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Neue Formen Der Interaktion Mit Mobilen Geräten Albrecht Schmidt, Paul Holleis Matthias Kranz, Andreas Butz (Hrsg.) Neue Formen der Interaktion mit Mobilen Geräten Hauptseminar Medieninformatik SS 2005 Technical Report LMU-MI-2005-2, Nov. 2005 ISSN 1862-5207 University of Munich Department of Computer Science Media Informatics Group Albrecht Schmidt, Paul Holleis, Matthias Kranz, Andreas Butz (Herausgeber) Neue Formen der Interaktion mit Mobilen Geräten Ein Überblick über Forschungsarbeiten im Bereich der Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion Vorwort In den letzten 10 Jahren haben sich massive Veränderungen im Bereich der Benutzungsschnittstellen vollzogen. Mit diesem Bericht über Neue Formen der Interaktion mit Mobilen Geräten wollen wir kompakt aktuelle Entwicklungen und Forschungstrends im Bereich Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion mit Schwerpunkt auf mobilen Geräten einem interessierten Fachpublikum zugänglich machen. Dazu analysieren Studenten und Mitarbeiter des Lehrstuhls Medieninformatik an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Beiträge und Veröffentlichungen aus zahlreichen Workshops, Konferenzen und wissenschaftlichen Zeitschriften. Diese Reihe an Texten wurde im Zusammenhang mit einem Hauptseminar im Sommersemester 2005 von Studenten erstellt. Jedes der einzelnen Kapitel greift ein Thema auf und stellt wesentliche Forschungs- trends in diesem Bereich in kurzen Artikeln in deutscher Sprache vor. Im Rahmen des Seminars wurde von den Studenten zu den jeweiligen Themen Vorträge gehalten, die die wesentlichen Inhalte noch einmal zusammenfassten. Die Folien zu diesen Vorträgen und weitere Informationen über die Veranstaltung können auf der Webseite http://www.hcilab.org/events/mobileinteraction/ eingesehen werden. Dieser Bericht richtet sich in erster Linie an Informatiker, Medieninformatiker, User Interface Designer und Studenten der Informatik und Medieninformatik. Betrachtet man den Trend auch Alltagsgegenstände (Kleidung, Kaffeemaschine, usw.) mit Technologie auszustatten und sie somit in Benutzungsschnittstellen zu verwandeln, erhält das Thema eine größere Tragweite. Im weiteren Sinne richtet sich das Buch an alle die sich für neue Formen der Interaktion zwischen Mensch und Maschine interessieren. Veranstalter und Herausgeber sind die beiden von der DFG geförderten Nachwuchsforschungsgruppen „Embedded Interaction“ (http://www.hcilab.org) und „Fluidum“ (http://www.fluidum.org) an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. München, November 2005 Die Herausgeber Albrecht Schmidt Paul Holleis Matthias Kranz Andreas Butz Inhaltsverzeichnis Thomas Kraus Gesten als Neue Eingabemethode für Mobile Geräte.............................1 Martin Denzel Mobile Health – Mobile Telemedizin...................................................21 Ugur Örgün Mobile Navigationssysteme..................................................................39 Martina Ljubenova Technologien zur Positionsbestimmung für Mobile Navigationssysteme ..............................................................................57 Sebastian Boring Augmentierte und Virtuelle Realität für Mobile Geräte.......................71 Mara Balzer Mobiles Bezahlen .................................................................................89 Victor Czenter Spezialisierte Mobile Geräte...............................................................107 Patrick Chuh Verschiedene Formen der Kommunikation über Mobiltelefone ........129 Alexandre Dürr Speicherung von Persönlichen Informationen auf Mobilen Endgeräten ..........................................................................................149 Markus Haarländer Mobile Geräte für Interaktionen mit Öffentlichen Displays...............171 Sandra Ziegler Die Verwendung von Mobilen Endgeräten als Universelle Fernsteuerung .....................................................................................191 Jessica Aust Mobile Interaktionen mit der Realen Umwelt ....................................209 Peter Hessheimer Mobiles Spielen ..................................................................................229 Mihail Tsvyatkov Texteingabe für Mobile Geräte...........................................................249 Dominik Märzluft Benutzerzentriertes Design in Mobilen Anwendungen......................269 Autorenverzeichnis.............................................................................287 Gesten als neue Eingabemethode für Mobile Geräte Thomas Kraus LFE Medieninformatik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Amalienstraße 17, 80333 München, Germany [email protected] Zusammenfassung Mobile Geräte gewinnen immer mehr Bedeutung im Bereich der Informationsverarbeitung und Kommunikation. Aktuelle Technologien ermöglichen mittlerweile komplexe Anwendungen auf Ge- räten wie Mobiltelefonen oder PDAs. Die Bildschirme sind zwar hoch- auflösend aber viel kleiner als bei Notebooks oder PCs. Ebenfalls fehlen auf Grund der Gerätegröße und des mobilen Einsatzes Eingabegeräte wie Maus oder Tastatur. Momentan werden solche Geräte durch wenige Tas- ten oder berührungssensitive Bildschirme bedient. Jedoch benötigt diese Art der Interaktion eine ständige visuelle Aufmerksamkeit des Benutzers. In dieser Arbeit werden einige innovative Eingabemethoden durch Ges- ten beschrieben. Gesten sind zeichenhafte Bewegungen verschiedenster Körperteile und dienen zur nonverbalen Kommunikation [1]. Wichtigs- ter Bestandteil solcher Eingabesysteme ist die Erkennung der Gesten. Dazu werden unterschiedlichste Sensoren und technische Hilfsmittel ver- wendet. Einige Beispiele hierfür sowie Prototypen werden im Folgenden erläutert und deren Nutzen für den Anwender dargestellt. 1 Einleitung Mobiltelefone, PDAs (Personal Digital Assistant) und MP3-Musikspieler gehö- ren mittlerweile zum ständigen Begleiter vieler Menschen. Gründe hierfür sind der wachsende Fortschritt im Bereich Prozessorleistung, persistenter sowie flüch- tiger Speicher und die bessere Energieversorgung mobiler Endgeräte. Daher wer- den auch immer komplexere Anwendungen für mobile Endgeräte möglich. Je- doch sind die Eingabetechnologien, wie sie im PC-Bereich verwendet werden aus nachfolgenden Gründen ungeeignet. Diese Geräte verfügen über sehr kleine Bildschirme und kaum Platz für eine Tastatur, Maus oder Ähnliches. Deshalb verwendet man häufig berührungssensitive Bildschirme, die mit einem Plastik- stift (engl.: Stylus) bedient werden können. Dadurch erreicht man eine variable Tastenerzeugung und -belegung. Auf dem mobilen Gerät können Bedienelemente grafisch flexibel auf dem Bildschirm erzeugt werden, welche dann durch Ankli- cken ausgewählt werden können und so für jede Anwendung unterschiedliche Reaktionen ergeben. Jedoch braucht man bei dieser Methode immer beide Hän- de, eine um das Gerät zu halten und eine um mit dem Stift oder einem anderen Hilfsmittel die Eingabe zu tätigen. Diese Tatsache fordert außerdem vom An- wender die volle visuelle Aufmerksamkeit für das Gerät. Das Gleiche gilt für die Bedienung von Endgeräten durch physische Knöpfe, wie bei einem Mobil- telefon. Aber genau diese starke visuelle Aufmerksamkeit auf das Gerät kann in manchen Situationen sehr unerwünscht und ablenkend sein, teilweise sogar ein Sicherheitsrisiko für den Benutzer darstellen. Man denke dabei z. B. an die Navigation eines Fahrzeuges. Dabei können schon kurze visuelle Ablenkungen schwere Folgen für den Fahrer bedeuten. Ein aktuelles Eingabegerät im Auto wäre das Bedienkonzept iDrive von BMW [2]. Dieses System der Bedienung der Fahrzeugelektronik ist zwar sehr benutzerfreundlich konzipiert, jedoch auch hier kann die nötige visuelle Aufmerksamkeit auf den Hauptsteuerknopf und vor allem den Bildschirm in der Mitte der Fahrzeugkonsole während der Fahrt le- bensbedrohliche Folgen haben. Dies wird deutlich, wenn man bedenkt, dass ein Fahrer bei einer Geschwindigkeit von 100 Stundenkilometern eine Strecke von 55 Metern zurücklegt, falls dieser nur zwei Sekunden auf den Bildschirm blickt. Außerdem kommt es durch den mobilen Einsatz der Geräte zu häufigeren Eingabefehlern, da viele Tasten eng zusammen liegen müssen, ein teilweise nur kurzer Augenkontakt möglich ist und man sich dadurch leicht vertippt. Auch das Durchblättern von Dateien (Bilder, Text, Web, Landkarten usw.) ist mo- mentan noch sehr umständlich realisiert. Bildlaufleisten nehmen auf den bereits kleinen Bildschirmen viel Platz ein und werden häufig sowohl in vertikaler als auch horizontaler Richtung benötigt. Außerdem muss man bedenken, dass wie bereits erwähnt, Anwender häufig in Bewegung sind und dem Bildschirm nur wenig Aufmerksamkeit schenken können und daher die Benutzung eines Stylus zum Durchblättern oder Auswählen sehr unvorteilhaft und fehleranfällig ist. Ein gutes Beispiel hierfür wäre ein mobiles Navigationssystem auf einem PDA mit einer Ansicht eines durchsuchbaren Stadtplans. Damit ist gemeint, dass man den Bildschirm wie eine Ausschnittsansicht benutzt, vergleichbar einer Lupe als Schaufenster über dem Stadtplan. Musikwiedergabegeräte hingegen sind heute noch mit physischen Tasten be- legt. Teilweise sind diese nur steuerbar, wenn man Sichtkontakt zum Gerät bzw. den Tasten hat. Stellt man sich vor, dass die meisten Menschen Musik hören wollen während sie andere Aktivitäten ausführen, wird dieses Prinzip der Tas- tensteuerung nutzlos. Ein Jogger möchte nicht stehen bleiben müssen, um das nächste Lied auszuwählen oder die Lautstärke zu regulieren. Außerdem sollen Geräte in Zukunft kleiner werden (z. B. Radio im Ohrstöpsel integriert). Dann fallen momentan gültige Eingabemethoden weg, wie z. B. Knöpfe oder berüh- rungssensitive Bildschirme, da man
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