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Freebsd Handbook FreeBSD Handbook The FreeBSD Documentation Project FreeBSD Handbook by The FreeBSD Documentation Project Published February 1999 Copyright © 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 by The FreeBSD Documentation Project Welcome to FreeBSD! This handbook covers the installation and day to day use of FreeBSD Release 4.3. This manual is a work in progress and is the work of many individuals. Many sections do not yet exist and some of those that do exist need to be updated. If you are interested in helping with this project, send email to the FreeBSD documentation project mailing list <[email protected]>. The latest version of this document is always available from the FreeBSD World Wide Web server (http://www.FreeBSD.org/). It may also be downloaded in a variety of formats and compression options from the FreeBSD FTP server (ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc) or one of the numerous mirror sites. If you would prefer to have a hard copy of the handbook, you can purchase one at the FreeBSD Mall (http://www.freebsdmall.com/). You may also want to Search the Handbook (http://www.FreeBSD.org/search.html). Redistribution and use in source (SGML DocBook) and ’compiled’ forms (SGML, HTML, PDF, PostScript, RTF and so forth) with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code (SGML DocBook) must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer as the first lines of this file unmodified. 2. Redistributions in compiled form (transformed to other DTDs, converted to PDF, PostScript, RTF and other formats) must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. Important: THIS DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED BY THE FREEBSD DOCUMENTATION PROJECT "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FREEBSD DOCUMENTATION PROJECT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Table of Contents I. Getting Started ........................................................................................................................................................11 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................12 1.1 Synopsis...............................................................................................................................................12 1.2 Welcome to FreeBSD!.........................................................................................................................12 1.3 About the FreeBSD Project .................................................................................................................15 2 Installing FreeBSD.............................................................................................................................................1 2.1 Synopsis.................................................................................................................................................1 2.2 Installation Guide...................................................................................................................................1 2.3 Supported Hardware ..............................................................................................................................9 2.4 Troubleshooting...................................................................................................................................19 2.5 Advanced Installation Guide ...............................................................................................................21 3 Unix Basics ......................................................................................................................................................24 3.1 Synopsis...............................................................................................................................................24 3.2 Permissions..........................................................................................................................................24 3.3 Directory Structures.............................................................................................................................25 3.4 Shells....................................................................................................................................................25 3.5 Text Editors..........................................................................................................................................28 3.6 For More Information... .......................................................................................................................28 4 Installing Applications: Packages and Ports ....................................................................................................31 4.1 Synopsis...............................................................................................................................................31 4.2 Finding your application......................................................................................................................33 4.3 Using the Packages System .................................................................................................................33 4.4 Using the Ports Collection...................................................................................................................36 4.5 Troubleshooting...................................................................................................................................41 4.6 Advanced Topics..................................................................................................................................47 II. System Administration..........................................................................................................................................48 5 Configuration and Tuning.................................................................................................................................49 5.1 Synopsis...............................................................................................................................................49 5.2 Initial Configuration.............................................................................................................................49 5.3 Core Configuration ..............................................................................................................................51 5.4 Application Configuration ...................................................................................................................52 5.5 Starting Services ..................................................................................................................................52 5.6 Virtual Hosts ........................................................................................................................................54 5.7 Configuration Files ..............................................................................................................................54 5.8 Tuning with sysctl................................................................................................................................59 5.9 Tuning disks.........................................................................................................................................59 5.10 Tuning kernel limits...........................................................................................................................60 6 The FreeBSD Booting Process.........................................................................................................................62 4 6.1 Synopsis...............................................................................................................................................62 6.2 The Boot Blocks: Bootstrap Stages 1 and 2 ........................................................................................62 6.3 Loader: Bootstrap Stage Three ............................................................................................................63 6.4 Kernel Interaction During Boot ...........................................................................................................66 6.5 Init: Process Control Initialization.......................................................................................................67 6.6 Shutdown Sequence.............................................................................................................................68 7 Users and Basic Account Management............................................................................................................69 7.1 Synopsis...............................................................................................................................................69
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