoes considerable changes and the size of the pores (amorphous) considerably increased. This shortens while the diameter correspondingly increases thus improved dye up take. Table 1 shows the optimum percentage exhaustion of indigo dyeing process

Improvement on the Dyeing and Water of Imbibition Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric by Alternative Mercerizing Agents

Figure 3:

Percentage Percentage Exhasution (%) NaOH mercerizing 20 concentration 19% 20% Figure 3: 21% 10 22% 23%

of Engineering Research 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Dyeing time (min)

London Journal Figure 1: Effect of NaOH mercerizing agent on degree of exhaustion of indigo dyed cotton/polyester

blend fabric

Improvement on the Dyeing and Water of Imbibition Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric by Alternative Mercerizing Agents

Percentage exhaustion (%) Percentage 30

NH4OH mercerizing concentration

19% of Engineering Research 10 20% 21%

22% 23%

0 London Journal 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Dyeing Time (Min)

Figure 2: Effect of NH4OH mercerizing agent on degree of exhaustion of indigo dye cotton/polyester blend fabric

Improvement on the Dyeing and Water of Imbibition Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric by Alternative Mercerizing Agents

Percentage Exhaustion (%) Percentage

20 (NH4)2C2O4 mercerizing concentration 19% 20% 10 21% 22% of Engineering Research 23% 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Dyeing Time (Min)

London Journal

Figure 3: Effect of (NH4)2C2O4 mercerizing agent on degree of exhaustion of indigo dyed cotton/

polyester blend fabric

Improvement on the Dyeing and Water of Imbibition Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric by Alternative Mercerizing Agents

Percentage Exhaustion (%) Percentage

20 (COOH)2 mercerizing concentration

19%

20% of Engineering Research 10 21% 22% 23%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 London Journal Dyeing Time (Min)

Figure 4: Effect of (COOH)2 mercerizing agent on degree of exhaustion of indigo dyed cotton/polyester

blend fabric

Improvement on the Dyeing and Water of Imbibition Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric by Alternative Mercerizing Agents

Percentage Exhaustion (%) Percentage 30

20 CH3COOH mercerizing concentration

19% 20%

of Engineering Research 10 21% 22% 23%

London Journal 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Dyeing Time (min)

Figure 5: Effect of CH3COOH mercerizing agent on degree of exhaustion of indigo dye cotton/polyester blend fabric

Improvement on the Dyeing and Water of Imbibition Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric by Alternative Mercerizing Agents

Percentage Exhaustion (%) Percentage 30

20 Liquid NH3 concentration 19% 20% 10 21% of Engineering Research 22% 23%

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 London Journal Dyeing time (min)

Figure 6: Effect of liquid NH3 mercerizing agent on degree of exhaustion of indigo dye cotton/polyester blend fabric

Improvement on the Dyeing and Water of Imbibition Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric by Alternative Mercerizing Agents

Percentage Exhaustion (%) Percentage 30

CH3CH2OH mercerizing 20 concentration

19%

20% 21% 10 22%

of Engineering Research 23%

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Dyeing Time London Journal

Figure 7: Effect of the CH3CH2OH mercerizing agent on degree of exhaustion of indigo dye cotton/polyester blend fabric

Improvement on the Dyeing and Water of Imbibition Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric by Alternative Mercerizing Agents

54 Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 © 2017 London Journals Press Table 1: Optimum Percentage Exhaustion for the effect of Mercerizing Agents on Indigo Dyeing Process of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric

Concentration of Mercerizing Agent mercerizing Agent (%) Percentage exhaustion (%)

(NH4)2C2O4 22 85.7

NaOH 22 78.1

(COOH)2 21 76.9

CH3COOH 21 75.4

NH4OH 23 75.1

CH3CH2OH 20 75.0

Liquid NH3 19 75.0

4.7 Effects of Mercerizing Agents on Wash- These permanent pores (amorphous region) fastness of Indigo Dyed Cotton/ Polyester Blend allowed for better intermolecular hydrogen bond Fabric and Vander Wa’als force between the dye and the fabrics. Thus the dye molecules were bonded, The mercerizing process has shown excellent therefore resistance to washing. This indicating improvements in the dye adsorption and that there is no loss in intensity of color signifying retention (as seen in Figure 8). It is also observed insignificant change in hue. This is as a result of in Table 2 that all the alternative mercerizing an insignificant breakdown of colorant itself agents strongly competed with the control inside the fabric (Boryo et al., 2013a). This is (NaOH) with an optimum grey scale rating of 5, possible because mercerizing agents causes the indicating excellent wash fastness. Some of the shape of the fabric to undergo changes. The shape alternative agents recorded excellent performance of the macromolecules is reduced, shortens, even at various concentrations of mercerizing metric counts of the fabric becomes closer, denser agents. This suggests that the high degree of and shrink thereby creating more amorphous percentage exhaustion recorded (75-85.7%) were

region for the dye to fix in the fabric. The of Engineering Research not only adsorbed but properly fixed in the mercerizing effect of the agents is more than the provided amorphous region of the cotton/ scouring effect with respect to the grey scale polyester fabric. This also means that the rating for wash-fastness. modification (Sadov et al., 1973) by the agents has created permanent pores not falsified pores. London Journal Table 2: Optimum Wash-fastness for the effect of Mercerizing Agents on Indigo Dyed Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric

Concentration of Grey scale rating for Mercerizing Agent Remark mercerizing Agent (%) wash-fastness Excellent CH3CH2OH 19-20 5 Excellent Liquid NH3 19-20 5 Excellent (COOH)2 20-21 5 Excellent CH3COOH 20 and 23 5 Excellent NH4OH 20 5 Excellent (NH4)2C2O4 21 5

NaOH 20 5 Excellent

Improvement on the Dyeing and Water of Imbibition Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric by Alternative Mercerizing Agents

19% 20% 21% 5 22% 23%

ray Grey scale rating for wash fastness scale Grey G

0 Sodium hydroxide ammonium ammonium oxalate oxalic acid acetic acid Liquid ammonia Ethanol hydroxide Mercerizing agents

of Engineering Research Figure 8: Effect of NaOH (control) and alternative mercerizing agents on wash fastness of indigo dyed cotton/polyester blend fabric

4.8 Effect of Alternative Mercerizing Agents and attributed to the presence of hydroxyl groups and amorphous areas in the fabrics or fiber structure.

London Journal Control (NaOH) on Water of Imbibition of Cotton/ Polyester Blend Fabric. Typically, chemically purified fibers are hydrophilic, resulting in high capacity to absorb Water of imbibition or moisture regain or moisture (Moddibo et al., 2007). moisture of imbibition has been defined as the percentage of moisture a bone-dry fabrics or fiber Dry fabric become charged with static electricity will absorb from or liquid under standard and retains the charge for a long period (Express conditions of temperature and pressure at 25°C Indiana, 2002). This can cause serious difficulties and 65% relative humidity (Sadov et al., 1973). during printing, however, very dry fabric is a good Previous studies have shown that the presence of electric insulator (Express Indiana, 2002). hydroxyl group and amorphous areas in the fabric structure gives the necessary properties of The water imbibing abilities of the various fabrics moisture absorption and dye- ability (Moddibo et mercerized showed to be within a competing al., 2007). The effects of moisture absorption are range with the control reagent (NaOH) (Boryo,

Improvement on the Dyeing and Water of Imbibition Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric by Alternative Mercerizing Agents

56 Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 © 2017 London Journals Press 2011). The trends from Figures 9 - 15 showed a more amorphous regions in the fabrics to hold similar pattern in the rate of drying. The wet water. This agrees with the observation in the ability of the fabrics indicated a similar value in improved percentage exhaustion and wash their weights after soaking in distilled water for 5 fastness discussed above. minutes. However the treated fabrics showed a water imbibing value of an optimum range between 2.2g to 2.5g (Table 3) while the untreated fabric showed an optimum water of imbibition value of 1.8g. The difference in weights between the treated samples and the untreated samples should be as a result of the processes of treatment undergone by the various samples. The various amorphous regions created by the mercerization process on the cellulose components and the softening and opening of the tight pores of the polyester components must have contributed to the water imbibing abilities of the fabrics.

The figures showed that there was a uniform rate of dryness of the fabrics as the fabrics were placed in the oven and during the 5 minutes interval of drying. Most of the fabrics were seen to dry to their initial weights before wetting at about the 20th and 25th minutes of the drying exercise. Some of the treated fabrics like the NaOH treated sample and the liquid ammonia treated samples showed dried samples which weighed less than their initial dry weights. This indicates that fabrics have the ability to absorb moisture from the environment even when dry. This ability to hold atmospheric moisture or any other form of water may be as a result of the increased of Engineering Research amorphous regions within the fabrics (Sadov et al., 1973 ).

The peak values of the imbibed water in the

various treated fabrics show a more precise range London Journal of values. NaOH, liquid NH3, CH3COOH acid and NH4OH showed the same optimum values (2.5g) for water of imbibition at the treatment agents of

21%, 20%, 23% and 21% respectively. (COOH)2 weighed 2.4g when wet as the highest amount of water imbibed. This occurred with the 22% treated sample. CH3CH2OH and (NH4)2C2O4 showed a maximum water of imbibition of 2.3g when wet. When these values are compared with that of the untreated sample which gave a value of 1.8g, it explains the fact that the treatment processes (mercerization) created a better means for the fabrics to imbibe water. This is by creating

Improvement on the Dyeing and Water of Imbibition Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric by Alternative Mercerizing Agents

2.5

1.5

waterof imbibition (g)

NaOH mercerizing concentration 0.5 19%

20% 21% of Engineering Research 22% 23% 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Time (min)

London Journal

Figure 9: Effect of the NaOH mercerizing agent on water of imbibition of cotton/polyester blend fabric

Improvement on the Dyeing and Water of Imbibition Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric by Alternative Mercerizing Agents

2.5

1.5

Water of ImbibitionWater (g)

NH4OH mercerizing concentration

0.5 19% 20%

21%

22% of Engineering Research

23%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Time (min)

London Journal

Figure 10: Effect of NH4OH mercerizing agent on water of imbibition of cotton/polyester blend fabric

Improvement on the Dyeing and Water of Imbibition Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric by Alternative Mercerizing Agents

1.5

Water of imbibitionWater (g) 1

(NH4)2C2O4 mercerizing concentration

19% 0.5 20%

21%

22%

30%

of Engineering Research

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Time (min)

London Journal

Figure 11: Effect of the (NH4)2C2O4 mercerizing agent on water of imbibition of cotton/polyester blend fabric

Improvement on the Dyeing and Water of Imbibition Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric by Alternative Mercerizing Agents

2.5

1.5

Water of imbibitionWater (g)

(COOH)2 mercerizing concentration 0.5 19% 20% 21% of Engineering Research 22% 23% 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Time (min) London Journal

Figure 12: Effect of the (COOH)2 mercerizing agent on water of imbibition of cotton/polyester blend

fabric

Improvement on the Dyeing and Water of Imbibition Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric by Alternative Mercerizing Agents

2.5

1.5

Water of imbibitionWater (g)

CH3COOH mercerizing concentration 0.5 19% 20%

of Engineering Research 21%

22%

23%

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

London Journal Time (min)

Figure 13: Effect of the CH3COOH mercerizing agent on water of imbibition of cotton/polyester blend fabric

Improvement on the Dyeing and Water of Imbibition Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric by Alternative Mercerizing Agents

2.5

1.5

Water of imbibitionWater (g)

Liquid NH3 mercerizing concentration 0.5 19%

20% of Engineering Research 21% 22% 23%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 London Journal Time (min)

Figure 14: Effect of Liquid NH3 mercerizing agent on water of imbibition of cotton/polyester blend fabric

Improvement on the Dyeing and Water of Imbibition Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric by Alternative Mercerizing Agents

1.5

Water of imbibitionWater (g) 1

CH3CH2OH mercerizing condition 0.5

of Engineering Research 19% 20% 21% 22% 23% 0 London Journal 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Time (min)

Figure 15: Effect of CH3CH2OH mercerizing agent on water of imbibition of cotton/polyester blend

fabric

Improvement on the Dyeing and Water of Imbibition Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric by Alternative Mercerizing Agents

Table 3: Optimum water of imbibition for the effect of Mercerizing Agents on Cotton/polyester blend fabric

Concentration of Mercerizing Agent mercerizing Agent Water of imbibition (g) (%)

NH4OH 21 2.5

CH3COOH 23 2.5

Liquid NH3 20 and 23 2.5

NaOH 19 and 21 2.5

(COOH)2 22 2.4

(NH4)2C2O4 21 and 23 2.3

CH3CH2OH 23 2.3

Untreated 0 1.8

V. CONCLUSION 2. Alelsto, J. (2009). Commonly Asked Question

on sodium. Retrieved February 7, 2009 from It could be concluded that NH4OH, Liquid NH3, http://ezinearticles.com/?Commonly-Asked-

(NH4)2C2O4, CH3CH2OH, CH3COOH and Questions-on-So.

(COOH)2 improved the dyeing properties 3. Boryo D.E.A, Ajayi J.O,Gin N.S and Yusuf displayed by the fabric samples treated with M.D. (1999): The Effects of Sodium alternative agents as compared to the control Hydroxide and Ammonium Oxalate on fabrics. It is noted that some of the mercerized Mucilaginous Matters of Kinaf Fibers fabrics sample recorded higher values for degree (Hibiscus Canabinus) Paper Presented at the of percentage exhaustion and wash-fastness than 22nd Annual National Conference of chemical the control samples. In some cases fabric sample Society of Nigeria at Hill Station Hotel Jos, of Engineering Research treated with the alternative mercerizing agents Nigeria.Pp. 30-35. competed favorable with the control sample, 4. Boryo D. E.A. ; Bello K.A.; Ibrahim A.Q.; Gin especially for water imbibition property. N.S; Dauda T.M. and Elabo V.O. (2013a)

5. Effects of Alternative Scouring Agents on Thus, the study has provided alternative agents Dyeing Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend London Journal with improved quality dyed fabric for the fashion Fabric. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry conscious teaming population. Hence these novel (IOSR-JAC) Volume 5, Issue 2 Pp 11-21. mercerizing agents are recommended for 6. Boryo D.E.A., Bello K.A,, Ibrahim A.Q., industrial and commercial purposes. Ezeribe A.I, Omizegba F.I. and Offodile P.U. (2013b) Effect of alternative scouring agents on mechanical properties of cotton/ polyester REFERENCES blend fabric. The International Journal Of 1. Ajayi, J.O., Namesson, O.N., Madauko, J.N., Engineering And Science (IJES) Volume 2,

Onaji, P.B. and Barminas J.T. (2005). Effects Issue 8, Pp 121-132.

of Deetylation on moisture Absroption 7. Boryo D. E.A. ; Bello K.A.; Ibrahim A.Q.; Gin

characteristics of Mercerized Cotton Fibers. N.S; Ezeribe A.I and Wasiu K.A. (2014).

M.Sc Research work on vegetable fibers. 8. Effects of Alternative Mercerizing Agents on

Industrial Chemistry Program ATBU. Bauchi. Mechanical Properties of Cotton/Polyester

Improvement on the Dyeing and Water of Imbibition Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric by Alternative Mercerizing Agents

© 2017 London Journals Press Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 65 Blend Fabric. Academic Journal of 20. Neale, J. (2004): Textiles of Science and Interdisplanary studies volume 3 issue 5: Pp Technology. By P. K. Chatter Jee and B. S 91-104. Gupta ISBN: 978044450007, Pp 279, 319. 9. Cutler J.C. and Peter (2008) Principle of 21. Nkeonye, Peter Obinna (1987): Environments Science, Published in “Fundamental principal of Textile Dyeing, Encyclopedia of Earth, Pp 157, 163, 264 and printing and finishing” Ahamadu Bello 265. University Zaria, Nigeria Press Ltd. 19-23, 28, 10. Darinka, F. Darko, G. and Zoran, S.H. (2000), 34, 94. Fibres and Textiles, Eastern Europe, Vol. 16 22. Sadov, F., Kauchagin, M. and Matestry, A. No.2 Pp 67-72. (1973). Chemical Technology of Fibrous 11. Express Indiana (2002). Express Textiles- Materials. MIR Publishers, Moscow. Pp. 22- Dyes and chemicals: Everything you want to 44, 126-300. know about Wrinkle Resistant. Retrieved 23. Safra, J. E. Constantine, S. Yannias, J. and th October 8, 2006 from www.apparel. Goulk, E. (2004). Encylopedia Britanica 15 indiamart.com, Pp. 1 - 13. Edition. 9:10. Pp. 170-189. 24. SCHER (2006) Scientific Committee on 12. Giles, C.H. (1974). A Laboratory Course in Health and Environmental Risks, Targeted Dyeing. The Society of Dyers and Colourist, Risk Assessment on sodium hydroxide and Bradford, 3rd Edition Pp. 35-112. environment. European Commission on 13. Gin, N.S., Bello K.A. and Ibrahim, A.Q. Health and consumer protection Directorate, (2006). Effects of Electrolyte on the Pp. 4 - 6 Exhaustion and Affinity of Reactive Dyes. 25. Sharpe S. (2010): Water pH. Retrieved March (Science Forum 1). Journal of Pure and 11, 2010 from www.about.com.guide. Applied Science. 9:1. Pp. 66-73. 26. Smith S.E (2010), Polyester Fabric: edited by 14. Harzel, M.R and Hsiet, X. A (1998) “Effect of Niki foster. Mehsso Deffenbaugh, prentice pH in the root Evrironment from plant roots” hall inc. pg 47 4th edition Book (Cole Publishing company 27. Stevens, C.B. (1979) The Dyeing of Synthetic Moterney, California, Pp. 12-620.) Polymer and acetate FIbres, The dyers 15. Kunttou, K., Hongyo, S., Maeda, S. and Mishi, Company publications trust, Yockshire K. (2005). Dyeing Polyester Fabrics with England Pp. 53-61. Indigo . Textiles Research Journal. 56:9. Pp. 28. Taylor, M. A. 1990 Technology of Textile

of Engineering Research 1-4. Properties 3rd edition. Forbes publication 16. Lee Michael,Wakida Jomiji, Tokuyema Limited London Pp 53 - 61. Takako, Doi Chizuko (2005). Liquid 29. Trotman, E.R. (1975). Dyeing and Chemical Ammonia Treatment of Regenerate Cellulse Technology of Textiles Fibers. Charles Griffin Fabrics. Textile Research Journal Retrieved Co. Ltd. London, 4th Edition. Pp. 319-329. London Journal June 6, 2005 from www.findartcles.com 17. March, J.T. (1978). Introduction to textiles Finishing. Chapman and Hall, London, Pp. 22-243. 18. Moddibo, U.U., Aliyu, B.A., Nkafamiya, I.I. and Manji, A.J. (2007). The Effects of Moisture of Imbibition on Cellulosic Bast Fibres as Industrial Raw Materials. Department of Chemistry, FUTY Yola. 19. Moji, A.B. (2000). Polymers: The Chemistry and Technology of Modern Material. Yaba College of Technology, Yaba, Lagos, Concept Publications Ltd, Pp. 193 – 268.

Improvement on the Dyeing and Water of Imbibition Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric by Alternative Mercerizing Agents

66 Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 © 2017 London Journals Press Scan to know paper details and author's profile A Novel Approach using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy based Droop Control Standalone Microgrid in Presences of Multiple Sources Srinivas Singirikonda, B. Shalini

ABSTRACT

The frequency and voltage control strategy is applied for a Standalone micro grid with high penetration of intermittent renewable generation system. Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy logic Interface system (ANFIS) controller is used for frequency and voltage control for Renewable generation system. Battery energy storage system (BESS) is used to generate nominal system frequency instead of using synchronous generator for frequency control strategy. A synchronous generator is used to maintain the state of charge (SOC) of the BESS but it has limited capacity. For Voltage control strategy, we proposed reactive power/active power (Q/P) droop control to the conventional reactive power controller which provides voltage damping effect. The induced voltage fluctuations are reduced to get nominal output power. Simulation results prove the effectiveness of both frequency and voltage control and the outputs are represented in MATLAB SIMULINK software with ANFIS structure.

Keywords: adaptive neuro-fuzzy interface system (ANFIS), battery energy storage system (BESS), state of charge (SOC), frequency control, Q/P droop control, standalone micro grid, voltage damping effect, voltage control. Classification: For Code: 090699, 080108 Language: English

LJP Copyright ID: 833323 ISBN 10: 153763156 London ISBN 13: 978-1537631561

LJP Journals Press

London Journal of Engineering Research

164UK Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0

© 2017. Srinivas Singirikonda, B. Shalini. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial 4.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), permitting all non-commercial use. distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

A Novel Approach using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy based Droop Control Standalone Microgrid in Presences of Multiple Sources α σ Srinivas Singirikonda & B. Shalini ______

I. ABSTRACT II. INTRODUCTION The frequency and voltage control strategy is Standalone micro-grids are generally exposed to applied for a Standalone micro grid with high frequency and voltage deviations. The grid penetration of intermittent renewable generation becomes weaker than a conventional power system. Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy logic Interface system due to an isolated system. The high system (ANFIS) controller is used for frequency penetration of intermittent renewable generation and voltage control for Renewable generation such as PV and wind power makes problem [1], system. Battery energy storage system (BESS) is [2] worse. Mostly in an isolated power system, the used to generate nominal system frequency diesel generator based on a synchronous instead of using synchronous generator for generator which is used to generate nominal frequency control strategy. A synchronous system frequency and voltage with the help of generator is used to maintain the state of charge Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Interface system (ANFIS). (SOC) of the BESS but it has limited capacity. For The mapping point of an input to the output using Voltage control strategy, we proposed reactive Fuzzy Logic interface provides a basis from which power/active power (Q/P) droop control to the decisions can be made and the patterns discerned. conventional reactive power controller which The SIMULINK software system can access the provides voltage damping effect. The induced Fuzzy logic [3] test system in a block diagram. It voltage fluctuations are reduced to get nominal describes all membership functions, logical output power. Simulation results prove the operators and If – Then rules. This control of Engineering Research effectiveness of both frequency and voltage strategy is applied specially to penetrate the control and the outputs are represented in intermittent Renewable power generation to MATLAB SIMULINK software with ANFIS control the frequency and voltage for stable structure. operation of the system. Several methods are

being examined to support frequency control. The London Journal Keywords: adaptive neuro-fuzzy interface system strategies enabling to dispatch wind power to (ANFIS), battery energy storage system (BESS), operate in a similar manner of conventional state of charge (SOC), frequency control, Q/P power plant. Wind power is a fluctuating motive droop control, standalone micro grid, voltage source, the effectiveness of active power control of damping effect, voltage control. wind turbine generators (WTG) will depend upon wind speed [4]. WTG's are supplemented with Author α: IEEE Member, Assistant Professor, doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) to expand TKRCET, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. the flexibility of wind power procurement and σ: IEEE Student Member, M.Tech scholar TKRCET, enhance the controllability [5]. The control Hyderabad, Telangana, India. approach of DFIG is to set a point of active power

at fixed pitch angle [6]. With the proper reference frame, I will come up with the electromagnetic dr

© 2017 London Journals Press Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 67 torque (Tem) against turbines mechanical torque Decentralized voltage control is another method (Tmech) at some rotor speed. Consequently, the which uses local data to control voltage issues. But torque difference between T and T can make this device operates independently and there is no mech em rotor to accelerate / decelerate. communication between loads and the substation. The effect and the reliability must be maintained dw for these methods. The linear quadratic tracking J r = T T dt mech em (1) method is one of the voltage control method used − to obtain desired results. The voltage is dwr 1 considered at each node then the controller = (T T ) (2) dt 2H m e increases / decreases voltage to minimize the − error. The monitoring of controller is based on Where, w - Rotor speed, J - Inertia of motion, H entire system conditions. This process can be r -Inertia constant (s). categorized as decentralized control, but it increases system complexity and it needs more The primary frequency support from de-loaded study. Analyzing and modeling of power wind turbines using variable droop was developed distribution would become more complex and [7]. In micro-grids with high penetration of wind time taking. energy, the fluctuations in the wind form output due to variations in wind speed cause frequency Most control strategies have applied optimization disturbances. A frequency droop control was algorithms to meet specific objectives, such as applied to PV power generation [8]. Even though minimizing loss, improving voltage profile, the fuel cost is free but its cost of installation is mitigating voltage fluctuation, maintaining high. PV's operate in the maximum power point voltage within regulated limits [11]. However, tracking (MPPT) model to generate maximum these methods will never be perfectly accurate, income. However, as penetration of PV's increase since they are based on forecasting load demand, the frequency regulation capability (mainly wind speed and solar irradiance. The voltage provided by synchronous generators) and inertia compensator, shunt capacitors, LQT methods from synchronous generators decrease which lead which leads to increased additional cost. Q/V to severe frequency fluctuations under some droop control is widely used for voltage compensation, but the compensation is triggered of Engineering Research disturbances. by sensing the voltage deviation. Section II describes about proposed methodologies and the Moreover, load changes can lead to some control strategy which includes Q/V droop control significant frequency deviations if PVs don’t have and ANFIS controller are explained in Section III. frequency regulation capability. In order to avoid The test system operation and its simulation London Journal this, the PVs are designed with virtual governor to results are observed in different cases in Section have frequency droop characteristics similar to IV. that of synchronous generator. However, frequency control strategies using intermittent III. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY renewable generation are not beneficial economically. There are various ways to control In a remote power system, the Active power / voltage drop by installing regulators in frequency (P/F) and Reactive power / voltage substations, using online transformer tap (Q/V) droop control are used to generate nominal changers, shunt capacitors, increasing the size of system frequency, voltage and some voltage conductors etc. Some sensors, such as smart compensation devices are used for control meters (SM) measure voltage in ref [9-10] and strategy. If the generating system units droop is current at each branch send this information/ increased, it's response to the system frequency recorded data to the control center. deviation diminishes. However, frequency control

A Novel Approach using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy based Droop Control Standalone Microgrid in Presences of Multiple Sources

68 Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 © 2017 London Journals Press strategies using intermittent renewable IV. CONTROL STRATEGIES generation are not beneficial, because they cannot To maintain frequency and voltage control there make the most of their ability to utilize free are many strategies to conventional power plant. energy. BESS is used to support the frequency of A frequency control droop was added to PV micro-grid. The system stability and operational generation. But these control strategies are not security can be improved by using BESS [12]. By economically beneficial, since they cannot, improving the controllability of RES generators maximize their usage of free energy. So, by BESS provides a resolution to overcome the adopting BESS (Battery energy storage system) frequency control issues. Q/V droop control is the control strategies enabling to support system widely used for voltage compensation, but the frequency deviating from its nominal value [13]. compensation is triggered by sensing the voltage With the aid of Active power/frequency (P/F) and deviation. The recommended strategies include. Reactive power/voltage (Q/V) droop control and 1. BESS is used to generate small system voltage compensation devices are applied to the isolated power system. The Q/V droop control is frequency instead of using diesel generators which does not depend on the mechanical widely used for mitigating voltage fluctuations, inertia of a synchronous generator. since the voltage fluctuations are triggered by sensing the voltage deviation. 2. SOC (state of charge) of the BESS is used by the diesel generator at a convinced value and 4.1 System configuration the reference significance of the SOC is adjusted to limit the output power of the The proposed control strategy with ANFIS diesel generators to within a permissible (Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Interface system) is tested range. on the below test system as shown in fig 1, which 3. Q/P droop power is added to the renewable shows bus numbers, line parameters, loads and generation which has damping effect to avoid power generation system. The line parameters are voltage fluctuations induced by its own active calculated by considering the distance between power fluctuations. the loads and the location of loads. The ratings of 4. Adaptive Neuro fuzzy logic controller reduces the power generation using diesel generator, wind the frequency and voltage fluctuations and power, PV power, BESS are 14, 9.7, 1, 15MW improves the system performance. respectively. of Engineering Research London Journal

Fig. 1: Power System configuration block diagram The nominal system frequency and voltage are demands during the day are shown in the table-1. 50HZ and 11KV respectively and the load The inverters are modeled as two-level type and

A Novel Approach using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy based Droop Control Standalone Microgrid in Presences of Multiple Sources

© 2017 London Journals Press Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 69 sinusoidal pulse width modulation were adopted the system frequency is directly related to to generate gate signals of the inverter. rotational speed of the rotor. To overcome this weakness we proposed BESS rather than diesel Table 1: System Load Demand generator to form system frequency [14]. The BESS controls the nominal system frequency with BUS DAY(MW) NIGHT(MW) NUMBER the switching mechanism of power electronic 2 3 1.5 devices. BESS is chosen to fulfill the frequency 3 2 1 control strategy through its chargeable 5 1 0.5 characteristic. This enables BESS to take twice the 6 1 0.5 amount of load change than any other devices 8 2 1 with same rate of power. The rapid charging and 9 0.2 0.1 10 0.2 0.1 discharging characteristics of BESS can respond 11 0.1 0.05 immediately to the output power fluctuations of 12 0.5 0.25 renewable generation system[15]. However, BESS TOTAL 10 5 can neither adjust its SOC nor implement frequency droop by using control scheme of 4.2 Frequency Control Strategy figure 2. BESS is used to generate nominal frequency instead of using synchronous generator. Hence

of Engineering Research Fig. 2: Control scheme of the grid-side inverter of the BESS BESS should work in synchronization with Diesel A, to maintain SOC at the reference value SOC ref Generator where the frequency, voltage and phase and hence the diesel generator is controlled. SOC are to be matched. To generate nominal system load control is same as the load frequency control

London Journal frequency, the diesel generator should be of conventional method. SOCref is chosen as controlled [16]. During normal operation of diesel 0.5PU. However, it can be adjusted by an operator generator in Fig.3, the switch is connected to node to charge or discharge of the BESS.

Fig. 3: Control scheme of the output active power of the diesel generator

A Novel Approach using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy based Droop Control Standalone Microgrid in Presences of Multiple Sources

70 Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 © 2017 London Journals Press The output limiter and the anti windup function frequency, the voltage problem must be resolved are added at the output of the PI-controller to locally. Fig.4 represents the Control scheme of the keep diesel generator output active power within grid –side inverter of the renewable generation specified range, from 0 p.u to 1 p.u. Hence the system. To solve these voltage fluctuations caused system frequency is mostly depending upon the by the intermittent renewable generation system, BESS control strategy. The reliability problem we propose Q/P droop control to the intermittent may arise due to tripping action of BESS. To renewable generation system [17]. prevent this problem, the switch is connected to Q node B, when the BESS is tripped out of the Prate system. During the node B connection of switch, KQV = (3) the diesel generator is controlled same as Vbus conventional one. The output of the PI controller Vbase ∆ provides Pdi,ref , which is mechanical input to the Where v and v are the inverter terminal voltage id iq synchronous generator, via a valve actuator and a of the d- and q-components respectively, iid and iiq diesel engine. T and T are the time constants of v d are the inverter terminal current of the d- and q- the valve actuator and the diesel engine with components, w is the angular frequency of the s 0.05s and 0.5s respectively. Pdi is the output active system voltage, L is the filter inductance, P and Q f power of the diesel generator. The diesel are the output active and reactive powers, K and QP generator acts as secondary SOC control which is K are the Q/P and Q/V droop coefficients, P QV o like frequency control, it supports the SOC rather and Q are the operating points of the active and o than frequency. reactive power ,Q maximum reactive power, V bus is the bus voltage where renewable generation is 4.3 Voltage control strategy connected.

The nominal system voltage is maintained by the excitation of the diesel generator. Unlike of Engineering Research

London Journal

Fig. 4: Control scheme of the grid –side inverter of the renewable generation system

Qo is set to 0, so that the generation system can value and the error is fed to PI controller * operate in unity power factor when the voltage generating Vd . It can be written as, drop is not activated. K ranges between 0 and 25 * QV Vid,ref = Vsd + Vd - 훚sLfiiq (4) by considering the capacity of power generation. Wind speed or solar irradiance is given to MPPT Q/P droop control is the comparison of active power whereas Q/V droop control is the control scheme to generate reference active power comparison of voltage control. KQP, KQV are the value (Pref). Pref, P measured value are given to PI Q/P and Q/V droop coefficients respectively. KQP controller converting it to i . i which is parks id,ref d and KQV convert the error to reactive power transformation value. i is compared with i id,ref id component.

A Novel Approach using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy based Droop Control Standalone Microgrid in Presences of Multiple Sources

© 2017 London Journals Press Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 71 combination of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Qref= Qo + QP + QV (5) and Fuzzy Interface systems (FIS) has attracted Where Q is the operating point of reactive power o the interest of researchers in various applications. and is set to zero. Again Q and Q are given to PI ref Fuzzy logic interface system is a mapping point to controller and generates iiq,ref. iiq,ref are compared map an input space to output space from starting * with iq in the PI controller generating an error Vq . point to the ending for all. Fuzzy logic is an * intriguing area of research because it has a Viq,ref = Vq + Vsq + 훚sLfiid (6) premium quality of trading off among significance Therefore, V and V are fed as input to the id,ref iq,ref and precision. An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference dq-abc transformation and is converted into system (ANFIS) is a fuzzy system whose

Viabc,ref using inverse parks transformation for membership function parameters have been sinusoidal pulse width modulation which tuned using neuro-adaptive learning methods like generates six pulses for the inverter. The speed of those used in training neural networks. The the generator is taken as 1.2 P.U, pitch angle is 0 backpropagation (BP) algorithm is used to trine and the speed of the wind is 11m/s. Instead of the adaptive Neural network and 7*7=49 rule using PI controller in the control schemes, based fuzzy Logic command-line functions are Adaptive Neuro fuzzy logic controllers are used to used for training SUGENO-type fuzzy inference improve stability and performance of the system. systems using given input/output training data 2 Solar irradiance is about 660W/m . By adding [18] [19]. MPPT control scheme and Boost converters to maximize the utilization of free energy and to V. SIMULATION RESULTS maintain constant output power. To establish the effectiveness of the proposed 4.4 Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy interface system control strategies, simulation results are observed (ANFIS) during the day time in the standalone micro-grid with high penetration of renewable generation The Effective technique called ANFIS (Adaptive system. Voltage waveforms of PV, wind power, Neuro-Fuzzy Interface system) which was BESS and diesel generator are clearly presented in developed by Dr. Roger Jang. Among various MATLAB simulation. The MATLAB simulation functions of methodologies in soft computing, the diagram for Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Control of Engineering Research fuzzy logic and Neuro computing has visibility, Strategy for Standalone Micro Grid System with which leads to Neuro-fuzzy systems. We can use Multiple Renewable Sources show in Fig.5. Fuzzy Logic Toolbox software with MATLAB software to solve problems with Fuzzy logic. The London Journal

Fig. 5: MATLAB simulation diagram of Adaptive NEURO fuzzy control strategy for standalone micro grid system with Multiple Renewable sources

A Novel Approach using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy based Droop Control Standalone Microgrid in Presences of Multiple Sources

72 Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 © 2017 London Journals Press Case I: Day time of diesel generator and output fluctuations of active powers of renewable generation systems. In day time, the speed of the wind ranges from Without droop control, SOC decreases slightly due 10.5 to 11.5 m/s and set to an average of 11m/s, to small losses, such as filter and inverter 2 the solar irradiance ranges at 660W/m . The switching losses. Using droop control method active and reactive power of wind and PV are set SOC fluctuations are reduced with the support of to be 0.413 and 0.495 respectively. The BESS diesel generation. Although it fluctuations SOC is responds to any output fluctuations where as the maintained at reference value. The frequency also diesel generator is used to maintain SOC, thereby deviates from its nominal value without droop but supporting BESS. There are some oscillations of the deviations are reduced with droop control SOC at diesel level. This is due to slow Dynamics with this method.

Fig. 6: Frequency control results for case I: (a) Active power of wind and PV (b) Active power of BESS (c) Active power of diesel generator (d) SOC (e) Frequency The Fig.6 Shows the output active power of PV of wind and PV power respectively without droop and wind, and active power of BESS and diesel control, the renewable generation system has generator respectively without droop control, the same power factor, but by applying Q/V droop diesel generator takes full response for the output control, the reactive power is controlled by

fluctuation of the renewable generation system compensating voltage deviation. By applying of Engineering Research with droop control, BESS supports diesel control method, the reactive powers of PV and generator to meet the power demand with P/F wind are controlled, also mitigates the voltage droop control method. Fig.7 shows reactive power fluctuation. London Journal

Fig. 7: Voltage control results for case I: (a) Reactive power of wind power (b) Reactive power of PV power (c) Bus voltage of wind power (d) Bus voltage of PV

A Novel Approach using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy based Droop Control Standalone Microgrid in Presences of Multiple Sources

© 2017 London Journals Press Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 73 The bus voltage of PV and wind are kept closer to simulation results for Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy nominal value using Q/V droop control. However, interface system (ANFIS) and PI-controller. the fluctuations are not effectively prevented. By ANFIS response rate is faster than PI controller adding Q/P droop control, the voltage fluctuations and the simulation time to get output is less and can be eliminated. The below fig 8 shows easy to access.

Fig. 8: Comparison of Active power with Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy logic controller and PI-controller during Day time Case II: Night time: The output power response is like that of day time. While the output power diesel generator At night time, the solar irradiance is 0 W/m2 and tends to fall in the simulation. At these times the wind speed ranges from 7.1 to 10.2 m/s and SOC is increased. The active power of diesel ref set to an average of 8.5m/s. The reactive power generator can be operated within allowable range. K of wind and PV power are set to be as 0.473 QP The frequency deviation becomes greater than and 0.514 respectively. Fig.10 shows output active during the day, the proposed method maintains power of PV and wind, also the output active the frequency at the nominal value. power of BESS and diesel generator respectively. of Engineering Research London Journal

Fig. 9: Frequency control results for case II: (a) Active power of wind and PV (b) Active power of BESS (c) Active power of diesel generator (d) SOC (e) Frequency

A Novel Approach using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy based Droop Control Standalone Microgrid in Presences of Multiple Sources

Fig. 10: Voltage control results for case II: (a) Reactive power of wind power (b) Reactive power of PV power (c) Bus voltage of wind power (d) Bus voltage of PV The Fig.10 shows the voltage control of output prevented. The voltage of the PV power differs power fluctuation of wind is greater than that little between the droop and proposed method. In during the day. The reactive power is the below Fig.11, the violet color indicates the compensated more since output power fluctuation ANFIS controller output whereas the green color of wind power is more during the day. Since there denotes the PI controller. is no solar irradiance, the voltage fluctuations are of Engineering Research

Fig. 11: Comparison of Active power with Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy logic controller and PI-controller during Night time London Journal Case III: Worst Case (When there is no solar irradiance and wind speed): The worst case includes wind speed and solar irradiance varies from 0 to rated value. Since when solar irradiance has to be considered, the load demand is same as day time. Hence the K QP of wind and PV are set as 0.413 and 0.495 respectively based on day time data. Fig.12 shows active power of wind and PV power generation systems. However, frequency is maintained at nominal value.

A Novel Approach using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy based Droop Control Standalone Microgrid in Presences of Multiple Sources

Fig. 12: Frequency control results for case III: (a) Active power of wind and PV (b) Active power of BESS (c) Active power of diesel generator (d) SOC (e) Frequency

Fig. 13: Voltage control results for case III: (a) Reactive power of wind power (b) Reactive power of PV of Engineering Research power (c) Bus voltage of wind power (d) Bus voltage of PV The Fig.13 represents the voltage control simulation results of Fig.14 show the comparison simulation results. As a result, there are some of both PI and Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy logic deviations around some points but the proposed controllers even in worst case has better London Journal method performs better than others. The performance.

Fig. 14: Comparison of Active power with Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy logic controller and PI-controller during Worst case

A Novel Approach using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy based Droop Control Standalone Microgrid in Presences of Multiple Sources

76 Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 © 2017 London Journals Press Case IV: Load change and Tripping of BESS time. There is a load decrement at 0.5MW at 3sec of time. SOC and frequency are maintained same We consider two cases (i) Load change (ii) as previous cases. Tripping of BESS for the frequency control strategy. Fig. 15 shows the load change in day

Fig. 15: Load change simulation results for case IV: (a) Active power of BESS and diesel generator (b) SOC (c) Frequency

Fig. 16: Comparison of Active power during load change with Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy logic controller and of Engineering Research PI-controller

The Fig.16 shows the load change simulation of Adaptive fuzzy controller scheme and PI controller. Taking Time (sec) on X-axis and Active power (MW) on Y-axis. Fig.17 represents the London Journal results for the case of tripping of BESS. The BESS is tripped out of the system due to fault maintenance etc. The diesel generator operates its operation by changing its switch when BESS trips out of the system. Fig.18 shows the Tripping of BESS simulation results of Adaptive fuzzy controller and PI controller scheme.

A Novel Approach using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy based Droop Control Standalone Microgrid in Presences of Multiple Sources

Fig. 17: BESS tripping simulation results for case IV: (a) Active power of BESS and diesel generator (b) Frequency

Fig. 18: Comparison of Active power with Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy logic controller and PI-controller during BESS tripping Case V: Considering PV bus only strategy which affects the PV power system bus. of Engineering Research The PV power system shows results in fig 19 and In this case, we consider active power fluctuation the reactive power is limited. of the PV system while the output of wind power system is kept constant for voltage control London Journal

Fig. 19: Simulation results for case V: (a) Reactive power of PV power (b) Bus voltage of PV power

A Novel Approach using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy based Droop Control Standalone Microgrid in Presences of Multiple Sources

78 Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 © 2017 London Journals Press Case VI: Adjusting charge/ discharge of BESS level of active power. Fig.20 shows charging of SOC at 1MW and active power of BESS and diesel BESS should be controllable for the energy generator. efficiency perspective. By adjusting the ramp rate of SOC, BESS is controlled to output the desired

Fig. 20: Simulation results for case VI: (a) Active power of BESS and diesel generator during charging (b) SOC during charging If the diesel generator increments its the BESS can be controlled to maintain the output power the ramp rate of BESS is desired amount of active power by adjusting ramp consequently adjusted to discharge the BESS as rate of SOC which includes the controller of diesel shown in Fig.21 simulation output. In this way, generator. of Engineering Research

London Journal Fig. 21: Simulation results for case VI: (a) Active power of BESS and diesel generator during discharging (b) SOC during discharging

A Novel Approach using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy based Droop Control Standalone Microgrid in Presences of Multiple Sources

With adaptive neuro fuzzy logic Cases Without controller (pi controller) controller Active power is 2.7MW at 1.4sec. Active power is 2.8MW at 1.2sec. The 1. Day time Frequency is 49.8HZ with some frequency is maintained 50HZ oscillations. SOC is 0.48P.U constant. SOC is 0.5P.U with less damp of oscillations and settles faster than PI Active power of wind and PV are Active power of wind and PV are 4MW, 3.8MW, Diesel generator is 3MW. Diesel generator is 3.2MW. Reactive 2. Night time Reactive power of wind is 0.48, and PV power of wind is 0.473, and PV is is 0.52. Bus voltage of wind and PV are 0.514. Bus voltage of wind and PV are 0.97 and 0.98 P.U 0.98 and 0.99 P.U 3. Worst case (No Active power is 2.6MW at 1.8sec time. Active power is 2.8MW at 1.5sec time. solar irradiance and Reactive power of wind and PV are Reactive power of wind and PV are wind speed) 0.413 and 0.495 MVAR 0.5and 0.8MVAR 4. i) Load change Active power is 4.9MW at 3.1sec of time Active power is 4.9MW at 2.8sec of time Active power is 2MW at 2.8sec of time ii) Tripping of BESS Active power is 2MW at 3.1sec of time and the frequency is maintained constant as 50HZ.

VI. CONCLUSION Capabilities”, IEEE. Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 1571 – 1581, Apr. 2013. To mitigate the problems of diminishing voltage 2. M. Park and I. K. Yu, “Photovoltaic generation and frequency fluctuations, Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy system simulation using real field weather Interface system is used, which has quick condition,” Journal of KIEE, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. response rate compared to PI-Controller. The 169–174, 2001. response of BESS results in stable operation of the 3. D. Sumina, “Fuzzy logic excitation control of frequency without any deviation. For stable synchronous generator”, Master thesis, voltage control, Q/P droop control is added for Faculty of electrical engineering and reactive power controller of multiple Renewable computing, 2005. generation system. The active power fluctuations

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London Journal “Control of DFIG wind Turbines,” Power Eng. Simulation results are observed in MATLAB J., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 28–32, Feb. 2003. software by using these control strategies. The 6. J. Ekanayake and N. Jenkins, “Comparison of ANFIS controller improves system stability the response of doubly fed and fixed-speed without any interruptions and produces effective induction generator wind turbines to changes performance. in network frequency,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 19, no. 4, pp.800–803, Dec. REFERENCES 2004. 1. D. Velasco de la Fuente, C. Trujillo, G. 7. G. Diaz, C. Gonzalez-Moran, J. Gomez- Garcera, E. Figueres, R. Ortega, “Photovoltaic Aleixandre, and A. Diez, “Scheduling of droop Power System with Battery Backup with coefficients for frequency and voltage Grid-Connection And an Islanded Operation regulation in isolated micro-grids,” IEEE

A Novel Approach using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy based Droop Control Standalone Microgrid in Presences of Multiple Sources

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A Novel Approach using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy based Droop Control Standalone Microgrid in Presences of Multiple Sources

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