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The British Regular Mounted Infantry 1880 – 1913

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The British Regular Mounted Infantry 1880 – 1913 The British Regular Mounted Infantry 1880 – 1913 Cavalry of Poverty or Victorian Paradigm? Andrew Philip Winrow 0902426 Thesis submitted for the degree of DPhil to the School of Humanities in the University of Buckingham May 2014 Abstract Andrew Philip Winrow The British Army Regular Mounted Infantry 1880 – 1913 Cavalry of Poverty or Victorian Paradigm? The British Army’s regular Mounted Infantry was arguably one of the most important innovations of the late Victorian and Edwardian armies. This thesis explores the regular Mounted Infantry model from its origins in extemporised infantry detachments overseas to its formal organisation as non-cavalry mounted troops before the First World War and juxtaposes its organisation and changing roles with its fractious relationship with the cavalry. Using four campaigns as case studies, the thesis provides a comparative assessment of the Mounted Infantry’s military effectiveness that culminated in it becoming the successful archetype for the British soldier in South Africa in the years 1901- 02. The Mounted Infantry’s uniqueness compared to other nations’ armies is considered and the thesis identifies how other armies satisfied the requirement for mobile firepower. The Mounted Infantry was abolished in 1913 prior to the First World War. The reasons influencing this decision are analysed and indicate that the Mounted Infantry’s abolition owed more to politics than lack of military utility. The thesis concludes that rather than an impecunious alternative to an inadequate cavalry, the Mounted Infantry paradigm satisfied a particular need borne out of colonial campaigning. i Acknowledgements This thesis was supervised by Professor Lloyd Clark whom I thank for his indefatigable support and advice. I thank Professor Saul David for both his advice on the thesis but also his earlier guidance regarding my selection of research topic. Dr Matthias Strohn was of invaluable help in researching the German perspective and helpfully ameliorated my linguistic shortcomings. I thank the Trustees and staff of the following institutions for their permission to consult their collections: National Archives, National Army Museum, British Library, Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives King’s College London, Imperial War Museum, Royal Artillery Museum, Joint Services Command and Staff College Library, Royal Green Jackets Museum, University of Nottingham, Household Cavalry Archives, Black Watch Museum, Churchill Archives Centre Churchill College University of Cambridge, Bundesarchiv Berlin and Bayerisches Hauptstaatarchiv-Kriegsarchiv. Professor Dennis Showalter, Professor Stephen Badsey and Dr Gervase Phillips were generous in answering my queries. I thank my DPhil candidate colleagues who have listened good-naturedly to my expositions on this arcane topic. Last but not least, I thank my wife and children for their support during the long process of research and writing of this thesis during evenings, weekends and holidays. This thesis is dedicated to the memory of my father. I hope that he would have understood. ii Table of Contents Chapter One Introduction 1 Chapter Two Doctrine and Organisation 48 Chapter Three Identity and Training 108 Chapter Four Military Effectiveness 196 Chapter Five Demise 274 Chapter Six Europe, Empire and Beyond 342 Chapter Seven Conclusions 408 Appendix One Biographies of Senior Mounted Infantry Officers 426 Appendix Two Mounted Infantry Camel Regiment: Composition 429 Appendix Three The square at Abu Klea 1885 430 Appendix Four Distribution of Titles among Officers of the Regiments 431 contributing to the Camel Corps and actual numbers serving in the Camel Corps 1884-85 Appendix Five Development of the Regular Mounted Infantry in 432 South Africa 1899 – 1902 Appendix Six Evolution of Mounted Infantry Tactics in South Africa 437 1899-1902: ‘the Galloping Charge’ Bibliography 438 iii Declaration I hereby declare that my thesis entitled ‘The British Regular Mounted Infantry 1880 – 1913: Cavalry of Poverty or Victorian Paradigm?’ is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text, and is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Buckingham or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my thesis has already been submitted, or is concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma, or other qualification at the University of Buckingham or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. Signature: Date: iv Chapter One Introduction A modest yet fitting epitaph for the military innovation that was the British Army regular Mounted Infantry acknowledged that ‘for forty years the Mounted Infantry played a not inconsiderable part in many small wars and a major role in our one large conflict’.1 Indeed the role of the Mounted Infantry in the aforementioned ‘one large conflict’, that of the South African Anglo- Boer War of 1899 – 1902,2 has been considered to represent the apogee of the British Army regular Mounted Infantry model.3 This appears to be a surprising if not counterintuitive assertion as this particular conflict is recognised to have exposed the weaknesses of the mounted branches of the British Army, particularly the British cavalry and its officers.4 Therefore, 1 G. Tylden, ‘Mounted Infantry’, Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, 72, 1943 – 4, pp. 176-79; Colonel C.E. Callwell, Small Wars: Their Principles and Practice (London: HMSO, 1906), p.21, recognised the imprecision of the phrase ‘small wars’ but in turn, offered the definition of all campaigns other than where both the opposing sides consisted of regular troops, by implication often campaigns against indigenous tribes, and to include the suppression of rebellion and insurgency. The use of the descriptive word ‘small’, as noted by Callwell, did not necessarily reflect the numerical size of either combatant’s forces. 2 John Laband, The Transvaal Rebellion: the First Boer War 1880 -1881 (Harlow: Pearson, 2005), p.4, (hereafter referred to as the ‘Boer War’), Laband argues for the revised appellation of ‘South African War’ for this conflict to indicate that this not only reflects the involvement of the Boers and British but that large numbers of non-white people and native Africans participated or were caught up in the war. However, to avoid confusion or unnecessary repetitive explanation, the well-recognised term ‘Boer War’ will be retained, particularly to ensure clarity from the earlier Anglo-Transvaal Rebellion or War of 1880 – 81. 3 Peter Robinson, ‘The search for mobility during the Second Boer War’, Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, 86, 2008, pp. 140 -57. 4 E.M. Spiers, ‘The British Cavalry 1902 – 14’, Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, 57, 1979, pp. 71-79; Anthony Clayton, The British Officer (London: Pearson, 2006), p.120. 1 considering the contemporaneous enthusiasm for Mounted Infantry in the British Army at the end of the Boer War and its popularity with senior army commanders, particularly Field Marshal Roberts and Field Marshal Wolseley, the Mounted Infantry’s subsequent precipitous decline until its abolition immediately before the First World War appears remarkable. Equally, it is surprising that so little attention has been paid to the Mounted Infantry by historians.5 With longevity of just over thirty years, the Mounted Infantry movement remains something of an enigma and a historical review of the Mounted Infantry is long overdue. The history and details of the regular army Mounted Infantry are poorly documented.6 As the Mounted Infantry was only ever a temporary entity, configured in crisis, or latterly for peacetime manoeuvres, this state of organisational impermanence has contributed to its historical obscurity. Thus there are no formal unit histories of the Mounted Infantry, unlike other regiments, and the Mounted Infantry did not feature in the peacetime Army Lists. Only the multi-volume history of the King’s Royal Rifle Corps (KRRC) devotes any sizeable number of pages to the Mounted Infantry in a single 5 E.M. Spiers, The Late Victorian Army 1868 – 1902 (Manchester: University Press, 1992); Marquess of Anglesey, A History of the British Cavalry 1816-1919, 4, 1899 – 1913 (London: Leo Cooper, 1986), refer to the regular Mounted Infantry in twelve out of 333 pages and eleven out of 502 pages respectively; Richard Holmes, Soldiers (London: Harper Press, 2011) and Allan Mallinson, The Making of the British Army (London: Bantam, 2009), both recent general histories of the British Army, do not refer to the Mounted Infantry specifically; Frederick Myatt, The Soldier’s Trade: British Military Developments 1660 – 1914 (London: Purnell Book Services Ltd, 1974), an older text charting doctrinal changes in the British Army, refers to the regular Mounted Infantry only on four occasions; Spencer Jones, From Boer War to World War: tactical reform of the British Army 1902 – 1914 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2012), redresses the balance to some extent by devoting six out of 258 pages to the Mounted Infantry. 6 P.A. Talbot, ‘The Regular Mounted Infantry’, Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, 82, 2004, pp. 306-24. 2 volume, in recognition of that regiment’s pre-eminent association with the Mounted Infantry both in terms of a numerical contribution of officers and men to its ranks but also the role of the guiding light of Edward Hutton, the doyen of Mounted Infantry, who hailed from the KRRC.7 Therefore, the historiography of the Mounted Infantry appears fragmented, distributed elusively throughout a myriad of regimental histories, campaign chronicles and military texts dealing with the Victorian and Edwardian British Army and without a complete history of the Mounted Infantry movement having been published. Thus the assembling of information and evidence regarding the Mounted Infantry remains challenging.
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