Electronic Vehicle Identification: Applications and October 2007 Implementation Considerations 6
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Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. FHWA/TX-09/0-5217-1 Accession No. 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Electronic Vehicle Identification: Applications and October 2007 Implementation Considerations 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Dr. Khali Persad, Dr. C. Michael Walton, Dr. Zhong Wang, 0-5217-1 Shahriyar Hussain, Chris Robertson 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Center for Transportation Research 11. Contract or Grant No. The University of Texas at Austin 0-5217 3208 Red River, Suite 200 Austin, TX 78705-2650 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Texas Department of Transportation Technical Report Research and Technology Implementation Office 14. Sponsoring Agency Code P.O. Box 5080 Austin, TX 78763-5080 15. Supplementary Notes Project performed in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration. Project Title: Vehicle/License Plate Identification for Toll Collection Applications 16. Abstract Electronic vehicle identification (EVI) is already an important component of electronic toll collection. Universal EVI would provide the opportunity for transportation agencies to introduce ITS features such as in-vehicle information systems. In this project three areas were researched: (1) Current and promising technologies for vehicle identification, especially those already being deployed for toll collection, (2) Incorporation of national and state standards, legislative initiatives, and public response into TxDOT planning, and (3) Costs, benefits and implementation requirements for EVI. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Electronic vehicle identification, tolling, DSRC No restrictions. This document is available to the standards, electronic data privacy, electronic vehicle public through the National Technical Information registration, cost-benefit analysis, EVI timeline. Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161; www.ntis.gov. 19. Security Classif. (of report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 144 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized ELECTRONIC VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION: APPLICATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS Dr. Khali Persad Dr. C. Michael Walton Dr. Zhong Wang Shahriyar Hussain Chris Robertson CTR Technical Report: 0-5217-1 Report Date: October 2007 Project: 0-5217 Project Title: Vehicle/License Plate Identification for Toll Collection Applications Sponsoring Agency: Texas Department of Transportation Performing Agency: Center for Transportation Research at The University of Texas at Austin Project performed in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration. Center for Transportation Research The University of Texas at Austin 3208 Red River Austin, TX 78705 www.utexas.edu/research/ctr Copyright (c) 2008 Center for Transportation Research The University of Texas at Austin All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Disclaimers Author's Disclaimer: The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official view or policies of the Federal Highway Administration or the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. Patent Disclaimer: There was no invention or discovery conceived or first actually reduced to practice in the course of or under this contract, including any art, method, process, machine manufacture, design or composition of matter, or any new useful improvement thereof, or any variety of plant, which is or may be patentable under the patent laws of the United States of America or any foreign country. Engineering Disclaimer NOT INTENDED FOR CONSTRUCTION, BIDDING, OR PERMIT PURPOSES. Project Engineer: Khali R. Persad Professional Engineer License State and Number: 74848 P. E. Designation: Primary Researcher Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the TxDOT Project Monitoring Committee for its input and guidance during this research project: Project Director David Powell, TTA, Program Coordinator Phil Russell, TTA, and Project Adviser Duane Pufpaff, VTR. We would also like to acknowledge the help and information provided by staff at VTR, especially Linda Kirksey, and staff at TTA, as well as valuable feedback provided by Duncan Stewart of RTI. Products Information from Products 3 and 4 have been incorporated into this final report. Chapter 5 contains material from Product 3, while material from Product 4 can be found within chapter 6. Table of Contents ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 1.1 Scope ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Approach ................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Research Tasks ......................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Report Outline ........................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 2: TOLLING TECHNOLOGY AND BEST PRACTICES ...................... 7 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Evolution of Tolling .................................................................................................. 7 2.3 State of Practice in Tolling ....................................................................................... 9 2.4 Best Practices in ETC ............................................................................................. 17 2.5 Considerations in Implementing ETC .................................................................... 20 2.6 Upcoming Tolling Technologies ............................................................................ 24 2.7 Trends and Initiatives .............................................................................................. 33 2.8 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER 3: STANDARDS FOR ETC TECHNOLOGIES AND ITS .................... 43 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 43 3.2 Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) ................................................. 43 3.3 Standards Development .......................................................................................... 46 3.4 Role of EVI in ITS and Transportation System Management ................................ 50 3.5 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER 4 EVI THROUGH VEHICLE REGISTRATION .................................. 55 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 55 4.2 Vehicle Registration ............................................................................................... 55 4.3 Introducing EVI through Registration .................................................................... 59 4.4 Privacy Issues with EVI .......................................................................................... 64 4.5 Additional and Enabling Legislation ...................................................................... 68 4.6 Possible EVR Timeline and Chapter Summary ...................................................... 69 i CHAPTER 5: BENEFIT-COST ASSESSMENT OF EVI .......................................... 71 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 71 5.2 Analyses by Others ................................................................................................. 71 5.3 Assessment of Benefits ........................................................................................... 72 5.4 Cost Assessment ..................................................................................................... 76 5.5 Benefit/Cost Calculations ....................................................................................... 78 5.6 Sensitivity Analysis ................................................................................................ 85 5.7 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................... 86 CHAPTER 6 EVI DATA POLICY AND OUTLINE BUSINESS MODEL ............. 87 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 87 6.2 EVI Policy Considerations ...................................................................................... 87 6.2.2 EVI Technology Selection ................................................................................... 89 6.3 Essential Elements of a Policy on EVI Data ........................................................... 93 6.4 Outline Business