Itinerary Tours
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ITINERARY TOURS A STROLL THROUGH THE CITY 1 SUMMARY Touraine has always known how to enchant: Balzac lauded its harmony 5 URBAN AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT and its landscapes, which he thought of as the most beautiful of the country, while Anatole France described it as a land of delights. 11 FROM ONE SITE TO ANOTHER Tours, the capital of this area, emerges like a rich concentration, a place 21 FAMOUS PEOPLE FROM TOURS where heritage takes many shapes: architectural, natural, intangible cultural, industrial and contemporary. In the urban fabric, we thus find 27 TRADITIONS AND KNOW-HOW vestiges from the origins of the city to modern day, each weaving the portrait of a dynamic and attractive city which is constantly reinventing 31 UNESCO: WORLD HERITAGE IN TOURS itself. By telling its story, by presenting its remarkable buildings, its illustrious inhabitants, its traditions and know-how, the identity of the 34 MAP OF TOURS city is revealed: manifold and unexpected, able to ravish all of the senses. As you read these pages, immerse yourself in the charm of our city, which opens its doors to you and reveals all of its characteristics acknowledged by UNESCO. It’s now up to you to stroll through the streets and discover its hidden corners and secrets. Christophe Bouchet Jacques Chevtchenko Maire de Tours Adjoint au Maire, délégué Cover: au patrimoine One of the entrances of the Saint-Pierre-le-Puellier Garden Timbered house of the Place Plumereau 1. View of the city from the 2 north tower of the cathedral URBAN AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 1. Saint Martin Collegiate Church, undated coloured engraving 1 2. Aerial view of Tours THE ANTIQUE CITY (1st to 4th centuries) THE MARTINOPOLE, THE CITY OF MARTIN (4th to 13th centuries) Caesarodunum, “dune of Caesar”, founded in the 1st century, was the Roman capital In the 4th century, the tomb of Saint Martin of the territory of the Turones. The city was built to the west of the city, outside developed on the left bank of the Loire, the enclosure. The establishment of a from Vieux Tours to the cathedral district pilgrimage from the 5th century led to a and from the Loire to the boulevards, proliferation of religious buildings. The where an ancient necropolis was set up. basilica, erected in the 6th century on the Archaeological digs have revealed traces saint’s tomb, was a key element. Around of public and private buildings, including this, the Martinopole, or the city of Martin, a remarkable amphitheatre, the shape developed, its reach matching today’s Vieux of which is repeated in the circular urban Tours. fabric to the east of the cathedral. Between With the Norman invasions in the 9th the end of the 3rd and the start of the 4th century, the town dug ditches and erected century, during the Migration Period in a wooden fence, which was later rebuilt in Europe, the city, like many Gallo-Roman stone, and became known as Châteauneuf, cities, retreated behind an enclosure. In castrum novum or Château de Saint Martin, Tours, it encircled an area of 9 hectares. At castrum Sancti Martini. In the 11th century, its centre was a mound, corresponding to the grand basilica of Saint Martin was built. what is now the cathedral district. A new bridge was built over the Loire. Numerous vestiges of the ancient enclosure still exist around the château, the cathedral, the Musée des Beaux-Arts and the Viking gardens. Saint Lidoire (338-370) built a prima ecclesia in the castrum. 4 2 5 1. Timbered houses 2. Tomb of the children of Anne of Brittany and Charles VIII, workshop of Michel Colombe 3. Panoramic view of Tours, Pierre-Antoine Demachy 4. Neo-gothic house, 1 2 3 4 Prébendes District THE CITY AT THE END OF THE MIDDLE TOURS IN THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD THE CITY IN THE MODERN PERIOD THE CITY IN THE 19th CENTURY AGES In Tours, the pivotal period between the In the 17th century, the walled city was As the rampart had no further military The Hundred Years’ War enforced the Middle Ages and the start of the Modern extended with the construction of the purpose, it was gradually taken down. It was construction, between 1356 and 1358, of era was a time of prosperous economic, new fortified enclosure. This protection knocked through in many places, notably to a fortification called La Clouaison, which intellectual and artistic development. Gothic doubled the town’s area, which now develop the semi-circular Place du Palais. united the towns of La Cité and Châteauneuf tradition and Italian modernity intermingled included the suburbs of La Riche and Today called Place Jean Jaurès, it was home from 1356 to 1368. Between these two towns, in exceptional building projects. Saint-Pierre-des-Corps. to the court house and later the city hall. due to a low occupation density, monasteries The Early Renaissance is visible in religious In the 18th century, Tours benefited from a The city developed southwards with the of the Mendicant Orders were built. architecture, such as the Cathedral, the policy which promoted the creation of main annexation of the commune of Saint-Étienne- From 1440 onward, thanks to Louis XI settling Psalette Cloister and Saint Martin Cloister, roads to connect towns. The new Route Extra. The arrival of the railway in Tours in in the castle of Plessis-lès-Tours, Tours and in the mansion houses of the upper class d’Espagne which passed through Tours gave 1846 led to the construction of a train station, became the capital of the kingdom for eighty of Tours, such as the Beaune-Semblançay or the city a north-south route perpendicular to called “L’Embarcadère” (meaning jetty), a years. This change in status led to most of Goüin mansions. The Psalette Cloister has the Loire. An urban shake-up took place as name which recalls the Loire’s navigational the accommodation being reconstructed. three galleries with Gothic-style architecture. Avenue de Grammont and Rue Royale, which tradition. The construction was later The model of mansion houses spread. Crafts The northern wing, which dates from the early became Rue Nationale after the Revolution, destroyed in favour of the current station, and trades grew as never before, while the 16th century, features Renaissance décor with were built over a distance of three kilometres. which is a short distance further south. The local bourgeoisie took advantage of the richly decorated doors with little cherubs, The urban development plan of Rue Royale resulting activity led to development of the court’s presence to get richer. Tours, rivalling or putti, and engravings. On the first floor, a presented alternately street-side buildings Fuye-Velpeau railway workers’ district. The with the artistic centre of Paris, became group of pilasters give the façade a unique and courtyard dwellings. This layout is still Prébendes district unfolds to the south with a the capital of the arts, where jewellery, structure. visible in the lower part of the street. The network of perpendicular roads studded with embroidery, illuminated manuscripts and Along with talented artists such as Michel urbanisation plan included the development narrow islands. The houses have distinctive silk delighted the royal court and the lords. Colombe, Martin and Bastien François or the of squares and a new stone bridge, now street-side façades, each with three or four Italian Giusti brothers, important patrons known as Wilson Bridge. The political and levels and two to three spans. They feature like Jacques de Beaune, lord of Semblançay, administrative centre was moved to the city’s stone quoins, cast iron balconies supported adorned the town with buildings in new northern entrance, on Place Anatole France. by sculpted consoles and pediment roof shapes and with new decorations. dormers. Between 1872 and 1874, in line with residents’ requests, a vast park was developed: the Prébendes d’Oé garden. 6 5 7 1 THE 20th CENTURY AND THE THIRTY districts of Rives du Cher and Sanitas met the GLORIOUS YEARS needs of this post-war housing crisis. The 1930s saw a renewal in urbanism and In 1964, the city grew again thanks to the accommodation with the construction of annexation of the communes of Saint- 2 garden cities. The Bords de Loire develop- Symphorien and Sainte-Radegonde, north ment, which was built between 1926 and of Tours, thus doubling the city’s area, which 1930, had 93 houses organised around a was now 3,000 hectares. square courtyard. The Beaujardin and Jolivet 1. Construction of the Rives du Cher District, Verdun developments built by Marcel Boille were RENOVATION OF VIEUX TOURS crossroad part of a major social advance with the With the emergence of new post-war hygiene favoured model of individual houses with a standards, the district of Vieux Tours was 2. Former rail station of the subject of a survey. It recommended full Tours: ‘L’embarcadère’, garden. lithography, 1854 A plan to rebuild Tours was already put restoration, initiated by Pierre Boille in 1960. forward by the Tours architect Camille Lefèvre His work inspired André Malraux, the minister 3. Pierre Boille, lead for culture, to create a new law, known as the architect in the restoration in 1940, but the incessant fighting prevented of the Vieux Tours, c.1970 this from happening. Pierre Patout, Malraux Law, in 1962, which established listed appointed chief architect of reconstruction, sectors. The Listed Protected Sector of Tours, modified the initial project and began to created in 1973 and revised in 2013, extends implement it in 1946. Place Anatole-France from Vieux Tours to the cathedral district. and Rue Nationale were rebuilt according Today it unfolds over 150 hectares, making to the principles of modernised classicism.