DOCSLIB.ORG

The Social Impact of the Hundred Years War on the Societies of England and France

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Social Impact of the Hundred Years War on the Societies of England and France University of Central Florida STARS Honors Undergraduate Theses UCF Theses and Dissertations 2016 The Social Impact of the Hundred Years War on the Societies of England and France Kody E. Whittington University of Central Florida Part of the European History Commons, and the Medieval History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the UCF Theses and Dissertations at STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Undergraduate Theses by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Whittington, Kody E., "The Social Impact of the Hundred Years War on the Societies of England and France" (2016). Honors Undergraduate Theses. 115. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses/115 THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR ON THE SOCIETIES OF ENGLAND AND FRANCE by KODY E. WHITTINGTON A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Honors in the Major Program in History in the College of Arts and Humanities and in the Burnett Honors College at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Fall Term 2016 Thesis Chair: Dr. Peter Larson ABSTRACT The Hundred Years War was a series of conflicts from 1337 to 1453 waged between the House of Plantagenet of England and the House of Valois of France. This thesis will analyze the affect that the Hundred Years War had on the societies of both England and France, and in doing so will show that the war was a catalyst for bringing England and France out of what is recognized as the Middle Ages and into the Renaissance and Early Modern Period. The thesis will do this by looking at three sections of English and French society: the royalty and nobility who commanded and who arguably started the war, the soldiers and mercenary companies who fought the war, and the non-combatants who either contributed to the war or were affected by it in positive or negative ways. The evolution in the power and role of the monarchs will be analyzed, while the nobility will be analyzed in their capacity as the leaders during the war and how their station in society was affected by the war. Analysis of those that served and fought in the war are of equal importance, as the Hundred Years War saw the rise of paid professional armies comprised mostly of the peasantry. Mercenary companies will also be looked at, especially in France where they contributed much to pillaging and acts of violence against the people. While the experiences of the combatants are important to understanding the history of the war, the experiences of those that did not directly engage in the war is important to understanding how the war affected society as a whole. Those peasants whose farms were destroyed by raiding armies, mercenaries, or bandits suffered greatly because of the war. Yet some, such as merchants, profited from the war and became greatly enriched. The church and its ii role in attempting to mediate and bring peace, while others of the cloth served as outlets of propaganda in support of their kingdom, will also be looked at in this thesis. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................... iv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 2: THE KING AND THE NOBILITY ......................................................................9 Kings ..................................................................................................................................... 10 Knights and Nobles ............................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER 3: SOLDIERS AND MERCENARIES ................................................................... 26 Army Organization ................................................................................................................ 27 The Soldiers .......................................................................................................................... 37 Mercenaries ........................................................................................................................... 49 CHAPTER 4: THE NON-COMBATANT ................................................................................. 53 Those Who Lost .................................................................................................................... 54 Those Who Gained ................................................................................................................ 65 The Church ............................................................................................................................ 70 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 75 France ................................................................................................................................... 75 England ................................................................................................................................. 76 Nationalism ........................................................................................................................... 77 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 80 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................... 82 iv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION The Hundred Years War was a series of conflicts from 1337 to 1453 waged between the House of Plantagenet of England and the House of Valois of France over the throne of France. The roots of this conflict stretch back to the Norman conquest of England in 1066, as the King of England was now also the Duke of Normandy, and thus was a vassal to the King of France, which resulted in a conflict between the two monarchs as the French kings attempted to rein in their English counterpart and reduce the French land held by said English monarch. A more direct reason came after the death of Charles IV of France in 1328, when England’s Edward III claimed a right to the French throne through his mother Isabella. This claim was rejected in favor of Philip VI of the House of Valois. Edward III reluctantly acknowledged and paid homage to Philip VI for nine years, but after Philip’s interference with Edward’s war with Scotland and his confiscation of Aquitaine, Edward reasserted his claim to the French throne. Edward and an invasion fleet sailed across the English Channel in 1340, destroying the defending French fleet in the Battle of Sluys, which marked the opening battle to what would come to be known as the Hundred Years War. In 1346, Edward mounted a more substantial invasion, landing in Normandy and marching through France pillaging and burning rather than attempting to hold territory in an effort to demoralize the populace, deny anything useful to the enemy, and subverting the authority of Philip. But in August of 1346, Philip forced a confrontation with Edward in what is called the Battle of Crecy. The Battle of Crecy was a triumph for the English, and it served as a proving ground for their longbow men, signaling their rise in importance in the coming years of 1 the war. Edward then proceeded north and captured Calais in 1347, which remained in English hands throughout the rest of the war and served as a useful strategic asset for keeping troops in northern France. A third English invasion, this time under the command of Edward III’s son, Edward the Black Prince, was launched from Gascony in 1356. It was during this invasion that the Battle of Poitiers was fought. English archers once again proved their worth in this battle, stopping a French cavalry charge and greatly aiding in the ability of the English army to gain ground. It was also during this battle that the French king John II was captured. John was held for ransom, and it seemed that the throne of France was all but won. John’s capture and the ransom paid for his release would have a profound impact on the war and the French monarchy for years to come. The final English invasion of the first phase of the war was largely unsuccessful, especially when compared to previous campaigns. Failing to take either Reims or Paris, and after several unforeseen circumstances that hindered the English ability to fight, Edward consented to negotiating with the French and accepted the Treaty of Bretigny in 1360. The terms of the treaty included that Edward renounce his claim to the throne of France in exchange for increased land in Aquitaine. Following a dispute over the implementation of a hearth tax by the Black Prince in Aquitaine, France’s King Charles V summoned the Black Prince to Paris, to which the Black Prince responded that he would only come with an army behind him. In 1369, Charles declared war and that all English possessions in France were confiscated, and Edward III once again claimed the title of King of France. This phase of the war went poorly for the English, largely due to the fact that Edward III was elderly and in poor health, and the Black Prince was deathly
Load more

Recommended publications
  • INFORMATION to USERS This Manuscript Has Been Reproduced
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from aiy type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photogrq>hs, print bleedthrou^ substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photogr£q)hs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for aiy photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Com pany 300 North Z eeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ivll 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9517109 Unofficial histories of France in the late Middle Ages. (Volumes I and n) Zale, Sanford C., Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Late-Medieval France
    Late-Medieval France: A Nation under Construction A study of French national identity formation and the emerging of national consciousness, before and during the Hundred Years War, 1200-1453 Job van den Broek MA History of Politics and Society Dr. Christian Wicke Utrecht University 22 June 2020 Word count: 13.738 2 “Ah! Doulce France! Amie, je te lairay briefment”1 -Attributed to Bertrand du Guesclin, 1380 Images on front page: The kings of France, England, Navarre and the duke of Burgundy (as Count of Charolais), as depicted in the Grand Armorial Équestre de la Toison d’Or, 1435- 1438. 1 Cuvelier in Charrière, volume 2, pp 320. ”Ah, sweet France, my friend, I must leave you very soon.” Translation my own. 2 3 Abstract Whether nations and nationalism are ancient or more recent phenomena is one of the core debates of nationalism studies. Since the 1980’s, modernism, claiming that nations are distinctively modern, has been the dominant view. In this thesis, I challenge this dominant view by doing an extensive case-study into late-medieval France, applying modernist definitions and approaches to a pre-modern era. France has by many regarded as one of the ‘founding fathers’ of the club of nations and has a long and rich history and thus makes a case-study for such an endeavour. I start with mapping the field of French identity formation in the thirteenth century, which mostly revolved around the royal court in Paris. With that established, I move on to the Hundred Years War and the consequences of this war for French identity.
    [Show full text]
  • Proof-Of-Concept Experiments for Quantum Physics in Space
    Proof-of-Concept Experiments for Quantum Physics in Space Rainer Kaltenbaek, Markus Aspelmeyer, Thomas Jennewein, Caslav Brukner and Anton Zeilinger Institut f¨ur Experimentalphysik, Universit¨at Wien, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Wien, Austria Martin Pfennigbauer and Walter R. Leeb Institut f¨ur Nachrichtentechnik und Hochfrequenztechnik, Technische Universit¨at Wien, Gußhaussstraße 25/389, A-1040 Wien, Austria Quantum physics experiments in space using entangled photons and satellites are within reach of current technology. We propose a series of fundamental quantum physics experiments that make advantageous use of the space infrastructure with specific emphasis on the satellite-based distribution of entangled photon pairs. The experiments are feasible already today and will eventually lead to a Bell-experiment over thousands of kilometers, thus demonstrating quantum correlations over distances which cannot be achieved by purely earth-bound experiments. I. INTRODUCTION Space provides a unique ”lab”-environment for quantum entanglement: In the case of massive particles, the weak gravitational interaction enables the expansion of testing fundamental quantum properties to much more massive particles than is possible today [1]. In the case of photons, the space environment allows much larger propagation distances compared to earth-bound free space experiments. This is mainly due to the lack of atmosphere and due to the fact that space links do not encounter the problem of obscured line-of-sight by unwanted objects or due to the curvature of the Earth. Quantum experiments over long distances are usually based on the transmission of photons. Earth-based transmission is limited, however, to some hundred kilometers both for optical fibers [2, 3] and for ground-to-ground free-space links [4].
    [Show full text]
  • Master Narrative Ours Is the Epic Story of the Royal Navy, Its Impact on Britain and the World from Its Origins in 625 A.D
    NMRN Master Narrative Ours is the epic story of the Royal Navy, its impact on Britain and the world from its origins in 625 A.D. to the present day. We will tell this emotionally-coloured and nuanced story, one of triumph and achievement as well as failure and muddle, through four key themes:- People. We tell the story of the Royal Navy’s people. We examine the qualities that distinguish people serving at sea: courage, loyalty and sacrifice but also incidents of ignorance, cruelty and cowardice. We trace the changes from the amateur ‘soldiers at sea’, through the professionalization of officers and then ships’ companies, onto the ‘citizen sailors’ who fought the World Wars and finally to today’s small, elite force of men and women. We highlight the change as people are rewarded in war with personal profit and prize money but then dispensed with in peace, to the different kind of recognition given to salaried public servants. Increasingly the people’s story becomes one of highly trained specialists, often serving in branches with strong corporate identities: the Royal Marines, the Submarine Service and the Fleet Air Arm. We will examine these identities and the Royal Navy’s unique camaraderie, characterised by simultaneous loyalties to ship, trade, branch, service and comrades. Purpose. We tell the story of the Royal Navy’s roles in the past, and explain its purpose today. Using examples of what the service did and continues to do, we show how for centuries it was the pre-eminent agent of first the British Crown and then of state policy throughout the world.
    [Show full text]
  • The Flower of English Chivalry
    David Green. Edward the Black Prince: Power in Medieval Europe. Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2007. 312 pp. $28.00, paper, ISBN 978-0-582-78481-9. Reviewed by Stephen M. Cooper Published on H-War (January, 2008) In the city square of Leeds in West Yorkshire, the 1360s. He never became king of England, but there is a magnificent statue of the Black Prince, he was the sovereign ruler of a large part of erected in 1903 when the British Empire was at its France. The prince was a brilliant soldier and height and patriotism was uncomplicated. Dis‐ commander, but he was "not a political animal," playing an intense pride in his life and achieve‐ and there is a strong argument for saying that he ments, the inscription proclaims that the prince won the war but lost the peace because of his mis‐ was "the victor of Crécy and Poitiers, the Flower government of Aquitaine (p. 153). In pursuing his of English Chivalry and the Upholder of the Rights chosen themes, Green deliberately plays down the of the People in the Good Parliament." One would fighting, at which the prince was very good, and not expect a book published in 2007 to make the concentrates on the politics, where the prince was same grandiose claims, and David Green does not either rather hopeless or simply uninterested. In even intend his newest book Edward the Black terms of religion and estate management, there is Prince to be a conventional biography--he has no real evidence that "the Flower of English written one of those already (The Black Prince Chivalry" was even personally involved.
    [Show full text]
  • Authority, Reputation, and the Roles of Jeanne De Penthièvre in Book I of Froissart's Chroniques Journal of Medieval History
    Authority, reputation, and the roles of Jeanne de Penthièvre in Book I of Froissart’s Chroniques Journal of Medieval History (forthcoming 2019: accepted manuscript) Erika Graham-Goering Department of History, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Abstract: This article examines how a medieval noblewoman’s positive reputation could be framed through different aspects of seigneurial power using a case study of Jeanne de Penthièvre and her war for the duchy of Brittany. Froissart wrote about Jeanne in the three main redactions of the first book of his Chroniques. However, he focused in the Amiens manuscript on her position as an heiress and the object of her followers’ loyalty, while the B text largely reduced her prominence but planted the seeds for the active military role Jeanne assumed in the Rome redaction. Such changes did not move strictly between more- or less- accurate reports, but engaged with different tropes that had also featured in the official portrayals of Jeanne during her lifetime. These parallel constructions of reputation reveal a plasticity to models of lordly authority even in rhetorical contexts more usually associated with formulaic and conventional representations of elite society. Article History: Received 16 May 2018. Accepted 5 July 2018. Keywords: Froissart, chronicle, reputation, rhetoric, Brittany, Jeanne de Penthievre, medieval women, lordship Rehabilitating the reputations of politically-active medieval women has meant that, in the past few decades, a growing body of scholarship has turned a much-needed critical eye to the process by which social mores, political interests, and iconic narratives could combine to create the ‘black legends’ that frequently transformed more-or-less typical noblewomen, and especially queens, into immoral caricatures.
    [Show full text]
  • Immigration and the Common Profit: Native Cloth Workers, Flemish Exiles, and Royal Policy in Fourteenth-Century London
    Journal of British Studies 55 (October 2016): 633–657. doi:10.1017/jbr.2016.75 © The North American Conference on British Studies, 2016 This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Immigration and the Common Profit: Native Cloth Workers, Flemish Exiles, and Royal Policy in Fourteenth-Century London Bart Lambert and Milan Pajic Abstract This article reconstructs a crucial episode in the relationship between the English crown, its subjects and the kingdom’s immigrant population. It links the murder of about forty Flemings in London during the Peasants’ Revolt in June 1381 to the capital’s native cloth workers’ dissatisfaction with the government’s economic im- migration policy. We argue that, in the course of the fourteenth century, the crown de- veloped a new policy aimed at attracting skilled workers from abroad. Convinced that their activities benefited the common profit of the realm, the crown remained deaf to the concerns of London’s native weavers, who claimed that the work of exiled Flemish cloth workers in the city encroached on their privileges. Confronted for more than twenty-five years with political obstruction, the native weavers increasingly resorted to physical aggression against their Flemish counterparts, which came to a dra- matic conclusion in 1381. The dissatisfaction of London’s cloth workers and the mas- sacre of the Flemings thus had much in common with the frustrations over the royal government’s policy that had been fermenting for decades among many other groups in society: all came to the surface during the Peasants’ Revolt.
    [Show full text]
  • The Calamity of Violence: Reading the Paris Massacres of 1418
    The Calamity of Violence: Reading the Paris Massacres of 1418 Michael Sizer University of Minnesota, Twin Cities The biggest problem facing the historian of medieval political culture is how to access the consciousness and beliefs of those outside the nobility and clergy. Even when members of the lower orders are given voice in sources, such as judicial records, or when their actions are described at length in chronicle accounts of revolt or town ceremonies, this version of their experience is mediated not only by the fact that it passes through a text, but further by the fact that this text was written by someone from a literate minority, generally from a position of power and often hostile to the concept of an active and politically engaged populace.1 Many scholars are content to allow elite expressions of a political ideal to stand in for the whole of medieval society and, thereby, incorrectly characterize the commons as essentially apolitical or as eager participants in the maintenance of the authoritarian ideology that undergirded 1 In this paper, I use phrases such as the commons, lower orders, and populace almost interchangeably. This practice reflects a vagueness present in the medieval sources themselves, in which the definition of who constitutes the common people shifts according to the context, sometimes including the urban patriciate and sometimes not. See Pierre Boglioni, Robert Delort, and Claude Gauvard, "Preface," in Le Petit Peuple dans l'Occident médiéval: Terminologies, perceptions, réalités. Actes du Congrès international tenu à l'Université de Montréal 18-23 octobre 1999, ed. Pierre Boglioni, Robert Delort, and Claude Gauvard (Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 2002), 7-8.
    [Show full text]
  • Shakespeare's
    Shakespeare’s Henry IV: s m a r t The Shadow of Succession SHARING MASTERWORKS OF ART April 2007 These study materials are produced for use with the AN EDUCATIONAL OUTREACH OF BOB JONES UNIVERSITY Classic Players production of Henry IV: The Shadow of Succession. The historical period The Shadow of Succession takes into account is 1402 to 1413. The plot focuses on the Prince of Wales’ preparation An Introduction to to assume the solemn responsibilities of kingship even while Henry IV regards his unruly son’s prospects for succession as disastrous. The Shadow of When the action of the play begins, the prince, also known as Hal, finds himself straddling two worlds: the cold, aristocratic world of his Succession father’s court, which he prefers to avoid, and the disreputable world of Falstaff, which offers him amusement and camaraderie. Like the plays from which it was adapted, The Shadow of Succession offers audiences a rich theatrical experience based on Shakespeare’s While Henry IV regards Falstaff with his circle of common laborers broad vision of characters, events and language. The play incorporates a and petty criminals as worthless, Hal observes as much human failure masterful blend of history and comedy, of heroism and horseplay, of the in the palace, where politics reign supreme, as in the Boar’s Head serious and the farcical. Tavern. Introduction, from page 1 Like Hotspur, Falstaff lacks the self-control necessary to be a produc- tive member of society. After surviving at Shrewsbury, he continues to Grieved over his son’s absence from court at a time of political turmoil, squander his time in childish pleasures.
    [Show full text]
  • Of a Princely Court in the Burgundian Netherlands, 1467-1503 Jun
    Court in the Market: The ‘Business’ of a Princely Court in the Burgundian Netherlands, 1467-1503 Jun Hee Cho Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2013 © 2013 Jun Hee Cho All rights reserved ABSTRACT Court in the Market: The ‘Business’ of a Princely Court in the Burgundian Netherlands, 1467-1503 Jun Hee Cho This dissertation examines the relations between court and commerce in Europe at the onset of the modern era. Focusing on one of the most powerful princely courts of the period, the court of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, which ruled over one of the most advanced economic regions in Europe, the greater Low Countries, it argues that the Burgundian court was, both in its institutional operations and its cultural aspirations, a commercial enterprise. Based primarily on fiscal accounts, corroborated with court correspondence, municipal records, official chronicles, and contemporary literary sources, this dissertation argues that the court was fully engaged in the commercial economy and furthermore that the culture of the court, in enacting the ideals of a largely imaginary feudal past, was also presenting the ideals of a commercial future. It uncovers courtiers who, despite their low rank yet because of their market expertise, were close to the duke and in charge of acquiring and maintaining the material goods that made possible the pageants and ceremonies so central to the self- representation of the Burgundian court. It exposes the wider network of court officials, urban merchants and artisans who, tied by marriage and business relationships, together produced and managed the ducal liveries, jewelries, tapestries and finances that realized the splendor of the court.
    [Show full text]
  • Senior Times!
    SEPTEMBER – NOVEMBER 2021 Paid Advertisement Supplement Endless Possibilities NEWS AND ACTIVITIES FOR ORANGE COUNTY’S OLDER ADULTS The New & Improved Senior Times! orangecountync.gov/Aging Paid Advertisement Supplement WELCOME Welcome to the Endless Possibilities News and Activities for Orange County’s Older Adults. We are excited to provide the following information about our many services, programs and opportunities for older adults. 2022-27 Master Aging Plan Table of Contents Community Planning Department on Aging Staff ...................3 From the Director .................................4 Master Aging Plan - What’s most important to you? It’s time to plan for the next five years! From the Editor ......................................5 July 1, 2021 marked the beginning of our planning year for the 2022-27 Master Aging Plan. You'll Want to Know ..............................6 As we go to print with this publication we are out in the community sharing a survey to hear about the issues that you are concerned about for the next five years. Thank you to News.................................................7-12 the many residents that have taken the time to complete the survey. In October we will Volunteer Connect (VC 55+) ......... 13-14 be hosting community engagement events across the county to share with you what we Art Classes .....................................15-16 heard. These drop-in events will provide you with another opportunity to further share Athletic Activities & Lessons...........17-19 your thoughts and to engage with the MAP workgroup leaders. We have seven workgroups Dance, Music & Theatre .................20-21 (Social Participation, Community Supports and Health Services, Transportation, Housing, Educational Opportunities .............22-27 Civic Participation and Employment, Outdoor Spaces, and Communication).
    [Show full text]
  • Eric W. Hagedorn Curriculum Vitae
    Eric W. Hagedorn Curriculum Vitae Areas of Specialization: Medieval Philosophy Areas of Competence: Metaphysics; Early Modern Philosophy; Philosophy of Religion; Philosophy of Mind; Logic Employment St. Norbert College Associate Professor Philosophy (August 2018-Present) Assistant Professor of Philosophy (January 2014 – August 2018) Teaching Fellow of Philosophy (August 2012 – December 2013) Education University of Notre Dame Ph.D. in Philosophy (January 2013) M.A. in Philosophy (January 2008) Iowa State University B.S. with Honors in Computer Science and Philosophy (May 2004) Journal Articles and Book Chapters “Thomas Aquinas through the 1350s,” in The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Ethics, ed. Thomas Williams (forthcoming). “Ockham’s Scientia Argument for Mental Language,” Oxford Studies in Medieval Philosophy 3 (2015): 145-168. "Is Anyone Else Thinking My Thoughts?: Aquinas's Response to the Too-Many Thinkers Problem," Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association 84 (2010): 275-86. Book Reviews Review of John Duns Scotus, On Being and Cognition: Ordinatio I.3, John van den Bercken (tr.) in International Journal for the Philosophy of Religion (forthcoming). Review of Claude Panaccio, Mental Language: From Plato to William of Ockham in Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews (August 2017). Review of Jari Kaukua and Tomas Ekenberg (eds.), Subjectivity and Selfhood in Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy in Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews (September 2016). Review of Sander W. de Boer, The Science of the Soul: The Commentary
    [Show full text]