Medicinal Plants Used Against Gastrointestinal Disorders by The

Research Medicinal plants used against gastrointestinal disorders by the Tamang people in Rasuwa district, central Nepal Saroj Yadav and Sangeeta Rajbhandary* Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Nepal

Abstract The different ethnic groups dwelling in different phytogeographic belts of Nepal have their own traditional system of knowledge on application of plant resources for health care. The traditional knowledge of using plants is passed on from generation to generation as folklore. Rasuwa district is rich in variety of flora especially medicinal plants and ethnic people (mainly Tamang) are familiar with medicinal resources and possess rich ethno-pharmacological knowledge. These resources provide huge opportunities for community development and livelihood improvement. This paper will present the documentation of medicinal plant used for gastrointestinal disorders in Chilime, Gatlang and Thuman Village Development Committees in Rasuwa district, north-central Nepal.

Key-words: ethnobotany, common species, ethnopharmacology.

Introduction studies have been conducted in Nepal unravelling the diversity The utilization of plant and plant products as medicine can of species utilized and associated ethnobotanical knowledge be traced as far back as the beginning of human civilization and practices (Rajbhandari 2001; Manandhar 2002; Bhattarai et al. 2006; Malla et al. 2015), but these are not adequate given and this practice has not diminished in any way in recent the extent of biocultural diversity within the country. times (Bhattarai et al. 2006; Ekor 2013). In many societies, Yet to this date, very little information has been recorded the indigenous knowledge about the properties of plants and about the traditional uses of plants from tribal communities, the systems of their utilization has been orally passed for such as Tamang (Luitel et al. 2014). The present study was generations (Rajbhandari 2001). However, some forms of conducted to enumerate wild medicinal plant resources traditional knowledge are also expressed in stories, legends, and document ethnomedicinal practice for gastrointestinal folklore, rituals and songs (Martin 1995; Cunningham 2001). disorders of indigenous Tamang people in three (Chilime, Medicinal and aromatic plants are local heritage of global Thuman and Gatlang) Village Development Committees importance, they constitute the basis of health care system in (VDCs) of Rasuwa district, north-central Nepal. many societies. The use of herbal medicines for treatment of various health challenges has been expanded rapidly across Materials and Methods the world. About 80% of the world’s population living in the developing countries rely on traditional herbal medicines STUDY AREA (Bannerman 1982; Bodeker et al. 2005; Ekor 2013). In Nepal, Rasuwa district lies in the north-central part of Nepal. It is medicinal plants play significant role in healthcare and people’s the mountainous and high Himalayan district and falls within livelihood (Manandhar 1999; Shrestha et al. 2001; Shrestha et 270 57' 30'’ to 280 23' 30'’ N latitude and 850 07' 00'’ to 850 al. 2002; Sharma et al. 2004; Bhattarai et al. 2006; Kunwar 48' 15'’ E longitude. It is situated about 120 km north of the and Bussmann 2008). It is estimated that only 15-20% of the capital city Kathmandu. It is surrounded by the Langtang population of Nepal living in and around urban areas have and Salang-Sungo ranges towards the north bordering with access to modern healthcare facilities, whereas the rest depend Tibet Autonomous Region of China. The district has an area on traditional medicine (Sharma et al. 2004). Traditional of 151,179 hectare. Rasuwa district consists of 18 VDCs, medical practitioners are found in every rural villages in Nepal of which in three (namely, Chilime, Gatlang and Thuman) and occupy an important position in the society. Consequently, were selected for the present study (Figure 1). The study area local people in Nepal depend largely on these healers and comprises warm temperate to alpine humid climate. Rasuwa shamanistic treatments (Rajbhandari and Ranjitkar 2006). district has rich biodiversity and is also rich in cultural The different ethnic groups dwelling in different heritage. phytogeographic belts of Nepal have their own traditional The major ethnic group in the study area is Tamang, which system of knowledge about the use of plant resources. Several constitute over 60% of the total population. Tamang people

*Corresponding author: e-mail - [email protected]

© Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Botanica Orientalis – Journal of Plant Science (2016) 10: 20-24 20 Yadav and Rajbhandary / Medicinal plants used against gastrointestinal disorders are one of the major indigenous ethnic groups in Nepal, which information on ethnomedicinal value was gathered using two follow Buddhism. They belong to Tibeto-Burman group but approaches i.e., survey technique and inventory technique with their own language, culture, tradition and a distinct (Martin 1995; Cunningham 2001). The survey technique life style (Thokar 2008). They are believed to be descended included individual and in-depth interviews and focus group from a Tibetan stock and have settled down in Nepal for discussion with local plants users, community members, centuries (reviewed in Thokar 2008). The oldest use of the traditional faith healers, village heads and traders. The word ‘Tamang’ dates back to the 13th century (Thokar 2008). inventory technique comprised of collection of specimens of The area harbors a number of high valued medicinal plants medicinal plants through transects walk and determination that are widely utilized by the local communities. Due to its of their identity and use. Local people (knowledgeable key richness in biodiversity and cultural heritage, Rasuwa district interviewees) were involved in the transect walk, during which has become an attractive site for scientific research (the most period they were asked for local name of each plant species important were those of Manandhar 1980; Joshi and Edington collected, its part(s) use, and purpose and mode of use. 1990; Dangol 2002; Shrestha et al. 2002). Despite many Altogether 92 key persons were interviewed, of which botanical explorations, there is limited information available 50% were above the age of 50 and 50% were between the ages on ethnobotany of the area. of 30 and 40. Consent was granted by the local people for the dissemination of their traditional knowledge. A checklist was METHODS developed and used to determine what species were used to Prior informed consent was obtained with the help of treat what kinds of diseases/disorders. Herbarium specimens community workers (Martin 1995) who also facilitated were collected and deposited at the Tribhuvan University interviews and discussions with the local people. The Central Herbarium (TUCH).

Figure 1. Map of Rasuwa district highlighting the study areas.

Results There were many overlapping of the use of plant species Altogether, 21 species of medicinal plants, belonging to for same ailments in the three VDCs but in some cases the use 17 families and 21 genera, were recorded as useful for the value in three VDCs was uncommon, for example, in Chilime treatment of gastrointestinal disorders (Table 1). Liliaceae was and Thuman, Aconitum spicatum was used to treat stomach the largest plant family having highest number of medicinal disorder of animal but in Thuman it was used for the treatment plant species (n = 3), Lauraceae and Polygonaceae each with of fever. Use of species for fever is similar with the findings of 2 species (Table 1). Angiosperms were predominant with 20 Prasai (2007) done inside the Langtang National Park. species and Pteridophytes with one species. Out of the 21 In the study area, herbs are the primary source of medicinal medicinal plant species identified as useful for gastrointestinal ingredients, followed by trees, most likely because herbs are disorders, 8 species were common to all three VDCs (Appendix more abundant. It is believed that the more abundant a plant 1). The most important species common to three VDCs is the more medicinal virtues it may possess. This is perhaps were Aconitum spicatum, Cannabis sativa, Cinnamomum because herbs and climbers are more accessible, and roots, tamala, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Pteris biaurita, Rhodiola rhizomes and leaves, which are the most frequently used part himalayensis, Vitex negundo, and Zanthoxylum armatum of the plant to treat diseases, are easier to reach. They also (Table 1). have a faster rate of growth and renewal and may possess The prevailing life forms (Figure 2) among vascular plants bioactive secondary metabolites in relation to the environment were perennial herbs (14 species), shrubs (4 species), trees (2 (Bernhoft 2010). important species common to three VDCs were Aconitum spicatum, Cannabis sativa, CinnamomumTamang tamala, people of the study villages possess rich Dactylorhizaspecies), andhatagirea, climbers Pteris (1biaurita, species). Rhodiola The himalayensis most frequently, Vitex negundo utilized, and Zanthoxylum armatum (Table indigenous knowledge on utilizing plants for gastrointestinal 1).plant parts (Figure 2) are underground roots and root tubers/ rhizomesThe prevailing (52.4%), life forms followed (Figure by2) leavesamong vascular (19%), plants fruit, were seed, perennial stem herbs disorders.(14 species), Theshrubs knowledge (4 among people is based on a well- species), trees (2 species), and climbers (1 species). The most frequently utilized plant parts (Figure 2) are and whole plants (9.5% each), and bark and flower (4.8% defined traditional practice. The uses of plants are well known underground roots and root tubers/rhizomes (52.4%), followed by leaves (19%), fruit, seed,among stem and the whole Tamang plants healers of the three VDCs studied. These (9.5%each). each), The and mode bark and of floweruse was (4.8% mostly each). Thein a mode form of of use paste was mostly (Table in a1). form of paste (Table 1). healers are considered to be very effective in treating diseases. Especially for species common among the three VDCs there underlines their well-defined tradition and this could be important for the selection of plants for further phytochemical and bioactivity assays. Medicinal plant resources are the important component of biodiversity with important contributors to local livelihood. Therefore, the conservation of medicinal plants is not only vital to the livelihood of local people but also has immense cultural significance to them.

Acknowledgements Our special thanks go to Ethnobotanical Society of Nepal Figure 2. Medicinal parts use categories: percentage of medicinal plant parts used (Br bark,(ESON) Fl flower, forFr fruit,financial Lf support. We are particularly indebted Figureleaf, Rt 2 root/root. Medicinal tubers/rhizomes, parts use categories:Sd seed, St percentage stem, Wp ofwhole medicinal plant). plant to the members of buffer zone user groups committees parts used (Br – bark, Fl – flower, Fr – fruit, Lf – leaf, Rt – root/root tubers/rhizomes, Sd – seed, St – stem, Wp – whole plant). and management council for their help to find the relevant Discussion information. The local residents of all the three VDCs are highly acknowledged for providing valuable information. Two TheDiscussion study areas have unique type of plant diversity inhabiting from subtropical to alpine zone. People here have retained their traditional knowledge and practices to fulfil their daily needs. Altogether, anonymous21 species of medicinal reviewers are highly acknowledged. Our thanks plantsThe werestudy identified areas ashave being unique used in traditionaltype of plantmedical diversity systems from inhabiting three VDCs in Rasuwaare also district due of to central Dr. Suresh Kumar Ghimire for his comments Nepalfrom for subtropical the gastrointestinal to alpine disorders. zone. The People disease here which have seems retained to occur theirmost frequently in the study area is stomach-ache, gastritis, diarrhoea/dysentery, and worm infestation. The mode of use is pasteand suggestionsin high percentage in the earlier versions of the manuscript. andtraditional root is the plant knowledge part which andis frequently practices used. to fulfil their daily needs. Altogether,There were many21 species overlapping of ofmedicinal the use of plantplants species were for identified same ailments as in the threeReferences VDCs but in some casesbeing the useused value in intraditional three VDCs wasmedical uncommon, systems for example, from inthree Chilime VDC’s and Thuman, Aconitum spicatum was used to treat stomach disorder of animal but in Thuman it was used for the treatment of Bannermanfever. Use of species R.H. for1982. Traditional medicine in modern health feverin Rasuwais similar with district the findings of central of Prasai Nepal(2007) done for inside the thegastrointestinal Langtang National Park. care. World Health Forum, 3: 8–13. disorders.In the study The area, disease herbs are which the primary seems source to occur of medicinal most frequentlyingredients, followed Bhattarai by trees, S., most Chaudhary likely R.P. and Taylor R.S.L. 2006. Ethnomedicinal becausein the herbs study are more area abundant. is stomach-ache, It is believed that gastritis,the more abundant diarrhoea/ a plant is the more plantsmedicinal used virtues by itthe people of Manang district, Central Nepal. may possess. This is perhaps because herbs and climbers are more accessible, and roots, rhizomes and leaves, dysentery, and worm infestation. The mode of use is paste in Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2: 41 [online] URL: which are the most frequently used part of the plant to treat diseases, are easier to reach. Theyhttps://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-2-41. also have a faster high percentage and root is the plant part which is frequently rate of growth and renewal and may possess bioactive secondary metabolites in relationBodeker to the C.,environment Bodeker G., Ong C.K., Grundy C.K., Burford G. and (Bernhoft 2010). used. Shein K. 2005. WHO Global Atlas of Traditional, Complementary Tamang people of the study villages possess rich indigenous knowledge on utilizing plants for gastrointestinal disorders. The knowledge among people is based on a well-defined traditional practice. The uses of plants are well known among the Tamang healers of the three VDCs studied. These healers are considered to be very effective in treating diseases.© Central Especially Department for species of common Botany, among Tribhuvan the three University, VDCs there Botanicaunderlines theirOrientalis well- – Journal of Plant Science (2016) 10: 19–23 22 Yadav and Rajbhandary / Medicinal plants used against gastrointestinal disorders

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