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The Regime Change Consensus: Iraq in American Politics, 1990-2003
THE REGIME CHANGE CONSENSUS: IRAQ IN AMERICAN POLITICS, 1990-2003 Joseph Stieb A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the College of Arts and Sciences. Chapel Hill 2019 Approved by: Wayne Lee Michael Morgan Benjamin Waterhouse Daniel Bolger Hal Brands ©2019 Joseph David Stieb ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Joseph David Stieb: The Regime Change Consensus: Iraq in American Politics, 1990-2003 (Under the direction of Wayne Lee) This study examines the containment policy that the United States and its allies imposed on Iraq after the 1991 Gulf War and argues for a new understanding of why the United States invaded Iraq in 2003. At the core of this story is a political puzzle: Why did a largely successful policy that mostly stripped Iraq of its unconventional weapons lose support in American politics to the point that the policy itself became less effective? I argue that, within intellectual and policymaking circles, a claim steadily emerged that the only solution to the Iraqi threat was regime change and democratization. While this “regime change consensus” was not part of the original containment policy, a cohort of intellectuals and policymakers assembled political support for the idea that Saddam’s personality and the totalitarian nature of the Baathist regime made Iraq uniquely immune to “management” strategies like containment. The entrenchment of this consensus before 9/11 helps explain why so many politicians, policymakers, and intellectuals rejected containment after 9/11 and embraced regime change and invasion. -
The Report of the Iraq Inquiry: Executive Summary
Return to an Address of the Honourable the House of Commons dated 6 July 2016 for The Report of the Iraq Inquiry Executive Summary Report of a Committee of Privy Counsellors Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed on 6 July 2016 HC 264 46561_00b Viking_Executive Summary Title Page.indd 1 23/06/2016 14:22 © Crown copyright 2016 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/ version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: [email protected]. Where we have identifi ed any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. This publication is available at www.gov.uk/government/publications Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at [email protected] Print ISBN 9781474133319 Web ISBN 9781474133326 ID 23051602 46561 07/16 Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fi bre content minimum Printed in the UK by the Williams Lea Group on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Offi ce 46561_00b Viking_Executive Summary Title Page.indd 2 23/06/2016 14:22 46561_00c Viking_Executive Summary.indd 1 23/06/2016 15:04 46561_00c Viking_Executive Summary.indd 2 23/06/2016 14:17 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Contents Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 4 Pre‑conflict strategy and planning .................................................................................... 5 The UK decision to support US military action ................................................................. 6 UK policy before 9/11 ................................................................................................ -
Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
Wednesday Volume 494 24 June 2009 No. 98 HOUSE OF COMMONS OFFICIAL REPORT PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES (HANSARD) Wednesday 24 June 2009 £5·00 © Parliamentary Copyright House of Commons 2009 This publication may be reproduced under the terms of the Parliamentary Click-Use Licence, available online through the Office of Public Sector Information website at www.opsi.gov.uk/click-use/ Enquiries to the Office of Public Sector Information, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 4DU; Tel: 0044 (0) 208876344; e-mail: [email protected] 777 24 JUNE 2009 778 rightly made the case. I hope she will understand when I House of Commons point her to the work of the World Bank and other international financial institutions on infrastructure in Wednesday 24 June 2009 Ukraine and other countries. We will continue to watch the regional economic needs of Ukraine through our involvement with those institutions. The House met at half-past Eleven o’clock Mr. Gary Streeter (South-West Devon) (Con): Given PRAYERS the strategic significance of Ukraine as a political buffer zone between the EU and Russia, does the Minister not think that it was perhaps an error of judgment to close [MR.SPEAKER in the Chair] the DFID programme in Ukraine last year? It would be an utter tragedy if Ukraine’s democracy should fail, so BUSINESS BEFORE QUESTIONS should we not at the very least be running significant capacity-building programmes to support it? SPOLIATION ADVISORY PANEL Resolved, Mr. Thomas: We are running capacity-building programmes on democracy and good governance through That an Humble Address be presented to Her Majesty, That she will be graciously pleased to give directions that there be laid the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. -
Why Did We Go to War in Iraq?
WHY DID WE GO TO WAR IN IRAQ? A CALL FOR AN AUSTRALIAN INQUIRY Contents The Iraq War Inquiry Group consists of Australians from diverse backgrounds who are concerned that there has been no in-depth, high-level and independent inquiry into how Call for an Iraq war inquiry 5 Australia decided to take part in the invasion of Iraq in 2003. Foreword As a consequence, there has been little informed public Rt Hon Malcolm Fraser AC CH 6 discussion of the lessons to be learned and the alternatives and potential improvements in the process by which Executive summary 10 Australian institutions respond to future conflicts. 1 Why an inquiry, and why now? Prof Ramesh Thakur 13 Published in August 2012 2 How did we get there? Garry Woodard, Paul Barratt AO and Andrew Farran 21 The chapters in this document have been written by members of the Iraq War Inquiry Group, and do not necessarily reflect the views of 3 What evidence was available? the group as a whole, or any individual member, in every respect. Rod Barton 29 Editor: Dr Alison Broinowski 4 How highly did the children rate? Convenor: Dr Sue Wareham OAM Dr Jenny Grounds and Dr Sue Wareham OAM 37 Layout: Tim Wright 5 What sort of inquiry is needed? Edward Santow 45 Website: www.iraqwarinquiry.org.au Email: [email protected] 6 A better Westminster way to war? Phone: 0431 475 465 Prof Charles Sampford 55 Postal address: PO Box 1379 7 The UK inquiries into the Iraq war Carlton, Victoria, 3053 Prof Gerry Simpson 67 8 Never again? Dr Alison Broinowski and Prof Charles Sampford 75 Some unanswered questions 80 Contributors 82 Cover: Iraqi children who fled escalating violence in southern Iraq. -
Section 17 Civilian Casualties
SECTION 17 CIVILIAN CASUALTIES Contents Introduction and key findings ....................................................................................... 170 Consideration of Iraqi civilian casualties before the conflict ......................................... 171 Statements on the human cost of not intervening in Iraq ...................................... 171 Assessments of Iraqi civilian casualties during initial combat operations .............. 176 Civilian casualties during initial combat operations ...................................................... 179 Provision of medical care to Iraqi citizens .............................................................. 179 Reports on civilian casualties ................................................................................ 180 Case study of a bombing in a Basra suburb, 5 April 2003 ..................................... 182 Responding to demands to count civilian casualties ................................................... 186 Witness comment .................................................................................................. 213 Records and estimates of the number of Iraqi fatalities ............................................... 214 Non‑Iraqi civilian fatalities ...................................................................................... 216 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 217 169 The Report of the Iraq Inquiry Introduction and key findings 1. This section -
Historical Profile of Dawlat Al-Kuwait: Emergence, Occupation and Re-Emergence
Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society Volume No. 32, Issue No. 1, January - June 2019 Farzana Rizvi * Historical Profile Of Dawlat Al-Kuwait: Emergence, Occupation And Re-Emergence Abstract The purpose of this paper is to study the historical profile of Kuwait and especially how it was emerged as an independent state, invasion of Iraqi forces which took control of Kuwait city and its resurgence, reemergence or revival as an independent state. Both states already had conflicts on different issues included oil and territories. This research further analysis the efforts of multilateral forces and UN to liberated Kuwait from Iraq’s occupation. It examines the status of Kuwait, how the conflict emerged between Iraq and Kuwait, UN noticed and formed a mission. The study employed a concurrent mixed methods of qualitative research; descriptive and narrative and research design drawn from pragmatic paradigm. Data was collected from primary and secondary sources; UN Reports, articles and books. The research suggests that UN efforts should be acknowledged. In a short span of time they with the help of multilateral forces liberated Kuwait. At the end the researcher should hope that UN and other powers should continue to perform positive role for global peace and they try to remove the root causes of any conflict. Key Words: Kuwait, Formation, Iraqi Occupation, Independence Introduction Dawlat al-Kuwait or State of Kuwait commonly known as Kuwait is an Arab country of Western Asia situated at the Northern edge of Eastern Arabia at the tip of Persian Gulf. Kuwait is the liberal state among the Arab world with the most free press and civil liberties. -
Operation in Iraq, Our Diplomatic Efforts Were Concentrated in the UN Process
OPERATIONS IN IRAQ First Reflections IRAQ PUBLISHED JULY 2003 Produced by Director General Corporate Communication Design by Directorate of Corporate Communications DCCS (Media) London IRAQ FIRST REFLECTIONS REPORT Contents Foreword 2 Chapter 1 - Policy Background to the Operation 3 Chapter 2 - Planning and Preparation 4 Chapter 3 - The Campaign 10 Chapter 4 - Equipment Capability & Logistics 22 Chapter 5 - People 28 Chapter 6 - Processes 32 Chapter 7 - After the Conflict 34 Annex A - Military Campaign Objectives 39 Annex B - Chronology 41 Annex C - Deployed Forces and Statistics 43 1 Foreword by the Secretary of State for Defence On 20 March 2003 a US-led coalition, with a substantial contribution from UK forces, began military operations against the Saddam Hussein regime in Iraq. Just 4 weeks later, the regime was removed and most of Iraq was under coalition control. The success of the military campaign owed much to the determination and professionalism of the coalition’s Armed Forces and the civilians who supported them. I regret that, during the course of combat operations and subsequently, a number of Service personnel lost their lives. Their sacrifice will not be forgotten. The UK is playing a full part in the re-building of Iraq through the establishment of conditions for a stable and law-abiding Iraqi government. This process will not be easy after years of repression and neglect by a brutal regime. Our Armed Forces are performing a vital and dangerous role by contributing to the creation of a secure environment so that normal life can be resumed, and by working in support of humanitarian organisations to help the Iraqi people. -
The 2003 Iraq War: Operations, Causes, and Consequences
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (JHSS) ISSN: 2279-0837, ISBN: 2279-0845. Volume 4, Issue 5 (Nov. - Dec. 2012), PP 29-47 www.Iosrjournals.Org The 2003 Iraq War: Operations, Causes, and Consequences Youssef Bassil LACSC – Lebanese Association for Computational Sciences Registered under No. 957, 2011, Beirut, Lebanon Abstract: The Iraq war is the Third Gulf War that was initiated with the military invasion of Iraq on March 2003 by the United States of American and its allies to put an end to the Baath Party of Saddam Hussein, the fifth President of Iraq and a prominent leader of the Baath party in the Iraqi region. The chief cause of this war was the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) that George W. Bush declared in response to the attacks of September 11. The events of this war were both brutal and severe on both parties as it resulted in the defeat of the Iraqi army and the depose and execution of Saddam Hussein, in addition to thousands of causalities and billionsof dollars expenses.This paperdiscusses the overt as well as the covert reasons behind the Iraqi war, in addition to its different objectives. It alsodiscusses the course of the war and its aftermath. This would shed the light on the consequences of the war on the political, economic, social, and humanitarian levels. Finally, the true intentions of the war are speculated. Keywords –Political Science, Warfare, Iraq War 2003, Global War on Terrorism I. INTRODUCTION The Iraq war, sometimes known as the Third Gulf War, began on March 20, 2003 with the invasion of Iraq known as "Iraqi Freedom Operation" by the alliance led by the United States against the Baath Party of Saddam Hussein. -
Iranian Strategy in Iraq: Politics and 'Other Means,'
Combating Terrorism Center at West Point Occasional Paper Series Iranian Strategy in Iraq Politics and “Other Means” Joseph Felter Brian Fishman October 13, 2008 1 Contents Preface…………………………………………………………………..... 3 Author’s Note…………………………………………………………… 4 Introduction……………………………………………………………... 6 Chapter 1: Iranian Intervention in Iraq before 2003……………….. 14 Chapter 2: Iran’s Political Strategy in Iraq………………………….. 26 Chapter 3: Iranian Training for Iraqi Militias……………………… 55 Chapter 4: Iranian Lethal Aid in Iraq………………………………... 71 Chapter 5: Findings and Recommendations………………………... 83 Acronym List……………………………………………………………. 90 2 Preface Iranian strategy in Iraq is a subject of great importance and intense study. Many discussions of Iran concentrate on reports of lethal aid, pronouncements of Iranian leaders, or Iranian nuclear ambitions. While these data points provide part of the picture, it is vital to put each of the Iranian actions into their broader, historical context. In this light, Iran’s actions are part of a deliberate, strategic policy to increase its power and influence in Iraq and throughout the region. In this report, Colonel Joe Felter and Brian Fishman of the Combating Terrorism Center (CTC) at West Point have detailed the objectives, methods, and expansiveness of the Iranian attempts to affect policy and politics in Iraq. Having spent much of the summer 2008 in Iraq, they have identified many of the documents, reports, and interviews that explain the Iranian strategy and provide both the historical context and the strategic motivation for Iranian actions. By using first hand reports from detainee interviews, Iraqi intelligence services, and coalition forces, they have a unique, empirically‐based study that provides rich detail about Iranian action. -
Iraq Situation Sources: UNHCR Field Office UNHCR, Global Insight Digital Mapping Elevation © 1998 Europa Technologies Ltd
FF II CC SS SS Capital Armistice Demarcation Line Field Information and Administrative boundary Coordination Support Section UNHCR Representation Main road Division of Operational Services UNHCR Sub office Railway Iraq Situation Sources: UNHCR Field office UNHCR, Global Insight digital mapping Elevation © 1998 Europa Technologies Ltd. UNHCR Presence (Above mean sea level) MoDM, IOM, IDP Working Group C Refugee settlement As of April 2008 3,250 to 4,000 metres Refugee camp 2,500 to 3,250 metres The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this Town or village of interest 1,750 to 2,500 metres map do not imply official endorsement 1,000 to 1,750 metres Exclusively for internal UNHCR use !! Main town or village or acceptance by the United Nations. 750 to 1,000 metres ((( Secondary town or village Iraq_SituationMapEthnoGroups_A3LC.WOR ((( ((( ((( 500 to 750 metres ((( Andirin !! ((( ((( ((( ((( Hakkâri ((( Yüksekova Kahramanmaras((( ((( ((( Gercus !! ((( ((( !! ((( ((( Kuyulu ((( Savur International boundary ((( Pazarcik((( Golcuk ((( !! 250 to 500 metres ((( !! ((( ((( !! ((( ((( !! ((( ((( !! ((( Bandar-e Anzali !! ((( !! ((( Karakeci OrumiyehOrumiyeh ((( Kozan ((( ((( OrumiyehOrumiyeh ((( Meyaneh ((( ((( ((( ((( !! ((( !! Turkoglu((( Yaylak((( ((( ((( !! Maraghen ((( Boundary of former Kadirli((( !! ((( Akziyaret ((( Derik ((( ((( ((( 0 to 250 metres ((( ((( (((Cizre ((( Bonab !! ((( ((( !! !! ((( ((( ( ((( Mardin Sume`eh Sara !! ((( Kuchesfahan ( ((( ((( ((( ((( SilopiSilopi !! Palestine Mandate Karaisali((( -
Sorensen IRAQ
Sorensen Last updated: July 11, 2008 Photo- Print Neg. Binder grapher Nation State Locale no. Description Year Neg. Sorenson Number Notes only ME Iraq Baghdād Baghdād View of truck crossing pontoon bridge over river. 1951 x Iraq 1 ME Iraq Baghdād Baghdād Pedestrian traffic on pontoon bridge over river. 1951 x Iraq 2 ME Iraq Baghdād Baghdād Man walking alongside Tigris River looking south 1951 Iraq 3 x towards city. ME Iraq Baghdād Baghdād Guide and chauffeur standing alongside Tigris River. 1951 Iraq 4 x ME Iraq Baghdād Baghdād Boats docked side by side on Tigris River. 1951 x Iraq 5 ME Iraq Baghdād Baghdād Looking east towards building on Tigris River. 1951 x Iraq 6 ME Iraq Baghdād Baghdād Vegetable garden underneath palm trees. 1951 x Iraq 7 ME Iraq Baghdād Baghdād Boy and girl standing under palm tree in vegetable 1951 Iraq 8 x garden. ME Iraq Baghdād Baghdād View of Tigris River from balcony of Semiarmis Hotel. 1951 Iraq 9 x ME Iraq Baghdād Kadhimain View up road from traffic circle towards al-Khadimain 1951 Iraq 10 x Mosque. ME Iraq Baghdād Baghdād Waiting for bus to Kirkūk. 1951 x Iraq 11 ME Iraq Baghdād Baghdād Loading buses bound for Kirkūk. 1951 x Iraq 12 ME Iraq Baghdād Baghdād Aerial view of gate to mosque. 1951 x Iraq 13 ME Iraq Baghdād Baghdād Dome of mosque, as viewed from roof. 1951 x Iraq 14 ME Iraq Baghdād Baghdād View over city from roof of mosque. 1951 x Iraq 15 ME Iraq Baghdād Baghdād Tomb of a King. -
Radiological Conditions in Selected Areas of Southern Iraq with Residues of Depleted Uranium
RADIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORTS SERIES During the conflict in Iraq in 2003, depleted uranium Radiological Conditions in Selected Areas of Southern Iraq with Residues of Depleted Uranium munitions were employed by the Coalition Forces. As a result, residues of depleted uranium contaminated both Radiological Conditions in localized areas of land and vehicles. The possible health effects of such residues on the Iraqi population living in the vicinity of the affected areas raised concerns. In 2004, the Iraqi Minister of Environment made a formal Selected Areas of request of the United Nations Environment Programme for a comprehensive field assessment. In early 2005, a meeting involving UNEP, the World Health Organization Southern Iraq with and the IAEA took place to discuss, plan and coordinate work on the assessment of depleted uranium residues in southern Iraq. In 2006, during a follow-up meeting that included UNEP, the IAEA and the Radiation Protection Residues of Depleted Uranium Centre of the Iraqi Ministry of Environment, the IAEA was invited to undertake a radiological assessment of the data collected by the Radiation Protection Centre. This report describes the methods, assumptions and parameters used by the IAEA in the assessment of the post-conflict radiological conditions of specified locations for local populations and in the environment. The report uses the results provided by UNEP from the 2006–2007 sampling campaigns, and presents these Report by an results, findings and conclusions. international group of experts INTERNATIONAL