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Impacts Investigation of Poisonous Plants in Southeast of Qinghai-Tibet

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Impacts Investigation of Poisonous Plants in Southeast of Qinghai-Tibet http://www.paper.edu.cn Impacts investigation of poisonous plants in southeast of Qinghai-Tibet plateau grassland and the research of pesticidal activity of a poisonous plant— Stellera chamaejasme L. Li Wang1, Su Zhou2, Chuan-Jiang Tang2, Kai-Zhang Li2, Yao-Hong He1, Fei Gao1, Tai-Ping Hou1* 1Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People’s Republic of China; and 2Sichuan Grassland General Work Station, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People’s Republic of China Abstract A thorough investigation on poisonous plants in southeast of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was conducted. It shows that there are 225 species of poisonous plants belong to 33 families and 75 genera. These poisonous plants are distributed in subalpine meadow, subalpine thicket, alpine meadow, alpine thicket and swampy grassland by order, the majority of which with quantity of 162 species are distributed in subalpine meadow. A special investigation was conducted about the harms of Stellera chamaejasme L. to the grassland as well as its insecticidal activity of Stellera chamaejasme L.. It indicates that it has high insecticidal activity against aphides. Keywords: Poisonous plants; Qinghai-Tibet plateau; Stellera chamaejasme L. 1 Introduction Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is in the southwest of China. It is the highest plateau in the world with average altitude of 4,500 m (14,763 ft) and is known as the Roof of the World. Everest, the highest mountain of the world is located in this area. Northwest Sichuan Natural Grassland, situated at 26-33ºN, 95-104ºE, is in the southwest of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The area is 16,300,000 hectares. It is one of the five great rangelands in China (Zhang et al., 2002). Northwest Sichuan Natural Grassland is in the transitional region from mountain-gorge area to inner Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The climate is cold and half wetness. The vegetation region type is east plateau high-cold thicket-meadow zone (Wu, 1995). In high-cold thicket and high-cold meadow, the species diversity is very high. The plants in the community are mostly the common traditional herbs of Tibetan medicine. There are also lots of poisonous plant species in the community. They can hold back the normal growth of livestock or make their physiology abnormal or even make them dead if eaten as green grass or hay in natural state. In recent years, people become to pay more attention to the unique plant resources of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. A series of plant species that have fairly good insecticidal activity against the third-instar larvae of Prodenia litura were found from 33 species of plants from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. They were Daphne tangutiea, Aconitum gymnandrum, Ligularia virgauyea, NardostachysChinensis (Wang et al., 2000). Zhang found that Stellera chamaejasme, Aster tataricus, Allium sikkimense and Aconitum gymnandrum have fairly high insecticidal activity against the fifth-instar larvae of Pieris rapae. (Zhang et al., 2000). These plants are mostly poisonous ones that can poison livestock. Many traditional Tibetan herbs are of high toxicity, such as Aconitum carmichacli, Stellera chamaejasme, Aconitum pendulum, Anisodus tanguticus and so on. So poisonous plants of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are most likely the valuable resource pool for plant-based insect control agents and medicines of natural 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn toxin. Due to the special natural conditions, Northwest Sichuan Natural Grassland has abundant plant resources, including lots of poisonous plant species. Each types of pasture of Northwest Sichuan Natural Grassland have different degree distribution of poisonous plants. However, in recent years, grassland degradation has occurred in certain area of Northwest Sichuan Natural Grassland due to the natural and artificial factors such as over grazing (Zhou, 2004). The proportion of certain poisonous plants including Stellera chamaejasme, Oxytropis, Ligularia virgauyea in the grassland community is growing. These poisonous plants are hazardous to stockbreeding by infesting on pastures and poisoning livestock. So a thorough investigation on the poisonous plants species and their distribution should be made in order to provide valuable information for the utilization and prevention of poisonous plants. 2 Methods of the research on the poisonous plants The research on poisonous plants includes two approaches which are information gathering and field survey. The information of the poisonous plants are gathered from Flora of China, Flora of Sichuan, Illustrated Handbook of Medicines of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (plant volume). The field survey has two approaches. Firstly, we get the information of the plant species that can poison livestock by interviewing the local herdsmen. Secondly, in Aba State and Ganzi State representative sample field were set up in different type of grassland including alpine meadow, subalpine meadow, alpine thicket, subalpine thicket and swampy grassland. In the sample field, the plants that livestock wouldn’t eat or they can poison livestock were the subjects of the investigation. The morphological characteristics, habitat type, living place of the plant and locus altitude, air temperature as well as investigation time should be carefully noted down. Then, after collecting the plant sample and taking picture of the plants, we make a taxonomy identification. 3 Results of the investigation of the poisonous plants 3.1 The species of the poisonous plants According to the identification of the plants’ specimens and the conclusion of the colleted information, it is revealed that there are 225 species of poisonous plants in Northwest Sichuan Natural Grassland belonging to 33 families and 75 genera (Table 1). Table 1 Species statistics for the poisonous plant of Northwest Sichuan Natural Grassland Family species species Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense E.hiemale Ephedraceae Ephedra equisetina Ephedra equisetina Poligonaceae Polygonum manshuriense R.crispus P.hydropiper Rheum officinale P.convolvulus R.palmatum Rumex acetosa R.tonguticum Chenopodtaceae Chenopodium album Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca acinosa Caryophyllaceae Arenaria serpyllifolia 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn Ranunculaceae Aconitum kongboense D.batangense A.flavum D.davidii A.gymnandrum D.hui A.pendulum D.kantzeense A.sinomontanum D.kamaonense var glabrescens A.chrysotrichum D.monanthum A.episcopale D.souliei A.longiramosum Ranunculus japonicus A.polyanthum R.longicaulis var nephelogenes A.sungpanense R.tanguticus A.tanguticum R.chuanchingensis A.tatsienense R.hirtellus var.orientalis A.wardii R.louergaiensis A.yachiangense R.ternatus Adonis coerulea R.sinovaginatus Anemone obtusiloba Thalictrum alpinum A.rivularis T.alpinum var elatum A.trullifolia T.atriplex A.exigua T.grandiflorum A.demissa T.rutifolium A.delavayi T.uncatum A.griffithii T.virgatum A.imbricate T.petaloideum A.rockii Trollius farreri Caltha palustris T.ranunculoides C.scaposa T.yunnanensis Cimicifuga foetida T.pumilus var.tehhehensis C.simplex T.pumilus var.Tanguticus Delphinium caeruleum Aquilegia ecalcarata D.grandiflorum A.rockii D.tatsienense A.oxysepala var hansuensis Berberidaceae Berberis dictyophylla B.julianae Papaveraceae Corydalis curviflora C.trachycarpa C.linarioides Chelidonium majus C.melanochlora Meconopsis horridula C.impatiens M.integrifolia C.adunca M.punicea Cruciferae Descurainia sophia Solms-Laubachia pulcherrima Lepidium apetalum Thlaspi arvense Saxifragaceae Saxifraga melanocentra S.tangutica Rosaceae Duchesnea indica Leguminosae Caragana jubata O.melanocalyx Oxytropis glabra O.strobilacea O.kansuensis O.yunnanensis 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn O.ochrocephala O.tragacanthoides O.falcata Thermopsis alpina O.bicolor T.lanceolata O.deflexa T.barbata O.hirta Astragalus adsurgens O.latibracteata A.floridus O.leptophylla A.luteolus Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia esula E.micractina E.helioscopia E.griffithii E.humifusa E.heishuiensis E.pekinensis E.stracheyi E.sieboldiana Thymelaeaceae Daphne aurantiaca Stellera chamaejasme D.retusa Wikstroemia chamaedaphne D.tangutica W.gemmata Elaeagnaceae Hippophae rhamnoides Onagraceae Epilobium hirsutum Umbelliferae Bupleurum marginatum Ericaceae Rhododendron decorum R.chryseum R.przewalskii R.fastigiatum R.intricatum R.flavidum R.parvifolium R.websterianum R.thymifolium R.prattii R.violaceum R.sikangense Primulaceae Primula sikkimensis P.prattii P.cockburniana P.pinnatifida P.henrici Gentianaceae Gentiana spathulifolia G.rhodantha G.striata G.algida G.veitchiorum G.sino-ornata G.macrophylla Halenia corniculata G.straminea H.ellipt G.aristata Boraginaceae Myosotis silvatica M.stenophylla M.caespitosa M.stenophylla Microula sikkimensis Labiatae Lamiophlomis rotata Elsholtzia densa Solanaceae Anisodus luridus Przewalskia tangutica A.tanguticus Solanum lyratum Datura stramonium S.nigrum Hyoscyamus miger Scrophulariaceae Lancea tibetica P.verticillata L.hirsuta P.artselaeri Veronica ciliata P.plicata 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn V.biloba P.rudis V.vandellioides P.floribunda Pedicularis longiflora var.tubiformis P.roylei P.trichoglossa P.superba P.decorissima Valerianaceae Nardostachys chinensis N.jatamansi Dipsacaceae Dipsacus asper Compositae Aster alpinus Ligularia virgauyea Artemisia hedinii L.dictyoneura Achillea alpind L.duciformis Arctium lappa L.fischeri Anaphalis lactea L.sagitta A.flavescens Petasites japonicus Bidens parviflora Solidago decurrens B.pilosa Senecio scandens B.tripartita Xanthium sibiricum Cirsium japonicum Juncaginaceae Triglochin palustre
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