Scientific, Geographic, and Historiographic Inventions of Colombia
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Crafting a Republic for the World Crafting a Republic for the World Scientific, Geographic, and Historiographic Inventions of Colombia Lina del Castillo University of Nebraska Press Lincoln & London © 2018 by the Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Del Castillo, Lina, author. Title: Crafting a republic for the world: scientific, geographic, and historiographic inventions of Colombia / Lina del Castillo. Description: Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: lccn 2017026970 (print) lccn 2017031982 (ebook) isbn 9780803290747 (cloth: alkaline paper) isbn 9781496205483 (paperback: alkaline paper) isbn 9781496205834 (epub) isbn 9781496205841 (mobi) isbn 9781496205858 (pdf) Subjects: lcsh: Colombia— Politics and government— 1810–| Colombia— Geography. | Geography— Political aspects— Colombia— History. | Science— Political aspects— Colombia— History. | Historiography— Political aspects— Colombia— History. | Elite (Social sciences)— Colombia— History. | Republicanism— Colombia— History. | Postcolonialism— Colombia— History. | Nationalism— Colombia— History. | Colombia— Colonial influence. Classification: lcc f2273 (ebook) lcc f2273 .d45 2018 (print) ddc 986.1/03— dc23 lc record available at https:// lccn .loc .gov /2017026970 Set in Minion Pro by E. Cuddy. For my childhood’s guardian, Gary J. Greenberg and for my life’s love, Jorge Cañizares- Esguerra Contents List of Illustrations . ix List of Tables . xi Acknowledgments . xiii Introduction: Postcolonial Inventions of Spanish American Colonial Legacies . 1 Chapter 1. Gran Colombian Print Culture and the Erasure of the Spanish Enlightenment . 27 Chapter 2. A Political Economy of Circulation . 76 Chapter 3. Calculating Equality and the Postcolonial Reproduction of the Colonial State . 122 Chapter 4. Political Ethnography and the Colonial in the Postcolonial Mind . 159 Chapter 5. Constitutions and Political Geographies Harness Universal Manhood Suffrage . 212 Chapter 6. Civic Religion vs. the Catholic Church and the Ending of a Republican Project . 262 Conclusion: A Continental Postcolonial Colombia Challenges the Latin Race Idea . 307 Notes . 325 Bibliography . 351 Index . 373 Illustrations 1. Photograph of the entrance to Instituto Geográfico Agustin Codazzi . 30 2. José Manuel Restrepo, “Carta de la República de Colombia, 1827” . 64 3. Colombia, “Carta Corográfica de la República de Colombia con sus divisions políticas de departamentos y provincias,” Bogotá, 1825 . 65 4. Colegio Militar, “Bogotá y sus alrededores,” 1849 . 77 5. “Bogotá y sus alrededores,” 1849 map detail . 97 6. “Bogotá y sus alrededores,” 1849 map detail . 103 7. Plano Humorístico de Manuel Peña . 110 8. Fish scale mountain detail from “Plano topográfico, copiado por Indalecio Liévano,” 1797 . 112 9. Hairy worms detail from “Bogotá y sus alrededores,” 1849 . 113 10. Topographic chart by Sixto Barriga, 1850, in Topographic charts and profiles drawn by students of Colegio Militar . 118 11. Map of indigenous resguardos located in the high plains near Bogota to be divided by Colegio Militar– trained surveyors . 124 12. Comisión Corográfica: Routes traveled 1850– 1859 . 176 13. Changes in New Granada political divisions, 1835– 1853 . 201 14. Mapa de la República de la Nueva Granada dedicado al Barón de Humboldt, á quien se deben los primeros conocimientos geográficos y geolojicos positivos de este vasto territorio, por el Coronel de Artilleria Joaquin Acosta,” Paris, 1847 . 213 List of Illustrations 15. “Mapa de la República de la Nueva Granada dedicado al Barón de Humboldt, á quien se deben los primeros conocimientos geográficos y geolojicos positivos de este vasto territorio, por el Coronel de Artilleria Joaquin Acosta . Arreglado al Sistema federal de 1858 por jm Samper,” Paris, 1858 . 214 16. Mapa corográfico de la Provincia de Tundama (Boyacá), levantado por orden del gobierno por Agustín Codazzi, 1850 . 260 17. Estado de Boyacá, París, 1864 . 261 18. “Carta Geográfica de Los Estados Unidos de Colombia,” Paris, 1864 . 267 x Tables 1. Members of the Founding Bogotá Chapter of the Instituto Caldas . 167 2. Founding Members of the Ocaña Province’s Instituto Caldas 1849 . 203 3. Revenue from Disentailed Property . 275 Acknowledgments It takes a community to support the long- term production of a book. I received important financial and institutional support from the University of Miami’s History Department and Cen- ter for Latin American Studies, the National Science Founda- tion’s Dissertation Improvement Award, Iowa State University’s Big 12 Faculty Fellowship Program, the Fulbright Scholar Pro- gram of the United States Department of State’s Bureau of Edu- cational and Cultural Affairs, the Teresa Lozano Long Institute for Latin American Studies— Benson, the History Department at the University of Texas at Austin, the Kellogg Institute for Inter- national Studies at the University of Notre Dame, the School of Advanced Study’s Institute of Latin American Studies at the Uni- versity of London, and the President’s Office of the University of Texas at Austin’s subvention grant program. Erin Greb’s cartogra- phy that illustrates this text helped me see trends that otherwise would have remained occluded. Words cannot express my gratitude for the inspiring people who have contributed to my book’s community by reading chap- ters, listening to presentations, discussing various parts of this manuscript with me, suggesting further readings and archival documents, and challenging me to think deeper, all the while encouraging me to follow through. The list of debts is long, and I apologize in advance for any oversights. Many thanks to Mary Roldán, Michael LaRosa, Germán Mejía, Steve Stein, Bruce Bag- ley, Martha Few, Raymond Craib, Mauricio Nieto Olarte, Muriel Laurent, Ana María Bidegaín, Victor Uribe, Claudia Leal, Shawn Van Ausdal, Noble David Cook, Robin Bachin, Eduardo Elena, Ashli White, Guido Ruggiero, Laura Giannetti, Marten Brienen, Acknowledgments Efraín Sánchez, Daniel Gutierrez Ardila, Sergio Mejía, Francisco Ortega, Lucía Duque, Fernán González, S.J., Guiomar Dueñas- Vargas, Alfonso Múnera, Kristen Block, Marcela Echeverri, Joanne Rappaport, Brett Troyan, Hayley Froysland, Meri Clark, Rebecca Tally, Joshua Rosenthal, Nicola Foote, Aims McGuinness, Jane Rausch, Catherine LeGrand, Peter Henderson, Miguel Cuadros- Sánchez, Eduardo Posada- Carbó, Paola Ruiz Gutierrez, Matthew Edney, Barbara Mundy, Pete Sigal, Sebastián Diaz, Héctor Men- doza Vargas, Juanita Rodriguez Congote, Santiago Muñoz, Eden Medina, Karen Racine, Ernesto Bassi, Santa Arias, Neil Safier, Iris Montero, Felipe Martínez Pinzón, Adrián López- Denis, Matthew Crawford, Carla Lois, Ryan Kashanipour, Jennifer Derr, Jim Aker- man, Roger Kain, Karl Offen, Jordana Dym, Zeb Tortorici, Adam Warren, Julia Rodriguez, Karin Rosemblatt, Sebastián Gil- Riaño, Christopher Heaney, Vanesa Miseres, Juan Vitulli, Karen Grau- bart, J. Samuel Valenzuela, Carlos Jáuregui, Carlos Abreu Men- doza, Carolina Alzate, Tatiana Botero, Angel Tuninetti, Florencia Quesada, April Eisman, John Monroe, Chrisy Moutsatsos, Jac- queline Jones, Xaq Frohich, Megan Raby, Sam Vong, Brent Cros- son, Abena Dove Osseo-Asare, Julie Hardwick, Jeremi Suri, Mark Thurner, Leoncio López- Ocón, and Juan Pimentel. Jorge Orlando Melo, Angela Pérez Mejia, Martha Jeanet Sierra, and Mauricio Tovar aided my searches through Colombian archives and special collections. The kindness of the Ancízar family for opening Man- uel Ancízar’s archive to me, and the Restrepo family for allowing access to José Manuel Restrepo’s archive have been inordinately important. Ernesto Capello offered welcome feedback on an ear- lier version of the manuscript. Rebecca Earle, Jamie Sanders, and Marixa Lasso also offered invaluable insights on the full manu- script. Seth Garfield’s laser- like targeted reading powers helped me see much more clearly the significance of my research. Nancy Appelbaum generously has seen this project develop, and has read, critiqued, suggested sources, and offered timely advice through- out my writing process. Thanks are also due to Ana María Cam- argo Gómez, head of publications at the Banco de la República de Colombia, and to Bridget Barry and the folks at the Univer- sity of Nebraska Press for their hard work to ensure this project xiv Acknowledgments arrived at the finish line. Finally, my deepest appreciation for the many enthusiastic graduate and undergraduate students that over the years have helped me clarify my arguments and gain greater understanding. Friends and family are the sustaining life force behind often- isolating academic endeavors. My mother, Martha Senn, has been a boundless source of love, inspiration, and support. Her partner, Juan Sebastián Betancur, has listened and provided guidance when I’ve most needed it. My father, José María Del Castillo, and his wife have been keen enthusiasts of my historical meanderings. So have my siblings, Javier, Catalina, and Federico, and stepkids, Sebastián and Andrea. My grandmother, Dilia Rodríguez de Senn, encour- aged me with her good humor and good sense, and the playful spirit of my grandfather, Nicolás Senn, lives on in my son. Family trees sometimes grow roots and branches in the places you least expect. Gary and Miriam Greenberg opened their home to me in 1980 when I first arrived in the United States from Colombia. In the fall of 2001,