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Anatomy of an Almshouse Complex Sherene Baugher

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Anatomy of an Almshouse Complex Sherene Baugher Northeast Historical Archaeology Volume 26 Article 2 1997 Anatomy of an Almshouse Complex Sherene Baugher Edward J. Lenik Follow this and additional works at: http://orb.binghamton.edu/neha Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Baugher, Sherene and Lenik, Edward J. (1997) "Anatomy of an Almshouse Complex," Northeast Historical Archaeology: Vol. 26 26, Article 2. https://doi.org/10.22191/neha/vol26/iss1/2 Available at: http://orb.binghamton.edu/neha/vol26/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by The Open Repository @ Binghamton (The ORB). It has been accepted for inclusion in Northeast Historical Archaeology by an authorized editor of The Open Repository @ Binghamton (The ORB). For more information, please contact [email protected]. Anatomy of an Almshouse Complex Cover Page Footnote We wish to thank all the participants in this excavation including co-field directors Arthur Bankoff, and Frederick Winter; laboratory directors Judith Guston and Diane Dallal; the assistant archaeologist, Margaret Tamulonis; and the hardworking field crew composed primarily of Brooklyn College students with a few interns and volunteers from the City Archaeology Program. We appreciate the diligent work of draftspersons Claudia Diamont and Jason Thompson. Our thanks go to photographer Carl Forster for his meticulous and thorough work taking photographs of the artifacts and making photographic reproductions of details from historical maps. We are grateful for the comments given by Paul Huey, Donald Plotts, nda William McMillen. We appreciate the editorial suggestions by Mary Beaudry and Ann-Eliza Lewis. We thank Hunter Research, Inc., for allowing us to use the data from their composite maps of City Hall Park. This article is available in Northeast Historical Archaeology: http://orb.binghamton.edu/neha/vol26/iss1/2 Nortilcast H J.<filncal ArclwcologyNill. 26, 1997 1 Anatomy of an Almshouse Complex Sherene Baugher and Edward]. Lenik The focus of this paper is to determine the age and function of a pa rtial building folmdation uncov­ ered during archaeological testing in City Hall Park, New Yo rk City. The mttlwrs usc evidence from histor­ ical maps, prints, and documents, as well as archaeological evidence, to determine the function of the building. The evidence suggests that the foundation is an outbuilding that was part of an 18tlz-centun; colo­ nial almshouse complex. The foundat ion appears to be the remains of the almshouse kitchen. Cet article vise adeterminer !'age et Ia fonction d'unc fondation partielle ric britimcnt mise au jour durant rme exploration archeologique effectuee au City Hall Park de New York. Lcs mtteurs se servent de donees provenant de cartes, de gravures et de documents historiques ainsi que de domu?es archeologiques pour determiner Ia fonction du biitiment. II semble, d'apres /es donnees, qu'i/ s'agit d'tnll' dependance qui fai­ sait partie d'zm asile colonial du XVIII" siec/e pour indigents. La fondation snnblc Ctre /c vestige de Ia cuisine de /'asile. Introduction almshouse complex? We believe that the prob­ lems encountered at this site are common in While working-class and middle-class sites urban archaeology, that is, how to interpret have been examined extensively by archaeolo­ the function of a structural ruin when the site gists, relatively few sites of the 18th- and early is in an intensively developed urban setting 19th-century poor have been studied. This and especially when the legal construction cor­ article presents the results of archaeological ridor of the project permits inves tigation of excavations in City Hall Park, Manhattan, only a small portion of the feature. which unearthed material associated with The 18th-century artifact assemblage at the New York City's first municipal almshouse City Hall Park site was a domestic deposit complex, 1736-1797 (FIG. 1). Archaeologists composed primarily of food preparation and have excavated 19th-century almshouse com­ service vessels but also containing bottles, plexes such as the Magdalen Society Asylum kitchen utensils, clay smoking pipes, buttons, for reforming prostitutes in Philadelphia (Clio and dietary remains. This article presents the Group, Inc. 1989; De Cunzo 1995; Weber 1988); documentary, architectural, and artifactual the 1886 orphanage at the Schuyler Mansion in data to support our conclusion that the exca­ Albany, New York (Feister 1991); and the vated structure was the kitchen building asso­ cemeteries of the Uxbridge and Hudson poor ciated with New York City's first municipal farms in Massachusetts (Bell 1990, 1993; Elia almshouse. and Wesolowsky 1991). Only one other known almshouse of the colonial period, the 1696 almshouse in Albany, has been excavated Project History (Huey 1987, 1991a; Pena 1990). In 1988, the New York City Department of The purpose of this article is not to discuss General Services undertook preliminary the quality of life within a colonial almshouse design work for a utility corridor in City Hall but rather to address the basic premise of the Park, Manhattan (Block l 22, Lot 1). The project City Hall Park excavation, which was con­ area was located south of Chambers Street and ducted to determine the function and age of a east of Broadway between City Hall and partial building foundation uncovered during Tweed Court House (FIG. 2). These two build­ archaeological field testing. The main research ings, City Hall (1811 ) and Tweed Court House questions were: 1) what could be determined (1861), are designated New York City Land ­ about the architecture of the buried building; marks (NYC Landmarks Preservation Com­ and 2) what was its relationship, if any, to the mission 1966: 1; 1984: 2). In addition to the two 2 Anatomy of an Alms/rouse Complcx/Bauglrer and l mik ~ I mi. Figure 1. Map indicating the location within New York City of the City Hall Park archaeological site. (Drafted by Jason Thompson.) extant buildings, there were at least eight and Brooklyn College to perfor m the mitiga­ other major structures on the northern portion tion fieldwork. of City Hall Park during the past 250 years Fieldwork for this project was conducted (Baugher-Perlin e ta!. 1982: Appendices 1, 2, for six w eeks in 1989; this work was under­ 11, and 15). taken by the Ci ty Archaeology Program at the The City Archaeology Program identified New York City Landmmks Preservation Com­ the project site as having the potential to con­ mission in conjunction with the Brooklyn Col­ tain archaeological material; this information lege Summer Archaeological Field School. was sent to the Department of General Ser­ Laboratory work and report preparation were vices. The agency contracted with a private funded by a g rant from the New York City consultant to undertake a documentary study. Department of General Services to the New Because of mino r disturbance to the site the York Landmarks Preservation Foundation and con s ulta nts recommended field tes ting the work was done by the City Archaeology (Grossman and Associates, Inc. 1988: 12-14). Program. This excavation did 1101 require an In preliminary field testing the consultants environmental review and was carried out as a uncovered a section of a brownstone wall th at voluntary effort on the pilrt of the three city appeared to b e part of an 18th-century agencies/ institutions. building. Follow ing the completion of the ini­ The excavation uncovered a total of 6,Y03 tial fi eld testing, the Department of General artifacts, including ceramics, glass, smoking Services asked the City Archaeology Program pipes, and metal material. In addition, 4,514 Nortlzcastliistonc,,l;\rdmcologyNol. 26, 1997 3 CH,\MBERS STREET C? . TW EED COL'RT HOUSE . ;-·: . ~ ·. ... D . OD. •. · .' ... ·.· CITY HALL ·· ... :.: ... ·.'. : ' . J()() ft. PARK ING LOT Figure 2. Map indicating the location of the City Hall Park archaeological site within th e northern portion of City Hall Park. (Drafted by Jason Thompson.) faunal remains were unearthed. The site con­ workhouse; the building was erected in 1735 tained material associated with a colonial and opened in 17311 (New York Ci ty 1905, 4: structure as well as with the landscaping of 236, 240-241, 305). Since there was almost City Hall Park in the late 19th and 20th cen­ always a labor shortage in colonial America, turies and with the construction of the rear only the most desperate were placed in institu­ steps to City Hall, ca 1810 (Baugher et al. tions of this kind (Miller 1Y76: 306). 1990). This article focuses only on the colonial Historian Steven Ross (1988: 149) in an component of the site. Historical maps, deed~ arti cle on New York's almshouse notes that wills, municipal Common Council records, between 1729 and 1737 the City w a~ in an eco­ and other documents were evaluated to deter­ nomic depression and that "major outbreaks mine the function o f the excavated colonial of measles in 1727 and smallpox in 1731 and structure.l 1732 added further to the numbers o f the worthy poor." The growing number of poor in Documentary History of the Almshouse New York forced the city governme nt to Lot, 1736-1797 develop an institutional meuns of caring for them. In 1736, New York City's firs t municipul In 1734, the New York City colonial gov­ almshouse or workhouse opened its doors. ernment decided to build an almshouse/ The almshouse served both as a shelter for those poor who were sick, disabled, or elderly, 1 Extensive documentary research for the northern portion and as a workhouse/house of corrections for of City Hall has been undertaken and is detailed in Baugher people considered able to work, including "all eta!. 1990; Baugher-Perlin eta!. 1982; Grossman and Associ­ ates, Inc. 1988; and Hunter Research, Inc. 1994. disorderly persons, parents of Bustard Chil- 4 Allalomy of an Almshouse Compla/Baugha nlld U'llik dren, Beggars, Servants running away or oth­ house, is located \\'el l bevond the bounds of erwise misbehaving themselves, Trespassers, the almshouse site.
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