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The Microkernel Mach in Nextstep Seminar Origins of Operating Systems The Microkernel Mach in NeXTSTEP Gregor Schmidt 2006-06-29 Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Gregor Schmidt Hasso-Plattner-Institut Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 1 1 Overview Introduction . The road to NeXTSTEP . The NeXT computers The NeXTSTEP operating system The Mach Microkernel . Interprocess Communication by example The next steps Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Gregor Schmidt Hasso-Plattner-Institut Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 2 2 Overview Introduction The NeXTSTEP operating system The Mach Microkernel The next steps Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Gregor Schmidt Hasso-Plattner-Institut Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 3 3 The Road to NeXTStep 1986 - NeXT computers, Inc. was founded by Steve Jobs and . colleagues from Apple - Rich Page - George Crow - Bud Tribble - Dan‘L Lewin - Susan Barnes . and - Randy Heffner - Gary H. Moore 1988 - The first computer was presented Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Gregor Schmidt Hasso-Plattner-Institut Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 4 4 The NeXT computers based on Motorola 680x0 2 basic models . NeXTcube (1989) . NeXTstation (1990) - 25 MHz resp. 33 MHz - 8 MB RAM (up to 32 MB) - 105 MB SCSI HDD - Floppy Disc Drive - 10Base-T and 10Base-2 Ethernet - Monochrome Display $ 4.995,- All later versions of NeXTSTEP operating systems run on these machines Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Gregor Schmidt Hasso-Plattner-Institut Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 5 5 Overview Introduction The NeXTSTEP operating system The Mach Microkernel The next steps Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Gregor Schmidt Hasso-Plattner-Institut Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 6 6 The NeXTStep Operating System Main Features Mach Kernel BSD4.3 user space server NeXTSTEP user interface Display Postscript Object-oriented application framework Objective C as standard programming language Extraordinary OO-development tools High integration of all native applications Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Gregor Schmidt Hasso-Plattner-Institut Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 7 7 The NeXTSTEP Operating System Demo - By Steve Jobs Product Demonstration of NeXTSTEP Release 3.0 Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Gregor Schmidt Hasso-Plattner-Institut Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 8 8 Overview Introduction The NeXTSTEP operating system The Mach Microkernel The next steps Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Gregor Schmidt Hasso-Plattner-Institut Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 9 9 The Mach Microkernel History 1985 - 1994 - developed at Carnegie-Mellon university Microkernel Deployed in several systems . NeXTSTEP / OPENSTEP - Rhapsody - Mac OS X . GNU/Hurd . MkLinux . Tru64 (OSF/1) NeXTSTEP uses Mach 2.5 Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Gregor Schmidt Hasso-Plattner-Institut Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 10 10 The Mach Microkernel Microkernel Little features - great reliability Only the main features run in privileged mode . Process management - Scheduling . Synchronization and communication Device drivers and all other services run as user services lots of communication small interface overhead little trusted computing base lots of synchronization Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Gregor Schmidt Hasso-Plattner-Institut Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 11 11 The Mach Microkernel Main Features Preemptive Multitasking Multithreading, Multiprocessing Memory protection, virtual memory Interprocess communication via mach messages Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Gregor Schmidt Hasso-Plattner-Institut Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 12 12 The Mach Microkernel Interprocess Communication Transparent network support Typed messages . including type conversion between different languages Integrated with virtual memory . local messages are not copied . but mapped into receiver‘s address space . Remote messages are send lazily Port Rights Management . Ownership . Receive . Send Port names - unique Integer Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Gregor Schmidt Hasso-Plattner-Institut Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 13 13 3 Jeder Port wird durch einen eindeutigen Namen bezeichnet. Diese Namen sind durch ganzzahlige Werte implementiert. Verschiedene Tasks können ihre eigenen, womöglich verschiedenen Namen für denselben Port besitzen. Werden Port-Namen in Nachrichten versandt, so transformiert der Mach-Kern den für den Absender gültigen Namen in einen in der Empfänger-Task gültigen Namen. Dabei wird der zugehörige Port für die Empfänger-Task womöglich erst angelegt. Interessant bleibt jedoch die Frage, wie eine Task jemals von einer anderen Task erfahren kann. Erst dann kann sie ihr ja eine Nachricht senden und mitteilen, unter welchem Port sie selbst erreichbar ist. 3. Verteiltes Rechnen Modelle für verteiltes Rechnen sollen die physische Verteilung der Komponenten einer Anwendung verbergen und die Existenz des Netzwerks verdecken. Kommunizierende Tasks können dann genauso leicht auf verschiedenen Maschinen ausgeführt werden, wie auf einer einzigen. Machs-IPC stellt ein solches Modell dar und unterstützt sogar trans- parente Kommunikation in heterogenen Umgebungen. Anhand eines Klient/Server-Beispiels wollen wir die Möglichkeiten und Werkzeuge die Mach bietet, erläutern. Die beiden Komponenten unserer verteilten Anwendung heißen packets_client und packets_server. Der Klient kann Nachrichten mit The Macheinem Microkernel Integer-Wert an den Server schicken. Er ruft dazu eine Routine send_pa- cket() auf. Der Server druckt für jeden empfangenen Wert eine Notiz aus. Sendet How to manfind sehr Ports viele in Nachrichten NeXTStep hintereinander oder senden viele Klienten auf einmal an einen Server, so kann eine Überflutung von Puffern oder des Netzwerkes autreten. Zum Aufspüren derartiger Fälle ist unsere Anwendung geeignet — wenn man Klient und Environment ServManagerer noch ein wenig erweitert. for local use onlyBevor Klient und Server kommunizieren können, stellt sich nun die Frage, wie beide voneinander erfahren. Sie kommunizieren dazu mit einem Namensdienst. Bild 1 zeigt Network Messagedie Initialisierungsschritte, Server die vor der ersten Klient/Server-Interaktion nötig sind. enables network-wide communication Service Server netname_look_up() 2 netmsgserver packets_client 3 4 netname_check_in() send_packet() 1 packets_server in Mac OS X: Bootstrap Server Bild 1: Der Mach-Namensdienst Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Gregor Schmidt Hasso-Plattner-Institut Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 14 14 6 senden kann. Mit dem Mach Interface Generator (MIG) existiert jedoch ein leistungs- fähiges Werkzeug, das uns viel von diesem Programmieraufwand abnimmt. 4. Der Mach Interface Generator Ausgehend von einer Spezifikation, packets.defs in unserem Beispiel (der Suffix .defs ist üblich), erzeugt der Mach Interface Generator C-Code für Klient und Server. Auf der Klienten-Seite wird dabei ein procedure call interface zu Mach-Nachrichten generiert, während auf der Server-Seite ein message passing interface zu den C- Funktionen entsteht, die die Server-Funktionalität implementieren. Der Programmierer hat mit dem Erzeugen von Mach-Nachrichten-Strukturen, dem Eintragen von Typ- und Längeninformation und der Zuordnung verschiedener Typen von Nachrichten zu ver- The Mach Microkernelschiedenen Funktionen auf der Server-Seite nichts zu tun. In Bild 4 zeigen wir die von MIG generierten Dateien in ihrer Beziehung zu ‘‘von Hand’’ codierten Pro- Message Sending grammstückthe Easyen. Way Mach Interface Generator packets.defs Corba-like Stub-and-Skeleton-Generator mig generate generate Message encoding and decoding for free packets.h include include Little RPC-specific code packets_client.c packetsUser.c packetsServer.c packets_server_main.c link link packets_client packets_server Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Gregor Schmidt Hasso-Plattner-Institut Bild 4: GenerierenOrigins von Klientof Operating und SystemsServer -aus The einerMicrokernel MIG Mach Spezifikation15 In Bild 4 bezeichnen Ellipsen jeweils ausführbare Programme. Zentral ist hier /usr/bin/mig, der Mach Interface Generator (MIG). Namen in Kästchen bezeichnen 15 Dateien mit C-Quelltext oder MIG-Spezifikationen. Die in Bild 4 fett gedruckten Dateinamen deuten auf Programmstücke, die der Programmierer zu erstellen hat, der Rest The Mach Microkernel Interprocess Communication by Example Calculator example . Server providing calculation facilities . Client using command line interface to receive tasks and queries server for the answer Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Gregor Schmidt Hasso-Plattner-Institut Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 16 16 Overview Introduction The NeXTSTEP operating system The Mach Microkernel The next steps Betriebssysteme und Middleware / Prof. Andreas Polze Gregor Schmidt Hasso-Plattner-Institut Origins of Operating Systems - The Microkernel Mach 17 17 The next steps 1995 - reorganization of NeXT towards software NeXT computers, Inc. - NeXT software, Inc. NeXTSTEP - OPENSTEP support for different
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